Thèses : « Water supply, 1882 »

1

Ward, Kate Alice. « Engineering exploration of the water supply system of Constantinople ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33033.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Before this research study began, relatively little was understood of the water supply in Constantinople, particularly within the walls of the city. Archaeological work had focused on collecting details of 160 cisterns and a small number of channels and pipes were incidental finds in other excavations. Although no-one had considered the water supply in Constantinople as a whole, the evidence seemed to indicate a sophisticated water management system. With the available data fragmented, and the potential for more evidence limited to serendipitous finds associated with construction work, the only way to move the understanding of the water supply forward is to take a radically different perspective: civil engineers are well placed to envisage the water supply as a working system and make use of their modern design skills and tools to fill in the gaps between the fragmented data. This reimagining of the water supply system was driven by a key piece of knowledge: the water supply worked, and worked for many centuries. That fact, combined with the fragments of physical and literary evidence, the largely unchanged landscape and the fundamental physical laws governing gravity-fed water systems, are enough to start filling in the information to create a complete system. The core work in reimagining the water supply system has been developing an understanding of the physical infrastructure of the distribution system. Although the two most recent and comprehensive studies appeared to agree that there were about 159 cisterns in the city, close examination of the available data showed that there were actually 209 with the possibility of more. An evaluation of the aqueduct routes in previous studies highlighted inconsistencies with newly available evidence: alternative routes were designed that tied together the available evidence, providing a consistently downhill route, shorter and more straightforward to construct. Having established the number and spread of cisterns and the locations of the aqueducts, it was possible to create a network delivering water from the aqueduct channels to the cisterns for collection by the public. Consideration has also been given to what occurs at either end of this physical infrastructure. At the upstream end, quantifying and characterising the water source defines the water available to distribute and helps to indicate the purpose of the cisterns. At the downstream end, developing even a basic model of water consumption has enabled the distribution network to move from a static artefact to a system with a quantifiable purpose. The combination of the physical infrastructure, inflow data and demand assumptions in an agent-based model demonstrate that the decisions and assumption made within each element work together and allow a fourth element, management, to be considered. The agent-based model of the water supply enables consideration of a dynamic system and the exploration of a number of 'what if?' scenarios. This exploration concludes that the cistern-based distribution system probably developed because of fluctuations in inflow. It may have been possible for the city to use a merged arrangement on the Aqueduct of Valens inflow, but the burden of pro-active management required to make it successful suggests that a parallel arrangement is more likely. There was likely to be an interconnection between the two main aqueducts, which would have enabled the use of water stored in the largest open-air cisterns.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

2

Braga, Artur Sass. « Leakage and energy in water supply systemas : an experimental approach ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/42927.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Cristovão Vicente Scapulatempo Fernandes
Co-orientador : Sérgio Michelotto Braga
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiental. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/02/2016
Inclui referências : f. 113-116
Resumo: Vazamentos em redes de distribuição de água potável vêm causando perdas significativas de água e energia, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Os impactos dos vazamentos sobre a performance dos sistemas são principalmente causados pelo aumento do bombeamento de água, necessário para suprir a demanda usual adicionada de fluxos de vazamentos. A vazão extra implica em maiores quantidades de energia, aumento das perdas contínuas pelo atrito e condições de operação desbalanceadas, que causam ineficiência no sistema. Nesse contexto, para conter o aumento de vazamentos nas redes de distribuição é necessário entender suas causas, características e consequências. Na presente pesquisa é desenvolvida uma intensa investigação experimental acerca de vazamentos por orifícios em um sistema de distribuição em laboratório. O foco da abordagem experimental foi desenvolver relações entre as características dos vazamentos, a hidráulica do sistema e o balanço energético do sistema. Experimentos incorporando tantos aspectos das redes de distribuição são raros na literatura, pois tradicionalmente o interesse de pesquisadores sobre a hidráulica dos vazamentos ofuscou os impactos sobre a eficiência energética do sistema. De forma inesperada, os resultados demonstraram que o conhecimento da hidráulica de vazamentos em redes de distribuição de água ainda requer mais estudos, de modo a quantificar de forma confiável as vazões de vazamento em modelos hidráulicos dos sistemas. Os experimentos com orifícios apontam que o principal avanço necessário consiste da incorporação dos regimes de escoamento nas equações que descrevem o comportamento hidráulico dos vazamentos. Os resultados acerca de impactos de vazamentos no balanço de energia demonstraram que o aumento de vazamento causou maior ineficiência, o que significa que maiores quantidades de energia foram necessárias para atender condições similares de demanda na presença de vazamentos. Entretanto, a análise de componentes individuais das perdas de energia (e.g. perdas por atrito, perdas nas bombas hidráulicas) apontou para diferentes taxas de variação de acordo com as vazões de vazamento. Algumas componentes individuais do sistema inclusive apresentaram maior eficiência para condições de vazamento. Destaca-se que as relações desenvolvidas neste trabalho estão vinculadas ao sistema de laboratório empregado, porém, tais resultados têm grande potencial para guiar novos estudos em outros sistemas.
Abstract: Leakage in drinkable water distribution systems have been causing significant water and energy losses, especially in developing countries. The leakage impacts over the systems performance are mainly addressed to the increase of pumped flows required to supply the usual demand and additional leakage flows. The extra flow implies in greater input energy, higher friction losses and a general unbalance of the system operational conditions, which cause inefficiency. In such a context, to address the increase of leakage in water networks it is necessary to understand its causes, characteristics and consequences. In this research an intensive experimental investigation was performed regarding leakage through round hole orifices in a laboratory pipe system. The focus of the experimental approach was developing relationships between the leakage characteristics, the system hydraulics and the system's energy balance. Such a holistic experiment is rare in literature, specially because the leakage water losses traditionally draw the researchers attention to hydraulics, leaving aside impacts in efficiency and energy losses. Unexpectedly, the results show that the understanding about leakage hydraulics in water distribution systems still needs improvement, in order to better quantify leakage flows and develop reliable hydraulic models. The experiments with round orifice leaks pointed out that the required advances are mainly addressed to the leakage flow regime, which is usually adopted as a complete developed turbulent flow. Since this assumption was not necessarily verified in the experimental data analysis, better efforts are needed to understand the impacts of different leakage Reynolds numbers in leakage flows. Results regarding the leakage impacts in the system energy balance have shown that the increase of leakage have caused a greater inefficiency, which means that large amounts of energy were required to supply similar demand conditions in the presence of larger leakage flows. However, the analysis of individual components of systems energy losses (e.g. continuum head losses, local leakage head loss, hydraulic pump energy losses) points to different sensibility levels according to leakage conditions, which sometimes could even show better performance for higher leakage. It is important to note that the relationships developed in this research are binded to the laboratory system employed, but could guide further research in other systems.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

3

Anang, Zuraini. « Assessing the effective demand for improved water supply service in Malaysia : focusing on Johor Water Company ». Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1842.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

In Malaysia, the water management system was restructured in January 2005 by the transfer of water supplies and services from the State List to the Concurrent List. The National Water Services Commission or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) was established in July 2006 as the technical and economic regulator for the improvement of water supply quality and the efficiency of the water industry. This study focuses on SAJ Holdings (SAJH). This water supply company provides a fully integrated service, i.e. it is involved in the all the processes of drinking water supply; these range from raw water acquisition, treatment and purification, and the subsequent distribution of purified water to customers, plus billing and payment collection. This study attempts to assess the residential customers‟ preferences of different attributes of water supply. The water attributes are divided into two categories: Water Infrastructure (WI) and Residential Customers (RC). WI attributes are leakage, pipe bursts, and reservoirs; RC attributes are water quality, pressure, connections, and disruptions. Choice modelling (CM) was applied as a tool for the assessment of effective demand for improved water supplies, particularly by residential customers. There are two econometric models employed: Conditional Logit (CL) and Mixed Logit (MXL). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with residential customers and Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used in order to analyse the data. The model consists of a basic model and an interaction model with socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that the significant variables affecting demand are pipe bursts, (BUR), water quality (QUA), disruption (DIS) and connection (CON), as well as price (PRI). Among the socioeconomic characteristics that interact with the main attributes are gender, age, number of children, type of house, number of persons in the household, education, work, and income. This information is very useful for the water provider when upgrading the water service for valuable customers.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

4

Snyder, James Riley. « Construction requirements of the water supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8257.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

With the end of Western Roman rule and the emergence of new polities in the medieval world, it has been assumed that the technology of mortar reverted to a weak and friable building material. However, this period brought about the implementation of large-scale construction projects that still remain as a testament to their high quality construction techniques and materials. In order to meet the needs of its growing populace, the infrastructure of the new capital city of Constantinople was bolstered by these projects, many rivaling the scale and intricacy of Imperial Rome. A prime example of this is the extensive channel networks of the fourth and fifth centuries, built in the hinterland of Constantinople to supply fresh water from springs hundreds of kilometres away. In addition, the sixth century Long Wall of Thrace was built from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as a first line of defense against increased aggression. This project examines the tradition of monumental construction in the Late Antique and early Byzantine world through laboratory analysis of mortars and valuations of the structural makeup of the Water Supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall. By investigating the material technology, scale, and labour requirements of these systems, a better understanding can be gained of two of the largest building project of the early medieval period.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

5

Byars, Paul Francis Devine. « Role of the engineer in international development : a case study in water supply service delivery models in Sierra Leone ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10046.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The eradication of global poverty is central to the concept of sustainable development. In developing nations the lack of essential infrastructure and technologies, which are necessary to provide people with their basic human rights, offer a central role for the engineer. These needs are increasing as new global threats, such as the pressures caused by population growth, the harmful effects of climate change or the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters, have only heightened the difficulties which threaten the world’s poorest nations. Decades of development practice has allowed the profession of engineering to engage with many of these global issues. Over this period the engineering approaches, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have gradually moved from high impact and short-term disasters relief interventions to long-term endogenous solutions. This change in overall aims has raised awareness of the sustainability of current engineering interventions. Many of the results are not entirely positive. For example, in water supply engineering, certain national estimates of sustainability of hand-pump wells for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa can range from 30- 80%. The role that the engineer could provide in addressing the concerns of poorer nations has not yet been fully realised. This thesis evaluates the current engineering models of service delivery that are used by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in developing nations. These models of technology transfer are supposed to provide communities in developing nations with a sustainable access to technologies that can provide for their basic rights. It is from within these models that engineers, who in many cases are foreign to the socio-cultural systems of the host nation, perform their engineering function and activities. The field research focuses on a case study of water supply engineering projects that have been carried out within the rural District of Tonkolili in Sierra Leone. To address the complex socio-cultural and socio-technical systems in Sierra Leone this field research adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods. This involved investigating both the technical and social sustainability issues found in Sierra Leone. The research visits were both inductive and deductive. They covered 150 spatially distributed villages in the rural district of Tonkolili. The methodologies used as part of this study involved; interviews, focus group discussions, community mapping, transect walks and technical observations, to provide a broad understanding of the sustainability issues affecting engineering projects. A total of 309 hand-pump wells, pulley systems and borehole water points were evaluated as part of the research. The study investigated the technical, socio-technical and socio-cultural consequences of these technology transfers - as well as the current condition of the social support mechanisms that are designed to sustain the water schemes. The results of the technical observations demonstrated that there are a diverse range of failures, from extreme to moderate, that have occurred at many of the water points. During the field visits observations of water supply solutions found to have urgent technical problems were frequent occurrences. The majority of the water points (96%) were found to have at least one technical failing that required immediate maintenance or further engineering assistance. The social research also indicated that, of the 4,700 individual categories monitored, a significant proportion (49%) were technical problems that were within the capacities of village members to address locally. These technical problems found to be ignored by the host communities. The NGO trained support mechanisms, which were designed to provide sustainability to the systems, for innumerable reasons, were unable to operate effectively. The breakdown in function of these supporting systems highlighted the serious weakness of current service delivery models in their ability to achieve sustainable engineering solutions. Investigating the relationship between the households and the water points suggests that the communities are not acting rationally towards their water sources. The majority of households were found to have unsafe water practices regardless of the provision of their improved sources. For example, many households that had access to improved water sources were found to still use their unimproved sources (30%). Many more (53%) complemented, and mixed, their unimproved water with water from their improved wells. This attitude towards safe water suggested that there were fundamentally flawed assumptions about how communities would receive and interact with their technologies. These household decisions, and the associated technical concerns, are directly attributable to the actions of the engineers from the project implementing development agencies. The results of these misinterpretations have undermined the long term sustainability of water supplies in Sierra Leone. The research indicated that to address sustainability the engineering profession is at a crossroads in determining its future in international development. Engineers have the capacity to acknowledge that the complexities of development limit their efficacy and therefore seek support from other professions. This would narrow the scope of their interventions. They are also capable of actively seeking the opposite; to broaden the scope as well as the responsibilities, expectations and skills of the engineers. It is this decision that will define the role of the engineer in international development.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

6

Schulte-Herbruggen, Helfrid Maria Albertina. « Remote community drinking water supply : mechanisms of uranium retention and adsorption by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7716.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Worldwide, around 884 million people lack access to safe drinking water. To address this, groundwater sources such as boreholes and wells are often installed in remote locations especially in developing countries. However, the natural chemical composition of groundwater may be a source of toxicity to human health. Uranium is naturally present in the environment, and concentrations above the World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water guideline (15 μg/L) are found in various parts of the world. Uranium has a complex aqueous chemistry and its speciation, which varies according to pH and available ligands, determines its behaviour (e.g. mobility, reactivity or sorption tendency). Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have proved effective in removing uranium from water, although fundamental removal mechanisms are not well understood. Even the more porous ultrafiltration (UF) has been shown to remove uranium when used in combination with complexation/coagulation methods. To address the water purification needs of remotely located communities with no or unreliable access to energy, a renewable energy powered membrane system was designed using UF as pre-treatment to remove particles, bacteria and viruses and NF/RO to remove ions. The system was trialled in the Australian outback, using natural groundwater high in uranium (>300 μg/L). Results showed that pH had a large effect on the uranium behaviour in the system and, curiously, interaction by sorption or precipitation to the membranes was observed at certain pH values. However, due to the complexity of the water and the combination of UF and NF/RO membranes, the mechanisms of the uranium retention and interaction with the membrane were not clear. Further systematic study was needed to investigate the uranium behaviour with the membranes. Laboratory studies were carried out with one membrane type at a time: UF, NF and RO. It was postulated that pH, organic matter and inorganic ions such as calcium have an important influence on uranium retention and interaction with membranes. Results show that uranium behaviour in the membrane systems was highly pH dependent. During the UF experiments, increased adsorption of uranium occurred in uranium-only solutions at pH 5-7. From the UF experiments with organic matter it could be concluded that organic matter did not increase retention (size exclusion) of uranium, however it did increase the adsorption. Humic acid increased adsorption to 80-95% at pH 3-5, alginic acid at pH 3 while tannic acid caused a nearly 100% adsorption at pH 10-11. Further investigating uranium behaviour with NF and RO membranes, it was found that uranium showed the same increase in affinity to the membrane at pH 5-7, with about 50% being taken up by NF and 30% by RO membranes. The effect of pressure on uranium-membrane interaction was investigated for NF and RO at pH 6 and 8.5. Pressure and consequent concentration polarisation only increased uranium affinity to the NF membrane at pH 8.5 where the uranium species and MWCO of the membrane were similar. There was no or little effect of pressure on the affinity of uranium to the NF membrane at pH 6 or to the RO membrane. At pH 6, STEM-EDX results showed that uranium was distributed through-out the polyamide active layer of the NF membrane while FTIR results confirmed that uranium bound to carboxyl groups in the polyamide. At pH 8.5 however, FTIR results showed that uranium did not form chemical bonds with the membrane, but was rather attracted to the surface through hydrogen bonding and loosely forming a layer on top of the membrane visible in SEM. It was concluded that at least three different characteristics of the uranium species and membranes played a role for the interaction: 1) uranium species valency and membrane charge, 2) uranium species size relative to the membrane pore size, and 3) the reactivity of the uranium species towards the membrane functional groups. The effect of calcium on uranium retention and uranium-membrane interaction in NF and RO was also investigated. Calcium affects uranium speciation by forming a neutral complex with uranium at pH 8-9, causing a decrease in adsorption to the membrane. Calcium also precipitates at pH 10. SEM and TEM images showed that the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as calcite caused co-precipitation of uranium, trapping it on the surface of the membrane. About 48-55% of the calcium precipitated which caused a 26-35% co-precipitation of uranium, compared to <5% adsorption in the absence of calcium at pH 10. Finally the chemical drinking water quality of mainly boreholes and wells across a West African country, Ghana, was investigated (199 samples in total from “improved” sources). In addition, the user water costs were documented and the scope for advanced treatment explored. The WHO guidelines for chemical water quality were exceeded in 38% of the samples. The main contaminants were nitrate (21%), managanese (11%) and fluoride (7%), while heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and uranium were localised to mining areas. It was concluded that when taking the cost of unsuccessful borehole development into account, alternative treatment may be a suitable option where inorganic contamination is high. The findings from this study show the importance of the water quality conditions (pH, organic matter and calcium) on the behaviour of contaminants such as uranium in membrane systems and explain the mechanisms of adsorption and co-precipitation of uranium to the membranes at certain pH values. These are important considerations when selecting appropriate membranes for water treatment and also for the maintenance of membranes. The study also showed that there is need for advanced treatment of drinking water in e.g. Ghana, but highlights the importance of strategies on local and national level to ensure long-term sustainability and integration of any such treatment.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

7

Ruggeri, Francesca. « Engineering the Byzantine water supply of Constantinople : mapping, hydrology and hydraulics of the long aqueducts outside the city ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31521.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The Water Supply of Byzantine Constantinople is one of the most outstanding achievements of hydraulic engineering from the Roman world. Working entirely as a gravity-fed system, this infrastructure relied on hundreds of kilometres of masonry channels, winding along the hills of Turkish Thrace and carrying water to Constantinople across different watersheds. The Water Supply was built in two main phases: the first in the mid-fourth century, following the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD; and the second in the early fifth century. It is not clear whether the aqueducts from these two phases worked independently or as a single system, yet the scale of this would have been colossal, reaching lengths of 450 km between the two aqueducts. However, a full and close understanding of its hydraulic design and function has until now been missing. As such, this investigation aims to: (1) establish a clear route for the aqueducts, both in terms of length and gradient (mapping); (2) determine likely volumes of water entering the system at the various intakes (hydrology); and (3) evaluate its hydraulic behaviour and flow characteristics (hydraulics). While previous work on similar Roman aqueducts yielded only estimates of maximum capacity, this work delves into the engineering of the ancient infrastructure to provide a more realistic assessment of theWater Supply discharge to the City. The physical configuration of the aqueducts is reinterpreted based on the latest archaeological records comprising Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and field observations, and validated against modern satellite terrain data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Refined estimates of length and gradient are proposed, along with a reassessment of all channel observations, bridges and tunnels along the system. It is found that the total length of the aqueducts would have been around 426 km if they operated as a single system, and up to 565 km if they continued in parallel all the way to Constantinople; the gradient of the system would have been well below 0.1% throughout, decreasing from upstream to downstream, with steeper slopes only at the intakes. To estimate reasoned inflow conditions for the Water Supply intakes at the time of its operation, modern spring flow records are investigated, and climatic changes from the Early Byzantine period are studied by means of Macrophysical Climate Modelling (MCM). Monthly and daily resolutions are addressed: monthly inflow data can capture the extent of the seasonal variations that may have occurred at the springs, accounting for karst hydrogeology; daily inflow data allows the study of flow attenuation in the Water Supply in the short term. Simplified models and engineering judgement are employed to recreate monthly and daily inflow series from limited modern data for karstic springs and weather stations in Thrace. The results from GIS mapping, combined with the proposed inflow scenarios, are used to develop open-channel flow modelling of the Water Supply at a global scale. Aqueduct flow is numerically simulated by means of both steady (monthly) and unsteady (daily) analysis using the river modelling software HEC-RAS. The system capacity and hydraulic performance are studied for the fourth and fifth century aqueducts operating either as parallel lines or joining into a single system. An estimation of water delivered to Constantinople is proposed for typical dry, average and wet years. Results of this work are employed in a parallel research investigation on the management and distribution of water within the ancient city.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

8

Cosser, Elaine Margaret. « Water supply and utilization in Johannesburg, 1886-1905 ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16540.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

This dissertation demonstrates that supply and non-supply of water significantly affected Johannesburg's early development. The introductory chapter examines the singularity of Johannesburg with regard to water sources, and the dearth of material addressing this subject. The second chapter considers the rapid transition from an ad hoc to a formal privatized water supply system in the context of the political and economic climate of the Transvaal; the discussion centres on the profiteering of water companies and the concomitant inadequacy of supply, which had a detrimental effect on industry and health. The third chapter depicts the emergence of local government and its attempts to improve the water supply, demonstrating that the powerlessness of the local state enabled an inferior supply to persist. An examination of the British authority's structural reorganization of municipal and water affairs in the wake of the Tueede Vryhejdsoorlog, and the limited effectiveness of these measures owing to the dilapidation of the supply system concludes the argument.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

9

Fargher, W. R. « Running on empty : can current water reforms secure Australia's water future ? » Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148270.

Texte intégral

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

10

Busch, Kelly. « Water and social activism in Canada ». Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/34.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

This thesis on water and social activism in Canada is a journey into the realm of shared social understanding. Water is too precious to all forms of life to simply permit commodification for the benefit of a few at the expense of the many. The Sun Belt case adjudicated under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) when compared with what prevailed under previous Canadian national law reveals severe limits to state sovereignty. A high measure of support has already been manifest around concerns and considerations which pertain to water and the potential for the growth of social activism with reference to water may well be unprecedented in Canada. There are fundamental inequalities found within the Sun Belt case. Current international trade policy coupled with private banking practices does not value the principles of sustainability, equality and justice because it is committed to the commodification of the “commons”. This thesis uses a variety of sources to oppose the present discourses followed by governments according to the doctrines found in the study of classical economics within a capitalist context.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

11

Carroll, Leonardo Zi{u00EA}n. « Australian water management and population change ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150596.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Australia's population is growing rapidly, and is projected to grow by 65 percent to reach over 35 million people by the middle of the century. This population growth could exacerbate stresses on Australia's already stretched water resources and environmental assets, particularly if climate change projections prove correct. At the same time, there is a possibility that water shortages and declining water quality could lead to population decline in some parts of the country. Both of these scenarios will present water managers with significant challenges. With this in mind, this thesis addresses the question: How does Australia's water management framework deal with population change. This topic has not previously been considered in a coherent fashion. While there is an extensive literature on the relationship between population change and the environment more generally, and there has been some discussion of population change and water in Australia, there is a scarcity of literature on water policy and how it deals with population change. The thesis investigates the question from two angles. Firstly, it investigates the institutional arrangements, organisations and policies which influence how population change is considered in the context of water management. Secondly, it investigates what demographic data are available and relevant to water managers, and how these data are and can be used in the context of these institutional arrangements, organisations and policies. Reflecting its focus on policies, legislation, institutions and organisations, the thesis is primarily an exploration of public policy. To a more limited extent, the thesis also draws upon a second discipline, demography. More specifically, the thesis: 1. Develops a conceptual model to help explain the linkages between water management and population in Australia. This is an important contribution to research methodology in the area of population and water management. 2. Explores how and where demographic and population issues are relevant to Australian water managers. The issue of population change, and how water managers deal with it, needs to be considered very differently in different rural and urban areas. These areas, and the ways in which population matters in them, can be identified through analyses of water policy and socio-economic data. 3. Considers in detail the water reforms flowing from the National Water Initiative (NWI) and subsequent Water Act 2007 (Cth) and 2008 Agreement on Murray-Darling Basin Reform, and how population change is dealt with in the context of these reforms. While the NWI provides a range of mechanisms for managing population change, in some cases the effectiveness of these mechanisms remains compromised while they are still being rolled out. Furthermore, the focus of the NWT is on reallocating water resources in rural areas; increases in urban water consumption, associated with urban population growth, will not necessarily be constrained by water allocation planning processes. 4. Considers how population change is dealt with in the context of broader approaches to water management, such as land use planning and urban water planning. In doing so, it draws upon an extensive study of the policy literature, and qualitative discussions with informants involved in water reform at national, State and regional levels in the Commonwealth, New South Wales, and Queensland. 5. Describes and catalogues the myriad of socio-economic data sources available to water managers. It finds that these sources are generally reliable and well-documented, and that there is an emerging body of work aimed at integrating sources of socio-economic data so that they can be more readily used by water managers. 6. Through case studies, assesses in detail how socio-economic data have been used by water allocation planners and urban water planners. To date, a pragmatic approach appears to have been taken, whereby socio-economic data are used only to the extent that is necessary. Other factors (such as land use planning) are equally important determinants of population change and how it should be managed. 7. Considers the relationship between Australian water policy and structural adjustment, and hence, how water policy may lead to population change. Overall, the thesis makes an important contribution to research in the area of water management and population change. It brings together two previously largely separate domains of intellectual inquiry. By identifying and describing many of the ways in which Australian water managers are dealing with population change, it helps build understanding of some of the strengths and shortcomings to how Australia manages its water resources, and areas for improvement. Through its methodology and findings, it also lays a foundation for future work in this area.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

12

Daniell, Katherine Anne. « Co-engineering participatory modelling processes for water planning and management ». Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149675.

Texte intégral

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

13

Pagan, Phillip. « Evaluation of institutions for interstate water trading involving the ACT ». Master's thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150406.

Texte intégral

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

14

Katic, Pamela Giselle. « Three essays on the economics of groundwater extraction ». Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150153.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The primary contribution of this thesis is to develop a series of hydroeconomic models to act as solution-oriented tools to conduct integrated groundwater management and provide fresh policy insights. Using spatially detailed economic and hydrologic data from a real-world aquifer, this thesis examines key groundwater management problems and suggests policies that might be used to control such systems. The thesis consists of three main essays focusing on issues in groundwater spatial dynamics and the design of optimal regulations. The first essay explores the importance of including well location decisions in spatially differentiated groundwater models to provide robust estimates of the gains from optimal management. Using a spatially differentiated and dynamic model of endogenous well location, this essay compares optimal and competitive extraction paths and well location decisions under alternative hypotheses as to the spatial distribution of groundwater. The second essay presents an integrated assessment of first and second-best management tools to regulate extraction from spatially heterogeneous aquifers. The trade-offs involved in each policy choice between welfare gains, redistribution effects, hydrological sustainability and implementation costs are examined. The essay also considers new approaches to groundwater management and analyses coordination between users via a generalisation of unitisation. Although decentralised profit-sharing systems have arisen organically for the exploitation of other spatially heterogeneous resources such as fisheries, no theoretical or empirical studies have formalised decentralised unitisation schemes in a modeling framework of groundwater extraction. The third essay investigates the use of multiple instruments for optimal groundwater management under the risk of occurrence of irreversible saltwater intrusion. This essay quantifies the trade-off between risk and efficiency involved in different instrument combinations implemented in an uncertain world. Using a numerical solution to a stochastic dynamic optimisation problem, the use of multiple policy instruments in aquifer management is justified in economic terms.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

15

Davidson, Amy Michelle. « Responding to change : phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation, case studies using native and invasive Erodium species ». Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155931.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Phenotypic plasticity is often postulated to play a role in plant invasions. This thesis explores the role of plasticity in plant invasions with particular emphasis on responses to water availability. The thesis employed two main approaches; the first was a meta-analysis of published literature. The second approach was the use of greenhouse experiments on populations of a congeneric native (Erodium crinitum) - invasive (E. cictuarium ) species pair using seed collected along a natural rainfall gradient. The meta-analysis found that phenotypic plasticity is generally greater in invasive compared to non-invasive species. However this higher plasticity did not always translate to a fitness advantage. In particular, the fitness was partially dependent on whether conditions changed from stressful to average or average to favourable conditions. There were three main greenhouse studies. The first study compared patterns in phenotypic plasticity between wet and dry populations of the native and invasive Erodium species in response to four levels of water availability, ranging from water only at wilting point through to water to saturation daily. Responses in thirty size, growth, leaf morphological, physiological and phenological and fitness traits were measured. Patterns of plasticity in the native and invasive Erodium species were also investigated with respect to responses to water dose applications. Halving the dose at which water was applied had a greater effect on the fitness proxies: seed number and total biomass, than did halving the total amount of water supplied. Consistent with the other greenhouse study, dry site populations of both species displayed higher average seed number across all treatments than did wet site populations. However, the wet site populations maintained superior total biomass. While higher phenotypic plasticity in key traits resulted in higher fitness for seed number, homeostasis in total biomass was associated with lower levels of phenotypic plasticity. The third greenhouse study investigated constraints on plasticity in key traits to water availability and competition. It was expected that constraints would be greater when multiple stresses were present. However, this hypothesis was rejected. Although several constraints to plasticity were detected, such constraints were as common when only one stress was present as when both stresses were imposed. The thesis discusses the findings of these studies in the context of our current knowledge on plant invasions and species adaptation to climate change. Differences between the findings of the meta-analysis in which invasive species were generally more plastic than co-occurring native species, and findings of the greenhouse study, in which little difference was detected between species are also discussed. The results suggest that when range is controlled for invasive species are not inherently more plastic. Both the meta-analysis and the greenhouses studies also suggest that the shorter residency time of invasive species increases the probability that many plastic responses will be maladaptive. Indeed, the greenhouse studies found that species tended to respond more adaptively to situations which were more relevant to their ecological context. For example, dry site populations displayed greater adaptive plasticity than did wet site populations with respect to changes in water availability.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

16

Jarrett, Patricia. « A dendroclimatic investigation of moisture variability and drought in the Greater Victoria Water Supply Area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia ». Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/883.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

A 616-year Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) chronology was developed to examine the history of drought and moisture variability in the Sooke Watershed, near Victoria, British Columbia. Ring-width chronologies were compared to historical precipitation, air temperature and drought variables (Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)) to determine the climate/radial-growth response to moisture stress on the sampled stands. Correlations between the ring-width chronologies and climate variables revealed that May to July precipitation, May-June SPI and July PDSI were significant limiting factors to radial-width growth. A transfer function was established for each of these variables to create a proxy climate reconstruction of drought in the watershed. The summer precipitation model provided the most accurate representation of past moisture variability (R2 = 0.20) and reveals substantial variation in precipitation over the past six centuries. Evidence from the periodicity of the tree-ring record to suggest that some modes of atmospheric circulation are influencing precipitation supply to the watershed.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

17

Sangkhamanee, Jakkrit. « The hydraulics of power and knowledge : water management in northeastern Thailand and the Mekong region ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150529.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

This thesis explores the dynamic relationship between the production of knowledge and the operation of power in the context of water management In northeastern Thailand and the Mekong region. Employing Weber's ideal types of legitimate authority in exploring the practices of hydrologists, hydro-bureaucratic agencies, and an Isan community, the thesis argues that knowledge and power in water management are omnipresent in different agents, expressed through different forms and mechanisms, and legitimized by different types of authority. This thesis examines three social institutions underpinning water management in Thailand and the Mekong region: the school, the state, and the sacred. The school component explores the history of Thailand's first irrigation school and contemporary practices of trainee hydrologists in the classrooms and laboratories. It shows that the institutionalization of hydrology schools and the construction of the community of water experts are a social process with a close link to regional cooperation and the process of state-making. In addition, in constructing legitimacy for their expertise in water management, different types of authority are socially devised and intermingled beyond the technical features of hydrological science. The state component deals with the implementation of water projects in northeastern Thailand. It argues that the modem Thai state had deployed water development projects as a political apparatus in counter-insurgency and to depoliticize contentious problems that beset its northeastern region. The thesis also explores the local interactions with the state, as seen through an ethnographic study of a village in northeastern Thailand. The ethnography shows that the villagers employed bureaucratic means in order to make the community legible to the state's development programs. The idea of how community is being simplified and reconstructed from within in order to gain benefit from state projects will be explored. outcomes. The sacred component focuses on the villagers' practices of community ceremonies to deal with different types of authority. Drawing on the ethnographic study of the villagers' participation in ceremonies of local government, water-related traditions and festivals and the community worship of ancestral spirit, the thesis argues that power does not belong to one particular agent but needs to be experienced through ritualistic associations with multiple forms of authority. The thesis also shows the ways in which local people manipulate and cooperate with different types of authority to ensure positive community development. In conclusion, the thesis suggests the necessity of looking beyond the conventional academic view of power as being monopolized, rigid, and repressive. Power and knowledge in water management can rather be viewed as hydraulics; that can be circulated, transformed and performed rather than only possessed by one particular agent or institution. This process of hydraulics of power and knowledge can be created through the association with different types of legitimate authority.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

18

Ross, Andrew James. « Water connecting, people adapting : integrated surface water and groundwater management in the Murray-Darling Basin, Colorado and Idaho ». Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149682.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Integrated water management helps adaption to variable rainfall by using more groundwater during dry years and more surface water during wet years. Integrated water management techniques including water banking, and aquifer storage and recovery are extensively practiced in other dry regions such as the western USA and Spain. Yet these techniques are not used in the Murray-Darling Basin. This thesis explores factors which have affected integrated water management in the Murray-Darling Basin, and in the states of Colorado and Idaho in the USA. The most important contribution of this research is that it sets out the advantages of integrated cyclical water management, and points to the opportunities for aquifer storage and recovery and water banking. Integrated surface water and groundwater storage is the missing link in Australia's otherwise comprehensive water reform. This thesis uses a narrative synthesis approach for analysing factors that have affected integrated water management. This approach relies on qualitative analysis of findings from existing studies and documentary evidence, supplemented and cross checked by interviews. It is proposed that integrated water management may be considered as a process taking place in a complex social and ecological system. Fourteen key variables that affect integrated water management were selected drawing on Ostrom's framework for the analysis of social ecological systems, relevant scientific literature and discussions with water managers and experts. The relationship between these variables and integrated water management were explored in two comparative case studies. The first case study enabled a broad assessment of factors that have affected integrated water management at a jurisdictional scale in the Murray-Darling Basin. The second case study enabled a more detailed exploration of the impact of water entitlements, operational rules and management organisation(s) on integrated water management in tributary catchments in New South Wales, Colorado and Idaho. The development of integrated surface water and groundwater management, especially in the Murray-Darling Basin has been constrained by the surface water centric development of water resources and institutions, gaps in knowledge about surface water and groundwater connectivity, the lack of a comprehensive, flexible and balanced system of water entitlements and rules, and implementation difficulties. Further development of integrated water management requires better knowledge and improved management capacity. Further research and development needs to be devoted to the integrated management of water stocks and storages - a missing link in Australian water reform. Further research is required to improve understanding about surface water - groundwater connectivity and to develop strategies for managing long-term impacts of groundwater use. Ongoing development of flexible systems of water entitlements and rules is needed to enable cyclical surface water and groundwater management. Finally the capacity for the implementation of integrated water management at local and regional scales needs to be improved together with collaboration between higher-level governments and local organisations and stakeholders. -- provided by Candidate.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

19

Tam, Therese Nguyen Thi Phuong. « Rural water supply and sanitation as means for development : a case study on community participation and gender inequality in Timor-Leste ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/28843.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Tese de doutoramento em Sociologia
Many concerns at the international level have circled around the topic of sustainability in development, and the likelihood of maintaining this development for the coming generations. On the other hand, on recent decades the concept of ‘community participation’ in development is highly valued and promoted as an alternative and sustainable approach to the top-down one. Hence, this research aims at describing the community participation and gender issues at play in rural water supply and sanitation projects as an important strategy of poverty alleviation in the sub-district of Maubara and in Timor-Leste as a whole. The research is done using a qualitative methodological approach with two case studies in two hamlets as the main focus. By drawing on some of the main theoretical paradigms of development and community participation, as well as those of gender studies, the research puts forward four main ideas that have been empirically explored: i) Community participation, especially when directed to basic needs and infrastructures, can have greater potential to mobilize the collective action to address immediate needs. ii) Community participation is not static or given, it has been regenerated and changed over time even though it is framed in a top-down approach, a free space is given to the community members to exercise their autonomy, such as, they can set their own rules for collecting payment for maintenance funds according to the economic condition of each household. They can also exercise their local knowledge to improve the water system for their own well-being. iii) The socio-economic, cultural, institutional, natural, and leadership figures, to a certain extent, have a significant impact on community participation and therefore on the sustainability of water distribution. However, a minor difference in the findings reveals that a high level of education is not a determinant factor that directly influences the participation of the community, but rather it is the experience of affiliation in an organization and on a social group that has a great impact iv) Gender inequality, especially when rooted in cultural and social practices that have hardly changed and are deeply embedded in social institutions, may be reduced by the introduction of more egalitarian practices, when and if the community development principles are fully implicated in actual programs and concrete projects.
Os temas da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento, bem como da possibilidade de manter este desenvolvimento para as gerações futuras, têm suscitado bastante preocupação a nível internacional. Alem disso, nas últimas décadas o objetivo da “participação das comunidades” nos processos de desenvolvimento tem sido muito valorizado e promovido como uma abordagem sustentável e alternativa à visão de “cima para baixo” desses processos. Esta pesquisa tem assim como objetivo focar as questões da participação das comunidades e da desigualdade de género que se levantam em torno dos projetos de abastecimento de água e de saneamento básico em meios rurais, em si importantes no quadro de uma estratégia de redução da pobreza no sub-distrito de Maubara e em Timor-Leste no seu todo. A pesquisa é feita através de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, recorrendo sobretudo a dois estudos de caso realizados em duas pequenas localidades. São focados alguns dos principais paradigmas teóricos do desenvolvimento, da participação dos cidadãos e dos estudos de género, para depois, ao nível da pesquisa empírica, se explorarem quatro ideias principais: i) A participação das comunidades, especialmente quando dirigida às necessidades básicas e às infra-estruturas, pode ter mais potencial para mobilizar a acção coletiva e satisfazer essas necessidades. ii) A participação da comunidade não é estática ou garantida. Vai-se regenerando e mudando ao longo do tempo. Ainda que ela esteja enquadrada numa abordagem de ‘cima para baixo’ (de tipo paternalista), os membros da comunidade têm alguma autonomia para, por exemplo, definirem regras de cobrança de contribuições para a manutenção dos equipamentos que variam de acordo com a condição económica de cada família. No mesmo sentido também podem aplicar o seu conhecimento local para melhorar os sistemas de fornecimento de água. iii) Os fatores socioeconómicos, culturais, institucionais, naturais, bem como os tipos de liderança, até certo ponto, têm um impacto significativo sobre a participação da comunidade e, portanto, sobre a sustentabilidade da distribuição de água. No entanto, uma pequena diferença nos resultados revela que um alto nível de escolaridade não é fator determinante que influencia diretamente a participação da comunidade, mas sim a experiência de filiação numa organização e num grupo social. iv) A desigualdade de género, especialmente quando enraizada em práticas culturais e sociais que pouco mudaram e estão profundamente firmados nas instituições sociais, pode ser reduzida pela introdução de práticas mais igualitárias, quando e se os princípios de desenvolvimento comunitário estiverem totalmente implicados nos programas e nos projetos concretos.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

20

Rahman, Md Zillur. « Understanding people's perceptions of climate change impacts on rural water resources in Bangladesh : an integrated modelling approach ». Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156013.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on water resources through extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, storms, and the inundation of coastal regions. These extreme weather events threaten human life, water security and crop production. Changes in the observed frequency and intensity of these events are believed to be the consequence of changes in climate. Bangladesh government organisations have undertaken initiatives to achieve the sustainability of water resources and to adapt to, and mitigate, the impacts of climate change on water resources, but these initiatives have focused largely on the scientific perspective. This thesis explores the social dimensions of local peoples' understanding of the impacts of climate change and interactions with local water resources and environment. The research examines the nature of the link between social-cultural perceptions about current environmental impacts and historical social-cultural traditions in Bangladesh. It develops an integrated water resource management model that incorporates this socio{u00AD}cultural knowledge with other factors (for example, economic and environmental aspects). The thesis integrates two main tools and methods to analyse water resources management in rural areas in Bangladesh. Social cognitive aspects are investigated using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method to better understand social-cultural perceptions and patterns of social ties for environmental knowledge sharing among participants in communities in Bangladesh. The Bayesian Network (BN) approach (probability based graphical models that deal with uncertainties) is used in this thesis to integrate knowledge from the natural and human sciences, and to represent interrelationships between social, cultural, economic factors and environmental aspects to identify the critical variables influencing water resources management. The analyses and models developed in this thesis were based on semi-structured surveys undertaken in two rural villages in Bangladesh: Bogra and Meherpur. The surveys elicited people's observations of the impacts of climate change on water resources, their patterns of sharing environmental knowledge and the relationships between social beliefs and perceptions about the causes of extreme weather. People are mostly connected with a few influential actors within and outside the community for environmental knowledge sharing. These social connections are to some degree influenced by peoples' social and cognitive factors, expected future benefit (e.g. expected outcome), social identity, social position and status. Results showed that people have various cultural and traditional views about the negative impacts of extreme weather events on water resources due to the impacts of climate change. Among the perceptions about the impacts of climate change, 'Divine retribution' is most commonly identified by participants. Local interpretations of the impacts of climate change on water resources are linked to people's historical traditions, and multi faith religions, and a lack of contemporary environmental education (e.g. formal and informal education). Of the people who believe that the incidence of extreme weather events is increasing, more people in Bogra think that 'various religious values from the past' contribute to other people's belief in 'Divine retribution', compared to Meherpur where more people think that 'lack of contemporary environmental context in education' contributes to this belief. Cultural and traditional views and beliefs may influence people's willingness to adopt climate change strategies for water resources. However, this is not deeply investigated due to the limited timeframe and resources of this study. Bayesian networks modelling in this thesis provided different observations under various scenarios and identified the most influential variables (factors) in the system. Environmental impact context and policy context are influential variables in both locations. In Bogra the national authority variable is important, while in Meherpur the local authority variable is important. This model can potentially guide policy actions towards better water resources management. The study experienced a number of challenges that could be addressed in future research. Due to the small sample size, sub-group analysis was limited and statistical significance could not be tested. The study could therefore be extended to more locations with a larger sample population. The thesis used semi-structured questions and as a result it became difficult to compare and group people's comments in neat categories. More structured surveys in larger sample populations might produce statistically significant results and would be better suited to the development of BN conditional probability tables using learning algorithms. The framework could be further tested and revised to identify other factors that potentially influence the outcome.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

21

Dore, John Gregory. « Deliberative water governance : theory and practice in the Mekong region ». Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148255.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

This thesis explores the research question: How can water governance be fairer and more effective in Mekong Region and beyond? In doing so, it examines the theory and practice of deliberative water governance, informed and illustrated in a region that comprises Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China's Yunnan Province. Water governance can be understood along a spectrum, from a means to achieve pre{u00AD}determined objectives to a social process of dialogue, negotiation and decision-making. This thesis is most interested in the latter conception, in the context of 'the Mekong', where choices are being made about using and sharing transboundary waters. These choices might produce more energy; both increase and decrease food production; sustain or threaten livelihoods; and, maintain or degrade vital ecosystems and their services, upon which societies depend. An introductory chapter (Part A, Chapter 1) contextualises and explains the logic of the research. I next explore contested waterscapes (Part B, Chapters 2-5) focusing on the complex tapestry of Mekong regionalisms and governance, hydropower expansion, and a marginalised Mekong River Commission. The analysis confirmed that significant scope exists for improving water governance, and that deliberation - debate and discussion aimed at producing reasonable, well-informed opinions - has been in short supply. Deliberation deficits observed and reported in Part B provoked exploration of deliberative processes (Part C, Chapters 6-11) as a potential pathway to improving water governance. I examine firstly international practice, including still-topical issues from the World Commission on Dams, and the potential of multi-stakeholder platforms. I then examine Mekong practice and the efficacy of multi-stakeholder platforms as a governance tool; and the politics of deliberation, scales and levels. The final chapter of this section introduces a framework for analysing transboundary water governance complexes and distils suggestions for making water governance more deliberative and as a consequence, fairer and more effective. Part C analyses a range of governance challenges, and provides evidence that deliberative processes, where inserted into political arenas, are making water governance fairer and more effective, by reducing power imbalances among stakeholders and assisting negotiations to be more transparent and informed. In the final section and chapter (Part D, Chapter 12), I summarise and reflect on my practice and exploration of the topics. Drawing together the lessons from my research, I present my aspirational vision of Deliberative Water Governance - a new frontier in the field of deliberative governance: Constructive engagement that enables fairer and more effective water governance through inclusive, deliberative processes that emphasise different perspectives, learning, analysis and institution-building. The vision is inspired by promising examples, from the Mekong Region and elsewhere, examined in the thesis chapters, which demonstrate the need for and added-value provided by deliberation when it is information-rich, flexibly facilitated and actively promotes analysis of different views. In conclusion, I contend that, via its action research and publishing orientation, this thesis has contributed uniquely to both the theory and practice of Deliberative Water Governance in the dynamic Mekong Region and more widely.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

22

Teixeira, Diana Catarina Machado Lima. « Análise de eficiência de empresas de distribuição e abastecimento de água ». Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/28566.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial
Nos dias de hoje, a água está presente em quase todos os aspetos no quotidiano do ser humano, desde da necessidade mais básica (como beber água) até à mais complexa (como o abastecimento de água às populações). Contudo, devido ao aumento populacional, a gestão deste recurso deve ser a melhor possível de modo a conseguir satisfazer as necessidades de toda a população. Um dos aspetos essenciais no dia-a-dia das pessoas e sem o qual o ser humano é incapaz de sobreviver sem, é o abastecimento e distribuição de água. Porém, para que todos tenham acesso à distribuição de água é importante que o seu processo seja o mais eficiente possível. Assim, torna-se necessário analisar a eficiência do abastecimento e distribuição de água e tentar reduzir ao máximo todas as ineficiências aqui encontradas. Deste modo, o projeto de investigação centrou-se no estudo da eficiência em empresas do setor de abastecimento de água, procurando perceber qual a estrutura de mercado em que essas empresas estão inseridas, destacando-se os aspetos relacionados com as economias de escala e de gama. Assim, com a investigação empírica realizada, procurou-se analisar a eficiência da distribuição e abastecimento de água em Portugal (sendo esta atividade do sistema em baixa), considerando uma função custo multiproduto na qual se inclui como produtos o abastecimento de água e as perdas de água no abastecimento. Considerou-se outras variáveis como os quilómetros das condutas (rede), o número de clientes e a área de cada empresa neste setor. Estas últimas variáveis não são diretamente relacionadas com o volume de água, mas têm implicações na eficiência do setor da água. Para efetuar os cálculos necessários para verificar a eficiência da distribuição e abastecimento de água, teve-se em consideração escalas de produção (pequena, média e grande escala). Como resultados do trabalho, verificou-se que ao longo dos anos os custos marginais, as economias de escala e de gama mantiveram o mesmo comportamento, e os custos médios, apesar de em cada ano terem tido valores próximos, não mantiveram uma evolução semelhante em todos os anos. Neste sentido, concluiu-se que os médios produtores são os que apresentam a melhor eficiência, visto que em todos os resultados obtidos tiveram valores médios. Assim, pode sugerir-se que as entidades gestoras de pequenas escala se agrupem de modo a conseguir aumentar a escala de produção. Um outro modo, é as entidades gestoras de grande escala ajudarem as de pequena escala a aumentar a escala de produção e consequentemente diminuíam a sua própria escala de produção. Neste sentido, verificou-se que as perdas de água (que devem ser minimizadas especialmente no aspeto ecológico devido à sua sustentabilidade) são, indubitavelmente, a principal causas da ineficiência do processo de abastecimento e distribuição de água, provocando assim um aumento dos custos aqui associados.
These days, the water is present in almost all aspects in the daily life of the human being, from the most basic need (such as drinking water) to more complex (such as the water supply to the population). However, due to the population increase, the management of this resource should be the best possible in order to be able to meet the needs of the entire population. One of the essential aspects in daily life of people and without which the human being is unable to survive without, is the supply and distribution of water. However, so that everyone has access to water distribution is important that your process is as efficient as possible. Thus, it becomes necessary to analyze the efficiency of supply and distribution of water and try to reduce to the maximum all the inefficiencies found here. In this way, the research project focused on studying the efficiency in companies in the water supply sector, seeking to understand what the market structure in which these companies are included, with emphasis on aspects related to economies of scale and range. So with the empirical research conducted, we tried to analyze the efficiency of distribution and water supply in Portugal (being this low system activity), whereas a multiproduct cost function which includes products like water supply and water supply losses. Other variables considered as the kilometres of pipelines (network), the number of customers and the area of each company in this sector. The latter variables are not directly related to the volume of water, but they have implications for the efficiency of the water sector. To perform the necessary calculations to verify the efficiency of distribution and water supply, has been taken into consideration production scales (small, medium and large scale). As results of the work, it was found that over the years the marginal costs, economies of scale and range stayed the same behavior, and the average costs, although each year had no values near maintained a similar evolution in every year. In this sense, it is concluded that the medium-sized producers are the ones who have the best efficiency, whereas in all the results obtained had average values. So, may suggest that the Fund managers of small scale group in order to achieve a larger scale of production. Another way, is the large-scale managers helping the small scale to increase the scale of production and consequently lessened its own scale of production. In this sense, it was found that water losses (which should be minimized especially in ecological aspect due to its sustainability) are undoubtedly the main causes of the inefficiency of the process of supply and distribution of water, thus causing an increase in the costs associated with.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

23

Pu, Qinghong. « Dynamic tradable discharge permits for managing river water quality : an evaluation of Australia's Hunter River salinity trading scheme ». Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110190.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

This study provides the first comprehensive quantitative assessment of Australia's pilot Hunter River Salinity Trading Scheme (PHRSTS). It casts new light on the relative merits of tradable permit system in terms of environmental and cost effectiveness under the PHRSTS, highlighting the potential benefits from an integrated regulatory instrument for management of natural resource and environmental quality. The PHRSTS was introduced by the New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority (NSW EPA) in 1995 to regulate the discharge of saline water from the coal mines and electric power generators into the Hunter River, which was affecting other uses of the River. It was made permanent in 2002, becoming the formalised HRSTS (FHRSTS). Allowing for the total permitted salt discharge to vary dynamically from day to day subject to river flow conditions, and for salt permits be traded among the mines and power generators, the Scheme is widely known as Australia's first active water quality trading program, and still appears to be the only dynamic tradable permits scheme operating in the world. The NSW EPA has claimed that the PHRSTS achieved significant environmental and economic benefits, but until now there has been no rigorous examination of its operational performance. To help fill this gap, this study investigates the origins, evolution and institutional arrangements of the PHRSTS, examines the performance of the salt credits trading market of the PHRSTS and the two credit auctions of the FHRSTS, and evaluates the environmental and economic effectiveness of the PHRSTS. In particular, this study finds that: (1) The credits trading market of the PHRSTS was active in terms of both volume of trading and number of participants, in spite of the high proportion of intra-company trading. The successful bidders in the credit auctions of the FHRSTS were a mix of sellers and buyers on the credit trading market of the PHRSTS. The low, narrowly-spread auction prices suggest that the firms did not value the credits highly and that the differentials in marginal cost of salt control across the participants are not large enough to yield significant savings from the credit trading. (2) The overall salinity objectives of the Hunter River were attained under the PHRSTS. However, the PHRSTS did not significantly improve the river salinity compared to the previous Trickle Discharge management system. The PHRSTS only generated trivial savings in social damage cost. (3) The PHRSTS generated measurable cost savings in the total control cost of saline water to its participants over its entire period. But this was minor in relation to the participants' sales revenues, and the tradability of the discharge permits accounted for only a very small proportion of the control cost savings. Dynamicism, instead oftradability, of the discharge permits was by far the main source of the cost savings. This study therefore concludes that neither the environmental effectiveness nor the economic effectiveness of the PHRSTS is as impressive as that claimed by the NSW EPA. Nevertheless, the valuable experience drawn from the experimental design and operation of the PHRSTS should prove useful for broader water quality management strategies in Australia and elsewhere.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

24

Werner, Arelia Taymen. « Seasonality of the water balance of the Sooke Reservoir, BC, Canada ». Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/289.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Climate change and population growth is putting increased pressure on water supply. However, detailed water-balance information, which would assist with management is lacking for major reservoirs around the world. This information is particularly critical in mid-latitude northern Mediterranean climates where evaporation is a potentially important water-balance component. This study examines the seasonality of the water balance for the Sooke Reservoir in western Canada, a major water supply for the City of Victoria, British Columbia. Evaporation is estimated with three evaporation models, Penman, Priestley-Taylor, and Hamon and the results are compared. Inflows are estimated with the contributing-area approach and the HBV-EC, hydrologic model. Finally, a worst-case drought scenario is created. If conditions of low precipitation and high evaporation like those found in the study period were to persist, water levels would become critically low during the third dry season and by the fifth season if water restrictions were put in place.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

25

Whan, Kirien Rebecca. « Interactions between large-scale modes of climate variability that influence Australian hydroclimatic regimes ». Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156262.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Effective management of water resources, including surface and ground water, is vital and relies on a thorough understanding of climatic and hydrological (or 'hydroclimatic') variability. In Australia hydroclimatic variability is associated with several large-scale climate modes, including remote phenomena such as El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and more regional climate indices such as the sub-tropical ridge (STR). Individually, the large-scale climate regimes typically associated with rainfall events are well understood. However, less is known about the interactions between, or combinations of, different large-scale conditions that influence Australian hydroclimatic regimes. These interactions are non-linear so traditional statistical frameworks may be unable to adequately characterise these relationships. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) are well suited to analysing relationships between predictor and response variables, including those based on categorical events, that may be modulated by several predictor variables acting together. By employing a more appropriate and novel statistical method this thesis aims to better understand relationships between large-scale modes of climate variability and Australian hydroclimatic regimes. In this work, tree-based models were used to classify regional Australian rainfall regimes from indices of ENSO, the IOD and the STR, yielding the following conclusions. (1) Interactions between tropical (ENSO, IOD) predictor variables and the STR control the strength of the tropical teleconnection and the influence on regional rainfall regimes in southern Australia. When tropical modes and the STR are in the same phase, rainfall regimes are continent-wide and spatially coherent. However, when indices of climate modes are in the opposite phases, i.e. El Nino combined with low STR intensity, the modulation of the tropical teleconnection by the STR is evident, as rainfall anomalies are confined to the northeast of the continent. (2) The influence of both STR intensity and position on rainfall regimes in southeastern Australia was defined. STR position was crucial for defining two distinct types of "wet" autumns, a "summer-like" ("winter-like") regime when the STR was in a southerly (northerly) position. The summer-like regime occurs at frequencies that have not changed detectably over the instrumental record. However, the frequency of the winter-like regime has declined significantly. In addition, the dry regime defined by high STR intensity has been the most frequent regime in recent years, consistent with the attribution of STR intensity as the main driver of the Millennium Drought. (3) The predictive persistence of relationships between a suite of predictor variables (indices of ENSO, IOD and the STR) and rainfall, upper-layer and lower-layer soil moisture was explored. The predictability of spring rainfall was similar using both random forests (a bootstrapping implementation of CART) and linear regression, suggesting results are not dependent on method. The key result, of possible use in seasonal forecasting, is that, deep soil moisture in spring and summer exhibits significantly more predictability than rainfall and shallow soil moisture, due to the persistence of tropical climate drivers and the removal of high-frequency variability in deep layers by natural temporal smoothing as soil moisture is transferred to deep soil layers.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

26

Pereira, Cristóvão Alexandre da Silva. « O preço da água nos municípios portugueses : quais as razões para as suas disparidades ? » Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/39056.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Monetária, Bancária e Financeira
Os serviços de abastecimento de água são do interesse geral para a população, estando como tal sujeitos a obrigações específicas dos serviços públicos, tais como a acessibilidade, equidade, universalidade, gestão eficiente e sustentável, entre outros. Embora existam na literatura vários estudos acerca do preço ótimo da água, assim como da conceção ideal para as estruturas tarifárias do consumo de água, há uma lacuna no que diz respeito à análise das disparidades no preço cobrado pelo consumo de água em diferentes partes do mesmo país, neste caso específico de Portugal. Em Portugal não existe uma harmonização das tarifas de água, existindo mesmo variações muito elevadas. Ao analisar as diferentes tarifas de água cobradas ao longo do território de Portugal continental pretende-se perceber o que é que estará por detrás dessas mesmas tarifas, podendo deste modo perceber a influência de algumas variáveis, tais como: introdução dos privados neste setor, a influência de questões geomorfológicas, climatológicas, pluviométricas, assim como ideologias politicas e economias de escala, entre outras. Esta questão de investigação é relevante por se tratar de um bem essencial à vida humana, pela escassez de estudos acerca deste tema e pelos problemas de sustentabilidade das finanças públicas que assolam Portugal, sendo por isso importante aferir quais as variações nestas tarifas e quais os motivos para tal. Os resultados obtidos mostram com um elevado grau de confiança a existência de fatores que influenciam o preço da água nos diversos escalões de consumo. Assim sendo, as privatizações, a temperatura, a ideologia política de direita, o passivo municipal, a dimensão do solo urbano e a densidade populacional estão associados a um maior preço da água. Ao invés, a integração da cadeia de valores associada aos serviços de abastecimento de água é um fator que explica um menor preço exigido pelo consumo de água.
Water supply services are of great interest to the general public. They are, therefore being subject to specific requirements of public services, such as accessibility, equity, universality, efficient and sustainable management, among others. Even though there are several studies about the optimum price of water in the literature, and about the ideal definition of block tariffs for water consumption, there is a gap in the analysis of the disparities in the price charged for water consumption in different parts of the same country, Portugal in this specific case. In Portugal, water prices are not harmonized. On the contrary, there are substantial differences among the prices charged. By analysing the different water tariffs charged in continental Portugal, we hope to understand what is behind those tariffs, that is, the influence of the introduction of private players in the sector; the impact of geomorphological, climatological and rainfall factors; as well as of political ideologies and economies of scale, among others. This research question is relevant because water is essential to human life, because studies on this theme are scarce and also due of the problems of Portuguese public finances. It is, therefore, important to investigate the differences among the tariffs charged and the explanatory causes for them. The results obtained clearly show, that there are several factors influencing the price of water in the different consumption blocks. That being said, privatisation, temperature, right-wing politicians, municipalities’ liabilities, the area of urban soil and population density seem to increase the price paid for water. On the other hand, the integration of chain of values associated to the services of water supply is a factor associated with a lower price charged for water consumption.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

27

Cerqueira, Paula Alexandra Lopes. « Estruturação inicial e elaboração de documentação base do Plano de Segurança da Água da CMCB ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/47587.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica (área de especialização em Tecnologia do Ambiente)
Na atualidade, as questões relacionadas com a qualidade da água são cada vez mais uma realidade. Do mesmo modo, existem cada vez mais preocupações relacionadas com o seu impacto na saúde pública. De facto, a junção da escassez deste elemento tão importante para a vida, e a possibilidade de veiculação de doenças transmitidas pelo meio hídrico fazem com que haja, neste momento uma grande preocupação a nível mundial relacionada com estas questões, quer seja o uso que se lhe dá, a quantidade disponível e, a qualidade que esta apresenta. Assim, existe uma forte recomendação por parte da Organização Mundial da Saúde, para a implementação de novas metodologias e políticas neste âmbito. Também a entidade reguladora responsável pelo sector de águas em Portugal, apela de forma ativa à introdução de novas metodologias por parte das Entidades Gestoras, e deste modo garantir que se está no caminho certo e que a água aqui produzida é efetivamente de qualidade e que satisfaz de forma contínua os requisitos dos consumidores. Neste contexto, as duas entidades anteriormente mencionadas, alertam, a nível nacional, as Entidades Gestoras responsáveis pelo abastecimento de água, para a introdução de novas metodologias que tenham por base uma abordagem preventiva, e que assim analisem o sistema, etapa a etapa desde a origem da água até ao consumidor final, antecipando todos os riscos a que o mesmo se encontra sujeito. A metodologia de Plano de Segurança da Água, assenta nos princípios anteriormente mencionados. O presente trabalho apresenta uma descrição das várias etapas do desenvolvimento do Plano de Segurança da Água da Zona de Abastecimento de S. Nicolau, a cargo da Câmara Municipal de Cabeceiras de Basto. Este plano foi realizado com base numa abordagem de identificação e avaliação de possíveis riscos a que o sistema poderá estar sujeito. Assim conseguiu identificar-se um conjunto de Pontos Críticos de Controlo, estabelecer Planos de Monitorização Operacional com as instruções necessárias ao correto funcionamento do sistema e um conjunto de ações corretivas a adotar para um melhor funcionamento do sistema.
Currently, the matters relating to water quality are increasingly becoming a reality. Likewise, there is growing concerns regarding their impact on public health. In fact, the junction of the shortage of this element so important for life, and the possibility of binding diseases transmitted by the water environment contributed to the existence at the moment of a major concern worldwide related to these issues, whether it is its use, its available quantity or the its quality. Thus, there is a strong recommendation by the World Health Organization, to implement new methodologies and policies in this area. Also the regulatory body responsible for the water sector in Portugal, calls actively for the introduction of new methodologies by the Management Entities, and thus ensuring that they are on track and that the water here produced is actually of quality and that it continuously satisfies the consumer requirements. In this context, the two aforementioned entities, alert, at national level, the Managing Authorities responsible for the water supply to the introduction of new methodologies which are based on a precautionary approach and thus analyze the system, step by step from the water source to the final consumer, anticipating all the risks to which it is exposed. This methodology is based on the principles of the Water Safety Plan. The present work presents a description of the various stages of the development of the Water Safety Plan of the Supply Area of S. Nicolau, responsability of the Municipality of Cabeceiras de Basto. This plan was developed based on an approach of identification and evaluation of possible risks to which the system may be exposed. Thereby it was possible to identify a set of critical control points, to establish Operational Monitoring Plans with the needed guidelines for the correct operation of the system and a set of corrective actions to be adopted to improve the functioning of the system.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

28

Monteiro, Soraia Pereira Lima. « Estruturação inicial e elaboração de documentação base do Plano de Segurança da Água dos SMSBVC ». Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/35331.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica (área de especialização em Tecnologia do Ambiente)
A água é essencial à vida e para que não ponha em causa a manutenção da vida humana é fundamental que cumpra determinados requisitos, sendo um deles a segurança para o consumo humano. A preocupação com a segurança humana e a proteção da saúde pública, tem tido cada vez mais destaque a nível mundial. Esta exigência tem resultado no desenvolvimento de novas políticas e métodos, por parte das entidades ligadas ao abastecimento de água para consumo humano, que visam melhorar os serviços prestados e a qualidade da água fornecida, garantindo a satisfação dos consumidores, cada vez mais exigentes, e a proteção da saúde pública. Na 3ª Edição das Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, da Organização Mundial de Saúde, é apresentado um leque de recomendações às entidades gestoras. É proposta uma metodologia que integra conceitos de avaliação e gestão preventiva de riscos em todo o sistema, desde a fonte de água bruta até à torneira do consumidor, através da implementação de planos de segurança da água, em complemento do método tradicional de controlo da qualidade do produto final. O presente trabalho expõe uma descrição das diversas etapas do desenvolvimento do Plano de Segurança da Água, da Zona de Abastecimento de Barroselas - ZA02, a cargo dos Serviços Municipalizados de Viana do Castelo. Este plano foi realizado segundo uma abordagem de identificação e avaliação de possíveis riscos, tendo em consideração o sistema em questão, o que permitiu identificar um conjunto de Pontos Críticos de Controlo, estabelecer Planos de Monitorização Operacional com instruções necessárias ao correto funcionamento do sistema e um conjunto de ações corretivas a adotar, caso sejam detetados desvios.
Water is essential to life and to not compromise the maintenance of human life it is fundamental that water meets certain requirements, one of which is to be safe. The concern for human safety and protection of public health has been increasingly prominent worldwide. This requirement has resulted in the development of new policies and methods for entities linked to the water supply for human consumption. These new strategies aim to improve the quality of the services provided and the quality of the water supplied, ensuring consumer satisfaction, increasingly demanding, and the protection of public health. In the 3rd Edition of the Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, from World Health Organization, a range of recommendations for management entities is presented. It proposes a methodology which integrates the concepts of preventive assessment and risk managements across the system, from the raw water source to the consumer's tap, through the implementation of water safety plans, rather than the traditional methods of quality control oh the final product. This work presents a description of the various steps of the development of the Water Safety Plan, of the Supply Zone of Barroselas (ZA02), responsibility of Serviços Municipalizados de Saneamento Básico de Viana do Castelo. This plan was performed using an approach of identification and evaluation of potential risks, taking into account the system in question. This approach allowed the identification of set of critical control points, the establishment of Operational Monitoring Plans with necessary instructions for the correct functioning of the system and a set of corrective actions to be taken whether deviations are detected.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

29

Somerville, Peter Douglas. « Streamwater-groundwater interactions and implications for water sharing plans in unregulated catchments : Hunter Valley, eastern Australia ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150497.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

A key objective of the Australian National Water Iriitiative of 2004 (clause 23(x)) is that streamwater and groundwater be managed as a single connected system. The National Water Act of 2007 established water sharing plans as a mechanism for ensuring this integrated management of streamwater and groundwater and for driving the sustainable management of Australia's water resources. This thesis investigates streamwater-groundwater interactions in an unconfined alluvial aquifer system in the Widden Brook catchment in the highly productive upper Hunter Valley, eastern Australia. Widden Brook is a right bank tributary of the Goulburn River and contributes up to 17% of flow in the Goulburn. The catchment lithology consists of a basal unit of impermeable Permian carbonaceous shale and coals which is overlain by Triassic Narrabeen sandstone and Tertiary basalts. The aims of this thesis were to reconstruct the hydrological record in the catchment from estimations of the long-term (1913-2007) monthly rainfall, streamflow, baseflow and salt load, reconstructed from records in neighbouring catchments, in order to: (1) recortstruct the long-term hydrological record in the catchment; (2) quantify streamwater-groundwater interactions under changing hydrological conditions; (3) estimate the water balance and the salt balance; and (4) use this data to evaluate the water sharing plan. A record of evapotranspiration was constructed with an established model using spatially interpolated rainfall, evaporation and vegetation coverage in the catchment. Limited stream hydrographs and rating curves were used to estimate long term baseflow and the chloride balance method was used to estimate groundwater recharge. The mean long term (1913-2007) runoff coefficient was 5.4% of rainfall equivalent to 40 mm of specific discharge. Flows however, were highly variable over this period with runoff (specific discharge) of 8.6% (65 mm) and 3.9% (30 mm) for the periods 1950-1979 and 1980-2007 respectively. This decrease in runoff cannot be explained solely by the decrease in rainfall and possible reasons are advanced. The mean estimated annual specific discharge from the reconstructed streamflow record, of 37 mm for the period 1971-2006, was shown to be in good agreement with that predicted using the spatially distributed GROWEST model of 33 mm. Stream salinity in Widden, as measured by electrical conductivity, EC, increases downstream but this is moderated by inputs of freshwater from the tributaries, particularly Blackwater Creek. The relationship between EC and stream flow is used to estimate the salt load discharged by the stream. The mean annual salt load for the period 1913-2007 was 1,813 tonnes/year or a specific salt yield of 3.7 tonnes/km{u00B2} but is highly variable over this period. Estimates of the cyclic salt inputs to the catchment are used to construct a long term salt budget (1913-2007) for the catchment which shows a 29% increase in salt load discharged to streamwater relative to that recharged to the catchment and up to 69% for the flood-dominated period 1950-1979. Estimation of the fraction of the salt load in streamwater at Widden gauge, due to mineral weathering relative to cyclic salt, is in the range 0.17-0.20. There is a distinct relative change in water chemistry downstream. Streamwater chemistry changes from predominantly Na and K ions just below the confluence of Widden Brook and Blackwater Creek, which is associated with kaolinite clay and Na and CI ions in the terrace groundwater, to predominantly Mg and Ca ions in the stream at Emu Creek associated with interstratified illite/smectite exchangeable clays and HC0{u2083}, Mg, Na and CI ions in the groundwater. Strontium isotope ratios are used to show a distinct geochemical signature in groundwater in the older terrace soils which appear disconnected from the stream compared to the younger alluvial floodplain soils which are highly connected to the stream. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the terrace in the mid catchment is characterised by higher EC (1500-2200 uS/cm) and oxidising conditions with lower concentrations of soluble iron and higher sulfate concentrations compared to the alluvial floodplain/streamwater which have much lower EC (300-600 ~uS/cm) and mainly reducing conditions, higher concentrations of soluble iron and lower sulfate concentrations. It is shown using geochemistry and water and isotopic tracers that the major sources of salts in the soils, streamwater and groundwater are derived from: (1) evapotranspiration of the shallow groundwater which concentrates salts in the upper soil zone confirmed from CI:Br mass ratios of soil groundwater; (2) mineral weathering of the parent rock material; and (3) ion-exchange reactions in the subsurface clays in the lower catchment. It is inferred that the change in water chemistry in the lower catchment is driven by the strong recharge of streamwater to the aquifer in the losing reach of the catchment which mobilises the Mg and Ca ions in the exchangeable smectite clays in the unconfined groundwater aquifer. The water sharing plan for unregulated catchments in the Hunter Valley is evaluated in light of the above findings. It is found that the information on which the Plan was based is insufficient to ensure sustainability in the system. Suggestions are made for improving the water sharing plan process.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

30

Smiley, Byron. « A 100-year retrospective and current carbon budget analysis for the Sooke Lake Watershed : Investigating the watershed-scale carbon implications of disturbance in the Capital Regional District’s water supply lands ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6117.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Northern forest ecosystems play an important role in global carbon (C) cycling and are considered to be a net C sink for atmospheric C (IPCC, 2007; Pan, et al., 2011). Reservoir creation is a common cause of deforestation and when coupled with persistent harvest activity that occurs in forest ecosystems, these disturbance events can significantly affect the C budget of a watershed. To understand the effects of these factors on carbon cycling at a landscape level, an examination of forest harvest and reservoir creation was carried out in the watershed of the Sooke Lake Reservoir, the primary water supply for the Greater Victoria area in British Columbia. Covering the period between 1910 and 2012, a detailed disturbance and forest cover dataset was generated for the Sooke Lake Watershed (SLW) and used as input into a spatially-explicit version of the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector 3 (CBM-CFS3). The model was modified to include export of C out of the forest system in the form of dissolved organic C (DOC) into streams. The fraction of decaying C exported through this mechanism was tuned in the model using DOC measurements from three catchments within the SLW. Site-specific growth and yield curves were also generated for watershed forest stand types, in part, by using LiDAR-derived site indices. C transfers associated with disturbances were adjusted to reflect the disturbance types that occurred during the 100-year study period. Due to the removal of C resulting from wildfire, logging and residue burning, as well as deforestation disturbances, total ecosystem C stocks dropped from 700 metric tonnes of C per hectare (tC ha-1) in 1910 to their current (2012) level of ~550 tC ha-1 across the SLW. Assuming no change in management priorities and negligible effects of climate change, total ecosystem C stocks will not recover to 1910 levels until 2075. The cumulative effect of reservoir creation and expansion on the C budget resulted in 14 tC ha-1 less being sequestered (111,217 tC total) across the watershed by 2012. In contrast, sustained yield forestry within the Capital Regional District’s tenure accounts for a 93 tC ha-1 decrease by 2012, representing an impact six times greater than deforestation associated with reservoir creation. The proportionally greater impact of forestry activity is partly due to current C accounting rules (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) that treats C removed from the forest in the form of Harvested Wood Products as C immediately released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Cumulative DOC export to the Sooke Lake reservoir was ~30,660 tC by 2012, representing a substantial pathway for C leaving the forest ecosystem. However, more research is required to understand what fraction of terrestrially-derived DOC is sequestered long term in lake sediment. The results of this study will assist forest manager decision making on the appropriate management response to future forest disturbance patterns that could result from climate change and to improve climate change mitigation efforts.
Graduate
0478
0425
0368
byrons@uvic.ca

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

31

Silva, Álvaro António Fontes Marques da. « Caraterização, modelação e previsão do consumo de água a curto prazo ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/36085.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A gestão dos recursos híbridos apresenta-se como um dos maiores desafios no futuro da humanidade. As entidades gestoras dos sistemas de abastecimento de água procuram soluções que tragam melhorias no serviço prestado à população recorrendo a técnicas de previsão do consumo que buscam ajudar na gestão dos sistemas. Com este trabalho pretende realizar-se a caracterização, modelação e previsão do consumo de água num subsistema de distribuição da empresa Águas do Douro e Paiva S.A. A analise das sucessões cronológicas foi realizado em modelos estocásticos ARIMA através do software estatístico SPSS e um outro modelo que foi desenvolvido com recurso ao MSExcel utilizando o solver para calcular os parâmetros. Simula-se a aplicação dos modelos desenvolvidos para a previsão em tempo real de consumos de água a dois locais diferentes de estudo no concelho de Matosinhos, da freguesia de Freixieiro e da freguesia do Padrão da Légua, incluindo no modelo a variável temperatura. Os resultados obtidos das experiencias realizadas permitem concluir que, neste caso concentro, os modelos desenvolvidos em Excel apresentaram um desempenho próximo dos modelos ARIMA.
The management of hybrid resources is presented as one of the greatest challenges in the future of humanity. Managing bodies of water supply systems seek solutions that bring improvements in the service provided to the population using consumption forecasting techniques that seek to help in the management of systems. This work intends to carry out the characterization, modelling and prediction of water consumption in a company's distribution subsystem Águas do Douro e Paiva SA The analysis of time series was held in stochastic ARIMA models using the statistical software SPSS and other model was developed with recourse to MSExcel using the solver to calculate the parameters. Simulate the application of the models developed for real-time forecasting of water consumption to two different study sites in the municipality of Matosinhos, the parish Freixieiro and Standard Légua the parish, including the temperature variable model. The results of the experiments conducted to conclude that, in this case focus, models developed in Excel submitted a performance close to the ARIMA models.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

32

Passos, Cláudia Filipa de Oliveira. « Dimensionamento técnico - económico de sistemas prediais de abastecimento de água ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49126.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A água é um recurso fundamental e de inquestionável importância no quotidiano do Homem. Este é responsável por enormes volumes de consumo de água potável sendo a maioria do consumo realizada em atividades domésticas. O acesso a água potável está diretamente relacionado com o desempenho dos sistemas prediais de abastecimento de água, quer em termos de qualidade quer em termos de conforto. Na presente dissertação é abordado o tema dos sistemas prediais de abastecimento de água direcionado à componente do dimensionamento, sendo o objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um programa de cálculo hidráulico. Tendo em conta o objetivo principal da dissertação, optou-se por uma abordagem ao tema em três fases. A primeira fase diz respeito à revisão dos conhecimentos sobre a temática dos sistemas de abastecimento de água, referindo a evolução que estes tiveram ao longo dos anos e quais as perspetivas futuras de desenvolvimento. É objetivo desta fase consciencializar para a sustentabilidade e gestão dos recursos hídricos fazendo referência aos sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais, reaproveitamento de águas cinzentas e ainda o aquecimento de água por energia solar. Na segunda fase, realiza-se a revisão bibliográfica referente à conceção dos sistemas, tendo por base os consumos de água e os critérios referidos no Regulamento Geral dos Sistemas Públicos e Prediais de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais e na Norma Europeia vigentes atualmente. A última fase corresponde ao desenvolvimento do programa de cálculo. Procede-se à caracterização da estrutura do programa, bem como à construção e programação do mesmo. Por fim, aplica-se o programa a alguns exemplos práticos.
Water is a key resource and of unquestioned importance in everyday life of Man. This is responsible for huge volumes of consumption of drinking water, with most consumption held in domestic activities. Access to drinking water is directly related to the performance of water supply building systems, both in terms of quality and in terms of comfort. This dissertation addresses the theme of water supply building systems directed to the scaling component, being the main goal the development of a hydraulic calculation program. Having regard to the main objective of the dissertation, we opt for an approach to the topic in three phases. The first phase concerns the review of knowledge about water supply systems, referring to evolution that they have had over the years and what are the future perspectives of development. It is an objective of this phase to raise awareness for sustainability and management of water resources referencing the rainwater utilization systems, reuse of grey water and still water heating by solar energy. In the second phase, the literature on the design of systems is reviewed, based on the water consumption and the criteria referred to in the General Regulation of Public and Building Systems of Water Distribution and Drainage and in European standard in force currently. The last phase corresponds to development of calculation program. We do the characterization of the structure of the program, as well as the construction and programming. Finally, the program is applied to some practical examples.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

33

Amado, João Paulo da Costa. « O Saneamento em Lisboa entre 1852 e 1910 : Espaço, Tecnologia, Vivência e Poderes ». Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123019.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Entre as tecnologias urbanas necessárias para o bom funcionamento de uma cidade, as que estão relacionadas com o saneamento urbano são das mais importantes. A partir de meados do séc. XIX, a cidade de Lisboa sentiu por diversas vezes o impacto do mau funcionamento da sua rede de esgotos. A importância desta rede para as boas condições de vida da sua população foi reconhecida ao longo do tempo por quem interveio ou tentou intervir na cidade; abundaram os projectos e as iniciativas, boa parte das quais sem consequências práticas. Momentos de crise em termos de saúde pública, notórios em meados do século, aumentaram a discussão em torno da forma como era levado a cabo o saneamento urbano. A dependência que uma rede de esgotos manifesta perante o abastecimento de água foi um factor muito importante em todas as discussões e planificações. Falar do saneamento urbano em Lisboa obriga a olhar inevitavelmente para a forma como a cidade cresceu, para a maneira como a geografia influenciou escolhas operacionais e tecnológicas, para a implantação em geral de outras tecnologias urbanas, para o impacto em termos de saúde pública e para o papel dos vários participantes. Este conjunto de circunstâncias teve impacto na longa duração do processo de implantação de uma rede de esgotos em Lisboa.
Among the urban technologies needed for the well beeing of a city, the ones related to urban sanitation are some of the the most important. From the mid 19th century onward, Lisbon suffered regularly from the negative impact of a flawed sewer network. The importance of such network on the living conditions of its population was frequently recognized by those who intervened (or tried to) in the city. Details abound over several projects and initiatives that were presented or took place, most of them with little to no impact from a pratical point of view. The public health crisis moments of the 1850s raised the public awareness about the problems surrounding both the sewers in particular, and urban sanitation in general. The inevitable relation between water supply networks and sewerage networks was a key factor in nearly every discussion and plan presented. Talking about urban sanitation in Lisbon requires an understanding of the way the city grew, of the role played by geography on both operational and technological choices, and of the general influence manifested by every other urban technology. The impact on public health and the different roles played by every other participant also have to be taken in consideration. All these factors are essential to understand the reasons behind the inherent slowness of the implantation of the sewer network in Lisbon between 1850 and 1910.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

34

Adams, Geoffrey. « Development of a simple hydrological modelling methodology for estimating phosphorus generation from rural land ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150832.

Texte intégral

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

35

Machado, Manuel António Araújo da Cunha. « Otimização da operação de bombagem para poupança de energia num sistema de abastecimento de água ». Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/30350.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
Os órgãos de bombagem presentes nos sistemas de abastecimento de água consomem elevadas quantidades de energia, acarretando para as empresas responsáveis pelo abastecimento de água elevados custos. Por forma a combater esses mesmos custos, surgiu a necessidade de criar metodologias de bombagem que permitissem a uma redução destes. A presente Dissertação engloba o tratamento de dados respetivos ao ano de 2011, referentes ao caso de estudo disponibilizado pela empresa Águas do Noroeste, S.A., que abrange a estação elevatória de Casais e o reservatório de Senhora das Neves. Este tratamento inclui cálculos dos respetivos custo e valores de energia por esta despendida. Posteriormente ao cálculo e tratamento das variáveis necessárias, procedeu-se à construção de uma metodologia de otimização, recorrendo a um algoritmo genérico em linguagem Java. Seguidamente, escolheu-se doze cenários para simular na referida metodologia. A metodologia de otimização executada foi avaliada com recurso a doze cenários de estudo. No primeiro cenário comparou-se a situação real com os resultados da metodologia, sendo possível reduzir custos de consumo de energia para uma amostra de 25 dias significativos do funcionamento anual da estação elevatória. Nos cenários dois a cinco aplicou-se uma diminuição de volume mínimo de 35%, 35% com volume final de 65%, 30% e 25% verificando-se quais as variações ao nível de custos que sucederam. No cenário seis testou-se um cenário de segurança, impondo como volume mínimo de 50%, com o intuito de se verificar a existência de flutuações elevadas ao nível dos custos. No cenário sete e oito efetuou-se a paragem de uma das células para limpeza, diminuindo o volume total de reserva para metade, para averiguar quais os dias que obtêm o menor custo possível com esta paragem. No cenário nove e dez simulou-se uma semana integral no inverno com variações de volume mínimo de 40% e 35%, respetivamente, e no cenário onze e doze simulou-se uma semana integral no verão com variações de volume mínimo de 40% e 35%, respetivamente.
The pumping organ present in the water supply systems consumes large amounts of energy, which leads to high costs for the companies responsible for water supply. In order to combat these costs, the need arose to create pumping methodologies that allow a reduction thereof. This Dissertation include the processing of data respective to the year 2011, for the case study posted by the Águas do Noroeste, S.A., which covers the pumping station of Casais and the reservoir of Senhora das Neves. This treatment includes calculations of the respective values of cost and energy expended by this. Later, the calculation and processing of necessary variables proceeded to the construct of a methodology for optimization using a genetic algorithm in Java. After that, was chosen twelve different scenarios to simulate this methodology. The optimization methodology performed was evaluated using a study of twelve scenarios. In the first scenario was compared the actual situation with the results of the methodology. It is possible to reduce energy consumption costs for a sample of 25 days significant annual operating the lifting station. In scenarios two to five was applied a volume decrease of at least 35%, 35% with final volume of 65%, 30% and 25% verifying which changes of the level of costs were succeeded. In scenario six was tested a security scenario, imposing as minimum volume 50% in order to verify the existence of fluctuations at high costs. In scenario seven and eight was made a stop of one of the cells for cleaning, reducing the total volume of reserves in half to determine which days we can get the lowest possible cost with this stop. In scenario nine and ten was simulated one integral week in winter with volume variations of 40% and 35% respectively, and at the scenario eleven and twelve was simulated one integral week in summer with variations in minimum volume of 40% and 35% respectively.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

36

Dolabella, Gabriel Barros. « Análise da influência do aproveitamento de águas pluviais numa rede pública de abastecimento de água : o caso do Lago Norte, Brasília-DF, Brasil ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/64844.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Urbana
No actual contexto em que as relações entre os seres humanos e os recursos naturais são cada vez mais relevantes em razão do aumento populacional no mundo e da mudança dos hábitos de consumo dos seres humanos - com aumento da exploração destes recursos, em especial a água - é essecial que sejam estudadas formas alternativas de obtenção e consumo destes recursos sob a ótica sustentável. Dentre as possibilidades de mundanças em relação ao uso de água no dia-a-dia das populações está o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, que é um método muito antigo, com registos de utilização a mais de 5000 anos. A adoção de métodos alternativos de abastecimento de água, entretanto, pode acarretar em impactes nos sistemas de distribuição de água já existentes, que por isso devem ser estudados para que se possa tomar atitudes em relação a possíveis constrangimentos causados por esta mudança de comportamento. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a influência que a adoção de métodos alternativos de abastecimento de água, como os Sistemas de Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais - SAAP, podem causar numa rede pública de distribuição de água potável; mais especificamente avaliar quais as influências da redução do consumo de água da rede pública – causada pelo aumento do uso de SAAP – nas velocidades médias nas condutas de água, nas pressões dinâmicas nos nós da rede, e também na concentração de cloro residual nos nós desta rede. Utilizou-se como caso de estudo a rede que abastece o Lago Norte, Brasília-DF Brasil. Os resultados das simulações demostram que quanto maior o uso de SAAP (e menor consumo de água da rede pública) menores as velocidades mínimas e máximas nas condutas, maiores as pressões dinâmicas mínimas e máximas nos nós e menor a quantidade de CRL nos nós da rede. Portanto, o uso de sistemas alternativos de abastecimento pode causar alterações no funcionamento da rede pública de abastecimento de água, que por este motivo devem ser monitoradas. Sugere-se a realização de alterações à rede, já que as mudanças dos valores destes parâmetros provocadas pela adopção de SAAP podem afetar os aparelhos hidráulicos da rede, assim como a qualidade da água fornecida pelo sistema público tradicional. É apresentada uma nova configuração da rede simplificada, com o uso de válvulas redutoras de pressão e de pontos de cloragem ao longo da rede.
The relations between humankind and natural resources are, in actual context, getting more relevant because of the increasing number of populations in the world and changes about people consumption habits – with the increase of the exploration of these resources, especially water – is essential that alternative ways of obtaining and consuming these resources have to be studied looking for sustainable practices. Rainwater harvesting is one of the alternatives about changing the way people deal with water daily, and it is an old method with registers of more than 5000 years old. Adopting alternatives methods of water supply, however, can cause impacts at the public water supply network, and it must be studied to try to solve possible problems these changes of behavior can cause, if necessary. The objective of this master thesis is to analyze the influence of the adoption of alternative methods of water supply, such as rainwater harvesting systems - RWS, can cause at the public water supply network; more specifically, the influence of the reduction of water from the public system – caused by the increase of rainwater harvesting – can occur relatively at the average velocity in the pipes, at the dynamic pressures at the nodes as well as the variations of the free residual chlorine at the nodes of the network. It was used as a case of study the water network that supplies the Lago Norte, Brasília-DF Brazil. The simulation’s results demonstrate that as much as the use of RWS increase (and the water from public supply network decrease) lower the minimum and maximum velocities in the pipes are, higher the dynamic minimum and maximum pressure at the nodes are, and lower the FRC quantities are at the network nodes. Therefore, the use of alternative systems of water supply can cause disturbs at the public water supply network, so it has to be monitored, and modification plans for this network must be done, whereas the changes of the parameters values provoked by the use of alternative systems can affect the hydraulic equipment of the network, as well as the quality of the water offered by traditional public system. A new network is presented after adding pressure reduction valves, as well as new chlorination points throughout the network.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

37

Sousa, José Domingos Sá. « Análise técnica - económica da produção de energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água : caso do aproveitamento de fins múltiplos dos socorridos ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40699.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
O presente trabalho teve por finalidade a determinação das variáveis que integram as funções de custo vs. benefício da produção de energia elétrica em sistemas de abastecimento de água e, posterior, utilização racional da variável tempo na gestão dos grupos eletromecânicos. As funções determinadas têm três variáveis principais que as quantificam: potência do elemento eletromecânico, tempo de funcionamento e custo unitário da energia elétrica. Quando analisadas pormenorizadamente incorporam mais variáveis: a potência dos Grupos Geradores (GG) e dos Grupos Eletrobombas (GEB) são em função das características geométricas do sistema; o tempo de funcionamento será dependente das utilizações de água, da pluviosidade (caudal) e do fornecimento elétrico; por fim, o preço unitário é dependente do Decreto-Lei em vigor. O preço unitário da energia elétrica é a variável que tem maior influência para a função de custo vs. benefício pois a receita será em função da racional ativação e paragem dos GEB e GG. O preço da energia no caso real para as diferentes tarifas é crescente, as regressões que melhor as representam são as polinomiais com o valor do erro (R2) de apro. 0,99. O valor mínimo, para um determinado consumidor final, verificado no caso prático é de 0,0745 €/kWh e máximo de 0,3056 €/kWh para o ano de 2015. A contribuição desta dissertação, para o estudo da temática, é a ativação vs. paragem racional dos grupos eletromecânicos em função da precipitação e consequente aumento da receita. Tendo em consideração a antecipação da introdução dos dados de entrada nos software e hardware, que controlam o sistema. Estes dados são relativos à antevisão da «probabilidade de precipitação» para o diurno seguinte. A melhoria percentual é variável, dependendo das condições atmosféricas que contribuem para as bacias hidrográficas do aproveitamento.
The purpose of this study was to determine the variables that integrate the functions that quantify the cost vs. benefit of electric power production in water supply systems and, later, one of the optimization variables. Certain functions have three main variables that quantify: electromechanical element power, time and unit cost of electricity. When analysed in detail incorporate more variables: the power of generator groups (Pt: GG) and motor-driven groups (Pt: GEB) are depending on the geometrical characteristics of the system; the operating time will be dependent on the uses of water, rainfall (flow) and electric supply; finally, the unit price is dependent on the decree in force consisting of different tariffs in order to standardize the diagram. The unit price of electricity is the variable that has greater influence on the function of cost vs. benefit because the recipe will be in function of the differential tariffs for activation and shutdown of GEB and GG. The price of energy in the real case for the different rates are increasing, the regressions which best represent are the polynomial with the value of the error (R2) of approximately 0.99. The minimum value checked is 0,0745 €/kWh and maximum of 0,3056 €/kWh for the year 2015. The contribution of this dissertation to the study of the subject is the decrease of the operating time of the electromechanical groups and consequent revenue growth. Taking into account the anticipation of the introduction of the input data in software and hardware, which control the system. These data are relative to the preview of the probability of precipitation for the next day. The percentage improvement is variable, depending on weather conditions in watersheds that contribute to the exploitation.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

38

Matos, Ana Paula Martins. « Metodologias ‘Building Information Modelling’ aplicadas à gestão eficiente de infraestruturas hidráulicas : um caso de estudo ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/70874.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
Portugal tem vindo, ao longo das últimas décadas, a colmatar os défices estruturais que tinha no setor da Hidráulica Urbana, com inúmeras iniciativas que tornaram o país numa imagem de referência neste setor. Os desafios de hoje são derivados dos eventos extremos que são cada vez mais evidenciados pelas alterações climáticas, do crescimento da população presente em meio urbano e da vida útil das infraestruturas. Estes problemas causam stresse sobre as infraestruturas que, em muitos casos, se encontram a responder a solicitações para as quais não foram projetadas. Verifica-se, também, um problema de falta de informação na fase de gestão das infraestruturas, o que acaba por onerar esta fase do ciclo de vida. O Building Information Modelling (BIM) surge assim como uma oportunidade de melhoria e maior eficiência neste setor. O processo integrado de dimensionamento, construção e gestão pelas metodologias BIM garantem a informação necessária, em cada fase, para uma maior eficiência global do processo. Permite ainda que numa única plataforma se consiga realizar o cálculo, a representação e a gestão da rede, que normalmente são efetuados de forma individual, aumentando o nível de eficiência global. As capacidades anteriormente citadas foram exploradas com a simulação de um caso de estudo, onde se utilizou o Watergems, como ferramenta de cálculo hidráulico, que transmite a informação necessária para o Revit, a plataforma de gestão, que por sua vez, recebe informação de outros software/especialidades, o que possibilita uma gestão integrada, possibilitando aferir sobre as melhores soluções. Identificando-se uma necessidade de melhoria da rede ou necessidade de expansão no software de gestão, esta informação pode ser devolvida ao software de cálculo hidráulico, havendo um processo cíclico de passagem de informação entre os diversos software, o que torna a gestão de infraestruturas um processo mais eficiente.
Throughout the last decades Portugal has been filling the structural deficits that it had in the Urban Hydraulic sector, with innumerable initiatives that have made the country a reference image in this sector. Today's challenges are derived from the extreme events that are increasingly highlighted by climate change, urban population growth and the lifespan of existent infrastructures. These problems cause stress on infrastructures, that in many cases are operation in conditions for which they were not designed. There is also a problem of lack of information in the infrastructure management phase, which ends up burdening this stage of the life cycle. The Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an opportunity for improvement and greater efficiency in this sector. The integrated process of design, construction and management by BIM methodologies guarantee the necessary information, in each phase, for a greater overall efficiency of the process. It also allows the calculation, representation and management of the network to be carried out on a single platform, which are usually carried out individually, increasing overall efficiency levels. The previously mentioned capabilities were explored with the simulation of a case study, where Watergems was used as a hydraulic calculation tool, which transmits the necessary information to Revit, the management platform, that receives information from other software, enabling an integrated management, and allowing to evaluate the best solutions. The identification of a need to improve or expand the network in the management software, can be returned to the hydraulic calculation software, there being a cyclical process of passing information between the various software, which makes infrastructure management a more efficient process.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

39

Alsubaie, Mohammad. « The Miqat of al-Juhfa : a historical and archaeological study ». Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9912.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The Mīqāt of al-Juhfa is located in the west of Saudi Arabia about 187 km northwest of the Holy City of Mecca. Al-Juhfa is one of the five fixed places called Mawāqīt, or entry stations to the pilgrimage (Hajj). These Mawāqīt were designated during the early Islamic period for any pilgrim comes through them with the intention of Hajj. During the early Abbasid period, al-Juhfa was the largest occupied Mīqāt in the Islamic world. This study focuses primarily on historical and archaeological aspects of the Mīqāt of al-Juhfa during the early Islamic period. To illustrate these aspects, the study analyzed many primary sources that mention al-Juhfa in order to reconstruct the historical and cultural development of the site and to establish the extent to which it functions as an urban center. The study benefited from important information provided by these sources in this respect, such as the chronology of the site, its strategic location, topographical features, the nature of the landscape at different times, the function of specific objects, human activities that took place at the site, and factors that led to its prosperity and decline. The study also undertook a fieldwork at al-Juhfa site—primarily archaeological survey and excavation. This fieldwork enabled us to test the results of the textual analysis and to reveal other characteristics of the site (such as its cultural role, urban elements, planning and defences, architectural functions, building technique, building material, and other features). Moreover, the study analyzed both the formal and technical qualities of all archaeological discoveries on the site, comparing them with their analogues at other early Islamic sites in the Middle East. The study derived many results that clearly indicate the great importance of al-Juhfa as an urban center characterized by several urban functions during the early Abbasid period in the late of 8th century until its importance began to decline gradually between the second half of 11th century and the first half of 12th century. This chronology is supported by both written sources and the archaeological evidence. Several architectural elements and a collection of archaeological finds of different pieces of pottery, ceramic, glass, worked stone, and metal were discovered at al-Juhfa. These discoveries provide us with more information about the extent of mutual influence and active interaction between various cultures during pre-Islamic period as well as the high cultural and commercial level achieved by al-Juhfa and the relationship it had with other Islamic sites in the Middle East.
Graduate
2019-06-26

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

40

Ferreira, Ricardo Manuel Pinheiro. « Aproveitamento de energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40480.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
Atualmente a sociedade encontra-se em constante desenvolvimento. A população cresce e exige níveis de qualidade de vida mais elevado, necessitando-se cada vez mais de energia para satisfazer o bem-estar da população. Todos estes fatores levam a que se proceda a uma exploração acentuada dos recursos que a Terra tem para oferecer. Recursos esses que passam pelo carvão, petróleo, gás natural, energia nuclear, energia hidroelétrica, entre outros. Este trabalho de dissertação está centrado no aproveitamento de energia hidroelétrica em sistemas de abastecimento de água. Neste tipo de sistemas é corrente a utilização de válvulas redutoras de pressão como forma de uniformização e controlo de pressões. No entanto, a utilização de microturbinas, ou de bombas reversíveis tornam-se uma alternativa a ser implementada, na substituição das VRP´s, de modo a aproveitar a energia que está a ser desperdiçada. A existência de um desnível acentuado e de um caudal garantido reúne as condições ideais para produção da energia elétrica. A ideia da utilização de grupos de eletrobombas (GEB) a funcionarem em sentido inverso, não é de agora, tem vindo a ser estudada por países como os EUA, França e Alemanha. O uso de GEB a funcionarem em sentido inverso é justificado devido ao simples facto de estas serem estruturas menos complexas, ou seja, são fáceis de instalar, manter e operar. Outro fator muito importante é o facto de estas serem produzidas em grande escala, podendo ser encontradas com facilidade no mercado e em diversos modelos, e as peças serem encontradas também com enorme facilidade. No entanto, estas apresentam, em geral, rendimentos inferiores ao das turbinas convencionais. Contudo, basta fazer uma correta seleção da bomba, para que estes contras sejam contornados. No âmbito deste trabalho de dissertação, a atenção está centrada neste tipo de turbomáquinas, ou seja, no uso de GEB a funcionarem em sentido inverso. Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo em ferramenta de Excel, que serve de auxílio para que o estudo seja efetuado corretamente, e no fim permita concluir, se esta solução é viável ou não viável, para futuramente instalar num sistema de abastecimento de água.
Today the society shows a constant development. The population grows and requires levels the quality of life increases and due to that even more energy is required to satisfy the welfare of the population. All of these factors lead to a sharp exploitation of the resources that the Earth has to offer. Those resources are mainly coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, hydroelectric power among others. This dissertation is focused on the use of hydroelectric power in water supply systems. In such systems it is common the use of pressure reducing valves as a form of standardization and pressure control. However the use of micro turbines or reversible pumps becomes an alternative to be implemented in the VRP´S replacement in order to harness the energy that is being wasted. The existence of a sharp gap and guaranteed flow has the ideal conditions for the production of electric energy. The idea of using of water pump system working as turbines is not recent; it has been studied by countries like the U.S.A, France and Germany. The use of water pump system working as turbines is justified due to the simple fact that these pumps being less complex, in other words, they are easy to install, maintain and operate. Another very important factor is the fact that these pumps are being produced in a large scale in which we can find them very easily on the market and in different designs and the parts can also be found very easily. However, these ones present, in general, lower incomes than the conventional turbines. Still we just have to make the right selection of the pump to overcome the cons. Within this dissertation the attention is focused on this type of turbo machines, specifically in the use of water pump system working as turbines. It was developed an algorithm in the Excel tool serving as an aid for the study to be carried out correctly and in the end it allows to conclude if the solution is viable or not so that in the future it may be possible to install a water supply system.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

41

Ferreira, Hugo Eduardo Cabral Esperança e. Silva. « Redes prediais de abastecimento de água fria e drenagem de águas residuais : análise regulamentar comparativa ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49085.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A instalação de redes prediais de abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais (e pluviais) desempenha um papel fundamental na qualidade de vida do Homem, contribuindo para a satisfação das atividades quotidianas e das suas necessidades básicas. Visando o aumento dos níveis de conforto e minoração de custos, as instalações prediais de abastecimento de água e de drenagem de águas residuais têm sofrido, ao longo dos últimos anos, aperfeiçoamentos ao nível da conceção e dimensionamento, sendo da responsabilidade de entidades reguladoras todo este processo de otimização. Paralelamente, as técnicas, esquemas e materiais construtivos também têm vindo a sofrer melhorias e, no intuito de acompanhar tal evolução, para além de responder às imposições por parte das entidades reguladoras, os projetos de dimensionamento das redes prediais têm vindo a tornar-se mais exigentes. Por conseguinte, e para dar resposta a tal evolução, têm sido criadas normas e regulamentos que apontam metodologias e parâmetros relevantes para a conceção e dimensionamento das redes prediais. No entanto, e na tentativa exaustiva de fomentar o bem-estar comum da população, foram produzidos diversos documentos normativos que diferem entre si e fazem do dimensionamento um processo menos homogêneo e suscetível de levantar algumas dúvidas quanto à sua aplicação. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a análise, reflexão e exposição das diferenças que resultam da aplicação dos métodos de dimensionamento para redes prediais de abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais, pormenorizados em três regulamentos distintos: o Regulamento Geral dos Sistemas Públicos e Prediais de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais (RGSPPDADAR), a norma “EN 806-3” referente a instalações de abastecimento de água e a norma “EN 12056-2” relativa a instalações de drenagem de águas residuais. No caso de estudo, pretende-se, com base num projeto de um edifício de habitação unifamiliar, efetuar um estudo comparativo da aplicação dos métodos de dimensionamento apresentados pelas três normas.
The building system of water supply facilities and wastewater drainage plays a fundamental role in the quality of the Human life, contributing to the satisfaction of basic and daily activities. With a view to increase the comfort levels and costs mitigation, the Building systems of water supply facilities and wastewater drainage have suffered in the last years, improvement at the level of concept and Design, and the regulatory authorities are responsible for this optimization process. Simultaneously, techniques, plans and construction materials have also suffered improvements, and to keep up with such development, the Design projects of building systems have become more demanding. Therefore, to answer to such evolution, it has been created norms and regulations aiming to methodologies and parameters which are relevant to the conception and design of the building systems. However, and as a thorough attempt to promote the well being of the population, various and different normative documents have been produced, in order to make the Design less homogeneous and to raise some doubts as to its application. This dissertation aims the analyse, reflection and exhibition of the differences resulting from the design methods application for the building systems of water supply and wastewater drainage, which are detailed in three distinct regulations: the Portuguese Regulation “RGSPPDADAR“, European normative “EN 806-3” relating to supply water facilities and the European normative “EN 12056-2” relating wastewater drainage facilities. The aim of this study, on the basis of a Project with a single family house building, is to carry out a comparative study of the application of design methods showed by the three normatives.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

42

Sousa, Diogo Luís Machado de. « Aplicação da Teoria da Vulnerabilidade a redes de abastecimento de água reais com desenvolvimento e recurso a programas de cálculo automático ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/36179.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A Teoria da Vulnerabilidade de Redes de Abastecimento de Água (TVRAA) é um conceito emergente e em desenvolvimento, tendo como objetivo identificar as zonas mais vulneráveis das redes de abastecimento de água (RAA) através da definição de cenários de dano. Esta baseia-se num algoritmo que permite classificar trechos da rede em função da sua posição e das suas características físicas e comportamentais e, desta forma, determinar os cenários mais críticos. Porém, a aplicação manual da TVRAA a RAA é praticamente inviável, desta forma, foi desenvolvido um programa de cálculo automático, designado de Theory of Vulnerability of Water Pipe Networks (TV-WPN). Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem o propósito de desenvolver e aplicar a TVRAA a contextos reais, através da utilização e interação de programas de cálculo automático. Isto, com o intuito de tornar a TVRAA uma ferramenta ainda mais expedita, principalmente, no contexto profissional, incentivando a sua utilização por parte de projetistas e entidades gestoras de infraestruturas hidráulicas. Assim, nesta dissertação foi apresentada, testada e validada, a interface “EPAtoTV” que efetua a ligação entre o programa de modelação e simulação hidráulica mais utilizado, o EPANET, e o TV-WPN. Como contributo para o desenvolvimento da TVRAA foi, ainda, proposto um novo método para o cálculo da “perda de rede”, bem como, uma alternativa mais simples e rápida de efetuar o processo de desaglutinação. Foi realizado o estudo ao desempenho hidráulico e à vulnerabilidade de um subsistema de abastecimento do concelho de Braga, através da utilização de ferramentas de cálculo e processamento automático, entre as quais, o EPAtoTV e TV-WPN. Permitindo, desta forma, verificar e avaliar o seu desempenho num caso real.
The Theory of Vulnerability of Water Pipe Networks (TVWPN) is an emergent concept and is keeping development, with the purpose to identify the most vulnerable parts of water supply systems by defining failure scenarios. This is based on an algorithm that allows classifying network segments according to their position, their physical and behavioral characteristics and thus determining the critical scenarios. However, the manual application of TVWPN is almost impossible to be used in real cases. So it has been developed an automatic computation program, named Theory of Vulnerability of Water Pipe Networks. For this reason, this work aims to develop and apply the TVRAA real contexts, and interaction through the use of automatic calculation programs. This, with the goal of making TVRAA a more expeditious tool, especially in a professional context, encouraging their use by designers and managing bodies of hydraulic infrastructure. Thus, this document was presented, validated and explained the “EPAtoTV” program, and it is exposed how and the reasons to why was developed. This program aims to do the connection between the most used hydraulic modeling and simulation program, EPANET 2.0, and the TV-WPN 1.9 Beta. It is also proposed a new methodology to calculate the “Separateness”, even as a new easier way to apply the “Unzipping Process”. We analyzed the hydraulic performance and vulnerability of a system of water supply in the municipality of Braga, through the use of automatic processing and calculation tools, including the EPAtoTV and TV-WPN. Thus, allowing you to check and evaluate its performance in a real case.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

43

Botelho, Alberto João da Silva Basto. « Modelação de custos associados aos sistemas de abastecimento de água ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/36075.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A modelação de custos associados ao sistema de abastecimento de água evidencia-se como sendo uma ferramenta fundamental para obter uma maior racionalização nas decisões a tomar sobre o tema. A presente dissertação, destinou-se a quantificar e modelar os custos associados aos sistemas de abastecimento de água, assim como a desenvolver um procedimento que solucione o problema existente da constante desactualização das funções custo. Para atingir o primeiro objetivo recorreu-se a duas metodologias. Na primeira procedeu-se à modelação dos custos, de acordo com os preços dos materiais e equipamentos praticados no mercado atual. Para tal, foram considerados os preços referenciados em catálogos de empresas de construção e no software gerador de preços CYPE. Na metodologia seguinte, realizou-se a modelação com base no regime de revisão de preços. Neste caso, os encargos utilizados foram obtidos através de índices de atualização, de acordo com a legislação em vigor (Decreto-Lei nº 6/2004). Em conformidade com os resultados alcançados, efetuou-se uma confrontação dos custos obtidos pelos dois procedimento, verificando-se que existe uma discrepância entre ambos. Contudo, essa diferença tende para uma igualdade à medida que o aglomerado populacional a servir pelo sistema de abastecimento aumenta. Deste modo, os encargos e as funções custo desenvolvidas apresentam-se como uma estimativa fiável e aproximada dos custos reais. Para atingir o segundo objetivo, que consiste em resolver o problema da permanente desatualização das funções custo, foram criadas tabelas no software Excel, de acordo com o procedimento desenvolvido no regime de revisão de preços, que irão servir para uma futura renovação das funções custo.
The modeling of costs associated with the water supply system is evident as a fundamental tool for achieving greater rationalization in taking decisions on the subject. This dissertation was designed to quantify and model the costs associated with water supply systems, as well as develop a procedure to solve the existing problem of the steady obsolescence of cost functions. To achieve the first goal we used two methodologies. The first proceeded - to the modulation of the costs, according to the prices of materials and equipment carried in the current market. To this end, we considered the prices referenced in catalogs of construction companies and generator software CYPE prices. The following methodology, modeling was carried out under the scheme of revision of prices. In this case, the charges used were obtained through indexes updated, according to the legislation (Decree-Law No. 6/2004). In accordance with the results, made-up comparisons of the costs obtained by the two procedures, verifying that there is a discrepancy between them. However, this difference tends to equal as the agglomeration serving the supply system increases. Thus, the burden and cost functions developed are presented as a reliable and rough estimate of the actual costs. To achieve the second objective, which is to solve the problem of permanent downgrade of cost functions, tables were created using Excel, according to the procedure developed in the system of price revision, which will serve for a future renewal functions cost.

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

44

Weir, Jessica Kate. « Murray River country : an ecological dialogue with traditional owners ». Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150474.

Texte intégral

Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Thèses sur le sujet « Water supply, 1882 »

Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres