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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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Witting, Christian. « A History of Water Rights at Common Law ». Modern Law Review 68, no 3 (mai 2005) : 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2005.549_5.x.
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Smith, C. « Review : A History of Water Rights at Common Law ». Journal of Environmental Law 17, no 2 (1 janvier 2005) : 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envlaw/eqi024.
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Vallelly, Neil. « Humans Rights Against Human Rights ». Counterfutures 11 (7 décembre 2021) : 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v11.7357.
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Lautenberger, Mathew C., et Patricia E. Norris. « Private rights, public interests and water use conflicts : evolving water law and policy in Michigan ». Water Policy 18, no 4 (10 mars 2016) : 903–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.037.
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Water conflicts are rare across Michigan's history. As a result, water rights have received little attention by courts or the legislature. Traditionally, the common law of water rights in Michigan embraces the riparian doctrine for surface water and provides landowners with the right to use groundwater. However, two recent changes in common and statutory law significantly modify the legal relations among water users and others with a stake in water use decisions. A 2005 Michigan Court of Appeals decision created a new legal relation among riparian and groundwater rights holders. In 2008, Michigan's legislature passed laws aimed at regulating surface water and groundwater withdrawals. As an exercise of police power intended to protect public rights in water and associated environmental quality, the 2008 laws cap total water withdrawals. This program of restricting water withdrawals coexists with the state's common law which provides for reasonable use of surface water by riparian landowners and groundwater by owners of the overlying land. The result is a new set of legal relations, an uncertain legal environment, and a growing likelihood of water use conflicts. Because Michigan's body of water law is unique, neither courts nor legislature can rely on solutions used in other states.
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Welsh, Michael, Charles T. DuMars, Marilyn O'Leary et Albert E. Utton. « Pueblo Indian Water Rights : Struggle for a Precious Resource ». Western Historical Quarterly 16, no 4 (octobre 1985) : 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968627.
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Parman, Donald L., et Lloyd Burton. « American Indian Water Rights and the Limits of Law ». Western Historical Quarterly 23, no 2 (mai 1992) : 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970462.
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Dugard, Jackie. « Water Rights in a Time of Fragility : An Exploration of Contestation and Discourse around Cape Town’s “Day Zero” Water Crisis ». Water 13, no 22 (16 novembre 2021) : 3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223247.
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South Africa is an interesting case study on the right to water. It is an upper-middle income country with a history and current reality of extreme racialised inequality, including the water services sphere. It is water scarce, and during 2018, Cape Town was expected to be the first major metropolitan city in the world to run out of water. South Africa has one of the most progressive constitutions in the world, which incorporated socio-economic rights including the right to water as explicitly justiciable long before the international right to water was recognised. However, despite clear water-security and water-equity fault lines on the one hand and conducive legal frameworks on the other hand, there has been relatively little water rights contestation in post-apartheid South Africa. It is this paradox and, in particular, how it played out in the clear case of water insecurity in Cape Town’s “Day Zero” crisis that are the subjects of examination in this article. Aiming to make an original contribution to the scholarship on the “Day Zero” crisis by exploring it from the perspective of interlocutors and those affected by it, this article also hopes to contribute towards a better understanding of the nature and application of water rights more broadly.
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Gabru, N. « SOME COMMENTS ON WATER RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ». Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 8, no 1 (10 juillet 2017) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2005/v8i1a2831.
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Human life, as with all animal and plant life on the planet, is dependant upon fresh water. Water is not only needed to grow food, generate power and run industries, but it is also needed as a basic part of human life. Human dependency upon water is evident through history, which illustrates that human settlements have been closely linked to the availability and supply of fresh water. Access to the limited water resources in South Africa has been historically dominated by those with access to land and economic power, as a result of which the majority of South Africans have struggled to secure the right to water. Apartheid era legislation governing water did not discriminate directly on the grounds of race, but the racial imbalance in ownership of land resulted in the disproportionate denial to black people of the right to water. Beyond racial categorisations, the rural and poor urban populations were traditionally especially vulnerable in terms of the access to the right. The enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, brought the South African legal system into a new era, by including a bill of fundamental human rights (Bill of Rights). The Bill of Rights makes provision for limited socio-economic rights. Besides making provision for these human rights, the Constitution also makes provision for the establishment of state institutions supporting constitutional democracy. The Constitution has been in operation since May 1996. At this stage, it is important to take stock and measure the success of the implementation of these socio-economic rights. This assessment is important in more ways than one, especially in the light of the fact that many lawyers argued strongly against 1/2the inclusion of the second and third generation of human rights in a Bill of Rights. The argument was that these rights are not enforceable in a court of law and that they would create unnecessary expectations of food, shelter, health, water and the like; and that a clear distinction should be made between first generation and other rights, as well as the relationship of these rights to one another. It should be noted that there are many lawyers and non-lawyers who maintained that in order to confront poverty, brought about by the legacy of apartheid, the socio-economic rights should be included in a Bill of Rights. The inclusion of section 27 of the 1996 Constitution has granted each South African the right to have access to sufficient food and water and has resulted in the rare opportunity for South Africa to reform its water laws completely. It has resulted in the enactment of the Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998.In this paper the difference between first and second generation rights will be discussed. The justiciability of socio-economic rights also warrants an explanation before the constitutional implications related to water are briefly examined. Then the right to water in international and comparative law will be discussed, followed by a consideration of the South African approach to water and finally, a few concluding remarks will be made.
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Lawson, Michael L., Charles T. DuMars, Marilyn O'Leary et Albert E. Utton. « Pueblo Indian Water Rights : Struggle for a Precious Resource ». Ethnohistory 33, no 3 (1986) : 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/481821.
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McEvoy, Arthur F., et Lloyd Burton. « American Indian Water Rights and the Limits of Law. » Journal of American History 79, no 2 (septembre 1992) : 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080142.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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DeJong, David Henry. « The Sword of Damocles : Pima Agriculture, Water Use and Water Rights, 1848-1921 ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195634.
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This study identifies the historical factors that impacted Pima agriculture, water use and water rights in south-central Arizona between 1848 and 1921. Federal land and resource policies, especially federal Indian policies, impacted the dynamics of Pima agriculture and water use during these crucial years when the federal government utilized economic liberalism to open the West to homesteading and facilitate the development of the region's vast resources.As an agricultural people, the Pima did not passively accept these policies and events. Rather, they proved adaptive, demonstrating their resourcefulness in important ways. In response to water deprivation and infringement of their water rights, the Pima reduced the amount of land they cultivated. While before 1880 they had increased their cultivated acreage and expanded their trade networks, in the years after they creatively found ways to keep land in production despite water shortages. As the water crisis deepened, the Pima abandoned their least productive lands. In the midst of great deprivation, they relocated (or abandoned) a number of villages and scores of fields in an attempt against great odds to maintain their agricultural economy. To make the most of their diminishing water resources, the Pima adapted by growing small grains such as wheat and barley, even when these crops no longer proved to be economically viable in Arizona. While not new to their crop rotation, the Pima relied almost exclusively upon these crops by the 1910s since they required considerably less water than others.Because the Pima had prior and paramount rights to the water and were wrongfully deprived of their rights to the use of water, their water rights struggle raised a metaphorical Damoclean sword above the heads of those non-Indian farmers who used the water. This study, therefore, focuses on the history of water use and agricultural production among the Pima Indians between 1848 and 1921 and argues that without infringement of their rights to water, the Pima would have equaled and perhaps surpassed the local agricultural economy.
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Mann, Gregory. « California's Water Problems : How A Desert Region Gets Enough Water To Survive ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/543.
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The issue of gaining access to enough water in California has shaped how the state has developed and it has been one of the most important and divisive political issues for all of its residents. In a state where “75 percent of the demand for water originates south of Sacramento, although 75 percent of water supply in the state comes from north of the capital city,” the decision of who should get access to the limited supply of water is fiercely contested between opposing parties who all feel that they have a right to the water necessary to keep them alive. But with the amount of useable water slowly declining and an ever-growing population with greater demand for water, there is no easy compromise or solution that solves the problem of how water should be distributed.
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Bynum, Tommy L. « "Our Fight is for Right" : The NAACP Youth Councils and College Chapters' Crusade for Civil Rights, 1936-1965 ». restricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08112007-150530/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Jacqueline Rouse, committee chair; Glenn T. Eskew, Vicki Crawford, Patricia Sullivan, committee chairs. Electronic text (195 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 9, 2007; title from file title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-195).
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Gilbert, Ethan. « Water Policy : The World's Most Important Resource Politicized ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/520.
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Water is the most important resource on the planet for sustaining life, and many consider access to water as a fundamental human right. However, in light of its necessity, the distribution and allocation of water has become a highly politicized issue. Economic and political conditions have been shown to be influential in shaping a country’s water policy, more so then recognition of water as a basic human right. The reason for this is that many agree that there needs to be a value assigned to water to encourage its conservation and efficient use, and different methods of addressing that issue have led to varying degrees of privatization of water. Whether through the private or public sector, there is an expectation that water be delivered to the people by the government, and it is often the influence of public and private actors within the government that direct the policy for water distribution. Using three cases in Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay it will be demonstrated how water policy has correlated with the political and economic changes within each country.
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Kageura, Ryohei. « Walter Benjamin et la sécularisation ». Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712074.
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Cette thèse de doctorat fournit une lecture cohérente de la théorie de l'art et de la théorie politique de Walter Benjamin, et elle montre que son idée de sécularisation est décisive. Par la lecture de Critique de la violence, le premier chapitre clarifie la méta-physique du droit selon laquelle dans la modernité, le droit est dialectiquement produit par la violence. Cette production s'appuie sur la sacralisation de la vie en tant que transfert du théologique dans la politique. Ce que veut Benjamin est la rupture de la dialectique de droit et de violence. Il clarifie que toute violence est hantée par sa dissolution lors de son exercice. Le second chapitre clarifie l'indissociabilité de la question du droit et de la question de l'art ou du langage chez Benjamin : dans la modernité, le langage ou l'œuvre d'art devient indissociable de la connaissance, laquelle est le jugement selon une loi extérieure. En refusant la sacralisation romantique de l'œuvre d'art, Benjamin trouve dans le Trauerspiel ce qui finit la dialectique du droit et de la violence. La sécularisation est alors redéfini comme l'exclusion absolue du théologique de la politique. Le troisième chapitre clarifie la vue de Benjamin sur le double mouvement de la modernité : le transfert du théologique dans la politique et l'exclusion du théologique de la politique. Ce que clarifie Benjamin est que l'œuvre d'art moderne est de nature à favoriser cette exclusion et à rendre le transcendant à sa place transcendante. La postmodernité sans le transcendant permet de rencontrer avec le transcendant en tant que l'autre.
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Peters, Murray Hamaka. « The confiscation of Pare Hauraki : The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori ; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 ». The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2366.
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Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga o te Iwi o Hauraki Just as the whakataukī explains Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori and Pare Hauraki tikanga. The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi. Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles. This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century. This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki. Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.
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« Water Rights : A Transformative Perspective On Water Rights And Indigenous Peoples ». Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15220.
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abstract: Indian water rights and Indian water settlements have emerged as a means for resolving long-standing despites and water rights claims. Working with and understanding water rights demands a genuine knowledge of water issues that are specific to each indigenous community as there are cultural aspects and perspectives towards water that are involved. The Gila River Indian Community is an indigenous community in south central Arizona, whose cultural and historic origins span over two millennia. Their foundation as a people was tied to the presence of the Gila and Salt Rivers, from which they freely diverted its waters through hundreds of miles of hand-dug canals, to transform the Sonoran desert into a desert oasis. There is a historical progression of this Community's water rights from when water was abundant to the time it was scarce, leading to an outright denial of a livelihood where water and farming was central to their way of life. A water rights settlement was an option that was pursued because it offered a chance for the Community to see the return of their water. The 2004 Gila River Indian Community Water Rights Settlement has been recognized as the largest Indian water rights settlement in United States history and serves as a model for future water settlements. The success of Indian water settlements in the United States has the potential, under the right political and legal conditions, to be replicated in other areas of the world where water resources are under dispute and water rights have come into conflict between indigenous and non-indigenous users.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2012
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« American Indian Water Rights in Arizona : From Conflict to Settlement, 1950-2004 ». Doctoral diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.9055.
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abstract: The rights of American Indians occupy a unique position within the legal framework of water allocations in the western United States. However, in the formulation and execution of policies that controlled access to water in the desert Southwest, federal and local governments did not preserve the federal reserved water rights that attached to Indian reservations as part of their creation. Consequentially, Indian communities were unable to access the water supplies necessary to sustain the economic development of their reservations. This dissertation analyzes the legal and historical dimensions of the conflict over rights that occurred between Indian communities and non-Indian water users in Arizona during the second half of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to negotiations involving local, state, federal, and tribal parties, which led to the Congressional authorization of water rights settlements for several reservations in central Arizona. The historical, economic, and political forces that shaped the settlement process are analyzed in order to gain a better understanding of how water users managed uncertainty regarding their long-term water supplies. The Indian water rights settlement process was made possible through a reconfiguration of major institutional, legal, and policy arrangements that dictate the allocation of water supplies in Arizona.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. History 2011
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Jean, Elinor. « From natural flow to engineered resource : history of conflict over water access rights in new south wales (1825 - 1944) ». Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150715.
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Australia has a rich history of water law and conflict. This thesis examines water disputes and regulation in New South Wales from the early nineteenth century until the turn of the twentieth century. The decades leading to the 1850s were a formative era for New South Wales water law. From the 1850s onwards, the challenges facing the law multiplied, as water use intensity increased and water users sought greater development. This research explores the resulting conflicts over water through the lenses of relationships between water users and the natural environment, other water users and the state. This analysis is assisted by James Linton's theory that modern, Western society has re defined water as an abstract resource, dissociated from ecological and social meanings. The operation of the common law riparian doctrine within the Australian landscape was a key challenge for nineteenth-century water law. In particular, riparianism's focus on 'natual flow' placed major limits on the development of watercourses. At the turn of the twentieth century, the riparian doctrine was replaced with a statutory public administration regime. The removal of water access constrained by riparian landownership and concepts such as 'natural flow' enabled human transformation of watercourses on a landscape scale. This qualitatively changed the nature of end user rights to access the waters of rivers and streams, causing multiple separations in the relationships between water, water users and the natural landscape. Twentieth-century water management was characterised by the construction of major storages on the headwaters, the regulation of riverflow and the diversion of water to irrigation settlements. The vesting of flowing water in the Crown and state investment in water development assisted the evolution of water as an 'engineered resource', altering the relationship between water use, and the geography of the landscape and rhythms of the seasons. The centralisation of water resources allowed the state to manage water as a unified and homogeneous yet divisible resource, and water access rights came to express an increasingly abstract relationship between water and its natural ecology. The state's monopoly control over the major watercourses also allowed the Crown to become the arbiter of end user access to water. As a result, water sharing relationships between water users shifted from disputes between individuals or among communities of users, to public debates centred around state management, planning and allocation decisions. Water disputes also evidence scattered claims by water users for use-based, decentralised, and public water access regimes. While none of these categories has had a defining influence on the structure of the general water law, they provide further insights into the shifting relationships between water users, the natural world and the state - in particular, reiterating the tendency of New South Wales water law to define water use independently from social and ecological meanings. These patterns from New South Wales' water law history provide valuable insights into modern-day water law doctrines and can assist to better understand the foundations of today's water conflicts.
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« Remaking a People, Restoring a Watershed : Klamath Tribal Empowerment through Natural Resource Activism, 1960-2014 ». Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.36509.
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abstract: Natural resources management is a pressing issue for Native American nations and communities. More than ever before, tribal officials sit at the decision-making tables with federal and state officials as well as non-governmental natural resource stakeholders. This, however, has not always been the case. This dissertation focuses on tribal activism to demonstrate how and why tribal sovereignty, self-determination, and treaty rights protection are tied closely to contemporary environmental issues and natural resources management. With the Klamath Tribes of southern Oregon as a case study, this dissertation analyzes how a tribal nation garnered a political position in which it could both indirectly influence and directly orchestrate natural resource management within and outside of its sovereign boundaries. The Klamath Tribes experienced the devastating termination policy in the 1950s. Termination stripped them of their federal status as an Indian tribe, the government services offered to recognized tribes, and their 1.2-million-acre reservation. Despite this horrific event, the Klamaths emerged by the 2000s as leading natural resource stakeholders in the Klamath River Watershed, a region ten times larger than their former reservation. The Klamaths used tools, such as their treaty and water rights, and employed careful political, legal, and social tactics. For example, they litigated, appropriated science, participated in democratic national environmental policy processes, and developed a lexicon. They also negotiated and established alliances with non-governmental stakeholders in order to refocus watershed management toward a holistic approach that promoted ecological restoration.
This study applies spatial theory and an ethnohistorical approach to show how traditional values drove the Klamaths’ contemporary activism. From their perspective, healing the land would heal the people. The Klamaths’ history illuminates the active roles that tribes have had in the institutionalization of the federal self-determination policy as federal agencies resisted recognizing tribes and working with them in government-to-government relationships. Through their efforts to weave their interests into natural resource management with state, federal, and non-governmental stakeholders, the Klamaths took part in a much larger historical trend, the increased pluralization of American society.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation History 2015
Livres sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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Sterry, Ralph. Grand Junction water history. Montrose, CO : Lifetime Chronicle Press, 2007.
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Cooper, Craig. A history of water law, water rights & water development in Wyoming : 1868-2002. [Riverton, Wyo.] : Cooper Consulting, 2004.
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Terje, Tvedt, Jakobsson Eva, Coopey R et Oestigaard Terje, dir. A history of water. London : I.B. Tauris, 2006.
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Getzler, Joshua. A history of water rights at common law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Getzler, Joshua. A history of water rights at common law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Caplan, Myrrh. Indian water rights : The history of their establishment. Bellingham, WA : Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1998.
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Hobbs, Greg. The public's water resource : Articles on water law, history, and culture. Denver, Colo : CLE in Colorado, 2007.
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Hobbs, Greg. The public's water resource : Articles on water law, history, and culture. 2e éd. Denver, Colo : CLE in Colorado, 2010.
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Winch, Martin T. Tumalo, thirsty land : History of Tumalo Irrigation District. Portland, Ore : Oregon Historical Society, 1985.
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Mustafa, Sayid Ghulam. Indus Basin, tragic sale of Pakistan waters and Kalabagh Dam : The robbery of Indus water, a history of river waters, 1945-1998. Karachi : Ilmi Printers & Publishers, 1998.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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Melosi, Martin V. « Racism and Civil Rights in American/Canadian Swimming Pools ». Dans Water in North American Environmental History, 177–85. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041627-23.
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Bauer, Carl J. « Water Rights and the Law of the Pendulum : Legal and Political History of the 1981 Water Code ». Dans Against the Current : Privatization, Water Markets, and the State in Chile, 33–50. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6403-4_3.
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Olko, Justyna. « Ihuan Yehhuan Tlacuauh Tlamauhtiah in Ichcapixqueh. “And the Shepherds Are Inspiring Great Fear”. Environment, Control of Resources and Collective Agency in Colonial and Modern Tlaxcala ». Dans Living with Nature, Cherishing Language, 55–93. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38739-5_3.
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AbstractThis chapter explores selected aspects of Tlaxcalan history, showcasing the complexity of human–environment relations that have been affected both by climate change and by colonization and postcolonial domination. I explore historical texts in Nahuatl and Spanish that reveal complex battlegrounds upon which the Tlaxcaltecah strove to maintain control over land and environment, protecting essential components of their well-being and rights within the context of colonial domination. The analyzed sources illustrate the resistance to Spanish settlement and different forms of dispossession, coping with climatic and economic challenges, resisting the expansions of haciendas, securing land and water rights or defending traditional ritual practices. Tying together the common threads of microhistories across longer periods of time, different places and available documentary genres, not only attests to Indigenous agency but also makes us aware of a longer historical process in which some of these battles were won and some were eventually lost. Many of the historical phenomena traced in early modern Tlaxcala can also be linked to contemporary developments, including massive heritage language loss and environmental challenges.
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Pérez Martín, Miguel Ángel. « A Water History of Central Asia ». Dans Security and Human Right to Water in Central Asia, 17–38. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54005-8_2.
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Stevens, Andrew W. « Estimating Agricultural Acreage Responses to Input Prices : Groundwater in California ». Dans Sustainable Resource Development in the 21st Century, 93–106. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24823-8_8.
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AbstractWater is arguably the most important input in California agriculture, and its importance has been highlighted by recent droughts. Farmers and researchers both have long been interested in the marginal value of agricultural water and its impact on production. However, due to a patchwork of legal doctrines, historic water rights, and the absence of any reliable market for agricultural water, estimates of water’s value in California agriculture have been challenging to come by (Buck et al., 2014). However, producers in California generally have the option to pump groundwater as a source of last resort. This pumping is largely unregulated, and only recently has California’s 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act begun to impact farmers’ behavior. Producers who rely on groundwater use energy (electricity or fuel) to pump water up from an underlying aquifer. Therefore, the cost structure for groundwater is straightforward: the deeper the well, the more expensive the water.
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Luarasi, Skender. « Making the Donkey Drink Water, or the "Problem" of Stopping in the Digital Age ». Dans Architekturen, 173–87. Bielefeld, Germany : transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839461112-010.
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The fundamental problem of artificial intelligence has always been how the robot stops; not how to make the robot walk, say »Hello!« or »Good Morning!«; do things so complicated as to make us mumble in awe: »Wow!«, but rather how not to act, how not to say »Hello!« at the right, or rather wrong moment. What is this moment? How can it be found? This paper asks such questions in the context of design and architecture: How does architecture stop? How do we close a design process, or choose among different design variations? Such concern for stopping has persisted in history, even if it has been eclipsed by what could be called, perhaps redundantly, the ideology of self-generation. Architects are always busy discoursing about generation, how architecture should come about, by itself, NOW!, in an eternal present. Upon close inspection, however, we find that the desire for stopping has been there all along, creeping from between the building blocks of architecture, undermining the absolutism of self-generation. From the projectiles of Vitruvius foundering in mud to the 'hermaphrodite' forms of Ronchamp, and today, in our deceptively fluid digital age, there are architects who have paid as much attention to stopping architecture as they have to generating it. This paper focuses precisely on the problem of stopping in the digital age.
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« Conclusion : Rediscovering Indigenous Water Rights History ». Dans Native Peoples and Water Rights, 140–46. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773576582-009.
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Larson, Rhett B. « Water Security and Human Rights ». Dans Just Add Water, 59–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948009.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a growing movement in both international human rights law and within domestic national constitutions to recognize water as a human right. In this movement, the human right to water is almost exclusively formulated as a positive right—an obligation on the government to provide a minimum quantity and quality of affordable water. However, this formulation can be interpreted and implemented in ways that frustrate goals of water sustainability, because water may be underpriced as a human right. This chapter describes the history and evolution of the human right to water and proposes reforms to encourage its sustainable implementation.
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O’Bryan, Katie. « History of water law in Australia ». Dans Indigenous Rights and Water Resource Management, 31–48. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351239820-3.
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Nine, Cara L. « Territory, Resource Rights and Rivers : A Philosophical Case for Overlapping Jurisdiction ». Dans A History of Water. I.B. Tauris, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755694327.ch-009.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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Wilkman, Göran. « A Short History of Ice Model Tests in Finland ». Dans SNAME 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2014-164.
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Ice navigation has been practiced on regular basis some 120 years and testing of ships in a model laboratory close to 60 years. In Finland the first laboratory was commenced only 45 years ago. Open water facilities have it much less complicated as they only need the water. In ice modeling the cornerstone is how to model ice, which in fact is just hard water. A lot of different materials have been used for ice modeling. Normally when you get some of the properties right, some go wrong. The ice modeling materials used during the short history goes from naturally grown saline ice through different chemicals mixed with water, wax and plastics towards ice that is actually built or constructed or the natural growth has been disturbed by using different methods to control the density. This paper discusses the development of model testing, its different features and how the development has taken place in Finland.
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Dutu, Florin, Laura Dutu, Irina Catianis et Gabriel Iordache. « MORPHOLOGY AND WATER DYNAMICS OF CHANNEL BIFURCATION IN DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s01.003.
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The study presents a detailed analyse of the morpho-dynamic processes of the main two bifurcations of the Danube River within its delta, at Ceatal Izmail and Ceatal St. George. The first bifurcation of the Danube, called Ceatal Izmail; here the river divides into two distributaries: a northern one, the Chilia (Kilia), and a southern one, the Tulcea. Forking to the right at Ceatal Izmail (Mile 43), the Tulcea distributary stretches further to 17 km to the second main hydrographic knot Ceatal Sfantu Gheorghe (St. George) at Mile 33.84 (km 62.2). Here, the Tulcea branch divides into two main distributaries: Sulina on the left and Sfantu Gheorghe (St. George) on the right. More than a century ago, these two bifurcations were submitted to hydro-technical works producing morphological changes of the fluvial bed, as well as redistribution of water and sediment flows between the three main distributaries. The history, morphology and hydrodynamics were studied in detail. On each bifurcation, hydrological, sedimentological and morphological measurements were performed on nine crosssections distributed upstream and downstream of the bifurcation in August 2021. The bifurcation angles, the slope, the flow separation zones and the velocities were investigated to understand the distribution of the water flow and bed morphology of both bifurcations.
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Maia, Fernanda Pimentel Arraes, Eduarda Sousa Machado, Fabiana Germano Bezerra, Brenda Regio Garcia et Luiz Gonzaga Porto Pinheiro. « LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN A FEMALE PATIENT WITH PREVIOUS HISTORY OF BREAST CANCER ». Dans XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1052.
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Bile duct injury is a complication of cholecystectomy and may lead the patient to develop secondary biliary cirrhosis (SBC), an irreversible damage to the liver parenchyma caused by the chronic interruption of bile flow. Clinically, cirrhosis manifests when 80% of the liver parenchyma is affected with symptoms like pruritus, jaundice, coagulopathy, and ascites in advanced stages. Liver transplantation is an option of the treatment for SBC, especially when its progression leads to liver failure but there are conditions that strongly contraindicate the procedure, such as an active extrahepatic malignancy. We report a situation in which a patient with breast cancer underwent a liver transplant with good results over 10 years of follow-up. We report a 63-year-old woman, retired, healthy until 2001, when she was submitted for a cholecystectomy. After 15 days, the patient underwent a bile duct reconstruction due to an iatrogenic lesion of the bile duct. After 5 years of asymptomatic, she began to present anorexia, weight loss, jaundice, choluria, and fecal acholia, being diagnosed with SBC. The treatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and the placement of stents in the bile ducts was initiated with no success. Therefore, she was referred to the liver transplant clinic of the Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, placed in Fortaleza-Ceará. On admission, the patient presented a regular general condition, oriented, icteric (++/4), and slimmer. The physical examination showed a symmetric thorax with a palpable lump in the right breast. Cardiac and pulmonary auscultations were normal. The patient had plane, flaccid, painless abdomen, with the presence of incisional hernia with spleen and palpable bowel loops. The laboratory tests showed the following results: creatinine 0.4 mg/dL; international normalized ratio (INR) 1.68; total bilirubin 17.9 mg/dL, being classified as CHILD B MELD 23. The patient also underwent an upper digestive endoscopy that exhibited esophageal varices. The abdominal ultrasound (US) presented signs of chronic liver disease, splenomegaly, and dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. In this case, it was also requested a breast US that revealed a lump on the right breast, measuring 1.5×1.1 cm. Then, she was referred to a mastologist, who requested a mammogram that showed an irregular, spiky, and high-density lump in the upper side quadrant of the right breast, measuring 12 mm. It was requested for a positron emission tomography, whose results excluded the possibility of metastasis. Then, the patient was submitted to a breast quadrantectomy with axillary dissection and removal of five lymph nodes, with freeze biopsy, confirming breast cancer with free margins and sentinel lymph node research. Histopathology of the breast piece revealed grade 2 infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the right breast, measuring 1.8×1.5 cm with angiolymphatic invasion and metastasis to 1 axillary lymph node of 3 mm. Immunohistochemistry examination was positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors, with low Ki-67 and negative HER-2, subtypes of LUMINAL A breast carcinoma. She underwent hormonal treatment, and adjuvant chemotherapy was not indicated. Due to the high risk of mortality associated with SBC, the patient was released by oncology and, in a multidisciplinary meeting with the participation of surgeons, hepatologists, and radiologists, it was decided to include the patient on the liver transplant list, performed 2 months after breast cancer surgery. After 10 years, the patient was monitored by the liver transplant service without recurrence of breast disease and with good liver graft function, using immunosuppressive therapy with everolimus 3.5 mg/day.
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He, Yifan, Yingxian Liu, Hui Cai, Xiaoming Chen et Jing Chen. « Fine Characterisation of Remaining Oil Using Time-Varying Numerical Simulation : Experimental Study, Characterisation in Model, and Application in QHD Oilfield ». Dans Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31410-ms.
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Abstract For water-flooding oilfields, both indoor experiments and mine field practices have confirmed that long-term water flooding can change physical properties, wettability, and fluid parameters. The comprehensive performance of these changes is that the relative permeability curve of oil and water changes dynamically. Usually, numerical simulation does not consider the change of reservoir properties, which will cause the mismatch of history matching. This error is especially obvious in the high water-cut period. It further affected the understanding of remaining oil and the prediction of subsequent production. Therefore, time-varying numerical simulation is required for fine numerical simulation in high water cut period to improve the accuracy and reliability of model prediction. In order to solve the above problems, a set of fine reservoir numerical simulation process integrating core experiment, logging, dynamic and geological knowledge was established. The specific workflow is as follows: The data of core particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction and cast thin section were used to study the change law of reservoir physical properties and wettability after water flooding, which confirmed that the reservoir was re-stimulated under long-term water flooding. The relative permeability curves before and after water flooding were compared using natural cores. After water flooding, the relative permeability curves shifted to the right and the residual oil saturation decreased. It is confirmed that the relative permeability curves will change with water flooding. Carried out 500∼2000PV water flooding laboratory experiment, determined the oil displacement efficiency under high multiple flooding, calculated the residual oil saturation changes with the displacement multiple and physical properties. Using pore cross-sectional area flux to continuously characterize the temporal changes of properties during the simulation process. In this way, the accurate conversion of the attribute change law from the laboratory core to the actual model is realized, and the deviation caused by the change of the mesh size is avoided. In the simulation process, the changing laws of the attributes are defined separately according to the partitions, and the iterative modification of the attributes is realized in each time step. When time-varying numerical simulation is applied to the QHD oilfield, the matching degree of history matching has been improved. Time-varying simulation is an important means to improve the history matching effect of high water-cut water drive oilfields, and can help oilfields understand the true remaining oil distribution. This method has been extended to Bohai SZ, BZ and other oil fields.
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Bikass, S., B. Andersson et A. Pilipenko. « Uncertainties on HTC Measurement of Water Spray Quenching of Aluminum Alloys ». Dans ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44185.
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Water spray cooling of profiles right after extrusion is critical for control over the mechanical properties of high strength alloys. To design the optimum distribution of spray, computer simulation is a powerful tool. For that purpose a quantification of the heat-transfer boundary conditions is challenging, especially as the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) changes with the surface temperature. It is possible to record temperature history during the quenching in laboratory/plant experiments and then HTC values can be calculated by means of inverse modeling. These values are applicable only if they are accurate enough. In this paper, it is assumed the maximum allowed tolerance for calculated HTC to be 5%. This work is based on the computer simulation of the real experiments with thermocouples installed inside the sample to estimate the heat flux at the surface of the sample as well as the sample surface temperature using heat transfer equations. Error sources are typically: inaccurate thermocouple positioning and contact quality, sample geometry, thermocouple accuracy and repeatability, thermal properties, initial temperature and etc. In this study, some of these errors and uncertainty sources are selected and their impact on calculated HTC values is investigated. Finally, maximum allowance for every parameter to achieve calculated HTC within ±5% is calculated. Since HTC is not constant but a curve vs. temperature, the calculated HTC values must be between two parallel curves which represent +5% and −5% of nominal HTC.
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Holzbauer, Yvonne, et Paul-Uwe Thamsen. « Usage of Clear Water Pumps in Wastewater Treatment Plants – Field Study ». Dans ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-86885.
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Abstract Pumps in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) applications are typically equipped with sewage hydraulics (f.e. vortex, single or double channel impellers). Those impellers have a clogging preventing shape with large ball passing diameters, low blade numbers and depending on the impeller style, also special features (e.g. cutting functions). This clogging preventing shape has an influence on the resulting pump efficiency, which is in general lower than from clear water pumps. This difference is caused by a closer gap design and the increased number of blades for clear water pumps. There are sewage applications, where those special impellers are not needed, but made by history, preferred. However, in a WWTP the already screened wastewater doesn’t need special wastewater hydraulics. During the treatment process, organical and anorganical substances are removed from the wastewater. One of those sub-streams contains the removed organical load, like toilet paper and feces, which is mainly used in digesters for the degradation of the organic matter to methane gas. Especially for the wastewater in this treatment step, a clear water pump is selected, which has a much better efficiency compared to the existing vortex pump. By doing a field test in a sewage plant (> 500.000 population equivalent) the challenges from this organical loaded media and the effect on a clear water, open three-vane impeller are described. Different modifications of the three-vane impeller are made to still have the advantages of a high efficiency hydraulic in combination with an operational safety. The right sampling as well as the description of the media pumped are very important for the hydraulic selection. Due to the different modifications, challenges, e.g. the trapping of hair in the impeller entrance, were able to overcome to achieve an efficiency advantage for the new selected open three-vane impeller compared to the previous vortex impeller.
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Khemissa, Hocine, Sulaiman S. AL Jaber, Ayesha Eid Al Suwaidi, Sangeeta Singhal, Ernesto Lenin B. Chang, Ahmed Saif Al Mesafri, Parmanand D. Thakur et al. « Increasing Production Capacity of a Low Resistivity Pay Reservoir Associated with a Highly Flooded Environment in a Fault Corridor – A Successful Case History from UAE Onshore ». Dans International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24086-ms.
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Abstract Maximizing reservoir exposure in a low resistivity pay reservoir located in a fault corridor along the flank of a brownfield is tremendously challenging. Additionally, the high uncertainty associated with two uneven types of waterfronts, in the form of water slump/reverse conning and front water moving along the planned wellbore, poses a risk of derailing the well objective and compromising well performance. It was critical to consider the right application to mitigate these challenges to achieve the well objective. Considering the subtle log responses in the reservoir, the only differentiating parameter to consider for well placement with confidence was the resistivity changes within the reservoir. The variation in resistivity was either related to saturation differences or lithological units. Mapping the resistivity profile around the wellbore and defining the reservoir properties would be possible by utilizing a tool with a greater depth of detection integrated into a conventional triple combo Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (EDAR), with its lower frequencies and flexible spacing between transmitter and receiver, delivers the required large Depth of Detection (DOD). This measurement was considered to provide the required saturation and bed boundaries solution. Mapping the changes in resistivity above and below the well path facilitated informed well placement decisions to maximize reservoir contact and navigate within the optimum resistivity of the reservoir. Utilizing the EDAR application in this well proved to be highly beneficial in placing the well in the oil column of this low resistivity pay reservoir. It mapped the water slumping intervals from the above unit and the change in water level from below the well path. It mapped two faults that displaced the well from its original primary target to the upper secondary target. Based on the boundaries mapped, the throw of the faults was estimated, and the well bore position was established. The EDAR inversion mapped an increase in water saturation from both the top and bottom. Based on this information, total depth (TD) was declared ~400 ft earlier than planned. The intervals of water slumping and elevated water zones below the trajectory were considered when optimizing the lower completion designs.
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Keaton, Jeffrey R., et John J. Jermyn. « Mitigation of Groundwater-Dominated Lakebed Playas Crossed by the Ruby Pipeline, Utah and Nevada ». Dans 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31207.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Ruby Pipeline is a 42-inch diameter pipeline that will transmit natural gas 675 miles from Opal, Wyoming, to Malin, Oregon. The pipeline alignment crosses landforms designated as playas at several locations in Utah and Nevada. Federal agencies reviewing environmental documents requested mitigation based on the concept that playas collect and hold rainwater on impervious clay bottoms for long periods of time, and that an open-cut trench could drain ephemeral lakes by penetrating impervious clay bottom soil layers and permanently alter the surface water hydrology of the playas. Trench plugs, segregation of excavated impervious soil, limited construction right-of-way, impervious backfill, and construction during the ‘dry’ season were the recommended mitigation measures, presumably to reduce the potential for surface water collected on the playa to drain into the subsurface through a trench cut across the playa. The surface-water hydrology concern may pertain to playa environments in semiarid areas such as the southern High Plains of the United States, notably northern Texas. The playas crossed by the Ruby Pipeline are lakebeds of major ancient lakes (Lake Bonneville in Utah, and Lake Lahontan and Lake Meinzer in Nevada) that were hundreds of feet deep and occupied extensive, topographically closed drainage basins. These lakebed playas are dominated by shallow groundwater. Surface water collects on the playa surfaces but is not responsible for playa formation or preservation. The water tends to be salty in lakebed playas in Utah and Nevada compared to fresh water in the ephemeral playa lakes in northern Texas. This brief case history describing playas dominated by groundwater instead of surface water may help advance the understanding that mitigation useful for surface-water dominated playas is not needed for groundwater-dominated playas. Geotechnical investigation included soil borings, test pits, laboratory testing, and surface geophysical surveys (seismic refraction and refraction microtremor [ReMi] methods).
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Adila, Ahmed S., Emad W. Al-Shalabi et Waleed Alameri. « A New Insight into Hybrid Surfactant and Low Salinity/Engineered Water Injections in Carbonates Through Geochemical Modeling ». Dans Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31128-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Low salinity/engineered water injections (LSWI/EWI) have gained popularity as effective techniques for enhancing oil recovery. Surfactant flooding is also a well-established and commercially-available technique in the oil and gas industry. In this paper, a numerical 2D simulation model was developed to investigate the effect of hybrid surfactant-LSWI/EWI on oil recovery from carbonate cores under harsh conditions. The developed simulation model was validated by history-matching recently conducted surfactant corefloods in the secondary mode of injection. Oil recovery, pressure drop, and surfactant concentration data were utilized. The surfactant flooding model was then coupled with a geochemical model that captures different reactions during LSWI/EWI. The geochemical reactions considered include aqueous, dissolution/precipitation, and ion-exchange reactions. Different simulation scenarios were considered and compared including waterflooding, surfactant flooding, engineered water injection, hybrid surfactant-EWI, and hybrid surfactant-LSWI. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was performed on the hybrid surfactant-EWI process through capturing changes in surfactant injected concentration and adsorption. For the case of LSWI/EWI, wettability alteration was considered as the main mechanism underlying incremental oil recovery. However, both wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction mechanisms were considered for surfactant flooding depending on the type of surfactant used. The results showed that the hybrid surfactant-EWI altered the wettability and achieved higher oil recovery than that of surfactant-LSWI and other techniques. This highlights the importance of selecting the right combinations of potential ions for a certain reservoir to maximize oil recovery rather than a simple water dilution. The results also highlight the importance of surfactant adsorption and surfactant concentration for the hybrid surfactant-EWI technique. This work provides insights into the application of hybrid surfactant-LSWI/EWI on oil recovery especially in carbonates. The novelty of this work is further expanded through comparing surfactant-LSWI with surfactant-EWI and understanding the controlling parameters of surfactant-EWI through sensitivity analysis.
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Iqbal, Muneez, Saad Mehmood et Mufaddal Murtaza Zakir. « Benefits of Early Life Water Flooding in Oil Reservoirs Near to Saturation Pressure – A Case Study ». Dans SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212626-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper explains the importance for implementation of early water flood in near saturation pressure oil reservoirs particularly for the case having solution gas as dominant drive mechanism. The depletion in case of solution-gas drive (having no or minor support) with low to moderate in-place volumes is relatively fast. It is commonly observed that no pressure maintenance program is implemented till the reservoir pressure has been severely exhausted. This delay is generally caused by time consumed during understanding of fluid and reservoir behavior, and ultimately symbolizes the phrase ‘missing the train’. The objective of this study is to present the importance of early water flood and its impact on oil recoveries. A field was discovered in South Indus Basin which has half graben and four-way fault bounded structure with numerous splay faults. A well was drilled which encountered Sands ‘A’ and initially produced ~1360 bopd having ~4500 psia initial reservoir pressure. A detailed study was carried out when the reservoir pressure had depleted from 4500 to 1200 psia after draining ~400 MBO with ~1 Bscf associated gas. Based on the outcomes of the study, water flood was implemented by drilling an injector well ‘Inje-1’ which increased the pressure from 1200 psi to 4500 psi in the later life of field. Despite the pressure had rose to initial reservoir pressure, the recovery from the reservoir remained sub optimal. To understand the importance of implementing early water flood at higher pressures, a numerical simulation model was developed, history matched, and various sensitivities were run to see the impact of water flooding at various reservoir pressures during the life span of the field. It was observed that the recovery would have been more if the water flooding was implemented when the reservoir pressure was above bubble point. The reason being liberation of gas and shrinkage of oil resulting in high viscosity and low mobility oil remaining behind. If this liberation of gas is prevented by injecting water and conserving reservoir energy, both viscosity and mobility of oil would remain favorable due to delay in arriving at saturation conditions. Hence the recovery of these types of reservoirs can be enhanced by taking advantage of low viscosity and higher mobility of oil during early life. If the waterflood is implemented after exhausting the reservoir pressure, then the increased viscosity restricts oil flow and causes water channeling due to higher mobility contrast. As a result, leaving behind bypassed oil zones and very high residual oil saturation. In the present case study, it was observed that if the water flooding was implemented prior to reaching bubble point, recoveries would be 7-15% higher as compared to previous recovery. The early implementation would have added value to the overall project. Implementing the lesson learned, recent new discoveries are being evaluated to initiate water flood in early life. Early implementation of water flood in the oil reservoirs closed to saturation pressures will always be beneficial. Appropriate field development plan of the field and right decisions at right time will aid to enhance oil recovery. Once the energy in the oil reservoir is drained after producing gas, it is very difficult to regain the same energy.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Water rights – history"
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Saville, Alan, et Caroline Wickham-Jones, dir. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, juin 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.