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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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Auguste, Franck, Géraldine Réa, Roberto Paoli, Christine Lac, Valery Masson et Daniel Cariolle. « Implementation of an immersed boundary method in the Meso-NH v5.2 model : applications to an idealized urban environment ». Geoscientific Model Development 12, no 6 (1 juillet 2019) : 2607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2607-2019.

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Abstract. This study describes the numerical implementation, verification and validation of an immersed boundary method (IBM) in the atmospheric solver Meso-NH for applications to urban flow modeling. The IBM represents the fluid–solid interface by means of a level-set function and models the obstacles as part of the resolved scales. The IBM is implemented by means of a three-step procedure: first, an explicit-in-time forcing is developed based on a novel ghost-cell technique that uses multiple image points instead of the classical single mirror point. The second step consists of an implicit step projection whereby the right-hand side of the Poisson equation is modified by means of a cut-cell technique to satisfy the incompressibility constraint. The condition of non-permeability is achieved at the embedded fluid–solid interface by an iterative procedure applied on the modified Poisson equation. In the final step, the turbulent fluxes and the wall model used for large-eddy simulations (LESs) are corrected, and a wall model is proposed to ensure consistency of the subgrid scales with the IBM treatment. In the second of part of the paper, the IBM is verified and validated for several analytical and benchmark test cases of flows around single bluff bodies with an increasing level of complexity. The analysis showed that the Meso-NH model (MNH) with IBM reproduces the expected physical features of the flow, which are also found in the atmosphere at much larger scales. Finally, the IBM is validated in the LES mode against the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST) field experiment, which is characterized by strong roughness caused by the presence of a set of obstacles placed in the atmospheric boundary layer in nearly neutral stability conditions. The Meso-NH IBM–LES reproduces with reasonable accuracy both the mean flow and turbulent fluctuations observed in this idealized urban environment.
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RATHISH KUMAR, B. V., S. K. PATHAK, VIVEK SANGWAN, MOHIT NIGAM et S. K. MURTHY. « A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CARDIAC ELECTRIC ACTIVITY IN LV BASED ON MONO-DOMAIN MODEL ». Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 10, no 03 (septembre 2010) : 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519410003538.

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Heterogeneities of ionic current expression and electrophysiological characteristics exist within the mammalian ventricle wall and are assumed to be the result of regional differences in myocardial membrane ionic current densities. This work describes computational approaches of modeling the cardiac cellular excitability and electrical activity propagation in the spatially inhomogeneous ventricular tissue. A three-dimensional (3D) unsteady Rogers model with one gating variable has been considered for simulating the cardiac electrical activity. Based on the paradigm of domain decomposition a 3D finite element scheme has been developed and implemented using PETSc Library under MPI environment. The numerical simulations are carried out on IBM SP3 machine. The computational studies provide insight into the underlying mechanisms during the normal and pathological cardiac excitation.
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Wang, Sitong, Ting Ye, Guansheng Li, Xuejiao Zhang et Huixin Shi. « Margination and adhesion dynamics of tumor cells in a real microvascular network ». PLOS Computational Biology 17, no 2 (19 février 2021) : e1008746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008746.

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In tumor metastasis, the margination and adhesion of tumor cells are two critical and closely related steps, which may determine the destination where the tumor cells extravasate to. We performed a direct three-dimensional simulation on the behaviors of the tumor cells in a real microvascular network, by a hybrid method of the smoothed dissipative particle dynamics and immersed boundary method (SDPD-IBM). The tumor cells are found to adhere at the microvascular bifurcations more frequently, and there is a positive correlation between the adhesion of the tumor cells and the wall-directed force from the surrounding red blood cells (RBCs). The larger the wall-directed force is, the closer the tumor cells are marginated towards the wall, and the higher the probability of adhesion behavior happen is. A relatively low or high hematocrit can help to prevent the adhesion of tumor cells, and similarly, increasing the shear rate of blood flow can serve the same purpose. These results suggest that the tumor cells may be more likely to extravasate at the microvascular bifurcations if the blood flow is slow and the hematocrit is moderate.
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Xu, Yuan, Zhonghua Huang, Shize Yang, Zhiqi Wang, Bing Yang et Yinlin Li. « Modeling and Characterization of Capacitive Coupling Intrabody Communication in an In-Vehicle Scenario ». Sensors 19, no 19 (4 octobre 2019) : 4305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194305.

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Intrabody communication (IBC) has drawn extensive attention in the field of ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, and more. Until now, most studies on the modeling and characterization of capacitive coupling IBC have been conducted in open space, while influences when using metallic-enclosed environments such as a car, airplane, or elevator have not yet been considered. In this paper, we aimed to systematically investigate the grounding effect of an enclosed metal wall of a vehicle on the transmission path loss, utilizing the finite element method (FEM) to model capacitive coupling IBC in an in-vehicle scenario. The results of a simulation and experimental validation indicated that the system gain in an in-vehicle scenario increased up to 7 dB compared to in open space. The modeling and characterization achieved in this paper of capacitive coupling IBC could facilitate an intrabody sensor design and an evaluation with great flexibility to meet the performance needs of an in-vehicle use scenario.
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Izard, Edouard, Thomas Bonometti et Laurent Lacaze. « Modelling the dynamics of a sphere approaching and bouncing on a wall in a viscous fluid ». Journal of Fluid Mechanics 747 (17 avril 2014) : 422–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.145.

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AbstractThe canonical configuration of a solid particle bouncing on a wall in a viscous fluid is considered here, focusing on rough particles as encountered in most of the laboratory experiments or applications. In that case, the particle deformation is not expected to be significant prior to solid contact. An immersed boundary method (IBM) allowing the fluid flow around the solid particle to be numerically described is combined with a discrete element method (DEM) in order to numerically investigate the dynamics of the system. Particular attention is paid to modelling the lubrication force added in the discrete element method, which is not captured by the fluid solver at very small scale. Specifically, the proposed numerical model accounts for the surface roughness of real particles through an effective roughness length in the contact model, and considers that the time scale of the contact is small compared to that of the fluid. The present coupled method is shown to quantitatively reproduce available experimental data and in particular is in very good agreement with recent measurement of the dynamics of a particle approaching very close to a wall in the viscous regime $St \le {O}(10)$, where $St$ is the Stokes number which represents the balance between particle inertia and viscous dissipation. Finally, based on the reliability of the numerical results, two predictive models are proposed, namely for the dynamics of the particle close to the wall and the effective coefficient of restitution. Both models use the effective roughness height and assume the particle remains rigid prior to solid contact. They are shown to be pertinent to describe experimental and numerical data for the whole range of investigated parameters.
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Adamovich, H. Y., D. B. Nizheharodava, V. K. Shadryna, A. G. Dybau, A. M. Starastsin, T. E. Vladimirskaya, A. U. Varabei et M. М. Zafranskayа. « Immunomodulatory effect of cell therapy on the experimental inflammatory bowel disease model ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series 18, no 2 (4 juin 2021) : 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1814-6023-2021-18-2-177-185.

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Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Given the immunomodulatory properties of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs), developing new pathogenetic approaches to the IBD treatment using cell therapy seems to be promising.In this article, the effect of intra-arterial and intravenous MMSCs on in vitro monocytes/macrophages cytokine-producing function and splenocytes proliferative activity in laboratory animals with experimental IBD under the conditions of nonspecific and specific stimulation (mannan – cell wall component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast) was studied.MMSC cultures have been shown to possess an immunomodulatory effect against the background of improved clinical, morphometric parameters, and the pathomorphological picture of experimental IBD damage. Intra-arterial and intravenous administration of cell cultures decreased the mannan-induced TNF-α production by CD68+ cells and mitogen/mannan-stimulated splenocyte proliferation that confirms the immunosuppressive effect of MMSC cultures on autoreactive splenocyte clones in experimental IBD. The obtained results testify to the anti-inflammatory effect of cell therapy in the experimental modeling of IBD and justified a combined administration of MMSC cultures.
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Raghavan, R., R. J. Eickemeyer, A. C. Sawdey, J. B. Griswell, D. Parikh, S. Ramani, D. M. Daly et al. « IBM POWER8 performance and energy modeling ». IBM Journal of Research and Development 59, no 1 (janvier 2015) : 10:1–10:10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2014.2380201.

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Liu, Xing. « Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS ». International Journal of Research & ; Method in Education 34, no 2 (juillet 2011) : 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2011.573269.

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Srinivas, M., B. Sinharoy, R. J. Eickemeyer, R. Raghavan, S. Kunkel, T. Chen, W. Maron et al. « IBM POWER7 performance modeling, verification, and evaluation ». IBM Journal of Research and Development 55, no 3 (mai 2011) : 4:1–4:19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2011.2147170.

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Succi, S. « Cellular automata modeling on IBM 3090/VF ». Computer Physics Communications 47, no 2-3 (novembre 1987) : 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(87)90103-2.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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Roman, Federico. « Large eddy simulation tool for environmental and industrial processes ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3210.

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2007/2008
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an established tool for consulting and for basic research in fluid mechanics. CFD is required to provide information where analytical approaches or experiments would be impossible or too expensive. Most of the flows of engineering interest are turbulent. Turbulence is an unresolved problem of classical physics, because of the non linearity of the fluid motion equations. At the moment the only way to face them is numerically. Turbulence is composed of eddies in a broad range of size. To solve numerically the Navier-Stokes equations, the equations set that governs the fluid motion, a very fine grid is necessary in order to catch also the smallest eddies. The computational cost increases as Re3 (Re = ul/ is the Reynolds number with u and l an inertial velocity and length scales and the kinematic viscosity). Real life problems are characterized by very large Reynolds numbers and the consequent computational cost is enormous. So the direct solutions of Navier-Stokes equations (DNS) is not feasible. In many applications it is not necessary to solve all the eddies, it can be sufficient to supply the effects of unresolved scale to the flow. In Large Eddy Simulation (LES) most of the scales of motion are directly solved, in particular all the large energy carrying scales. These scales are influenced by the boundaries and they are strongly anisotropic. The smaller and dissipative scales must be modeled, but these scales loosing memory of the boundary conditions are more isotropic and hence formulating a general model that accounts for their effect is relatively easier. Large Eddy Simulation is a prospective tool for investigation in real life problems, in particular when high detailed analysis is required. This is the case for many industrial and environmental processes. For example, acoustic problems due to hydrodynamic noise are governed over a range of large scales which are easily reproduced by LES solution. However in these types of flows many difficulties arise also for LES. In general these flows are characterized by high Reynolds number. Wall-bounded flow at high Re requires high computational cost because LES is constrained to be DNS-like. Besides complex geometries are often involved. Structured or Unstructured body-fitted grid can be very hard to made, moreover unstructured grid can be expensive and not suited for LES. Scope of this thesis is to develop tools to apply LES to such configurations in order to make numerical simulation more adaptable to real life problems. In particular to deal with complex geometry an Immersed Boundary Methodology has been developed for curvilinear coordinates. The method has been applied to several test cases with good results. Then this methodology has been extended to high Reynolds number flows through the use of a wall model. In order to work on anisotropic grid, typical in sea coastal domain, a modified Smagorisky model has been proposed. Finally particle dispersion has been considered in stratified environmental flow. These tools has been applied to an industrial and to an environmental problem with good results.
La fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD) ´e uno strumento affermato per le consulenze e per la ricerca di base nella meccanica dei fluidi. Alla CFD ´e richiesto di fornire informazioni quando approcci analitici o sperimentali sarebbero impossibili o troppo costosi. La maggior parte dei flussi di interesse ingegneristico ´e di tipo turbolento. La turbolenza ´e uno dei problemi irrisolti della fisica classica, ci´o ´e dovuto alla non linearit´a delle equazioni che governano il moto dei fluidi. Al momento l’unico modo per affrontarle ´e numericamente. La turbolenza si compone di vortici di diverse dimensioni. Per risolvere numericamente le equazioni di Navier-Stokes, le equazioni che governano il moto dei fluidi, una griglia molto fine ´e necessaria al fine di simulare propriamente anche i vortici di scala pi´u piccola. Il costo computazionale cresce come Re3 (Re = ul/ ´e il numero di Reynolds, con u e l una velocit´a ed una lunghezza scala caratteristici e la viscosit´a cinematica). I problemi reali sono caratterizzati da numeri di Reynolds altissimi e conseguentemente il costo computazionale di queste simulazioni ´e enorme. Per questo motivo la soluzione diretta delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes (DNS) non ´e possibile. In molte applicazioni non ´e necessario risolvere tutte le scale dei vortici, pu´o essere sufficiente fornire l’effetto delle scale non risolte al flusso. Nella Large Eddy Simulation gran parte delle scale di vortici ´e direttamente risolta, in particolare le larghe scale energetiche. Queste scale sono influenzate dalle condizioni al contorno e sono fortemente anisotrope. Le scale piccole e dissipative devono essere modellate, ma queste scale perdendo memoria delle condizioni al contorno sono generalmente isotrope ed un modello per riprodurre il loro effetto risulta semplice. La LES ´e uno strumento d’avanguardia per lo studio di flussi realistici, in particolare risulta molto potente quando vengono richieste analisi dettagliate del moto. Questo ´e il caso di molti problemi in campo industriale ed ambientale. Per esempio problemi acustici dovuti a rumore idrodinamico sono governati dalle grandi scale che nella LES sono facilmente riprodotte. Comunque anche per la LES sorgono molte difficolt´a nel affrontare questi problemi. Generalmente questi flussi sono caratterizzati da alti numeri di Reynolds. Flussi di parete ad alti Re richiedono un costo computazionale elevatissimo e alla fine la LES deve soddisfare a requisiti tipici della DNS. Inoltre spesso questi flussi sono caratterizzati da geometrie complesse. Griglie strutturate o non strutturate che si adattano alle geometrie possono essere molto difficili da sviluppare, inoltre le griglie non strutturate possono essere molto costose e non particolarmente adatte alla LES. Lo scopo di questa tesi ´e di sviluppare degli strumenti atti a rendere efficiente l’applicazione della LES a flussi realistici. In particolare per affrontare le geometrie complesse ´e stata sviluppata una metodologia Immersed Boundary per coordinate curvilinee. Il metodo ´e stato provato su diversi casi con buoni risultati. La metodologia ´e stata quindi estesa al caso di flussi ad alto numero di Reynolds tramite lo sviluppo di un modello parete. ´E stato quindi sviluppato un modello modificato di Smagorinsky per lavorare con griglie fortemente anisotrope, tipiche per flussi in ambito marino costiero. Infine ´e stata studiata la dispersione di particelle in flussi ambientali stratificati. Gli strumenti sviluppati sono stati quindi applicati ad un problema industriale ed ad uno ambientale con ottimi risultati.
XXI Ciclo
1976
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PASINATO, HUGO DARIO. « TURBULENCE IN WALL REGION MODELING ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1998. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19290@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Neste trabalho são apresentados de uma pesquisa orientada à modelagem da turbulência de baixos números de Reynolds. Com esse objetivo foi caracterizado o escoamento turbulento de baixos números de Reynolds na região viscosa vizinha a uma parede, na base de dados experimentais e correlação empírica. Sobre essa caracterização foi feita uma análise dos valores médios de interesse para modelos de turbulência de duas equações, a qual permitiu obter conclusões sobre o comportamento da turbulência de baixos Reynolds e propor modelos para a mesma. Essa modelagem implica em fornecer um fechamento para a equação de dissipação de energia cinética turbulenta e uma expressão para a viscosidade efetiva da turbulência, na região viscosa. O fechamento da equação de dissipação foi feito analisando os termos fontes de vorticidade, usando resultados prévios da ordem de grandeza relativa dos mesmos. A equação de dissipação obtida desse modo não contém funções de amortecimento. Com relação à expressão proposta para calcular a viscosidade efetiva de turbulência, considera-se que a transferência de quantidade de movimento devido à turbulência pode ser obtida em função da energia cinética do escoamento médio. Considera-se que a modelagem proposta é uma complementação para modelos de turbulência de duas equações, para simular zonas de baixos Reynolds incluídos os casos em sub-camada logarítmica aparente. Problemas de escoamentos turbulentos com cisalhamento médio com diferentes características, usualmente utilizadas para avaliar modelos de turbulência, foram usados como testes. Como resultados relevantes desta pesquisa, considera-se o fato de se usar em forma sistemática informação experimental para o desenvolvimento de modelos de turbulência, a obtenção de um fechamento para a equação de dissipação sem funções de amortecimento e uma expressão para a viscosidade da turbulência na região viscosa. No caso da viscosidade da turbulência, a expressão proposta permite obter a distribuição da velocidade média na região amortecedora, apresentando boa concordância com dados experimentais.
This thesis presents the results of research work aiming at low Reynolds turbulence modeling. For an stablished boundary layer turbulent low Reynolds flow in the viscous layer near a wall was characterized based on experimental data and empirical polynomials. On this basis an analysis of the distribuition of the mean values in the near-wall region was performed allowing for the proposal of a low Reynolds turbulence model within a two-equation model methodolgy. The low Reynolds proposal involves a closure to the dissipation equation and the proposal of an effective turbulence viscosity expression. The dissipation equation closure like as the effective viscosity proposal were made based on previous results of scale time rate analysis through the viscous region. On the other hand, the effective turbulence viscosity expression allows for the representation of the Reynolds stress as a function of mean flow kinetic energy. The low Reynolds turbulence modeling proposal can be seen as a complementation of two eqaution models for low Reynolds turbulence. The model was tested in several case tests of turbulent flow with different kind of mean shear, frequently used for turbulence model assessment. As main results of this work can be mentioned the systematic use of experimental data to build, analyze and test turbulence models; the closure of the dissipation equation without damping functions and the turbulence effective viscosity expression for the viscous region. This last proposed relation allows for the attainment of a mean velocity distribuition profile in the buffer region, which adequately fits experimental data.
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Lubchenko, Nazar. « Near-wall modeling of bubbly flows ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121709.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2018
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-127).
Multiphase computational fluid dynamics (M-CFD) codes are gaining acceptance in the nuclear industry for the prediction of thermal-hydraulic behavior, offering the potential to improve the operation, economics, and safety of current systems, and enhance the design of next generation reactors. The common approach when applying M-CFD methods to the bubbly flow regime is to use an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model, which solves for averaged mass and momentum equations for liquid and gas phases, as well as the k-epsilon turbulence model with modifications to account for the presence of bubbles. The resulting partial differential equations require well-posed boundary conditions, with special treatment at the walls, where there exist strong gradients of all variables. The present work systematically addresses the boundary conditions at solid walls for turbulent bubbly flows.
The complete coupled problem involving six variables is decoupled into three separate tasks, which consider void fraction profile, turbulent quantities, and gas velocity near the wall. Based on available experimental data it is shown that the reduction in void fraction near the wall is a consequence of the bubble shape, and not the wall lubrication effect repelling bubbles from the wall. Aiming at restoring the correct profile, a new wall force is derived from consideration of the interfacial forces balance near the wall. Its performance is evaluated through simulations of bubbly pipe flow experiments, confirming its improvements when compared to previous models. Three phenomena, namely, bubble-induced turbulence, buoyancy of gas, and displacement of liquid by gas, are speculated to have effect on the near-wall turbulent boundary layer.
These effects are incorporated in the Analytical Wall Functions (AWF), which provide quantitative treatment of these bubble effects in the boundary layer. The boundary layer model is validated on the existing experimental data, and the AWF are assessed based on simulations of bubbly pipe flow experiments, as well as at the prototypical reactor conditions. It is demonstrated that most of the effects that arise due to bubbles in the boundary layer can be neglected, and consequently, single phase wall functions can be used in numerical simulations. Finally, through analysis of experimental data, it is suggested that the relative velocity between bubbles and the surrounding liquid does not remain constant throughout the domain in the Eulerian-Eulerian representation of the flow, but instead increases near the wall. A corresponding correction to the drag coefficient is proposed and validated against the experimental data.
by Nazar Lubchenko.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering
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Calafell, Sandiumenge Joan. « Efficient wall modeling for large eddy simulations of general non-equilibrium wall-bounded flows ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667230.

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The main purpose of this thesis has been to contribute to the development of methodologies for wall modeling Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of wall-bounded flows, especially those at high Reynolds numbers. This flow configuration is widely found in a vast range of industrial applications. Unfortunately, given the physical nature of boundary layers, their accurate numerical resolution can be computationally unaffordable. Wall modeling aims at reproducing the inner layer effects on the flow without resolving it explicitly. This allows performing accurate numerical simulations of high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows at a fraction of the cost that would be incurred if the inner layer was temporally and spatially resolved. This work comprises six chapters. The first one is an introduction to the existing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches, from the most accurate and general methodologies to the most simplified and specific techniques. The second chapter introduces relevant physical magnitudes to be analyzed to ensure the reliability of a given high fidelity CFD simulation. Spatial and temporal aspects, both crucial for a correct and accurate resolution of a turbulent flow, are considered. In the third chapter, a Two-Layer wall shear stress model (TLM) for LES and suitable for non-equilibrium flows and complex geometries is presented. Wall shear stress models in general, and RANS-based wall models (WM) in particular, are affected by the "log-layer mismatch" (LLM) and the resolved Reynolds stresses (RRS) inflow problems which undermine the quality of the WM numerical predictions. The model presented in this work features a temporal filter in the WM/LES interface which allows solving both problems at once with a single and low-computational-cost step. Until now, these two problems have been dealt with separately with different techniques, which in some cases were complex and computationally expensive. On the other hand, a methodology intended to determine the optimal temporal filter length is proposed and validated in equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. This new technique is based on the velocity power spectrum which reveals the flow characteristic time-scales in the near-wall region. According to the results obtained in the validation tests, it is concluded that for RANS-based TLM methods, time-resolved frequencies higher than the energy-containing/inertial range limit must be filtered. In chapter four, the mathematical model of the TLM, based on the URANS equations, is presented. Moreover, its numerical resolution through the finite volume method is developed and finally summarized in a flow-chart. Then, in chapter five, the algorithmic implementation of the numerical model described in chapter four is presented. The TLM is a fully operational and independent CFD solver based on the URANS equations, which has been developed from scratch. Given that the primary objective of wall modeling is reducing the computational costs, an efficient algorithmic and parallel implementation is a key aspect of the global modeling strategy. Thus, the parallel efficiency is evaluated through a strong scalability test. Good results are obtained although some aspects to be improved are identified. Finally, in the last chapter, general conclusions concerning the whole work are given together with future research proposals aimed at going further in the methodologies studied in this thesis.
El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi ha estat contribuir al desenvolupament de metodologies relacionades amb wall modeling aplicat a Large Eddy Simulations (LES) de fluxos de paret, especialment per a números de Reynolds alts. Aquesta configuració de flux es troba en un ampli número d’aplicacions industrials. Tot i això, donada la naturalesa de les capes límit, la resolució numèrica acurada d’aquest tipus de flux de manera rutinària és inviable. La tècnica de wall modeling pretén reproduir els efectes de la capa límit interna sense necessitat de resoldre-la explícitament. Això permet la resolució de fluxos de paret a alts números de Reynolds amb una fracció del cost que tindria si la capa límit interna fos resolta tant des d’un punt de vista espacial com temporal. Aquest treball està format per sis capítols. El primer és una introducció a la dinàmica de fluids computacional (CFD en les seves sigles en anglès), des de les metodologies més acurades i generals, fins a les tècniques més específiques i simplificades. Al segon capítol s’introdueixen les magnituds físiques rellevants que s’han d’analitzar per a avaluar i confirmar la fiabilitat d’una determinada simulació numèrica CFD d’alta fidelitat. Es consideren tant els aspectes espacials com temporals, els quals són fonamentals per a la correcta resolució d’un flux turbulent. Al tercer capítol es presenta un model de paret Two-Layer per a fluxos de no-equilibri i geometries complexes. Els models wall shear stress en general i els models basats en RANS en particular, estan afectats per els problemes de “log-layer mismatch” i “resolved Reynolds stresses inflow”, que deterioren la qualitat de les prediccions numèriques. El model proposat incorpora un filtre temporal a la interfície entre el model de paret i el domini LES, el qual suprimeix els dos errors comentats prèviament amb un sol pas de baix cost computacional. Fins ara, la eliminació d’aquests dos errors es duia a terme amb tècniques separades que en alguns casos eren complexes i costoses des d’un punt de vista computacional. A més a més, es proposa una metodologia per a la determinació de la longitud de filtre temporal òptima, la qual és validada tant en condicions d’equilibri com de no-equilibri. La nova tècnica està basada en l’obtenció de l’espectre de freqüències de la velocitat, el qual revela les característiques de les escales temporals del flux en la regió propera a la paret. Segons els resultats obtinguts en els tests, es conclou que per als models Two-Layer basats en RANS, les freqüències més altes que el límit entre el rangs energy-containing i inercial, s’han de filtrar. En el capítol quatre es presenta el model matemàtic del Two-Layer model basat en les equacions URANS. A més a més, es detalla la metodologia numèrica utilitzada per a la seva resolució a través del mètode dels volums finits. Al capítol cinc es presenta la implementació del model numèric presentat al capítol quatre. El model desenvolupat en aquesta tesi és un solver de CFD complert basat en les equacions URANS. Donat que el principal objectiu del wall modeling és la reducció de costos computacionals, és necessària una implementació eficient del model. És per això que la eficiència paral·lela del codi implementat s’analitza a través d’un strong scalability test. En aquestes proves es determina el bon comportament del codi, encara que s’identifiquen punts en els que es pot optimitzar la implementació actual. Finalment, a l’últim capítol es presenten les conclusions generals del treball. A més a més, s’hi inclouen un seguit de propostes sobre futures línies de recerca dirigides aprofundir en les conclusions obtingudes durant la realització del present estudi.
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Krank, Benjamin [Verfasser], Wolfgang A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wall, Wolfgang A. [Gutachter] Wall et Claus-Dieter [Gutachter] Munz. « Wall Modeling via Function Enrichment for Computational Fluid Dynamics / Benjamin Krank ; Gutachter : Wolfgang A. Wall, Claus-Dieter Munz ; Betreuer : Wolfgang A. Wall ». München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180602099/34.

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Pajayakrit, Palanunt. « Turbulence modeling for curved wall jets under adverse pressure gradient ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ26861.pdf.

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Kamel, Sherif I. (Sherif Ibrahim). « Mathematical modeling of wet flashover mechanism of HVDC wall bushings ». Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28792.

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HVDC wall bushings constitute a basic component of converter stations and their adequate performance is vital to insure a highly reliable level of operation. Service records show that the number of flashovers in converter stations has increased substantially during recent years and that the majority of flashovers occurred on HVDC wall bushings. This work presents the first mathematical model to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for flashover of HVDC wall bushings under nonuniform wetting. The model suggests that the onset of streamers bridging the dry zone and initiated by the nonuniform voltage distribution along the bushing triggers the process of flashover. Fast voltage collapse across the dry zone due to the energy stored in the bushing internal and external leakage and stray capacitance leads to impulsive stressing of the wet part of the bushing. The nonuniform distribution of that impulse and the process of streamer bridging, fast voltage collapse as well as subsequent recharging of the bushing capacitance may lead to consequent discharges and arc propagation along the bushing and eventually to a complete flashover.
The random processes associated with the wetting dynamics and pattern as well as the air gaps breakdowns are accounted for in a novel statistical approach to model the flashover process of the HVDC wall bushings under the proposed mechanism.
The work is supported by an experimental investigation into surface resistance and minimum flashover stress of full scale HVDC wall bushings under nonuniform rain.
The findings of the model have been satisfactorily compared with experiments and field observations and can for the first time account for the following aspects of flashover mechanism: critical dry zone length, polarity effect, specific leakage length, wet layer conductance, dry zone position as well as DC system voltage. The model was also used to assess the performance of RTV coated bushings and to compare the strength or an SF$ sb6$ bushing to that of a conventional oil-paper design under nonuniform rain.
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Pajayakrit, Palanunt Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical and Aerospace. « Turbulence modeling for curved wall jets under adverse pressure gradient ». Ottawa, 1997.

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Mensah-Gourmel, Johanne. « Modeling biodegradable stents and their effect on the arterial wall ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX034/document.

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Les stents sont aujourd’hui le traitement le plus courant des stades avancés de l’athérosclérose. Le concept de stents bioresorbables (BRS) est basé sur l’idée qu’un stent n’est nécessaire que jusqu’à la guérison de l’artère – suite à quoi il serait préférable que le stent disparaisse, afin de retrouver un état plus physiologique. Le déploiement d’un stent altère significativement les contraintes mécaniques exercées sur la paroi artérielle, or celles-ci jouent un rôle important dans l’incidence de complications telle que la resténose et l’hyperplasie néointimale. Dans le cas d’un BRS, les contraintes mécaniques dans le stent comme dans la paroi artérielle évoluent au fur et à mesure que le stent se dégrade. De plus, la dégradation du stent par hydrolyse peut être accélérée par ces contraintes : un couplage supplémentaire qui doit être pris en compte. Nous nous intéressons à la détermination de l’évolution des contraintes dans le stent et dans l’artère pendant le déploiement puis la dégradation du stent, ainsi qu’à l’influence de ces contraintes sur la dégradation du stent et sur le remodelage de la paroi, qui est également influencé par la dénudation de l’endothélium et par l’inflammation induite par l’implantation d’un BRS. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons développé un modèle 3D par éléments finis du déploiement et de la dégradation d’un BRS en acide polylactique tenant compte du couplage entre l’artère et le stent. Il permet notamment de prédire les zones de démantèlement dustent et l’évolution de l’épaisseur de la paroi artérielle en réponse à l’implantation d’un BRS. Etant donné que le modèle repose fortement sur des paramètres qui doivent être déterminés expérimentalement, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une méthode expérimentale pour suivre la dégradation d’un BRS. Nous avons utilisé la tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) pour suivre régulièrement la dégradation de stents déployés dans des tubes et immergés dans du sérum physiologique à 37°C pendant deux ans. Nous avons ensuite développé une méthode qui détecte automatiquement les struts des stents sur les images OCT et quantifie leur intensité de niveau de gris. Les résultats suggèrent que cette méthode automatisée d’analyse d’images OCT est un outil prometteur pour évaluer quantitativement l’état de dégradation d’un BRS. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à la capacité d’une artère stentée à s’adapter à une modification du cisaillement ressenti. Nous avons étudié l’évolution de la lumière artérielle de porc stentés suivis in vivo par OCT ainsi que le cisaillement associé. Alors qu’un stent métallique bloque le remodelage artériel, nous avons observé qu’un BRS – probablement grâce au démantèlement du stade final de la dégradation – libère le vaisseau et permet ainsi l’adaptation de son diamètre de manière à diminuer le cisaillement et l’inadéquation avec l’artère non stentée. L’adaptation de la lumière artérielle permise par le démantèlement du stent pourrait être prise en compte dans de futurs modèles numériques
Today, sent deployment is the most common treatment for symptomatic atherosclerosis. Bioresorbable stents (BRS) are based on the premise that a stent is needed only until arterial wound healing occurs after which it would be desirable for the stent to degrade so that the arterial wall recovers its natural compliance. Deployment of a stent profoundly alters the mechanical environment in the arterial wall, and these alterations play an important role in regulating the incidence of complications such as restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia. In the case of a BRS, the mechanical stresses in both the stent and the arterial wall evolve as the stent degrades. Furthermore, the hydrolysis-driven degradation of the stent can be accelerated by mechanical stresses in the stent, an additional coupling that needs to be taken into account. We are interested in determining the evolution of stresses in both the stent and the arterial wall during the stent deployment and degradation process and in elucidating the effect of these stresses on the stent degradation and on the remodeling process in the wall, which would also be influenced by the loss of endothelial cells and the amount of inflammation induced by the stent deployment and degradation. To this end, we have developed a 3D finite element model of the deployment and degradation of a polylactic acid (PLA) BRS that integrates the coupling between the stent and the artery.This allows one to predict the zones of dismantling of the stent and the evolution of the arterial thickness in response to a BRS stenting procedure. Since the model relies strongly on parameters that need to be determined experimentally, we became interested in developing methods to follow stent degradation. With this aim, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image several BRS that were deployed into tubes and allowed to degrade in a saline solution at 37°C over a period of two years. We subsequently developed a versatile method for automatically detecting stent struts on the OCT images and quantifying the strut gray scale intensity. The results suggest that this automated method of OCT image analysis represents a promising tool to quantitatively assessing BRS degradation states. Lastly, we were interested in establishing the ability of a stented artery to adapt to a modification in its wall shear stress. Studying the in vivo evolution of the lumen of stented mini-swine arteries followed by OCT imaging allowed us to demonstrate that whereas a bare metal stent cages the artery, a BRS, presumably due to its degradation-induced dismantling, frees the vessel and enables it to adapt its lumen diameter in order to decrease its absolute level of shear stress and the compliance mismatch with the unstented portion of the artery. This lumen adaptation allowed by the stent dismantling could be taken into account in future computational models
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Sjölinder, Emil. « Spray and Wall Film Modeling with Conjugate Heat Transfer in OpenFOAM ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84487.

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This master thesis was provided by Scania AB. The objective of this thesis was to modify an application in the free Computational Fluid Dynamics software OpenFOAM to be able to handle spray and wall film modeling of a Urea Water Solution together with Conjugate Heat Transfer. The basic purpose is to widen the knowledge of the vaporization process of a Urea Water Solution in the exhaust gas after treatment system for a diesel engine by using OpenFOAM. First, urea has been modeled as a very viscous liquid at low temperature to mimic the solidication process of urea. Second, the development of the new application has been done. At last, test simulations of a simple test case are performed with the new application. The results are then compared with simplied hand calculations to verify a correct behavior of certain exposed source terms. The new application is working properly for the test case but to ensure the reliability, the results need to be compared with another Computational Fluid Dynamics software or more preferable, real experiments. For more advanced geometries, the continued development presented last in this thesis is highly recommended to follow.
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Livres sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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Baker, John M. Enterprise business object modeling within IBM. [Atlanta] : Information Management Forum, 1996.

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N, Mansour N., et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. Modeling of near-wall turbulence. [Washington, DC] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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N, Mansour N., et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. Modeling of near-wall turbulence. [Washington, DC] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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N, Mansour N., et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. Modeling of near-wall turbulence. [Washington, DC] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Lepota, N. J. Modeling of spray/wall interactions. Manchester : UMIST, 1996.

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Heck, Ronald H. Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS. New York : Routledge, 2010.

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1943-, Kim J., Moin Parviz et Ames Research Center, dir. Near-wall k-[epsilon] turbulence modeling. Moffett Field, Calif : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.

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1943-, Kim J., Moin Parviz et Ames Research Center, dir. Near-wall k-[epsilon] turbulence modeling. Moffett Field, Calif : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.

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Scott, Thomas, et Tabata Lynn Naomi, dir. Multilevel modeling of categorical outcomes using IBM SPSS. New York : Routledge, 2012.

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Pfaff, Philip. Financial modeling. Needham Heights, Mass : Allyn and Bacon, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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O’Sullivan, Pat G., et Dan Wolfson. « IBM Industry Models : Experience, Management and Challenges ». Dans Conceptual Modeling - ER 2006, 567. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11901181_44.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Introduction to Multilevel Modeling With IBM SPSS ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 1–24. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-1.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Further Considerations in Modeling Hierarchical Data ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 431–46. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-9.

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Kamel, Aladin H. « Elastic Modeling on the IBM 3090 Vector Multiprocessor ». Dans Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Mathematics in Industry, 107–17. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0629-7_10.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Defining a Basic Two-Level Multilevel Regression Model ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 69–123. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-3.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Examining Individual Change With Repeated-Measures Data ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 185–247. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-5.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Applications of Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 249–305. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-6.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Multivariate Multilevel Models ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 307–70. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-7.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Cross-Classified Multilevel Models ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 371–430. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-8.

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Heck, Ronald H., Scott L. Thomas et Lynn N. Tabata. « Preparing and Examining the Data for Multilevel Analyses ». Dans Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS, 25–67. 3e éd. New York : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824273-2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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Ma, Luhan, Ang Chen, Yongbo Zhong, Zhichao Ren, Ye Lang, Jiazheng Zhao et Zhifeng Dong. « "Modeling and simulation of blood flow and vessel stress in human brain during strenuous exercise" ». Dans The 6th International Workshop on Simulation for Energy, Sustainable Development & Environment. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.sesde.007.

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"In order to study the effect of strenuous exercise to human blood flow and vessels stress, the paper takes the central artery in human brain for an example, and carries out a two-way fluid-solid coupling finite element analysis on it. The three-dimensional model is reconstructed, and the calculation was made with Computational Fluid Dynamics software. The simulation results show that, a low velocity vortex region is formed in the sinus of the artery, and the vortex phenomenon is getting weaker with the increase of the acceleration value. The structure shape of blood vessel is the main factor affecting the wall shear stress and Mises stress. With the increase of the exercise acceleration, the maximum of wall shear stress and Mises stress of the vessel wall shows an approximate linear growth."
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Gambaryan-Roisman, Tatiana, Hongyi Yu, Karsten Lo¨ffler et Peter Stephan. « Long-Wave and Integral Boundary Layer Analysis of Falling Film Flow on Walls With Three-Dimensional Periodic Structures ». Dans ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82115.

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Falling films exhibit very complex wavy patterns, which depend on the properties of the liquid, the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle, and the distance from the film inlet. The film hydrodynamics and the surface patterns have a high impact on heat and mass transfer. Our aim is to control and enhance heat and mass transport by using walls with specific micro topographies that influence the falling film flow, stability and wavy pattern. In the present work long-wave theory and integral boundary layer (IBL) approximation are used for modelling the falling film flow on walls with three-dimensional periodic microstructures. The wall topography is periodic both in the main flow direction and in the transverse direction. Examples of such microstructures are longitudinal grooves with sinusoidal path (or meandering grooves) and herringbone structures. The effects of the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle and the longitudinal and transverse periods of the structure on the shape of liquid-gas interface are investigated. It is shown that, as opposed to straight grooves in longitudinal direction, grooves with meandering path may lead to significant interface deformations.
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Rahman, M. M., et T. Siikonen. « Near-Wall Turbulence Modeling Without Wall Distance ». Dans ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3134.

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A low-Reynolds number k-ε model is proposed in which the anisotropic production in near-wall regions is accounted for substantially by modifying the model constants Cε(1,2) and adding cross-diffusion terms in the ε equation. Hence, it reduces the kinetic energy and length scale magnitudes to improve prediction of adverse pressure gradient flows, involving flow separation and reattachment. Unlike the conventional k-ε model, it requires no wall function/distance parameter that bridges the near-wall integration. The model coefficients/functions depend nonlinearly on both the strain-rate and vorticity invariants. The model is validated against a few flow cases, yielding predictions in good agreement with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental data.
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Silva, Andre R., Christian Rodrigues et Jorge M. Barata. « Spray-Wall Interactions Modeling ». Dans 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-1891.

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Trivedi, K., D. Wang, D. J. Hunt, A. Rindos, W. E. Smith et B. Vashaw. « Availability Modeling of SIP Protocol on IBM© WebSphere© ». Dans 2008 14th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/prdc.2008.50.

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Naber, Jeffrey, et Rolf D. Reitz. « Modeling Engine Spray/Wall Impingement ». Dans SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880107.

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Gschwandtner, Philipp, Michael Knobloch, Bernd Mohr, Dirk Pleiter et Thomas Fahringer. « Modeling CPU Energy Consumption of HPC Applications on the IBM POWER7 ». Dans 2014 22nd Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing (PDP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pdp.2014.112.

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Johansen, J. A., J. J. MacFarlane et G. A. Moses. « Modeling radiative transport in ICF plasmas on an IBM SP2 supercomputer ». Dans International Conference on Plasma Science (papers in summary form only received). IEEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1995.531638.

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Shihn, Harmanjeet, et Paul E. DesJardin. « Near-Wall Modeling for Vertical Wall Fires Using One-Dimensional Turbulence ». Dans ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59861.

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This paper presents the simulation of an idealized vertical wall fire using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) modeling. Near wall gas-phase molecular processes of conduction, gas-phase and shoot reactions, and radiative heat transfer are treated exactly while the effects of turbulent mixing processes are modeled using ODT triplet mapping stirring events that allow the effects of turbulence-chemistry-radiation interactions to be examined. Transport equations for species and temperature are solved using an operator splitting algorithm method that employs a Crank-Nicholson scheme for diffusion/conduction, and the LSODE library to integrate the numerically stiff chemical source terms. Radiative heat transfer is accounted by using a two-flux model. Results are presented for the evolution of turbulent wall fires, with and without the effects of turbulent mixing. The use of the ODT model is shown to capture a laminar to turbulent flow transition resulting in enhanced heat transfer to the wall.
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Fiocco, D. L., L. A. Neves et M. F. Godoy. « Tridimensional modeling of the cardiac wall ». Dans 2010 Pan American Health Care Exchanges (PAHCE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pahce.2010.5474604.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Wall modeling for ibm"

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Moin, Parviz, Jeremy Templeton, Meng Wang, Franck Nicoud et Jeffrey Baggett. Wall Modeling Techniques for Large-Eddy Simulation. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410335.

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Veletsos, A. S., et A. H. Younan. Dynamic modeling and response of soil-wall systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octobre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118198.

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Himansu, Ananda, Edward B. Coy, Venkateswaran Sankaran et Steven A. Danczyk. Modeling of Fuel Film Cooling on Chamber Hot Wall. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juillet 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada611830.

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McKeon, Beverley J. PECASE - Multi-Scale Experiments and Modeling in Wall Turbulence. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, décembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada619270.

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Balbuena, Perla B. Final Report “Modeling Catalyzed Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes”. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1485119.

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R. Kaita, S. Jardin, B. Jones, C. Kessel, R. Majeski, J. Spaleta, R. Woolley, L. Zakharo, B. Nelson et M. Ulrickson. Modeling of Spherical Torus Plasmas for Liquid Lithium Wall Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795775.

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Pasinato, Hugo D. Computation and Modeling of Heat Transfer in Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563677.

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Deru, Michael, Eric Bonnema, Greg Barker, Ed Hancock et Ashok Kumar. Energy Performance Measurement and Simulation Modeling of Tactical Soft-Wall Shelters. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juillet 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada621105.

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Green, jesse, Amber Guckes, James Tinsley et Brandon Baldonado. Gamma Array Simulation Toolkit for Modeling the NDSE Gamma Ray Detector Wall. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1864653.

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Barrows, Richard. Two Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Swift Delta Soil Nail Wall by "ABAQUS". Portland State University Library, janvier 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6625.

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