Articles de revues : « Wages – Portugal »

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Mendes, Raquel. « Glass Ceilings in Portugal ? » International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 1, n^o 2 (avril 2010) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcitp.2010040101.

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Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to women’s role in the labor market, gender inequality remains. Women are still less likely to be employed than men, occupational gender segregation continues, and females continue to earn less than males. The gender wage gap remains wide in several occupational sectors, among which is the information technology (IT) sector. This paper focuses the determinants of gender wage inequality. More precisely, it investigates for statistical evidence of a glass ceiling effect on women’s wages. Based on the quantile regression framework, the empirical analysis extends the decomposition of the average gender wage gap to other parts of the earnings distribution. The main objective is to empirically test whether gender-based wage discrimination is greater among high paid employees, in line with glass ceiling hypothesis. Larger unexplained gaps at the top of the wage distribution indicate the existence of a glass ceiling effect in Portugal.

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Hartog, Joop, Pedro T. Pereira et Jos� A. C. Vieira. « Bargaining regimes and wages in Portugal ». Portuguese Economic Journal 1, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2002) : 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10258-002-0013-0.

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Carneiro, Anabela, Paulo Guimarães et Pedro Portugal. « Real Wages and the Business Cycle : Accounting for Worker, Firm, and Job Title Heterogeneity ». American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 4, n^o 2 (1 avril 2012) : 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.2.133.

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Using a longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset for Portugal over the 1986–2007 period, this study analyzes the wage responses to aggregate labor market conditions for newly hired workers and existing workers within the same firm. Accounting for worker, firm, and job title heterogeneity, the data support the hypothesis that entry wages are more procyclical than wages of stayers. A one point increase in the unemployment rate decreases wages of newly hired workers within a given firm-job title by around 2.7 percent and by 2.2 percent for stayers within the same firm-job title. Finally, the results reveal a one-for-one wage response to changes in labor productivity. (JEL: E24, E32, J64)

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Carrington, William J., et Pedro J. F. De Lima. « The Impact of 1970s Repatriates from Africa on the Portuguese Labor Market ». ILR Review 49, n^o 2 (janvier 1996) : 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900210.

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This paper examines the labor market effect of the retornados who immigrated to Portugal from Angola and Mozambique in the mid-1970s following Portugal's loss of its African colonies. The retornados increased the Portuguese labor force by roughly 10% in just three years. Two analyses suggest contrasting conclusions. First, comparisons of Portugal with Spain and France indicate that any adverse effect of the retornados was quantitatively swamped by the Europe-wide downturn in labor market conditions in the 1970s. Second, comparisons between districts within Portugal indicate that the retornados may have had a strong adverse effect on Portuguese wages, suggesting that immigration may be considerably more harmful than previous case studies have concluded. The authors, however, regard the results of the within-Portugal analysis as less reliable than those of the comparison across countries.

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Kraciuk, Jakub. « THE IMPACT OF OFFSHORING ON THE EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2017) : 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.3.31.

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This study shows the differences in wages of workers from the EU countries according to various levels of education. It also shows the level of offshoring in the analysed countries and its impact on the salaries. It was found that the largest wage gap between the high-skilled and the low-skilled workers exists both in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and in the countries such as Germany and Portugal. Results of the analysis show that offshoring contributes to a decrease in wages of workers in the countries of the European Union. Nonetheless, the highest decrease in wages is visible among workers with the lowest skills, and the lowest decrease can be seen among workers with the highest skills.

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Damas de Matos, Ana. « Immigrant Language Fluency in the Low-Skilled Labor Market ». ILR Review 70, n^o 5 (1 décembre 2016) : 1176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916682448.

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Using longitudinal linked employer-employee data, the author investigates the returns to being a native speaker for immigrant men in the low-skilled labor market. She compares the two main recent immigrant groups in Portugal: Brazilians, who are Portuguese native speakers, and Eastern Europeans, who are not. Findings show that both wage level and wage growth of the two groups are similar. To better understand this surprising result, the author studies two mechanisms through which language fluency may lead to higher wages: sorting across occupations and across firms. Brazilians do sort into occupations that require greater language skills; however, this does not translate into a wage premium. Considerable workplace segregation occurs in Portugal, but Brazilians are not less segregated from natives than are Eastern Europeans. Evidence in this article suggests that language skills are not a major driver of economic assimilation in the low-skilled labor market.

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Card, David, Ana Rute Cardoso et Patrick Kline. « Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap : Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women * ». Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, n^o 2 (26 octobre 2015) : 633–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv038.

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Abstract There is growing evidence that firm-specific pay premiums are an important source of wage inequality. These premiums will contribute to the gender wage gap if women are less likely to work at high-paying firms or if women negotiate (or are offered) worse wage bargains with their employers than men. Using longitudinal data on the hourly wages of Portuguese workers matched with income statement information for firms, we show that the wages of both men and women contain firm-specific premiums that are strongly correlated with simple measures of the potential bargaining surplus at each firm. We then show how the impact of these firm-specific pay differentials on the gender wage gap can be decomposed into a combination of sorting and bargaining effects. We find that women are less likely to work at firms that pay higher premiums to either gender, with sorting effects being most important for low- and middle-skilled workers. We also find that women receive only 90% of the firm-specific pay premiums earned by men. Importantly, we find the same gender gap in the responses of wages to changes in potential surplus over time. Taken together, the combination of sorting and bargaining effects explain about one-fifth of the cross-sectional gender wage gap in Portugal.

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Pereira, Sonia C. « The impact of minimum wages on youth employment in Portugal ». European Economic Review 47, n^o 2 (avril 2003) : 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(02)00209-x.

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Jung, Moon-Kie. « No Whites, No Asians : Race, Marxism, and Hawai‘i’s Preemergent Working Class ». Social Science History 23, n^o 3 (1999) : 357–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200018125.

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By the close of the nineteenth century, Hawai‘i had become a newly annexed territory of the United States and was tightly controlled by a cohesive oligarchy ofhaolesugar capitalists. The “enormous concentration of wealth and power” held by the Big Five sugar factors of Honolulu up until statehood was unparalleled elsewhere in the United States (Cooper and Daws 1985: 3–4). In contrast, native Hawai‘ians and immigrants recruited from China, Portugal, Japan, and the Philippines—in successive and overlapping waves—endured the low wages and poor working and living conditions characteristic of other agricultural export regions.

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Card, David, et Ana Rute Cardoso. « Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages ? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 4, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2012) : 57–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.57.

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We provide new evidence on the long-term impacts of peacetime conscription, using longitudinal data for Portuguese men born in 1967. These men were inducted at age 21, allowing us to use pre-conscription wages to control for ability differences between conscripts and nonconscripts. We find a significant 4–5 percentage point impact of service on the wages of men with only primary education, coupled with a zero effect for men with higher education. The effect for less-educated men suggests that mandatory service can be a valuable experience for those who might otherwise spend their careers in low-level jobs. (JEL J24, J31, J45)

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Filatov, Georgy. « António Salazar and the Economy of Portugal (1928—1959) ». ISTORIYA 13, n^o 5 (115) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021551-5.

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Researchers debate on whether the economic policy of António Salazar’s regime was effective, as good macroeconomic performance contrasted with high levels of poverty and low wages. The article proposes to abandon the universalist view on efficiency and consider instead, what goals the Portuguese government put forward and to what extent they were achieved. The paper analyzes the first 30 years of António Salazar’s being in power, when the regime set different goals. In the early years, it pursued financial and economic stability. It was only since the mid-1930s, however, when the first modest steps were taken to increase economic development. The results corresponded with these goals. The severe economic crisis was overcome by the early 1930s, and the country’s moderate economic growth was consistent with the modest goals set by the António Salazar’s government.

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Antonopoulou, Maria Georgia. « Minimum wage in Greece and Southern Europe : Towards a new model for shaping labour relations ». Social Cohesion and Development 14, n^o 1 (18 janvier 2021) : 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.25765.

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The article focuses on the institution of the general minimum wage in Greece and Southern Europe during the economic recession and up to the present day. The economic crisis and the way it was dealt with by European and international institutions led not only to constraints in social expenditure but also restrictive income policies, among other things. Especially in countries that found themselves involved in ‘fiscal adjustment programmes’, like Greece, Spain, and Portugal, the whole of the labour market and labour relations became the arena for radical reforms. The declared targets were increasing flexibility in the labour market, decreasing labour force costs, gradually decentralizing collective agreements, changing the way wages are determined, and strengthening of flexible forms of work. Our study examines the changes in the established method of determining minimum wage in the countries of Southern Europe that were part of fiscal adjustment programmes.

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Bomba, Katarzyna. « Minimum Wage Fixing Mechanisms in the EU Member States : A Comparative Overview in the Light of the Draft Directive on Adequate Minimum Wages ». Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 15 (16 novembre 2022) : 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.15.09.

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This paper focuses on a comparative legal overview of the minimum wage in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain. The author uses this context to discuss the significance of constitutions, statutes and collective bargaining agreements. Attention is drawn to the amount of detail in relevant constitutional provisions, the reasons for the discrepancies, as well as to the correlation between the way in which the minimum wage is regulated in the constitution and the way it is regulated by way of statute or collective bargaining agreement. The influence of international and European legal acts on the norms adopted in particular states is also assessed. Next, the structure of various national minimum wage fixing mechanisms is analysed in an attempt to indicate regularities in their formation. The paper refers to the draft Directive on adequate minimum wages in the European Union and provides an assessment of its potential impact on domestic legal systems. Further, the article evaluates national minimum wage fixing mechanisms from the perspective of their compatibility with the requirements introduced by the draft Directive.

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Figueiredo, Maria da Conceição, Fátima Suleman et Maria do Carmo Botelho. « Workplace Abuse and Harassment : The Vulnerability of Informal and Migrant Domestic Workers in Portugal ». Social Policy and Society 17, n^o 1 (13 décembre 2016) : 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000579.

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Policy makers and researchers are alarmed by the pervasive substandard working conditions and mistreatment in domestic work worldwide. Using an original dataset from a sample of domestic workers in Portugal (n = 684), our study explores types of abuse and harassment and tries to unveil the potential factors affecting the likelihood of having been a victim. Empirical evidence pointed to three segments of domestic workers: victims of labour abuses related to contract and wages, victims of multiple abuses including mistreatment and also psychological and sexual harassment, and a segment with no occurrence of abuse. Informal workers are more often victims of labour abuses, while migrants, especially Brazilian women, are more likely to report all types of abuse and harassment. On the other hand, carers of the elderly often suffered multiple abuses. The results suggest that despite the prevalence of labour abuses in Portugal, the most severe abuses are uncommon.

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Leightner, Jonathan E. « Do Imports Increase Unemployment ? Empirical Estimates That Are Not Model Dependent ». Frontiers of Economics in China 16, n^o 3 (22 décembre 2021) : 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54605/fec20210302.

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Some Ricardian models would predict a fall in unemployment with trade liberalization. In contrast, the Heckscher-Ohlin model (Stolper Samuelson Theorem) would predict trade liberalization would cause a fall in wages for labor scarce countries, resulting in greater unemployment if there are wage rigidities. The choice of which theoretical model is used affects the empirical results obtained. This paper produces estimates of the change in unemployment due to a change in imports that are not model dependent. The estimates produced are total derivatives that capture all the ways that imports and unemployment are correlated. I find that unemployment increases with increased imports for Austria, Greece, Japan, Portugal, South Korea, Slovenia, and Sweden, but that unemployment decreases with increased imports for Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, the UK, and the US.

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Bulfone, Fabio, et Alexandre Afonso. « Business Against Markets : Employer Resistance to Collective Bargaining Liberalization During the Eurozone Crisis ». Comparative Political Studies 53, n^o 5 (6 octobre 2019) : 809–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019879963.

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Employer organizations have been presented as strong promoters of the liberalization of industrial relations in Europe. This article, in contrast, argues that the preferences of employers vis-à-vis liberalization are heterogeneous and documents how employer organizations in Spain, Italy, and Portugal have resisted state-led reforms to liberalize collective bargaining during the Euro crisis. It shows that the dominance of small firms in the economies of these countries make employer organizations supportive of selective aspects of sectoral bargaining and state regulation. Encompassing sectoral bargaining is important for small firms for three reasons: it limits industrial conflict, reduces transaction costs related to wage-bargaining, and ensures that member firms are not undercut by rivals offering lower wages and employment conditions. Furthermore, the maintenance of sectoral bargaining and its extension to whole sectors by the state is a matter of survival for employer organizations. The article presents rationales for employer opposition to liberalization that differ from the varieties of capitalism approach.

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Santos, Eleonora, et Jacinta Moreira. « Social Sustainability of Water and Waste Management Companies in Portugal ». Sustainability 14, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2021) : 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010221.

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The Sustainable Development Goals aim at balancing economic, social and environmental development. In this framework, social sustainability is key to tackle current challenges that hinder the maximization of social satisfaction. Yet, for many years, scholars have negleted the social dimension. A possible explanation may be the difficulty to measure social concepts such as well-being and prosperity. Thus, we argue that, to evaluate sectoral performance, the concept of social sustainability should be translated into metrics, by focusing on the indicators that impact on those social concepts. Consequently, time-series data from Quadros do Pessoal, PORDATA and SABI databases for the sector of Water Collection, Treatment and Distribution, Sanitation, Waste Management and Depollution, are consulted to analyze the evolution of those indicators and evaluate corporate performance concerning social sustainability in 2008–2019. In line with previous literature, we use average wages and employment as proxies for social sustainability. However, we introduce a new indicator, the average term for receipts to carry out an analysis from the stakeholders’ perspective. The results suggest that, especially as of 2017, sectoral firms appear to have reagained their momentum concerning social sustainability performance. This study provides the opportunity to uncover average sectoral trends on social sustainability and paves the way for future research exploring firms’ heterogeneity.

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Ponuzhdaev, E. A., et Tatiana A. Shpilkina. « «Roses» and «thorns» of the international division of labor : dialogue with history and modernity ». Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 19, n^o 3 (20 septembre 2020) : 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2020-19-3-209-221.

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The authors considered historical and topical issues of the international division of labor (MRT). The analysis and parallel of MRI data by ancient scientists, researchers, scientists and experts of the XVIII, XIX, and XXI centuries. On the example of the European Union countries Greece, Spain and Portugal, the analysis of GDP, wages and unemployment as key indicators that characterize the economy of countries is carried out. The historical «cycle» of social structures is given and the dynamics of the ratio of the upper (B), middle (C) and lower (H) classes is shown. It shows the current problems of world markets, taking into account sanctions, trade wars and the consequences of the pandemic. Prospects for the national division of labor (NDT) are defined.

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McCall Howard, Penny. « Workplace cosmopolitanization and "the power and pain of class relations" at sea ». Focaal 2012, n^o 62 (1 mars 2012) : 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2012.620105.

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This article examines the "power and the pain of class relations" (Ortner 2006) through the experience of Scottish men working in the global shipping, offshore oil, and fishing industries: industries in which the nationality of workers has changed significantly since the 1980s. It combines recent anthropological literature on subjectivity and cosmopolitanism with a Marxist understanding of class as generated through differing relationships to production. The article describes how British seafarers have experienced the cosmopolitanization of their workplaces, as workers from Portugal, Eastern Europe, and the Philippines have been recruited by employers in order to reduce wages, working conditions, and trade union organization. Drawing on Therborn (1980), it concludes that the experiences gained through this process have led to the development of multiple and often contradictory subjectivities, which people draw on as they choose how to act in moments of crisis, and as they imagine possible futures.

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Lopes, José Da Silva. « The Role of the State in the Labour Market : Its Impact on Employment and Wages in Portugal as Compared with Spain ». South European Society and Politics 8, n^o 1-2 (mars 2003) : 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608740808539651.

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Kovačević, Radovan. « The export performance and competitiveness of the Euro area's periphery ». Ekonomski horizonti 24, n^o 3 (2022) : 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2203243k.

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This paper examines the impact of the selected factors on the real exports of goods and services in the several Euro area (the eurozone) peripheral economies. There are five countries in the sample (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and Greece). The time period from 2000 to 2019 is considered. The research is aimed at providing robust estimates of the long-term relationship between the real exports of these countries and the selected explanatory variables using panel data analysis. The coefficients of the cointegration export equation were estimated using the FMOLS and DOLS estimators. Using the FMOLS estimator, the estimated coefficient of the real effective exchange rate is negative (-0.80) and of the variable foreign demand is positive (2.25). The coefficient of the real effective exchange rate confirms the fact that, from the point of view of the eurozone peripheral members, the overestimated real value of the Euro has a disincentive effect on their real exports. The estimated coefficient of foreign demand suggests that the real export of goods and services (volumes) of the eurozone peripheral members increases by 2.25% when the real GDP of the EU increases by 1%. The real export elasticity of the eurozone periphery countries is higher for foreign demand (income elasticity) than for relative price changes (price elasticity). Reductions in wages and prices in peripheral countries have led to redistributive effects in favor of the core.

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GUEDES, GRAÇA, et PAULO VAZ. « Reinventing the Portuguese knitwear industry : the case of Pedrosa & ; Rodrigues private label management model ». Industria Textila 72, n^o 05 (30 octobre 2021) : 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.05.202035.

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During the first decade of this century, the Portuguese knitwear industry, and textile cluster, were strongly affected by globalisation and seemed destined to decline. The Portuguese knitwear industry developed for decades a business model based on price as the main competitive factor, and that model was no longer able to support competitiveness against low wages countries. Portuguese knitwear industry made a dramatic change towards a competition based on value to the client. The companies adopted as primary differentiation drives technological innovation, design, fashion, and services customer-oriented, together with more presence on international fairs and exhibitions. The new strategy resulted in the significant growth of exports that reached 40% from 2009 to 2018. The restructuring of the cluster, however, changed it significantly, and the number of companies was reduced by almost 50%. The competitive change made the entire Portuguese textile cluster an international case study where the modern concept of private label business model is central. The business model of private label adopted by the most competitive knitwear companies considered a full package of services to international clients. It integrated the collection’s design, raw materials development, superior finishing, careful and cost-effective confection and sophisticated logistics. Pedrosa & Rodrigues, SA. is a midcap company from Barcelos County, North of Portugal, and is a highly successful example of the new competitive paradigms. This new model is now leading the Portuguese knitwear industry to a higher level in the value chain and gives it a strong reputation worldwide.

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Mirgorod-Karpova, V. V. « Peculiarities of family medicine functioning and provision of medical services : experience of the European Union and lessons for Ukraine ». Legal horizons, n^o 26 (2021) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2021.i26.p35.

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The development and promotion of health care and the functioning of primary care in general has a positive impact on health care system in the country. However, such a positive impact is possible only in the case of the efficiency and accessibility of medical services at this stage, when the family doctor is able to provide quality and comprehensive range of services, cooperate with other doctors, and carry out high-level preventive measures. The principles on which family medicine is built create the preconditions for doctors to compete with each other for patients, which directly affects the quality of services provided. For a long time, Ukraine has ignored the recommendations of international organizations, including the World Health Organization, on the need to reform the health sector. Experts determine that only since 2010 in is possible to talk about a slow, unstable and unplanned start of reform actions. In 2010, in accordance with the official statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the state expenditures on health care amounted to 1042 UAH per 1 Ukrainian, while each citizen spent another UAH 750 to purchase medicines. In comparison, the average salary of 1 medical worker was 1,778 UAH, which is about 43% less than the salary of 1 employee in industry and 67% less as in the financial sector. The domestic researchers state that overall public funding for health care has been ineffective and that wages have not met global standards. For example, a health worker received an average of 2,536 euros in Finland, 898 euros in Portugal, 800 euros in Lithuania, and 572 euros in Bulgaria in 2010. In this study, we focused on the functioning of the procedure for providing medical services in the European Union and outlining key lessons for Ukraine. Nowadays, the reform of the health care sector and the entire system of medical services has become a real necessity for the socio-economic development of Ukraine. Since then, the state is gradually introducing major reform measures.

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Kosatsky, T. « The 2003 European heat waves ». Eurosurveillance 10, n^o 7 (1 juillet 2005) : 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en.

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The current issue of Eurosurveillance updates and provides additional context to the report in early 2004 of an estimated 22 080 excess deaths in England and Wales, France, Italy and Portugal during and immediately after the heat waves of the summer of 2003 [1]. While estimates for England and Wales [2], France [3], and Portugal [4], are largely unchanged from those reported earlier, to these should be added 6595-8648 excess deaths in Spain [5], of which approximately 54% or 3574-4687 occurred in August, and 1400-2200 in the Netherlands [6], of which an estimated 500 occurred during the heat wave of 31 July-13 August. Data for Italy, provided here for the cities of Bologna, Milan, Rome, and Turin, are compatible with the earlier estimate that 3134 excess deaths occurred in the 21 Italian regional capitals during the period 1 June-15 August [1,7]; the Italian National Institute of Statistics however, reported an excess of 19 780 deaths country-wide during June-September 2003 as compared to 2002 [8]. Reports elsewhere indicate that approximately 1250 heat-related deaths occurred in Belgium during the summer of 2003 [9], that there were 975 excess deaths during June-August in Switzerland [10] and 1410 during the period August 1-24 in Baden-Württemberg, Germany [11]. At this point, it seems reasonable to speculate that with evidence of heat wave-associated deaths beyond England and Wales, France, Italy, and Portugal, the previously published estimate of 22 080 early August excess deaths should be revised upward by at least 50% for all of western Europe, and by 100% or more if heat events that occurred during June and July 2003 are also taken into account.

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Neves, Claudio F., Luiz Augusto M. Endres, Conceição Juana Fortes et Daniel Spinola Clemente. « THE USE OF ADV IN WAVE FLUMES : GETTING MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WAVES ». Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n^o 33 (15 décembre 2012) : 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.38.

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This article discusses the advantages of measuring wave orbital velocities in coastal two-dimensional physical models in addition to free surface profiles. A brief presentation of linear theory for partial standing wave is made and early experimental works on this subject are reviewed. Since 2005, additional experiments have been conducted on wave flumes in Brazil (INPH, IPH/UFRGS) and in Portugal (LNEC), in order to characterize wave patterns in terms of velocity data obtained by ADVs. A few questions are posed in the conclusion of the article, which aim at suggesting special care on the interpretation of velocity data, as used today, as well as proposing further research on the subject.

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Pereira, João, et Aurora Galego. « Intra-regional Wage Inequality in Portugal ». Spatial Economic Analysis 10, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2014) : 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2014.992360.

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Costa, Joaquim M., Margarida Oliveira, Ricardo J. Egipto, João F. Cid, Rita A. Fragoso, Carlos M. Lopes et Elisabeth N. Duarte. « Water and wastewater management for sustainable viticulture and oenology in South Portugal – a review ». Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 35, n^o 1 (2020) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/20203501001.

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Assessing sustainability of the wine industry requires improved characterization of its environmental impacts, namely in terms of water use. Therefore, quantification of water inputs and wastewater (WW) outputs is needed to highlight inefficiencies in wine production and related consequences for the environment. Water use and WW generation in irrigated viticulture and oenology remains insufficiently quantified for dry Mediterranean regions (e.g. South Portugal). This paper is focused on wine production under warm and dry climate conditions in the winegrowing region of Alentejo (South Portugal). This region experiences increasingly dry conditions, while the irrigated area keeps expanding, which puts exacerbates the pressure on existing local and regional water resources. Additionally, more erratic variation in climate conditions and the tendency for increasingly extreme climate events (e.g. heat waves) pose more challenges to Alentejo’s wine sector. We conclude that quantitative information on water use and management is not always easy to obtain or access, which hinders improved strategies and/or policies for water use at farm, winery and region-level. Up-to-date statistics and robust metrics can help to better characterize water use and WW flows for Alentejo’s wine region, while optimizing management in vineyards and wineries, in companies and region-wide. The paper is focused on a “Farm-Winery” scenario, which is the most common in South Portugal’s wine sector

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Pereira, João M. R., et Aurora Galego. « Diverging trends of wage inequality in Europe ». Oxford Economic Papers 71, n^o 4 (5 février 2019) : 799–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpy072.

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Abstract Since the middle/end of the 2000s wage inequality has increased in some European countries (such as Portugal or the UK) and decreased in others (especially in Hungary and Poland). In this article, we analyse the role of the minimum wage and of workers’ and firms’ observed characteristics behind these diverging trends in wage inequality. Our findings indicate that compositional changes as regards education are a key factor pushing up inequality in the majority of the countries, but particularly in Italy and Portugal. Other factors either contribute to increased or decreased inequality, specifically minimum wage changes, the percentage of non-native employees and native wage premiums. Minimum wage changes seem to be of crucial importance in Greece, Hungary and Poland. Finally, the presence of non-natives in the labour market is a key determinant in the UK, but also to some extent in Austria and Hungary.

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Hertig, Elke, Ana Russo et Ricardo M. Trigo. « Heat and Ozone Pollution Waves in Central and South Europe—Characteristics, Weather Types, and Association with Mortality ». Atmosphere 11, n^o 12 (24 novembre 2020) : 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121271.

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Air pollution and hot temperatures present two major health risks, especially for vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing conditions. Episodes of high ozone concentrations and heat waves have been registered throughout Europe and are expected to continue to grow due to climate change. Here, several different heat and ozone wave definitions were applied to characterize the wave-type extremes for two climatically different regions, i.e., Portugal (South Europe) and Bavaria (Central Europe), and their impacts were evaluated considering each type of hazard independently but also when they occur simultaneously. Heat and ozone waves were analyzed with respect to the underlying atmospheric circulation patterns and in terms of their association with human mortality. Heat waves were identified as the most frequent wave type and, despite different climate settings, a comparable exposure to heat and ozone waves was found in Central and South Europe. Waves were associated with in-situ built-up as well as with advection of air masses. However, in Bavaria waves showed the strongest connection with autochthonous weather conditions, while for Portugal, the strongest relationship appeared for eastern and north-eastern inflow. The most severe events, as measured by excess mortality, were always associated to compound heat-ozone waves.

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Pereira, João, et Aurora Galego. « Inter-Regional Wage Differentials in Portugal : An Analysis Across the Wage Distribution ». Regional Studies 48, n^o 9 (15 janvier 2013) : 1529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.750424.

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Pereira, João, et Aurora Galego. « Regional wage differentials in Portugal : Static and dynamic approaches ». Papers in Regional Science 90, n^o 3 (16 août 2010) : 529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00328.x.

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De Dominicis, Piero. « Routinization and Covid‑19 : A Comparison Between the United States and Portugal ». Notas Económicas, n^o 51 (11 décembre 2020) : 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_51_7.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the role of automatization in increasing wage inequality, by comparing the United States to Portugal. Using the PSID and Quadros de Pessoal (Personnel Records), we find that labor income dynamics are strongly determined by the variance of the individual fixed component. This effect is drastically reduced by adding information on workers’ occupational tasks, confirming that a decreasing price of capital and the consequent replacement of routine manual workers have deepened wage inequality. During the current crisis, we find that the ability to keep working is strongly related with the kind of occupation. As such, we foster the impact of a permanent demand shock using an overlapping generations model with incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents to quantitatively predict the impact of Covid‑ 19 and lockdown measures on wage premium and earnings inequality. We find that wage premia and earnings dispersion increase, suggesting that earnings inequality will increase at the expense of manual workers.

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Fonseca, Madalena, Diana Dias, Carla Sá et Alberto Amaral. « Waves of (Dis)Satisfaction : Effects of theNumerus Clausussystem in Portugal ». European Journal of Education 49, n^o 1 (16 août 2013) : 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12042.

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Lains, Pedro, Ester Gomes da Silva et Jordi Guilera. « Wage inequality in a developing open economy : Portugal, 1944–1984 ». Scandinavian Economic History Review 61, n^o 3 (novembre 2013) : 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2013.797922.

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Andini, Corrado. « Within-groups wage inequality and schooling : further evidence for Portugal ». Applied Economics 42, n^o 28 (novembre 2010) : 3685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840802314564.

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Nogueira, P. J., J. M. Falcão, M. T. Contreiras, E. Paixão, J. Brandão et I. Batista. « Mortality in Portugal associated with the heat wave of August 2003 : Early estimation of effect, using a rapid method ». Eurosurveillance 10, n^o 7 (1 juillet 2005) : 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.07.00553-en.

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During the first two weeks of August 2003, Portugal was affected by a severe heat wave. Following the identification in Portugal of the influence of heat waves on mortality in 1981 and 1991 (estimated excess of about 1900 and 1000 deaths respectively), the Observatório Nacional de Saúde (ONSA) - Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, together with the Vigilância Previsão e Informação - Instituto de Meteorologia, created a surveillance system called ÍCARO, which has been in operation since 1999. ÍCARO identifies heat waves with potential influence on mortality [1]. Before the end of the 2003 heat wave, ONSA had produced a preliminary estimate of its effect on mortality. The results based on daily number of deaths from 1 June to 12 August 2003 were presented within 4 working days. Data was gathered from 31 National Civil registrars, covering the district capitals of all 18 districts of mainland Portugal, and representing approximately 40% of the mainland’s mortality. The number of deaths registered in the period 30 July to 12 August was compared with the ones registered during 3 comparison periods: (in July): 1-14 July, 1-28 July, and 15-28 July). 15-28 July, the period best resembling the heat wave in time and characteristics, produced an estimation of 37.7% higher mortality rate then the value expected under normal temperature conditions. From this value, an estimate of 1316 death excess was obtained for mainland Portugal. The main purpose of this article is to present the method used to identify and assess the occurrence of an effect (excess mortality) during the heat wave of summer 2003.

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Ortega Chinchilla, María José. « A pernicious custom”. Discourses on breastfeeding wage in Portugal in the eighteenth century ». La Aljaba 20 (1 décembre 2016) : 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/la-2016-v2011.

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Davies, Susan, et Rebecca Gomperts. « On Deck for Abortion Rights : Women on Waves Sails to Portugal ». Thresholds 34 (janvier 2007) : 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00223.

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Paillard, Michel, Marc Prevosto, Stephen F. Barstow et Carlos Guedes Soares. « Field measurements of coastal waves and currents in Portugal and Greece ». Coastal Engineering 40, n^o 4 (juillet 2000) : 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(00)00014-4.

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Malhadas, Madalena S., Paulo C. Leitão, Adélio Silva et Ramiro Neves. « Effect of coastal waves on sea level in Óbidos Lagoon, Portugal ». Continental Shelf Research 29, n^o 9 (mai 2009) : 1240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.02.007.

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Rosa, Silvério, et Delfim F. M. Torres. « Fractional Modelling and Optimal Control of COVID-19 Transmission in Portugal ». Axioms 11, n^o 4 (11 avril 2022) : 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11040170.

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A fractional-order compartmental model was recently used to describe real data of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal [Chaos Solitons Fractals 144 (2021), Art. 110652]. Here, we modify that model in order to correct time dimensions and use it to investigate the third wave of COVID-19 that occurred in Portugal from December 2020 to February 2021, and that has surpassed all previous waves, both in number and consequences. A new fractional optimal control problem is then formulated and solved, with vaccination and preventive measures as controls. A cost-effectiveness analysis is carried out, and the obtained results are discussed.

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Левкина et Nataliya Levkina. « The Results of the Research of Kondratiev Waves in Economies of Greece and Portugal ». Economics 4, n^o 1 (18 février 2016) : 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17721.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of Greek and Portuguese economic dynamics in order to identify Kondratiev waves, to divide them into periods, and to determine the point of originating ofnew technological modes. in Greek economy,the analysis of the time series of real GDP per capita for 1913–2008 revealed the presence of economic dynamics’cycles with a period of approximately 50 years, which can be identified as Kondratiev cycles (waves).The regression analysis of the time series of Greek and Portuguese real GDP per capita allowed to determine the date of beginning of the fourth and fifth half-waves of Kondratiev cycles and the date of origin of the fifth and sixth technological modes in Greek and Portuguese economies. The obtained results of the analysis showed that the origin of the fifth technological mode in both economies occurred in the 1950s, the sixth — in the late XX century. The results of the research may be used in order to construct models of technological modes’ productivity in Greece and Portugal.

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Galego, Aurora, et João Pereira. « Decomposition of Regional Wage Differences Along the Wage Distribution in Portugal : The Importance of Covariates ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 46, n^o 10 (janvier 2014) : 2514–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a130055p.

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Martins, Fernando. « What Survey Data Reveal about Price and Wage Rigidity in Portugal ». LABOUR 29, n^o 3 (12 mai 2015) : 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12056.

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Fonseca, Maria Lucinda. « New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal ». Population, Space and Place 14, n^o 6 (novembre 2008) : 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.514.

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Malhadas, Madalena S., Ramiro J. Neves, Paulo C. Leitão et Adélio Silva. « Influence of tide and waves on water renewal in Óbidos Lagoon, Portugal ». Ocean Dynamics 60, n^o 1 (7 novembre 2009) : 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-009-0240-3.

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Card, David, et Ana Rute Cardoso. « Wage Flexibility Under Sectoral Bargaining ». Journal of the European Economic Association, 7 avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvac020.

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Abstract Sectoral contracts in many European countries set wage floors for different occupation groups. In addition, employers often pay a wage premium (or wage cushion) to individual workers. We use administrative data from Portugal, linked to collective bargaining agreements, to study the interactions between wage floors and wage cushions and quantify the impact of sectoral wage floors. Although wages exhibit a “spike” at the wage floor, a typical worker receives a 20% premium over the floor, with larger cushions for older and better-educated workers and at higher-productivity firms. Cushions also allow wages to covary with firm-specific productivity, even within sectoral agreements. Contract negotiations tend to raise all wage floors proportionally, with increases that reflect average productivity growth among covered firms. As floors rise, however, cushions are compressed, leading to an average passthrough rate of about 50%. Finally, we use a series of counterfactual simulations to show that real wage reductions during the recent financial crisis arose through reductions in real wage floors, reductions in real cushions, and a re-allocation of workers to lower wage floors. Offsetting these effects was a rapid rise in education of new cohorts, which in the absence of other factors would have led to rising real wages.

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Lopes, João Carlos, José Carlos Coelho et Vítor Escária. « Labour productivity, wages and the functional distribution of income in Portugal : A sectoral approach ». Society and Economy, 29 juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2021.00013.

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AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to study the functional distribution of income in Portugal in the long run, considering the period between 1953 and 2017. The labour share in income or value added depends on two fundamental variables, labour productivity and the average labour compensation. The trends of these variables are quantified for the aggregate economy and for its main productive sectors. An interesting result emerges, namely the different dynamics across sectors, both for the (unadjusted) wage share (considering only the wages of employees) and for the adjusted labour share (considering also as labour compensation one fraction of mixed income). Moreover, a shift-share analysis is used, in order to distinguish the importance of each sector's wage share evolution (“within” effect) and the changes in each sector's weight (structural changes, or “between” effect). Finally, a first attempt to incorporate the effect of wage inequality on the functional distribution of income is made, subtracting the labour compensation of the highest paid workers (top 10%, 5% and 1%) in order to calculate the wage share of the (so-called) "typical" workers.

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Campos Lima, Maria da Paz, Diogo Martins, Ana Cristina Costa et António Velez. « Internal devaluation and economic inequality in Portugal : challenges to industrial relations in times of crisis and recovery ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research, 24 février 2021, 102425892199500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258921995006.

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Internal devaluation policies imposed in southern European countries since 2010 have weakened labour market institutions and intensified wage inequality and the falling wage share. The debate in the wake of the financial and economic crisis raised concerns about slow wage growth and persistent economic inequality. This article attempts to shed light on this debate, scrutinising the case of Portugal in the period 2010–2017. Mapping the broad developments at the national level, the article examines four sectors, looking in particular at the impact of minimum wages and collective bargaining on wage trends vis-à-vis wage inequality and wage share trajectories. We conclude that both minimum wage increases and the slight recovery of collective bargaining had a positive effect on wage outcomes and were important in reducing wage inequality. The extent of this reduction was limited, however, by uneven sectoral recovery dynamics and the persistent effects of precarious work, combined with critical liberalisation reforms.

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Andini, Corrado, et Pedro Telhado Pereira. « Full-time Schooling, Part-time Schooling, and Wages : Returns and Risks in Portugal ». SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.970491.

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