Livres : « Wage decline »

1

Silent depression : Twenty-five years of wage squeeze and middle class decline. New York : Norton, 1995.

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2

B, Freeman Richard. Getting together and breaking apart : The decline of centralised collective bargaining. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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3

Moffitt, Robert. The decline of welfare benefits in the U.S. : The role of wage inequality. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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4

Watts, Tim J. The decline of American labor : Give backs and wage concessions in the 1980's. Monticello, Ill., USA : Vance Bibliographies, 1987.

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5

Barrientos, Armando. J.S. Mill's "recantation" of the wage fund doctrine and the decline of classical economics. London : EalingCollege of Higher Education, 1988.

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6

Clifton, Eric V. The decline of traditional sectors in Israel : The role of the exchange rate and the minimum wage. [Washington, D.C.] : International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 1998.

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7

Lefberg, Irv. The restructuring of the Washington economy in the 1980s : Another look at the earnings decline, part II. [Olympia, Wash.] : Washington State, Office of Financial Management, Forecasting Division, 1990.

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8

Lanjouw, Peter. Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farm employment in rural India : 1983-2004. [Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2009.

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Costs of contracting and the decline of tenancy in the South, 1930-1960. New York : Garland, 1985.

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10

Goldin, Claudia Dale. The decline of non-competing groups : Changes in the premium to education, 1890 to 1940. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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11

Coins and samian ware : A study of the dating of coin-loss and the deposition of samian ware (terra sigillata), with a discussion of the decline of samian ware manufacture in the NW provinces of the Roman Empire, late 2nd to mid 3rd centuries AD. Oxford : Archaeopress, 2013.

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12

Office, General Accounting. Tax administration : Impact of compliance and collection program declines on taxpayers : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.

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Oklahoma's decade of decline. Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Dept. of Labor, 2000.

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14

Firpo, Sergio, et Alysson Portella. Decline In Wage Inequality In Brazil : A Survey. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9096.

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Monteith, William, Dora-Olivia Vicol et Philippa Williams, dir. Beyond the Wage. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208931.001.0001.

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Recent developments in the organisation of work and production have facilitated the decline of wage employment in many regions of the world. However, the idea of the wage continues to dominate the political imaginations of governments, researchers and activists. This edited collection revitalises debates on the future of work by challenging the idea of wage employment as the global norm. Taking theoretical inspiration from the Global South, the authors compare lived experiences of 'ordinary work' across taken-for-granted conceptual and geographical boundaries. Their contributions open up new possibilities for how work, identity and security might be woven together differently. This collection is an invaluable resource for academics, students and readers interested in alternative and emerging forms of work around the world.

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Macroeconomic Inequality from Reagan to Trump : Market Power, Wage Repression, Asset Price Inflation, and Industrial Decline. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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Taylor, Lance. Macroeconomic Inequality from Reagan to Trump : Market Power, Wage Repression, Asset Price Inflation, and Industrial Decline. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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18

Danquah, Michael, Abdul Malik Iddrisu, Ernest Owusu Boakye et Solomon Owusu. Do gender wage differences within households influence women’s empowerment and welfare ? Evidence from Ghana. 40^e éd. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/978-5.

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Using household data from the latest wave of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, this paper utilizes machine learning techniques to examine the effect of gender wage differences within households on women’s empowerment and welfare in Ghana. The structural parameters of the post-double selection LASSO estimations show that a reduction in household gender wage gap significantly enhances women’s empowerment. Also, a decline in household gender wage gap results meaningfully in improving household welfare. Particularly, the increasing effect on women’s welfare resulting from decreases in household gender wage differences is much higher than for the household welfare. The findings showcase the need to vigorously adopt policies that both increase the quantity and quality of jobs for women and address gender barriers that inhibit women from accessing these jobs opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Khurana, Saloni, et Kanika Mahajan. Evolution of wage inequality in India (1983–2017) : The role of occupational task content. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/924-2.

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We examine data for urban workers in the non-agricultural sector across three decades, 1983–2017, and find that earnings inequality increased during 1983–2004, was largely stable during 2004–11, and decreased during 2011–17. We explore whether decline in routine jobs and change in demand for skills has shaped evolution of earnings inequality in India. We rule out earnings polarization as an explanation for rising earnings inequality during 1983–2004, and then use Shapley and recentred influence functions (RIF) decomposition methods to decompose the change in Gini into the contribution from change in worker demographics and routine task intensity and the accompanying changes in returns to these characteristics. Our results show that changes in returns to education and routine task intensity explain a small part of the trends in wage inequality. Hence, in the Indian context, institutional factors may have played a bigger role in shaping wage inequality.

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Allen, Robert C. 2. The pre-Industrial Revolution, 1500–1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706786.003.0002.

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‘The pre-Industrial Revolution, 1500–1700’ uses the cloth industry in Witney, a small Oxfordshire market town, as an example of the many themes of both the pre- and main Industrial Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, the technology changed and so did the organization of work, but these changes did not benefit the workforce. Despite the decline in employment and real wages, the woven blanket industry remained the economic basis of the town for two more centuries. England’s success in the global economy had important effects beyond the growth of cities and rural manufacturing. These include the agricultural revolution, the coal revolution, the high wage economy, and the expansion of literacy.

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Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Continuity and Instability : The Spiral Sets In. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the 1964–79 period, during which the social tensions accumulated over the previous decades erupted, a wave of political violence without parallel in Europe shook the country, and the steep rise of labour’s bargaining power caused a persistent wage shock. Political consensus was sustained by spending policies aimed at particularistic inclusion, leading to both a fragmented welfare system and growing budget deficits, which were largely monetized. Driven also by a challenging international environment, macroeconomic disequilibria accumulated. Although the country’s institutions were increasingly inappropriate, TFP growth and Italy’s convergence to the productivity frontier nonetheless continued, sustained also by the rise of industrial districts. Several mutually reinforcing vicious circles set in, however: the collusion between political and economic elites intensified, clientelism and corruption rose, organized crime strengthened, and after two decades of convergence the South resumed its decline relative to the rest of the country.

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Krafft, Caroline, et Ragui Assaad, dir. The Egyptian Labor Market. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847911.001.0001.

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This book updates our understanding of how the Egyptian labor market, economy, and society have evolved in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, the subsequent political upheaval and substantial economic challenges that followed, and the economic reforms introduced in late 2016. Not only was job creation anemic over the period from 2012 to 2018, but new jobs were also of low-quality, characterized by informality and vulnerability to economic shocks. These challenges pushed many in Egypt, especially the most vulnerable, into a more precarious labor market situation. The book examines the plight of the most vulnerable groups by focusing on the intersection of gender and economic vulnerability in the labor market. With this emphasis on vulnerability and a lens that is sensitive to gender differences and inequities, the contributors to this volume use data from the most recent wave of a unique longitudinal survey to illuminate different aspects of Egyptians’ lives. The aspects they explore include labor supply behavior, the ability to access good quality and well-paying jobs, the evolution of wages and wage inequality, the school-to-work transition of youth, the decline in public sector employment, international and internal migration, the situation of rural women, access to social protection, food security, vulnerability to shocks and coping mechanisms, health status, and access to health care services. These analyses are prescient in understanding the axes of vulnerability in Egyptian society that became all too salient during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Kerstenetzky, Celia Lessa, et Danielle Carusi Machado. Labor Market Development in Brazil. Sous la direction de Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni et Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.28.

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After presenting general facts concerning the evolution of the labor market in Brazil over the 2004–2014 decade, this chapter documents the outstanding formalization process that took place, as well as its main consequences and driving forces. In this period, the Brazilian economy achieved sizable GDP growth rates. Although far below Chinese or Indian performances, in contrast to the experiences of the latter, Brazilian growth was notable for being (re)distributive (i.e. associated with important reductions in inequality). In particular, the new growth path was accompanied by a sustained expansion in formal employment, an increase in labor incomes, particularly of earnings at the bottom end of wage distribution, and a consistent decline in wage inequality. Thus, the chapter discusses some of the interventions that led to these achievements and the challenges now faced if these achievements are to be preserved or built upon.

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Hoffmann, Rodolfo. Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil. Sous la direction de Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni et Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.24.

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Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

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Campbell, John L. Economy and Class. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872434.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 begins by showing how long-term trends in the economy beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, notably stagflation, automation, globalization, and increased international competition, caused working- and middle-class wage stagnation, rising inequality, and mounting levels of personal debt in America. These in turn caused many Americans to worry that the American Dream was slipping out of reach and that the chances for upward mobility were evaporating into thin air. They were right. This is a story of the decline of America’s postwar Golden Age of prosperity. Trump took advantage of this by promising to be the best jobs-creating president God ever put on Earth and claiming that his economic program would boost economic growth beyond what most economists believed was possible.

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Sicular, Terry, Shi Li, Ximing Yue et Hiroshi Sato, dir. Changing Trends in China's Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.001.0001.

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This work provides a new, comprehensive, and empirically grounded study of household incomes in China that critically examines the long-term rise and recent apparent decline in inequality. It covers incomes and inequality nationwide as well as separately in the urban and rural sectors, with close attention to measurement issues and to underlying changes in the economy, institutions, and public policy. The chapters examine a range of related topics, including the inequality of wealth, the emergence of a new middle class, the income gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities, the gender wage gap, and the impacts of government policies, such as social welfare programs and the minimum wage. A distinguishing feature of the book is its use of data from the China Household Income Project (CHIP), a collaborative, international research project that has organized nationwide household surveys spanning 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, and, most recently, 2013. The CHIP data make possible to provide a consistent picture of the evolution of China’s income and inequality from the late 1980s to the beginning of the Xi Jinping era. Analyses of the 2013 CHIP data, with comparisons to findings from past rounds of the survey, reveal new trends in China’s inequality.

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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li et Lindsay Richards. The Challenge of Inequality of Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0007.

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Discrimination and inequality of opportunity run counter to British values, are inefficient and waste talent, and can be a potent source of grievance. Discrimination also has highly negative consequences for the well-being and mental health of those affected. However, despite the various Acts of Parliament which made discrimination for jobs illegal, Blacks and Asians experience much the same level of discrimination as they did forty years ago. There is a rather more optimistic picture in the case of the gender wage gap, where the evidence suggests that there was some decline in unequal treatment. In contrast, the story for social class inequalities of opportunity is less encouraging, with little evidence of improvement over the post-war period. Most peer countries exhibit similar inequalities, but Canada appears to do better with respect to social class and France with respect to gender inequalities. There is scope for improvement.

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Lanjouw, Peter, et Rinku Murgai. Poverty Decline, Agricultural Wages, And Non-Farm Employment In Rural India : 1983-2004. The World Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4858.

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Chancer, Lynn S., Martín Sánchez-Jankowski et Christine Trost. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview of youth unemployment. Widespread job destruction and losses in earnings precipitated by the Great Recession (2007–2009) have had an unprecedented impact on American teens and young adults. In spite of a partial economic recovery, American youth continue to experience significantly higher levels of unemployment and underemployment than older adults. Indeed, employment prospects for youth have been declining for more than two decades as a result of significant changes in the structure and nature of work. The rise of the “24/7 economy” and nonstandard work schedules, polarization between “good” and “bad” jobs, the replacement of routine manual work with automation, the steady decline in manufacturing jobs, and the rise in low-wage insecure jobs without benefits all contribute to diminished employment prospects. At the same time, the “American dream” remains a deeply embedded cultural ideology often at odds with actual problems that are increasingly encountered. Ultimately, youth face heightened socioeconomic precariousness and insecurity not only in the realm of work but also in school as the cost of a college education continues to skyrocket.

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Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Introduction : Italy’s Decline, the Existing Interpretations, and Our Hypothesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0001.

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This chapter summarizes the main analyses of Italy’s economic decline, discusses their limitations, and sketches the interpretation offered in this book. The discussion is set in the framework of Schumpeterian growth theory. It moves from the observation that during the 1980s Italy’s TFP performance began to diverge from that of its peers, andG that growth has been stagnant since the early 1990s. The existing interpretations identify the proximate causes of the country’s decline, not its deeper ones, nor do they satisfactorily explain why an unprecedented wave of structural reforms failed to reverse it. This chapter advances the hypothesis, explored in the book, that its deeper causes lie in the political economy of growth, for innovation and economic creative destruction can be hindered if political creative destruction is limited and the ensuing systemic constraints undermine institutional reform.

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Codogno, Lorenzo, et Giampaolo Galli. Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.001.0001.

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Abstract The book draws lessons on the importance of rewarding merit for economic growth by analysing Italy’s decline over the past few decades. Connections rather than merit are a long-standing feature of Italian elites, even in the corporate sector. This became a significant problem when Italy could no longer grow through low wages, imitation, devaluation, and public debt, and faced the challenges of becoming a frontier knowledge-based open economy. The book uses international comparisons over many aspects of society, from social capital to governance, the role of the public sector, efficiency of the judiciary, education, gender and social inequality, social mobility, corporate standards, financial structures, and more to evaluate Italy’s performance. It argues that the arrogance of mediocracy is more damaging than that of meritocracy. Also, the former is more likely to facilitate the rise of populism. Studying Italy’s case can be helpful to many other countries: Italy was the country of economic miracle after WWII, and it is still an advanced economy and a member of the G7 club. Until the 1960s, it seemed destined to catch up with the best-performing countries. Then the growth engine stopped, its debt skyrocketed, and Italy became the weak link in the Eurozone, possibly endangering its very survival.

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Windham, Lane. Knocking on Labor's Door. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632070.001.0001.

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The power of unions in workers’ lives and in the American political system has declined dramatically since the 1970s. In recent years, many have argued that the crisis took root when unions stopped reaching out to workers and workers turned away from unions. But here Lane Windham tells a different story. Highlighting the integral, often-overlooked contributions of women, people of color, young workers, and southerners, Windham reveals how in the 1970s workers combined old working-class tools--like unions and labor law--with legislative gains from the civil and women’s rights movements to help shore up their prospects. Through close-up studies of workers' campaigns in shipbuilding, textiles, retail, and service, Windham overturns widely held myths about labor’s decline, showing instead how employers united to manipulate weak labor law and quash a new wave of worker organizing. Recounting how employees attempted to unionize against overwhelming opposition from bosses and corporations, Knocking on Labor's Door dramatically refashions the narrative of labor and politics during a crucial decade and remaps the recent history of the American workplace. Windham's story inspires both hope and indignation, and will become a must-read in labor, civil rights, and women’s history.

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Reger, Jo. Contemporary Feminism and Beyond. Sous la direction de Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger et Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.6.

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Feminism in the United States has been declared dead or in serious decline repeatedly throughout its history. This chapter examines contemporary, or “third wave,” feminism and examines whether or not it is in a state of decline, the identities embraced by contemporary feminists, and the coexistence of different feminist generations. It investigates contemporary issues of racial-ethnic identity, sexual orientation, and transgender inclusion and exclusion in the movement. By juxtaposing the tactics, strategies, and tools of previous feminist generations with the goals and concerns of contemporary activists, this chapter provides a corrective to those who announce the death of feminism, while detailing the issues that continue to plague feminist organizations and activism.

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Roberts, Mike. Alexander the Great's Legacy : The Decline of Macedonian Europe in the Wake of the Wars of the Successors. Pen & Sword Books Limited, 2022.

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Roberts, Mike. Alexander the Great's Legacy : The Decline of Macedonian Europe in the Wake of the Wars of the Successors. Pen & Sword Books Limited, 2022.

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Roberts, Mike. Alexander the Great's Legacy : The Decline of Macedonian Europe in the Wake of the Wars of the Successors. Pen & Sword Books Limited, 2022.

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37

Morceiro, Paulo César. Evolution and Sectoral Competitiveness of the Brazilian Manufacturing Industry. Sous la direction de Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni et Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.12.

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Production and employment in the Brazilian manufacturing industry grew significantly in the decade from 2004 to 2013, but the technological intensity of production activities declined. Growth was driven by domestic demand, which performed well due to the significant job creation, real minimum wage increases, and the credit boom. However, Brazilian manufacturing lost competitiveness, presented a negative labor productivity growth, and registered trade deficits in most sectors, including those traditionally associated with surpluses. The chapter also shows that the manufacturing sector is integrated into the global value chains by imports, but not by exports—which is a case of introverted fragmentation.

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Siemiatycki, Matti. Cycles in Megaproject Development. Sous la direction de Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.3.

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Cycles of megaproject development are a common feature across a wide variety of infrastructure types, locations, and time periods. Over the past two centuries, new innovations in megaprojects have emerged in jurisdictions around the world, surged in popularity as they are adopted widely, and subsequently seen declining implementation as they deliver on their promised benefits, fail to meet expectations in a large number of places, or are usurped by the next wave of development. This chapter describes and explains the reasons for the emerge–surge–decline cycle of megaproject development, and reflects on the implications for policymakers and project planners.

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Chiang, Connie Y. Removal and Displacement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.003.0002.

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This chapter examines how Japanese Americans’ involvement in natural resource industries (farming and fisheries) shaped the campaign for their removal from the Pacific Coast in the wake of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Their intimate knowledge of these lands and waters grounded arguments to both expel and keep them. This chapter also explores Farm Security Administration (FSA) efforts to keep Japanese American land in production. Fearing a decline in crop output at a time when certain foodstuffs were in high demand, FSA officials sought substitute operators to cultivate farms in Japanese Americans’ absence. These negotiations often led to significant economic losses for detainees.

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Lewis, James R., et Inga Tøllefsen. Introduction. Sous la direction de James R. Lewis et Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.38.

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New Religious Movements (NRMs) was an emergent subfield in the 1970s and 1980s—a field that has grown to become a substantial category of study, involving at least three specialty journals, regular academic meetings focused on NRMs, and multiple specialty book series. The Introduction discusses how NRM studies came into being in response to the emergence of alternative religions as a significant phenomenon in the wake of the decline of the sixties counterculture, and in response to the “cult” controversy that had its heyday in the seventies. The Introduction also provides a chapter by chapter overview of the Handbook’s contents.

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Onida, Fabrizio, Giuseppe Berta et Mario Perugini. Old and New Italian Manufacturing Multinational Firms. Sous la direction de Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0015.

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Only two Italian multinationals born in very early twentieth century are surviving today (Fiat and Pirelli), while a number of public and private business that in the early post-war period had reached significant positions in the global business environment (such as Olivetti, Montecatini, SNIA, IRI-Ilva, Farmitalia) gradually disappeared or were sold to either Italian or foreign ownership. Since the mid-1980s a new wave of private SMEs ("fourth capitalism") became new protagonists of a rapid transformation from strong exporters to growing multinationals competing in sizeable world market niches. The chapter provides an overview of successes and failures of this peculiar pattern of multinational growth and decline of Italian firms.

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Werchota, Roland. Empty Buckets and Overflowing Pits : Urban Water and Sanitation Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa - Acknowledging Decline, Preparing for the Unprecedented Wave of Demand. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Werchota, Roland. Empty Buckets and Overflowing Pits : Urban Water and Sanitation Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa – Acknowledging Decline, Preparing for the Unprecedented Wave of Demand. Springer, 2020.

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Siddiqui, Tasneem, C. Rashaad Shahbab, Ananta Neelim, Mahmudol Rocky, Esther M. Bartl, Rabab Ahmed et Parvez Bhuiyan. Impact of Migration on Transformation to Sustainability : Poverty and Development in Bangladesh. Sous la direction de Tasneem Siddiqui. Refugee and Migratory Movemnets Research Unit (RMMRU), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55711/cdnl9128.

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This book contains the findings from the third wave of a migration focused panel survey in Bangladesh. It examines the interrelationships between labour migration, poverty, and development based on 6,100 interviews including international labour migrants, internal migrants and non-migrant households spanning 20 districts of Bangladesh. The first wave of survey (2014) found that among these three groups poverty level is much lower for international labour migrant households. The second wave (2017), demonstrated that between 2014 and 2017 poverty rates among all three household types reduced further. This book presents findings of the third wave of the panel survey (2020) which was fielded amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and multiple climate related disasters. It finds that sample households are remarkably resilient to these shocks and that the trend in poverty reduction continues across sample waves. Throughout the survey poverty rates have been the lowest among international migrant households. Nonetheless, the poverty rate declines most rapidly and consistently among internal migrant households. This finding has major policy ramifications. It asserts that migration – both internal and international - can be a core element of transformation to economic sustainability. These results show that it is imperative that policy makers to give just as much consideration to facilitating and supporting internal migration as is given to international migration. All three waves of the panel surveys have been supported by Embassy of Switzerland.

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Guillén, Ana M., et Emmanuele Pavolini. Spain and Italy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790266.003.0007.

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Welfare states in Spain and Italy are similar in that they combine social insurance pensions with liberal means-tested benefits and tax-financed universal healthcare and education. Both have responded to the crisis with major austerity programmes and, particularly in Spain, some recalibration to meet the needs of unemployed and low-waged people. Childcare provision has expanded in both countries. Anti-immigrant feeling is much stronger in Italy than in Spain. One of the most striking changes is the rapid decline of trust in government and trade unions and the emergence of new anti-globalization and anti-austerity parties. Both countries face real problems in developing strategies that will satisfy their electorates without damaging government finances and their competitive position in globalized markets.

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Wodzinski, Marcin. Hasidism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631260.001.0001.

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Innovative and multidisciplinary in approaches, the book discusses the most cardinal features of any social or religious movement: definition, gender, leadership, demographic size, geography, economy, and decline of Hasidism, one of the most important religious movements of modern Eastern Europe. This is the first such attempt to respond to those central questions of Hasidism in one book. Recognizing the major limitations of the existing research on Hasidism, the book offers four important corrections. First, it offers an anti-elitist corrective attempting to investigate Hasidism beyond its leaders into the masses of the rank-and-file followers. Second, it introduces new types of sources, rarely or never used in the research of Hasidism, including archival documents, Jewish memorial books, petitionary notes, folk texts, and quantitative and visual materials. Third, it covers the whole classic period of Hasidism from its institutional maturation at the end of the eighteenth century to its major crisis and decline in wake of the First World War. Fourth, instead of focusing on intellectual history, it offers a multidisciplinary approach with the modern methodologies of the corresponding disciplines: social and cultural history, sociology and anthropology of religion, historical demography of religions, historical geography, gender studies, economic history, and more.

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Straumann, Tobias. Zurich and Geneva. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0006.

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The Global Financial Crisis has had a strong negative effect on Zurich and Geneva by ending banking secrecy for foreign clients. The reason for this historical break was the rapid rise of public debt in the wake of the crisis which prompted major EU countries and the United States to intensify their fight against financial centres profiting from tax evasion. As Zurich and Geneva have always had other comparative advantages besides banking secrecy, they are likely to remain important hubs in the international financial geography. But there is no doubt that their golden age has come to an end. Brexit and fintech are unlikely to provide opportunities to reverse the relative decline, since Switzerland is not part of the EU and the Eurozone and does not have the economic size required to be a first mover in developing basic innovations.

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Campbell, John L. Race and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872434.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 explains how America’s economic decline took on racial tones. For years minorities had been blamed for higher taxes, job loss, and depressed wages, as well as crime, terrorism, and a general assault on traditional American values. However, the facts were at odds with these perceptions. But that didn’t matter to Trump, who disregarded the facts and capitalized on the public’s misunderstandings. Racial scapegoating was not new to the United States. However, it took a more explicit tone in the Trump campaign emphasizing recent immigration patterns—an influx of Hispanics from Mexico and Muslims from the Middle East who Trump said he would stop from entering the country by building a wall along the southern border, rounding up undocumented immigrants, deporting them, and tightening up the immigration system overall. His supporters loved him for it.

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Mauldin, Joshua. Barth, Bonhoeffer, and Modern Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867517.001.0001.

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Recent political events around the world have raised the specter of an impending collapse of democratic institutions. Contemporary worries about the decline of liberal democracy harken back to the tumult of the 1930s and 1940s in Europe. Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer lived in Germany during the rise of National Socialism, and each reflected on what the rise of totalitarianism meant for the aspirations of modern politics. Engaging the realities of totalitarian terror, they avoided despairing rejections of modern society. Beginning with Barth in the wake of the First World War, following Bonhoeffer through the 1930s and 1940s in Nazi Germany, and concluding with Barth’s postwar reflections in the 1950s, this study explores how these figures reflected on modern society during this turbulent time and how their work is relevant to the current crisis of modern democracy

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Milkman, Ruth. Women’s Work and Economic Crisis Revisited. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040320.003.0011.

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This chapter compares the gender dynamics of the Great Depression of the 1930s with those of the Great Recession associated with the 2008 financial crisis. It begins with a discussion of the relationship between gender and unemployment, and between gender and family dynamics during the economic crises. It then examines the family wage and married women's employment in the 1930s as well as inequality among women during the Great Recession. Despite the many changes in gender relations that unfolded in the intervening decades, the chapter shows that the structural effects of the two economic downturns were similar. In both cases, female unemployment increased less, and later, than male unemployment, and birth, marriage, and divorce rates declined as well. The Great Depression spurred a political transformation that led to a sharp reduction in economic inequality, accompanied by a dramatic upsurge in union organizing. Neither of these developments took place after the 2008 crisis. Instead, inequalities between the haves and have-nots have continued to widen, and especially class inequality among women.

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