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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Voting – Case studies »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Bishop, Matt, et Deborah Frincke. « Achieving Learning Objectives through E-Voting Case Studies ». IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 5, no 1 (janvier 2007) : 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2007.1.

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Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad E. Hall et Alexander H. Trechsel. « Internet Voting in Comparative Perspective : The Case of Estonia ». PS : Political Science & ; Politics 42, no 03 (26 juin 2009) : 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509090787.

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ABSTRACTSeveral countries have conducted Internet voting trials in binding public elections over the past decade, including Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, Estonia—a former Soviet republic and now a full member of the European Union—has advanced the farthest in deploying Internet voting. In this article, we focus on how the Estonians have systematically addressed the legal and technical considerations required to make Internet voting a functioning voting platform, as well as the political and cultural framework that promoted this innovation. Using data from our own qualitative and quantitative studies of the Estonian experience, we consider who voted over the Internet in these elections, and the political implications of the voting platform.
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Fan, Hua-Tzu, et S. M. Wu. « Case Studies on Modeling Manufacturing Processes Using Artificial Neural Networks ». Journal of Engineering for Industry 117, no 3 (1 août 1995) : 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804348.

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The modeling capability of an artificial neural network is studied through three different manufacturing processes. The first case study is a linear separable pattern classification problem in manufacturing process diagnosis. The performance between the neural network and the probability voting classifier is compared. The second case study uses a design of experiment to study an SMC compression molding process. Modeling and predicting performances between a regression model and a neural network model are compared in linear as well as nonlinear cases. The third case study investigates correlation models between the operating conditions and product quality defects of an automotive painting process. Results from a neural network model are compared with those of a probability voting classifier. An ad hoc modification named focused learning paradigm on the back-propagation algorithm is also introduced to speed up network learning.
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Avgerou, Chrisanthi, Silvia Masiero et Angeliki Poulymenakou. « Trusting e-voting amid experiences of electoral malpractice : The case of Indian elections ». Journal of Information Technology 34, no 3 (1 février 2019) : 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268396218816199.

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This article constructs explanatory theory on trust in e-voting, a term that refers to the use of stand-alone IT artefacts in voting stations. We study e-voting as a techno-organisational arrangement embedded in the process of elections and the broader socio-economic context of a country. Following a critical realist approach, we apply retroduction and retrodiction principles to build theory by complementing existing studies of e-voting with insights from an in-depth case study of elections in India. First, we seek evidence of trust in e-voting in the responses of the public to the announcement of election results. Then we derive the following four mechanisms of trust creation or loss: the association of e-voting with the production of positive democratic effects; the making of e-voting part of the mission and identity of electoral authorities; the cultivation of a positive public attitude to IT with policies for IT-driven socio-economic development; and, in countries with turbulent political cultures, a clear distinction between the experience of voting as orderly and experiences of malpractice in other election tasks. We suggest that these mechanisms explain the different experience with e-voting of different countries. Attention to them helps in assessing the potential of electoral technologies in countries that are currently adopting them, especially fragile democracies embarking upon e-voting.
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Vermeulen, Floris, Maria Kranendonk et Laure Michon. « Immigrant concentration at the neighbourhood level and bloc voting : The case of Amsterdam ». Urban Studies 57, no 4 (21 août 2019) : 766–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019859490.

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Bloc voting, whereby people vote for candidates of the same immigrant background as themselves, provides one possible avenue for immigrants to access political systems. A relevant but understudied element in the bloc voting process is the neighbourhood and, specifically, the effects of its demographic concentration. While we have observed how immigrant voters become socialised within the context of immigrant neighbourhoods, we do not yet understand how immigrant concentration at this level impacts immigrants’ political behaviour. Do such high levels relate more strongly to bloc voting than low levels? Using data from Amsterdam’s 2010 and 2014 local elections, this article compares voting patterns of the Dutch capital’s three largest immigrant groups: Turks, Moroccans and Surinamese. The study’s analyses determine whether changes within a neighbourhood relate to immigrant candidate votes. Our findings reveal that for some groups, the percentage of eligible co-immigrant voters in a neighbourhood shows a positive non-linear correlation with the percentage of votes for candidates of the same immigrant background. This illustrates that for these groups in these contexts a concentration effect is at play.
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Ciampi, Mario, Diego Romano et Giovanni Schmid. « Process Authentication through Blockchain : Three Case Studies ». Cryptography 6, no 4 (11 novembre 2022) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6040058.

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In this work, we elaborate on the concept of process authenticity, which intuitively corresponds to the validity of all process steps and their proper binding. It represents the most exciting forefront of distributed ledger technology research concerning the primary challenge of reliably connecting distributed ledger networks to the physical context it must operate. More in detail, the paper describes a novel methodological approach to ensure the authenticity of business processes through blockchain and several security mechanisms applied to the digital twins of the actual processes. We illustrate difficulties and opportunities deriving from implementing process authenticity in concrete case studies in which we were involved as software designers belonging to three critical application domains: document dematerialization, e-voting, and healthcare.
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Darmawan, Ikhsan. « E-voting adoption in many countries : A literature review ». Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 6, no 4 (12 octobre 2021) : 482–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20578911211040584.

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Although the number of countries that have adopted e-voting has decreased lately, the number of academic publications on e-voting adoption has increased in the last two years. To date, there is no coherent narrative in the existing literature that explains the progress of the research on e-voting adoption. This article aims to answer the following research question: “How has research on the topic of e-voting adoption progressed over the last 15 years?” The article provides a semi-systematic review of 78 studies that were conducted from 2005 to 2020. In this article, I argue that although the studies on e-voting adoption are dominated by a single case study, by research in the United States, and by the positivist paradigm, scholars have employed the term “e-voting adoption” diversely and the research on e-voting adoption has evolved to address more specific research questions. Recommendations for the future agenda of research on e-voting adoption are also discussed.
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Kuba, Ondrej, et Jan Stejskal. « Economic and Political Consequences of the Compulsory Voting in Public Parliamentary Elections : Czech Case Study ». Economies 9, no 2 (22 avril 2021) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9020063.

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Scholars who study compulsory voting realize their research in countries where compulsory voting already exists. On the contrary, there are not many studies that deal with ex ante analyses of the economic and political consequences of voter behavior caused by a new element in public elections—compulsory voting. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to find out what voters’ reactions will cause when compulsory voting is introduced in the Czech Republic. This paper has the ambition to contribute to the understanding of the economic and political context of sanctions for non-voters. The analysis of non-voters’ willingness to change their behavior due to the fine and the determination of the amount of this fine in the Czech Republic are the practical benefits of this study. In this way, we determine the “abstention price” of a vote. The input data of the analysis are data obtained by a questionnaire survey conducted in the Czech Republic in 2020; the target group is 807 respondents. The basic statistical operations, and binary and multinomial logistic regressions were employed in this study. The results of the research show that compulsory voting has only a minimal effect on the turnout. The introduction of compulsory voting changes the characteristics of the typical voter. Voters with lower political interest and political knowledge will take part in the elections more often. The fine that non-voters would be willing to pay is approx. 6% of their average monthly income.
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Kleiner, Andreas, et Benny Moldovanu. « Voting Agendas and Preferences on Trees : Theory and Practice ». American Economic Journal : Microeconomics 14, no 4 (1 novembre 2022) : 583–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20200147.

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We study how parliaments and committees select one out of several alternatives when options cannot be ordered along a “left-right” axis. Which voting agendas are used in practice, and how should they be designed? We assume that preferences are single peaked on a tree and study convex agendas where, at each stage in the voting process, the tree of remaining alternatives is divided into two subtrees that are subjected to a Yes-No vote. We show that strategic voting coincides with sincere, unsophisticated voting. Based on inference results and revealed preference arguments, we illustrate the empirical implications for two case studies. (JEL D71, D72, F15, J13, J16)
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Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva, Irina Ciornei et Jean-Michel Lafleur. « Why do parties support emigrant voting rights ? » European Political Science Review 11, no 3 (août 2019) : 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000171.

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AbstractPolicies allowing enfranchisement of non-resident citizens (emigrants and their descendants) are now implemented in the majority of states worldwide. A growing number of case studies show that the extension of voting rights to non-resident citizens is often contested among country of origin political parties. However, there is no systematic comparative study of why different political parties support or oppose external voting rights and how this position is framed by the parties. Drawing on a unique data set based on 34 debates across 13 countries, we estimate the extent to which ideology and party family are correlated with the positioning and framing of parties. Among the findings are that the more to the right is a party, the more it tends to support external voting rights, except in the case of radical right parties. The position on emigrant voting rights is largely framed along more pragmatic arguments.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Alm, Josef. « Youth political participation in an emerging democracy : A case study of political participation among Tanzanian youths in urban Mwanza ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46052.

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This thesis is based on a case study of Tanzanian youths’ political participation in urban Mwanza. The purpose of this study is to examine how urban youths understand their participation in various political activities in an emerging democracy like Tanzania. The research question guiding the study is how youths understand and value voting in elections in comparison to other forms of political participation. The study focuses on three different political activities; to vote, to contact a politician and to participate in a demonstration. The three political activities are combined with Verba et al.’s (1995) theory of the attributes of political activities into a theoretical analysis model. The thesis uses a qualitative methodology based on 19 semi-structured interviews with Tanzanian youths living in urban Mwanza. The results indicated that the youths in Mwanza understood voting as their prime opportunity to communicate their political voices to politicians. However, the youths expressed that political activities beyond voting facilitate them with opportunities to communicate more specific political messages to politicians multiple times.
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Konlan, Binamin. « Predictability of Identity Voting Behaviour, Perceived Exclusion and Neglect, and the Paradox of Loyalty| A Case Study of a Conflict Involving the Ewe Group in the Volta Region of Ghana and the NDC-led Administrations ». Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10260431.

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The Republic of Ghana is the legacy of the colonial amalgam of multiple, and previously distinct, ethnic homelands. The Trans-Volta Togoland became the Volta Region of Ghana following a Plebiscite in 1956. The dominant ethnic group in this region; the Ewe, has long maintained a claim of neglect of the Volta Region and the marginalization of its people in this postcolonial state. Protests in the street and at media houses ensued against the State. This qualitative case study explores the undercurrents of this conflict in the context of the Ewe group’s identity and their experiences of neglect and marginalization in the postcolonial state. The main objective of the study was to understand why the Ewe group has not revolted despite the perceptions of deprivation. This study focused on the Ewe group in the Volta Region of Ghana a as sub-colonial construct that has managed its perceptions of deprivation without revolting against the host State.

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Carpenter, Joshua David. « Democracy and the disengaged : a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2c1f070-db85-465c-b3e5-f55ddbe01438.

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This thesis investigates if and how poor, mostly minority citizens can be mobilized by a campaign whose principal policy objective would materially enhance their lives by including them in a major public program. The question is put to the test through a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama during the 2014 election for Governor. At stake in the election was whether Alabama would expand Medicaid through the Affordable Care Act in Alabama, an issue emblematic of "submergedness" (Mettler, 2011). In order to understand the extent to which the policy was submerged - measured by knowledge and awareness of the policy, along with its key provisions - I distributed a survey to 868 Alabamians weeks before the election. The survey used the experimental design of conjoint analysis to test which aspects of the policy were most persuasive among the target population. Additionally, I performed a randomized field experiment across the four major metropolitan areas of Alabama, micro-targeting 6,021 registered voters living in the "Coverage Gap," citizens who could gain health insurance if Medicaid were expanded. The campaign yielded negligible effects on voter turnout among subjects in the Coverage Gap, even though the interventions shifted voter knowledge, 'surfacing' the policy. In addition to the survey and field experiments, this research benefits from qualitative insights gathered in 22 semi-structured interviews conducted among poor Alabamians, many of whom were uninsured. From these interviews, it became clear that the political disengagement of the poor is deeply entrenched, prohibitive of policy-based mobilization. Disengagement is driven by a complex mix of barriers to registration and perceptions of political inefficacy based on interpretations of extant policy designs. These results have important implications for our understanding of the limitations of policy-based mobilization, suggesting that more attention must be paid to how current policies shape predispositions for mobilization.
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Noury, Abdul Ghafar. « Essays on Economics of political Behavior ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211488.

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Chang, Rong-Tzu, et 張容慈. « Strategic Voting and Electoral Systems : Case Studies of Elections in Taiwan, 1994-2014 ». Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5vvxjp.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
104
This paper studies strategic voting of the five important elections in Taiwan from 1994 to 2014. These elections include three mayoral elections in Taipei City (1994, 1998 and 2006), one mayoral election in Kaohsiung City (2010) and presidential election in 2000. The major political parties include Kuomintang (KMT), Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), and the so-called pan-blue political parties that withdrawn from KMT while remain aligned to KMT. In these selected cases, despite of single-member district, if there are more than two candidates, it is probable to appear strategic voting, but it is not successful every time. The following are the key findings of this paper: 1.There are two patterns of strategic voting. First, strategic voting are successful in cases involving giving up a weaker candidate in favour of a stronger substitute. Second, strategic voting fails in cases which poll rates of target candidates are close. 2.There are three important factors that influence the outcome of strategic voting. First, the target candidates’ rank in opinion polls may determine the result of strategic voting. Second, inconsistant poll results during a campaign period may disrupt the decision making process of voters, which lead to fail strategic voting. Third, the result of strategic voting hinges on whether the target candidates are viable substitutes.
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ZAVADSKAYA, Margarita. « When elections subvert authoritarianism : failed cooptation and Russian post-electoral protests of 2011-12 ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/48004.

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Defence date: 15 September 2017
Examining Board: Prof. Alexander H. Trechsel, University of Lucerne (EUI Supervisor); Prof. Grigorii V. Golosov, European University at Saint Petersburg (External Supervisor); Prof. Jennifer Gandhi, Emory University; Prof. Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute
One of the widely shared features of modern autocracies is the presence of democratically-designed institutions. Elections, referendums, legislatures, and parties are the essential institutions 'bydefault'. Political regimes that have introduced nation wide elections have become the predominant type of political regimes in the contemporary world.
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Calyx, Cobi. « Tradeoffs in deliberative public engagement with science ». Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/139367.

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During the last 30 years deliberative democracy and public engagement with science have developed in theory and practice to the extent that areas of consensus have emerged about good deliberative public engagement in theory. This thesis argues that in practice some areas of consensus require tradeoffs. Tradeoffs help practitioners to make decisions in design that they will otherwise have to navigate in process. Other researchers have discussed five tensions in STS public engagement; this thesis adapts three as tradeoffs. The tradeoffs are representative or inclusive participation; public or organisational ownership; and upstream or actionable outcomes. These tradeoffs are analysed through three case studies of deliberative public engagement with science in Australia. The three case studies used two different methods of deliberative public engagement with science, namely deliberative voting and citizen’s jury methods. All of the case studies were examples of invited participation, reflecting organisational ownership. Public ownership is incompatible with invited participation, given the role of an organising sponsor or group of people who have power in designing deliberations. Criteria for good deliberative public engagement with science can make power imbalances transparent, but organisational norms remain evident in outcomes. Access to information varies in deliberative public engagement with science. Organisational norms are revealed through what information is chosen as relevant in design phases. What information becomes part of a deliberative process depends on which scientists present and with which expert witnesses are available for participants to engage. In addition, communicative actions of participants during processes can change what information participants use to develop mutual understandings. For example, in the second case study, live results of attitudinal voting were shared on a screen during deliberations. This may have influenced how participants engaged with each other. Deliberations in the third case study were organised around the report of an earlier commission, however personal narratives shared by deliberators became extra sources of information. Though much information is predesigned, communicative actions during deliberations can have impacts. Considering what information participants bring to deliberations through their perspectives during recruitment is discursive representation. In this thesis, all three case studies were analysed for demographic representativeness. Some scholars have argued discursive representativeness is more valuable for deliberative public engagement with science. A diversity of perspectives and knowledge increases the pool of arguments with which participants can engage to develop mutual understandings. However demographic representativeness is associated with legitimacy and is easier to evaluate than discursive representativeness. An alternative to considering representativeness in recruitment is inclusion. Full inclusion is rarely possible, given the scale of issues, so inclusion of specific groups is more typical. Engaging with specific groups can also address systemic power imbalances and ensure voices that may otherwise be left out of the public sphere are included. There is no claim to representativeness in deliberations among specific groups. Thus deliberative public engagement with science among specific groups is more valuable if iterated across multiple sites of place and time. These iterations can be linked together in a decentred deliberative democracy strategy.
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Livres sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Voting in old and new democracies. New York, NY : Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business, 2015.

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Nkoyock, Alain. Problématique de l'informatisation des processus électoraux en Afrique : Cas du Cameroun. Paris : Harmattan, 2004.

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Lobo, Lancy. How people vote : Civic literacy and political participation. Jaipur : Rawat Publications, 2019.

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Center, Investor Responsibility Research, dir. Corporate conflicts : Proxy fights in the 1980s. Washington, DC : Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1986.

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Sánchez, Miguel García. Factores explicativos de la intención de voto en la campaña presidencial de 1998. Bogotá, Colombia : Ediciones Uniandes, 2002.

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Carlos, Sirvent, dir. Alternancia y distribución del voto en México. México, D.F : Gernika, 2001.

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Rosema, Martin. The sincere vote : A psychological study of voting. [Leiden : Universiteit Leiden], 2004.

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Voting advice applications in Europe : The state of the art. Napoli : Scriptaweb, 2010.

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More votes that count : A case study in voter mobilization. Berkeley : Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2012.

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Cheng feng er lai : Wo suo jing li de Buyun xiang zhang zhi xuan = Chengfengerlai : wosuo jingli de Buyun xiangzhang zhixuan. Xi'an Shi : Xi bei da xue chu ban she, 2003.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Diskin, Abraham, et Moshe Koppel. « The Measurement of Voting Power as a Special Case of the Measurement of Political Power ». Dans Studies in Choice and Welfare, 33–40. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05158-1_3.

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Börzel, Tanja A., et Miriam Hartlapp. « Eurosceptic Contestation and Legislative Behaviour in the European Parliament ». Dans Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 97–122. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94012-6_5.

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AbstractEurosceptic political parties have gained substantial support in democratic elections. Scholars have widely studied their programmatic positions. We know much less about the behaviour of Eurosceptics within legislatures. How does Eurosceptic contestation translate into voting behaviour? How do members of Eurosceptic parties engage in plenary debates? Do they stick to their peers when they vote and debate or do they form an untidy opposition? We expect Eurosceptic contestation to be weaker in policy fields that are less structured along the new cultural cleavage and are dominated by left-right ideologies or national interests. Our chapter develops this argument and offers an empirical study of Eurosceptic polarisation and Eurosceptic cohesion in the European Parliament (EP). We present an analysis of roll-call votes in the 7th and 8th legislative term of the EP (2009–2019). Six case studied then zoom into selected legislative processes in three policy fields to explore how contestation materialises in committee work and parliamentary debates in different policy fields. Our findings on cross-sectoral differences allow for a more differentiated understanding of Eurosceptic contestation becoming a vital feature of democratic practices rather than undermining EU policy-making, and European integration more broadly.
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Kennedy, Gregor E., Quintin Cutts et Stephen W. Draper. « Evaluating Electronic Voting Systems to Enhance Student Learning ». Dans Audience Response Systems in Higher Education, 155–74. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-947-2.ch011.

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This chapter provides practical advice on the evaluation of electronic voting systems (EVSs), particularly in relation to two evaluation methods. It begins by considering two potential educational advantages of using EVSs in large-group lectures in higher education. Four evaluation questions that are commonly asked by lecturers who use EVSs are linked to these two pedagogical advantages. The main body of the chapter focuses on two methods, observation and audit trails, and shows how these can be used to innovatively evaluate the use of EVSs. The development of an observational coding schema is described, and a case study of its use in two learning contexts is presented. Practical and technical issues associated with the use of audit trails are then discussed before a second case study is presented. The two case studies presented in this chapter draw extensively on data collected in evaluations of EVS implementations at the University of Glasgow.
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Muylle, Katoo M., Pieter Cornu, Wilfried Cools, Kurt Barbé, Ronald Buyl et Sven Van Laere. « Optimization of Performance by Combining Most Sensitive and Specific Models in Data Science Results in Majority Voting Ensemble ». Dans Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220496.

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Ensemble modeling is an increasingly popular data science technique that combines the knowledge of multiple base learners to enhance predictive performance. In this paper, the idea was to increase predictive performance by holding out three algorithms when testing multiple classifiers: (a) the best overall performing algorithm (based on the harmonic mean of sensitivity and specificity (HMSS) of that algorithm); (b) the most sensitive model; and (c) the most specific model. This approach boils down to majority voting between the predictions of these three base learners. In this exemplary study, a case of identifying a prolonged QT interval after administering a drug-drug interaction with increased risk of QT prolongation (QT-DDI) is presented. Performance measures included accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Overall performance was measured by calculating the HMSS. Results show an increase in all performance measure characteristics compared to the original best performing algorithm, except for specificity where performance remained stable. The presented approach is fairly simple and shows potential to increase predictive performance, even without adjusting the default cut-offs to differentiate between high and low risk cases. Future research should look at a way of combining all tested algorithms, instead of using only three. Similarly, this approach should be tested on a multiclass prediction problem.
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Marsh, Michael. « Why did the ‘recovery’ fail to return the government ? » Dans The post-crisis Irish voter, 99–125. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526122643.003.0006.

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This chapter seeks to explain a significant puzzle of the 2016 election. There is now a very extensive literature linking economic performance with the electoral performance of government parties, with the relationship being a positive one. The 2016 election was an unusual illustration of a government being punished despite being able to point to a record of very significant economic growth and rapidly falling unemployment as Ireland’s recovery from the economic crash and bailout made it such a good example of the success of ‘austerity’ policies. Drawing on many studies that argue for certain contingencies in the relationship, this chapter explores a number of ways in which the good economy-government returned to office relationship went wrong. A key finding, contrary to general tendencies in the literature on economic voting, is that ‘pocketbook’ considerations were very significant in determining how voters felt about the government parties. The chapter offers some reasons why the Irish case is unusual and also questions the theoretical bases on which ‘pocketbook’ voting is downplayed in the economic voting literature.
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McElroy, Gail. « The impact of gender quotas on voting behaviour in 2016 ». Dans The post-crisis Irish voter, sous la direction de Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell et Theresa Reidy, 165–89. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526122643.003.0009.

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In 2016 Ireland joined over fifty countries worldwide in the adoption of candidate gender quotas, and it became the first case of a country doing so under the single transferable vote electoral system. Its impact was evident from the dramatic rise in the number of women candidates fielded in this election – 163, as compared to 86 in 2011. This chapter builds on previous research of the Irish case to assess whether the use of gender quotas had any impact on voters’ attitudes towards women candidates. The analyses of INES data in previous elections found no evidence of voter prejudice against female candidates. There could be reason to expect that might change in the light of gender quotas. The introduction of the quota in 2016 was a significant ‘shock’ to the system: parties were forced to find a large number of women candidates very quickly, so the recruitment pool was likely to have more ‘average’ women in it. Given this context, the chapter tests for true bias amongst the Irish electorate. The analysis reveals little evidence of this on the whole, apart from the slight exception of Fianna Fáil, whose supporters revealed some male bias. Apart from that partial exception, the findings generally are consistent with previous studies: what matters most is how well the candidate is known, and therefore it is incumbency that is the main factor, not the sex of the candidate.
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Singh, Shane P. « The Consequences of Compulsory Voting ». Dans Beyond Turnout, 37–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832928.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews the growing literature on compulsory voting’s consequences. Compulsory voting has an unsurprising upward impact on voter participation, which lessens the impact of many socioeconomic and demographic forerunners of turnout, thereby making the composition of the voting population better reflect the distribution of eligible voters. Further, invalid balloting tends to be more common under compulsory voting. Compelled voters are also less likely to cast ballots that correspond with their preferences. Many studies indicate that mandatory voting has an educative effect and can socialize people into political engagement, with others casting strong doubt on this possibility. A small number of studies have assessed whether compulsory voting shapes attitudes, election outcomes, the behavior of political parties, policy characteristics, and income growth and inequality, with few clear patterns yet established. Compulsory voting laws have the greatest impact where sanctions for abstention are enforced and meaningful.
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Poh, Angela. « China and United Nations Security Council Sanctions ». Dans Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland : Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722353_ch05.

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Chapter 5 uses the dataset of sanctions-related resolutions tabled at the UNSC from 1971 to 2016 to present a correlation analysis that examines the extent to which expectations derived from the ‘rhetoric-based’ hypothesis align with China’s voting behaviour at the UNSC. Thereafter, it examines the backgrounds, debates, and outcomes concerning three case studies: UN sanctions against the DPRK (2006-2016); Syria (2011-2016); and Guinea- Bissau (2012). It examines whether the hypothesised constraining role of China’s sanctions rhetoric or one of the competing explanations best accounts for the outcomes in each case. It finds that China’s sanctions rhetoric had frequently prompted its decision-makers to act or vote in ways that were not the most favourable to China’s immediate political and economic interests.
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Bruter, Michael, et Sarah Harrison. « Electoral Ergonomics ». Dans Inside the Mind of a Voter, 240–62. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182896.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on electoral ergonomics, defined as the interface between every aspect of electoral organization and the psychology of the voters. It argues that every small detail in the organization of the vote (electoral ergonomics) matters not only mechanically, but also because of the way it may trigger different psychological mechanisms and emotional reactions, and that as a result, the ergonomic interface will have different effects on different types of voter, such as ‘referees’ or ‘supporters’. Indeed, electoral ergonomics affects the way citizens experience the vote, their attitudes, their likeliness to vote in elections, and their actual electoral choice. The chapter then unpacks the theoretical and empirical logic behind the influence of electoral ergonomics, both in general and through specific case studies. These case studies include the impact of the use of remote voting on electoral experience in the general population, its influence on the electoral choice of young voters, and the effect of ballot-paper design (including paper vs electronic ballots) on the electoral experience.
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Cooter, Robert D., et Michael D. Gilbert. « Adjudication Applications ». Dans Public Law and Economics, C11—C11.P256. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655870.003.0011.

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Abstract This chapter applies the theories of adjudication developed earlier to problems in public law. To begin, the chapter contrasts two methods of legal interpretation, textualism and intentionalism. Concepts from economics, including coordination games and transition costs, illuminate the choice between them. Next, the chapter studies features of legal doctrine, including prophylactic rules, precedent, and slippery slopes. The discussion addresses stare decisis and cooperation in the judicial branch. The chapter concludes with some puzzles in adjudication by multimember courts. Sometimes courts issue plurality opinions, meaning opinions with no majority. Sometimes the outcome of a case diverges from its reasoning (the “doctrinal paradox”). Sometimes voting by judges runs in circles. Economics can illuminate these puzzles.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Iskandar, Dian. « E-Voting and Village Head Election (Case Study on the Election of the Village Head of Pamutih, Pemalang Regency) ». Dans Proceedings of the 13th International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar, IISS 2019, 30-31 October 2019, Malang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293050.

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Jacintho, Lucas Henrique Mantovani, Tiago Pinho Da Silva, Antonio Rafael Sabino Parmezan et Gustavo Enrique de Almeida Prado Alves Batista. « Brazilian Presidential Elections : Analysing Voting Patterns in Time and Space Using a Simple Data Science Pipeline ». Dans Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/kdmile.2020.11979.

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Since 1989, the first year of the democratic presidential election after a long period of a dictatorship regime, Brazil conducted eight presidential elections. This period was marked by short and long-term shifts of power and two impeachment processes. Such instability is a case of study in electoral studies, e.g., the study of the population voting behavior. Understanding patterns in the population behavior can give us insight into factors and influences that affect the quality of democratic political decisions. In light of this, our paper focuses on analyzing the Brazilian presidential election voting behavior across the years and the Brazilian territory. Following a data science pipeline, we divided the analysis process into five steps: (i) data selection; (ii) data preprocessing; (iii) identification of spatial patterns, in which we seek to understand the role of space in the election results using spatial autocorrelation techniques; (iv) identification of temporal patterns, where we investigate similar trends of votes over the years using a hierarchical clustering method; and (v) evaluation of the results. It is noteworthy that the data in this work represents the election results at the municipal level, from 1994 to 2018, of the two most relevant parties of this period: the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and the Workers’ Party (PT). Through the results obtained, we found the existence of spatial dependence in every electoral year investigated. Moreover, despite the changes in the political-economic context over the years, neighboring cities seem to present similar voting behavior trends.
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Chen, Lin, Lei Xu, Shouhuai Xu, Zhimin Gao et Weidong Shi. « Election with Bribe-Effect Uncertainty : A Dichotomy Result ». Dans Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/23.

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We consider the electoral bribery problem in computational social choice. In this context, extensive studies have been carried out to analyze the computational vulnerability of various voting (or election) rules. However, essentially all prior studies assume a deterministic model where each voter has an associated threshold value, which is used as follows. A voter will take a bribe and vote according to the attacker's (i.e., briber's) preference when the amount of the bribe is above the threshold, and a voter will not take a bribe when the amount of the bribe is not above the threshold (in this case, the voter will vote according to its own preference, rather than the attacker's). In this paper, we initiate the study of a more realistic model where each voter is associated with a willingness function, rather than a fixed threshold value. The willingness function characterizes the likelihood a bribed voter would vote according to the attacker's preference; we call this bribe-effect uncertainty. We characterize the computational complexity of the electoral bribery problem in this new model. In particular, we discover a dichotomy result: a certain mathematical property of the willingness function dictates whether or not the computational hardness can serve as a deterrence to bribery attackers.
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Fitzsimmons, Zack, et Omer Lev. « Selecting Voting Locations for Fun and Profit ». Dans Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/32.

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While manipulative attacks on elections have been well-studied, only recently has attention turned to attacks that account for geographic information, which are extremely common in the real world. The most well known in the media is gerrymandering, in which district border-lines are changed to increase a party's chance to win, but a different geographical manipulation involves influencing the election by selecting the location of polling places, as many people are not willing to go to any distance to vote. In this paper we initiate the study of this manipulation. We find that while it is easy to manipulate the selection of polling places on the line, it becomes difficult already on the plane or in the case of more than two candidates. Moreover, we show that for more than two candidates the problem is inapproximable. However, we find a few restricted cases on the plane where some algorithms perform well. Finally, we discuss how existing results for standard control actions hold in the geographic setting, consider additional control actions in the geographic setting, and suggest directions for future study.
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Constantinescu, Andrei, et Roger Wattenhofer. « Voting in Two-Crossing Elections ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/30.

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We introduce two-crossing elections as a generalization of single-crossing elections, showing a number of new results. First, we show that two-crossing elections can be recognized in polynomial time, by reduction to the well-studied consecutive ones problem. Single-crossing elections exhibit a transitive majority relation, from which many important results follow. On the other hand, we show that the classical Debord-McGarvey theorem can still be proven two-crossing, implying that any weighted majority tournament is inducible by a two-crossing election. This shows that many voting rules are NP-hard under two-crossing elections, including Kemeny and Slater. This is in contrast to the single-crossing case and outlines an important complexity boundary between single- and two-crossing. Subsequently, we show that for two-crossing elections the Young scores of all candidates can be computed in polynomial time, by formulating a totally unimodular linear program. Finally, we consider the Chamberlin-Courant rule with arbitrary disutilities and show that a winning committee can be computed in polynomial time, using an approach based on dynamic programming.
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Chen, Yubao. « Intelligent Diagnosis of the Root Cause for Rejects in the Automatic Transmission Assembly Process ». Dans ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1021.

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Abstract This paper presents a method for the diagnosis of reject root causes in automatic transmission assembly process based on the fuzzy multiple voting scheme. As the first step, data from all the valid test points were collected and studied based on their statistical characteristics. An information-gain-based procedure was followed to quantitatively evaluate the relevance of each test point to the diagnosis process. Accordingly, an objective rank of all relevant test points was generated for a particularly reject. The root cause of rejects was then identified by a procedure based on a fuzzy multiple voting classification algorithms. This method has been tested with top five rejects in a transmission assembly process and promising results have been obtained.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Voting – Case studies"

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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak et Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, juillet 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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