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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Volga River Region (Russia) – History – 20th century »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Volga River Region (Russia) – History – 20th century"
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Toulouze, Eva, and Laur Vallikivi. "“We Cannot Pray Without Kumyshka”: Alcohol in Udmurt Ritual Life." Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 15, no. 2 (2021): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2021-0025.
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Abstract We trace the history of the uses of the alcoholic drink known as kumyshka among the Udmurt. Our focus is on kumyshka’s ritual uses both in public and domestic contexts in the second half of the 19th century, the early 20th century as well as the early 21st century. We suggest that kumyshka not only represents a site of resistance to the dominant religious regime, i.e. Russian Orthodoxy, but is also a tool for self-enhancement and identity making for this indigenous people in the Volga River basin in Central Russia. The consumption of kumyshka has been a frequent object of criticism in the accounts of Orthodox clergy, scholars, doctors, travellers and administrators. Most accounts show a moralising stance, which only occasionally reflects the local understandings behind its uses. As anthropologists working in the region, we compare these historical sources with the current practices. We discuss changes in the religious sphere as well as in gender roles related to the uses of kumyshka.
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Boldyreva, Ekaterina. "Glazed pottery of the Eastern origin in the South part of the Eastern Europe. The main types and sourses of production." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 4 (December 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086960630015281-8.
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The article focuses on the analysis of glazed ware imported into the southern regions of Russia from the Early Middle Ages to the Golden Horde period. The author studied most common types of glazed ware and their sources. In order to compare, the paper considers the groups of ware brought to the Pontic and the Volga River regions. From the 7th century in the northern Pontic region, vessels produced in Constantinople appeared. Various groups of Byzantine pottery were recorded there till the beginning of the Golden Horde period. In the Caspian region, glazed ware appeared not earlier than the middle-late 9th – early 10th century coming there from Central Asia and the Middle East. In the 11th century, there were no significant changes in the sources and number of imported products in the Pontic, while the Volga River region falls under the influence of the North-Eastern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and the Middle East (mainly Iran). In the second half – end of the 12th century, the Volga region was becoming one of the key areas points in the trade of kashi ware of Middle Eastern origin. In the 14th century, Byzantine ware first appeared there. The same period was marked with the rise in local pottery production in the Pontic and Azov littoral which contributed to the spread of these products throughout Eastern Europe.
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Kamalov, Ablet. "Birth of Uyghur National History in Semirech’ye." Oriente Moderno 96, no. 1 (2016): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340099.
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The article discusses the birth of a national historical discourse in Central Asia at the turn of the 20th century with special reference to the Taranchi Turks of Russian Semirech’ye (Zhetissu) and early example of Uyghur national history written by the Taranchi intellectual Näzärγoja Abdusemätov (d. 1951). The article shows how intellectuals among the Taranchi Turks, an ethnic group who settled in the Semirech’ye oblast of the Russian Empire in late 19th century, became involved in debates on nations and national history organized on the pages of the Tatar newspapers and journals in the Volga region of Russia. Näzärγoja Abdusemätov’s published workIli Taranchi Türklirining tarihi(‘History of the Taranchi Turks of Ili’) receives particular attention as part of an examination of the evolution of the author’s ideas about an Uyghur nation.
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Belov, Sergey G., and Aleksey Yu Suslov. "A Provincial Intellectual at the Breaking Point of History (on the Chistopol Doctor D.D. Avdeyev, the Prototype of Doctor Zhivago)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v150.
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This article dwells on the biography of the provincial doctor Dmitry D. Avdeyev (1879–1952) unfolding during the dramatic events in 20th-century Russia. The methods of intellectual history and micro-historiography allow us to create a certain “portrait of a provincial doctor against the background of the era”, who had to make cultural choices. The paper analyses the impact of Avdeyev’s life on the image of Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist in Boris Pasternak’s famous novel, who embodied the best features of the Russian intelligentsia: selfless devotion, action for the common good, disregard of material wealth, and commitment to the timeless humanistic ideals. Avdeyev’s origin and family as well as his professional path are described. Further, the paper studies the everyday life and practice of the ordinary provincial doctor in the early 20th century, including the period of the Civil War and famine of 1921–1922 in the Volga region. It is emphasized here that Avdeyev’s reminiscences of these tragic events, which he had shared with writers evacuated to Chistopol and Yelabuga (1941–1943), were directly and indirectly reflected in Doctor Zhivago. During the war, the doctor’s house in Chistopol became a kind of a writers’ club and a literary salon. It is concluded that the dramatic clash between Avdeyev’s (and Doctor Zhivago’s and, to some extent, Pasternak’s) thoughts and dreams and the reality of post-revolutionary Russia, as well as their being fettered by the actualities of the epoch were, nevertheless, overcome through the spirit of creativity and due to finding meaning in serving the Russian people. This paper provides deeper insights into the lives and behavioural patterns of Russian intellectuals during this landmark period and can be used in interdisciplinary research on the intellectual history of 20th-century Russia and in literary studies.
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Abdullin, Khalim M. "Satyshev madrasah: teachers, graduates, history of religious buildings." Historical Ethnology 7, no. 1 (2022): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-1.35-53.
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The madrasah in the village of Satyshevo, Mamadyshsky district of Kazan province (modern Sabinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan) was one of the oldest rural madrasas in the province. The activity of the Satyshevsky madrasah begins no later than the middle of the 18th century (after the 1750s). In the 19th – early 20th centuries it was one of the largest rural madrasas in Russia. At the beginning of the 19th century, the training center consisted of 3 wooden buildings, and by the beginning of the 20th century, a complex of mektebe and madrasah of 7 buildings was being created. At the beginning of the 20th century, a second parish was allocated in the village and another mosque was being built. The teachers and students of the madrasah were famous imams and recognized theologians in the Volga-Ural region. The madrasah in Satyshevo village had extensive educational ties with the Muslims of the main educational centers of Kazan, Orenburg, Troitsk, Bukhara and Dagestan. The founder of the madrasah should be considered Imam Abdurrashid bin Kadermukhammad. The next famous imam and mudarris was Ibrahim bin Jagfar as-Satyshi. After him, Mukmin ben Budach continued his spiritual path in Satyshevo. One of the famous imams and mudarris of the Satyshev madrasah was Yarulla bin Bikmukhammad (1794–1869). His son Mubaraksha continued his spiritual ministry at the Satyshevo Mosque. One of the students of Yarulla hazrat was Muhammad bin Ali (Mukhammet Mukhammetgaleev), his name is associated with the further development of teaching in the Satyshev madrasah. After his death in 1902, the position of the first imam passed to his son – Abdrakhman Mukhametov, and the second imam in the documents is indicated by the son of Mubaraksha hazrat – Gabdulla. The teaching program at the madrasah was old-fashioned, classical. It is known from the preserved description of the library of the madrasah that there were a large number of manuscripts and books published in Russia and Turkey.
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Polunov, A. Yu. "On the History of Religious Education in Russia in the Second Half of the Late 19th — Early 20th Century (Pobedonostsev, Rachinsky, Ilminsky)." Orthodoxia, no. 3 (September 18, 2022): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2021-3-291-304.
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The article examines the views and the work of S. A. Rachinsky and N. I. Ilminsky, the prominent religious enlightenment fi gures in the second half of the 19th century. The former had created a network of church schools for the common people in his estate Tatevo in Smolensk province and its environs, and spent a number of years teaching there. The latter in 1872–1891 held the position of a Director in Kazan Seminary for Teachers of Non-Russian Origin — the central educational institution of the missionary type in the Volga region, aimed at maintaining Orthodoxy among the Christianized peoples of the area. Both educators received the support of K. P. Pobedonostsev, the prominent statesman, publicist and notionalist, one of the leaders of the conservative camp and the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod. The activists of the religion-based primary education shared the views of specifi c conservative populism based on the idea of common people possessing a set of values that could potentially prevent the society from social upheavals (such as simplicity, patriarchal relations, loyalty to traditions, true religiosity). Rachinsky’s and Ilminsky’s initiatives were aimed at preserving such qualities among the Russian peasantry and the “smaller” nations of the Volga region — social groups that, according to the educators, had managed to stay most aloof from the destructive tendencies of ideological and political development of the second half of the 19th century. Such views in many respects corresponded to the ideas of Pobedonostsev. The famous conservative shared the belief of Rachinsky and Ilminsky that the cause of upheavals that engulfed the post-reform Russia had been the excessive development of individualism and the desire to reconstruct the historically established way of life according to abstract theoretical principles, and that the counterbalance to these phenomena could only be found in the moods of the common people. Rachinsky’s and Ilminsky’s work became a noticeable phenomenon of public life in Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, and refl ected its important features.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 8, no. 1 (2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3600.
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The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.
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Skvortsova, Larisa G. "The Center for Economic History of the Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region: History, Development, Traditions and Innovations (to the 20th anniversary of creation)." Economic History 17, no. 2 (2021): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.053.017.202102.105-117.
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Introduction. For its centuries-old history, in the development of various branches of scientific knowledge, Russia has relied on scientific schools – leading centers that determine the prospects for the development of science, its goals, objectives, strategic priorities, designed to unite and strengthen the work of scientists on certain issues. In the late 80s and early 90s of the last century, the researchers of our country addressed the problem of socio-economic development, attempts to identify the causes of their occurrence, to determine the ways out of the current situation, became the impetus for the creation of the Centers for Economic History. The purpose of the article is to study the history of formation, development, determination of the main directions of activity, analysis of the work and functioning of the Center for Economic History of the Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region at Mordovia State University. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, the materials of the Center for Economic History of Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region, information and analytical bulletins, conference programs, reports, scientific works of the team, reviews, analytical reviews were used. The article uses a micro historical approach, narrative, traditional methods of historical research. Results. The expediency of creating the Center is due to the processes that took place in many vital spheres of Russia, including science and education. The main purpose of the Center was the reproduction and generation of historical, historical and economic knowledge and knowledge of social and humanitarian informatics, as well as their transfer to the system of training bachelors, undergraduates, highly qualified personnel and the modern humanitarian space. Discussion and Conclusion. At the present stage, the economic history of the Republic of Mordovia is known to the wide scientific community largely due to the activities of the Center, which is represented in the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of Russian and world economic history. Over the years, the scientists of the Center have accumulated significant experience in studying economic history, organizing and conducting scientific events, publishing, expanding the boundaries of scientific research, acquiring scientific connections and contacts. All this allows the staff of the Center to continue further research aimed at the formation of the humanitarian space and socio-cultural environment of modern society.
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Habutdinov, Aydar Yu, and Marina M. Imasheva. "LEADERS OF THE MUSLIM MOVEMENT RUSSIAN EMPIRE ABOUT KEY POLITICAL ISSUES THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, no. 4 (2020): 969–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch164969-981.
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In the article, based on a wide range of documents, an attempt is made to analyze the interaction of the leaders of the Russian Muslim social movement on the main political issues of two key regions: the Volga-Ural and the Caucasus, at the beginning of the 20th century. We are talking about the cooperation of the leaders of the Muslim movement in considering the issues of the models of statehood and autonomy and land. The interaction of Muslims of the Volga-Ural region and the Caucasus in the framework of the activities of the Ittifak al-Muslimin party, the Muslim faction of the imperial State Duma of four convocations, during the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War is considered.The source base of the study is bills, legislative sources, programs of parties and factions, clerical materials, verbatim records of meetings of the State Duma of all four convocations and Muslim congresses. Methodologically, the article is based on systematization, classification and analysis of these documents. To compare the facts and events related to the activities of the leaders of the Muslim movement of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century and to determine their role in the history of interaction between the Muslims of the Volga-Ural region and the Caucasus, the comparative-historical method adopted in domestic science was applied. The conclusions are made that, firstly, the economic and intellectual elite of the Tatar and Azerbaijani peoples stood at the head of the social movement of Muslims of the Russian Empire. Secondly, the main issues facing the Muslim politicians of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century were questions about the form of government and the autonomy of Muslims and land. Thirdly, the political cooperation between the leaders of the Muslims of the Volga-Ural region and the Caucasus at the beginning of the twentieth century led to the creation of the All-Russian Muslim party "Ittifak al-Muslimin", the Muslim faction of the State Duma, and the convocation of All-Russian Muslim congresses.
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Makushev, Andrey E. "Agricultural Engineering in the Middle Volga Region in the late XIX – early XX century." Economic History 15, no. 3 (2019): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.046.015.201903.241-256.
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Introduction. Observed in the late XIX – early XX centuries intensification of state participation in the development of the engineering industry was primarily due to the need to solve military-strategic problems against the background of militarization unfolding throughout the world. The support for certain areas of the so-called civil engineering was considered as one of the tools of overall economic growth and a way to increase the well-being of the people. One of these priority areas was agricultural engineering. This article will attempt to consider the development of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the provinces of the Middle Volga region against the background of the development of this industry segment in Russia as a whole. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made by the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic. The need for quantitative data processing led to the use of the statistical method. The use of modernization theory made it possible to include the development processes of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature, the conditions, factors and basic parameters of the development of agricultural engineering in the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the late XIX – early XX centuries were examined in the context of general trends in the development of this industry on a national scale. The study showed that the first decade of the XX century is characterized by a rather dynamic development of domestic agricultural engineering, including in the Middle Volga. Several factors contributed to this: the trend of technical re-equipment of agriculture, improvement of market and transport infrastructure, the success of metallurgy in the region, customs protection, stimulation of producers through soft loans and bonuses, etc. Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the individual, mainly local successes in the development of agricultural engineering in the Middle Volga region, its role in the industrial and industrial structure of the region is hardly worth recognizing. Difficulties in the development of this area of engineering in the Middle Volga region were associated with increased competition from enterprises of industrially developed regions of Russia, foreign manufacturers, as well as handicraft production. The unfolding processes of monopolization had a double effect on agricultural engineering. On the one hand, they increased pressure on manufacturers, primarily from large metallurgical syndicates. On the other hand, the consolidation of agricultural machinery manufacturers at the beginning of the 20th century within the framework of the created monopolistic union contributed to the development of the industry as a whole and the creation of the most favorable conditions for industrial entrepreneurship in this area, including with the participation of the state.