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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Volcanic effects »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Schmidt, Anja, et Benjamin A. Black. « Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response : Toward a Volcano-Climate Index ». Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 50, n^o 1 (31 mai 2022) : 627–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816.

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Volcanic eruptions impact climate, subtly and profoundly. The size of an eruption is only loosely correlated with the severity of its climate effects, which can include changes in surface temperature, ozone levels, stratospheric dynamics, precipitation, and ocean circulation. We review the processes—in magma chambers, eruption columns, and the oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere—that mediate the climate response to an eruption. A complex relationship between eruption size, style, duration, and the subsequent severity of the climate response emerges. We advocate for a new, consistent metric, the Volcano-Climate Index, to categorize climate response to eruptions independent of eruption properties and spanning the full range of volcanic activity, from brief explosive eruptions to long-lasting flood basalts. A consistent metric for categorizing the climate response to eruptions that differ in size, style, and duration is critical for establishing the relationshipbetween the severity and the frequency of such responses aiding hazard assessments, and furthering understanding of volcanic impacts on climate on timescales of years to millions of years. ▪ We review the processes driving the rocky relationship between eruption size and climate response and propose a Volcano-Climate Index. ▪ Volcanic eruptions perturb Earth's climate on a range of timescales, with key open questions regarding how processes in the magmatic system, eruption column, and atmosphere shape the climate response to volcanism. ▪ A Volcano-Climate Index will provide information on the volcano-climate severity-frequency distribution, analogous to earthquake hazards. ▪ Understanding of the frequency of specific levels of volcanic climate effects will aid hazard assessments, planning, and mitigation of societal impacts.

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Tsatsanifos, C., V. Kontogianni et S. Stiros. « Tunneling and other engineering works in volcanic environments : Sousaki and Thessaly ». Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, n^o 4 (1 janvier 2007) : 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17102.

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This study is inspired by the impacts on a tunnel of the Sousaki volcano, in the vicinity of Corinth and examines possible impacts of the Quaternary volcanism on major engineering works in Thessaly. The Sousaki volcano, at the NW edge of the Aegean Volcanic Arc has been associated with important volcanic activity in the past, but its current activity is confined to géothermie phenomena. A tunnel for the new Athens-Corinth High Speed Rail was excavated through the solfatara of the volcano, an area characterized by numerous faults and physical cavities. High temperatures and geothermal gases released in the underground opening through the faults caused disturbance to the tunnel construction, need for supplementary investigations and adoption of special measures to maintain tunnel stability. Experience from the tunnel at Sousaki indicates that similar risks may be faced in future major engineering works in other regions of Greece. Such an example is the area of Microthives and Achillio, Magnesia, Thessaly. Tunnels for the new highway and railway networks constructed or planned through at least two volcanic domes and other main engineering works may also face volcano-associated effects. Optimization of the network routes in combination with special construction techniques and safety measures need to be followed for minimization of such volcanic risks.

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Ibáñez, Jesús M., Ignacio Castro-Melgar, Ornella Cocina, Luciano Zuccarello, Stefano Branca, Edoardo Del Pezzo et Janire Prudencio. « First 2-D intrinsic and scattering attenuation images of Mt Etna volcano and surrounding region from active seismic data ». Geophysical Journal International 220, n^o 1 (7 octobre 2019) : 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz450.

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SUMMARY We present 2-D attenuation images of the Mt Etna volcanic region on the basis of separation of intrinsic and scattering effects. The analysis presented here exploits a large active seismic database that fully covers the area under study. We observe that scattering effects dominate over intrinsic attenuation, suggesting that the region is very heterogeneous. Comparison with analyses conducted at other volcanoes reveals that the Mt Etna region is characterized by high intrinsic attenuation, resulting from the presence of large volcanoclastic deposits at shallow depth. The 2-D distributions of intrinsic and scattering anomalies show the presence of regions characterized by high and low attenuation effects, corresponding to several tectonic and volcanic features. In particular, we identify a high attenuation region in the SW sector of the Mt Etna volcanic complex, which is correlated with high seismicity rates and volcanism. This work supports the hypothesis of a link between the dynamics of the SW flank and the recharge of the volcano in the last decades, occurring under the summit crater and, secondarily, the upper South rift zone.

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Bredemeyer, Stefan, Franz-Georg Ulmer, Thor Hansteen et Thomas Walter. « Radar Path Delay Effects in Volcanic Gas Plumes : The Case of Láscar Volcano, Northern Chile ». Remote Sensing 10, n^o 10 (21 septembre 2018) : 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101514.

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Modern volcano monitoring commonly involves Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements to identify ground motions caused by volcanic activity. However, InSAR is largely affected by changes in atmospheric refractivity, in particular by changes which can be attributed to the distribution of water (H2O) vapor in the atmospheric column. Gas emissions from continuously degassing volcanoes contain abundant water vapor and thus produce variations in the atmospheric water vapor content above and downwind of the volcano, which are notably well captured by short-wavelength X-band SAR systems. These variations may in turn cause differential phase errors in volcano deformation estimates due to excess radar path delay effects within the volcanic gas plume. Inversely, if these radar path delay effects are better understood, they may be even used for monitoring degassing activity, by means of the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content in the plume at the time of SAR acquisitions, which may provide essential information on gas plume dispersion and the state of volcanic and hydrothermal activity. In this work we investigate the radar path delays that were generated by water vapor contained in the volcanic gas plume of the persistently degassing Láscar volcano, which is located in the dry Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. We estimate water vapor contents based on sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission measurements from a scanning UV spectrometer (Mini-DOAS) station installed at Láscar volcano, which were scaled by H2O/SO2 molar mixing ratios obtained during a multi-component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) survey on the crater rim of the volcano. To calculate the water vapor content in the downwind portion of the plume, where an increase of water vapor is expected, we further applied a correction involving estimation of potential evaporation rates of water droplets governed by turbulent mixing of the condensed volcanic plume with the dry atmosphere. Based on these estimates we obtain daily average PWV contents inside the volcanic gas plume of 0.2–2.5 mm equivalent water column, which translates to a slant wet delay (SWD) in DInSAR data of 1.6–20 mm. We used these estimates in combination with our high resolution TerraSAR-X DInSAR observations at Láscar volcano, in order to demonstrate the occurrence of repeated atmospheric delay patterns that were generated by volcanic gas emissions. We show that gas plume related refractivity changes are significant and detectable in DInSAR measurements. Implications are two-fold: X-band satellite radar observations also contain information on the degassing state of a volcano, while deformation signals need to be interpreted with care, which has relevance for volcano observations at Láscar and for other sites worldwide.

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Toman, Ivan, David Brčić et Serdjo Kos. « Contribution to the Research of the Effects of Etna Volcano Activity on the Features of the Ionospheric Total Electron Content Behaviour ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 5 (6 mars 2021) : 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13051006.

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This research represents a contribution to the theory on the coupling of the volcanic activity and the ionospheric dynamics, represented by total electron content (TEC) patterns and their behaviour. The ionospheric response to the activity of the Etna volcano has been analysed using global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-derived TEC values, employing data from International GNSS Service (IGS) reference station near the volcano and on two distant IGS locations. Volcanic activity has been modelled using volcanic radiative power (VRP) data obtained by the Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) system. The estimated minimal night TEC values have been averaged over defined index days of the VRP increase. During the analysed period of 19 years, the volcano activity was categorised according to pre-defined criteria. The influence of current space weather and short-term solar activity on TEC near the volcano was systematically minimised. The results showed mean/median TEC increases of approximately +3 standard deviations from the overall mean values, with peak values placed approximately 5 days before the VRP increase and followed by general TEC depletion around the time of the actual volcanic activity increase. Additionally, TEC oscillation pattern was found over the volcano site with a half-period of 6.25 days. The main interpretation of results indicates that the volcanic activity has modified the ionospheric dynamics within the nearby ionospheric region before the actual VRP increase, and that the residual impact in the volcano’s surrounding area refers to terrestrial endogenous processes and air–earth currents. Those changes can be detected during criteria predefined in the research: during quiet space weather conditions, observing night-time TEC values and within the limits of low short-term solar influence.

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Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li et Yue Yin. « The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment ». Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (30 décembre 2022) : 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.

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Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.

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Santer, Benjamin, Susan Solomon, David Ridley, John Fyfe, Francisco Beltran, Céline Bonfils, Jeff Painter et Mark Zelinka. « Volcanic effects on climate ». Nature Climate Change 6, n^o 1 (23 décembre 2015) : 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2859.

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Mehmood, Maria, Sajid Saleem et Renato Filjar. « Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Ash 2010 Effects on GPS Positioning Performance in the Adriatic Sea Region ». Atmosphere 13, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2021) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010047.

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The Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash crisis in 2010 temporarily suspended European air traffic operations, as the 39-day eruption caused widely dispersed ashes to enter the lower atmosphere. In this paper, we assessed the effects of this event on the ionosphere layer and, consequently, on GPS positioning. We collected and analysed the data from four IGS stations, nearest to the volcano, for the month of April 2010. We recorded Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) time series, analysed their dynamics, and compared them with the GPS positioning errors of a commercial-grade, un-aided, single-frequency GPS receiver (simulating the response of a mass-market GPS receiver). The geomagnetic indices during the time period show little geomagnetic disturbance, especially during the volcanic event. Our results show an enhancement in ionosphere error by up to 15% during the volcanic ash event and an enhanced variance in GPS position components errors. This study reveals the potential impact of the charged volcanic ash on single-frequency, unaided GPS positioning accuracy in the Adriatic Sea region and establishes a foundation for studying similar events in future.

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Plummer, C. T., M. A. J. Curran, T. D. van Ommen, S. O. Rasmussen, A. D. Moy, T. R. Vance, H. B. Clausen, B. M. Vinther et P. A. Mayewski. « An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu ». Climate of the Past Discussions 8, n^o 3 (2 mai 2012) : 1567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012.

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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are an important cause of natural climate variability. In order to improve the accuracy of climate models, precise dating and magnitude of the climatic effects of past volcanism are necessary. Here we present a 2000-yr record of Southern Hemisphere volcanism recorded in ice cores from the high accumulation Law Dome site, East Antarctica. The ice cores were analyzed for a suite of chemistry signals and are independently dated via annual layer counting, with 11 ambiguous years by the end of the record. Independently dated records are important to avoid circular dating where volcanic signatures are assigned a date from some external information rather than using the date it is found in the ice core. Forty-five volcanic events have been identified using the sulfate chemistry of the Law Dome record. Comparisons between Law Dome and NGRIP (Greenland) volcanic records suggest Law Dome is the most accurately dated Antarctic volcanic dataset and allows for the records to be synchronized with NGRIP, leading to an improved global volcanic forcing dataset. Volcanic sulfate deposition estimates are important for modeling the climatic response to eruptions. The largest volcanic sulfate events in our record are dated at 1458 CE (Kuwae, Vanuatu), 1257 and 423 CE (unidentified). Using our record we refine the dating of previously known volcanic events and present evidence for two separate eruptions during the period 1450–1460 CE, potentially causing confusion in the assignment of the Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption to volcanic signatures during this time interval.

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De Ragone, Argelia H. C., Amalia N. F. De Manzano, Ana G. Elias et Marta Z. De Artigas. « Ionospheric effects of volcanic eruptions ». Geofísica Internacional 43, n^o 2 (1 avril 2004) : 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2004.43.2.169.

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Se han realizado numerosos estudios sobre los efectos ionosféricos de la erupción volcánica del Monte Pinatubo de junio de 1991. Basados en intervalos de 1 minuto de sondaje realizado en estaciones ubicadas al norte del volcán, se han detectado perturbaciones ionosféricas caracterizadas por trenes de onda cuasi-periódicas. Las ondas ionosféricas fueron atribuidas a ondas gravitatorias generadas por la fuerte erupción volcánica del Monte Pinatubo y sus características fueron determinadas. En el presente trabajo se busca detectar perturbaciones ionosféricas causadas por erupciones volcánicas en América, basados en datos horarios de la frecuencia crítica de la capa F2 (foF2) y la altura virtual de la capa F (h’F). El estudio fue realizado para periodos de nivel de actividad magnética tranquila. Ninguna de las erupciones aquí analizadas alcanza la intensidad del Pinatubo. Sin embargo, un decrecimiento de foF2 y de su amplitud de variación y un aumento de h’F en relación con sus valores durante el día previo y el posterior al de la erupción fueron detectados en algunos casos. En otros, la perturbación fue detectada solamente en uno de los parámetros analizados. La ausencia de perturbaciones en registros horarios podría deberse a la falta de coincidencia de los máximos apartamientos de los valores respecto a una situación de normalidad con el momento del registro de los parámetros ionosféricos. La observación de los efectos está directamente relacionada con la intensidad de la erupción.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Miles, Georgina. « Detection and effects of volcanic sulphur in the stratosphere ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558461.

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Explosive volcanic eruptions perturb the atmosphere, and their main impact arises from the large quantities of 802 emitted. Within this thesis this effect is characterised from a modelling perspective and the detection and measure- ment of 802 by a satellite are improved. A stratospheric aerosol box model is developed that parameterises the aerosol evolution from an emitted mass of volcanic 802. Using aerosol optical depth measurements and a simple energy balance model, the 802 mass is directly related to a global average tempera- ture change. Combining this model with historical eruption records yields a measure of the significance of eruptions based on frequency and magnitude. The model predicts that eruptions of 0.1-1 Mt of 802 are the most significant for perturbing the climate. This is consistent with recent satellite observations of stratospheric optical depth. The model establishes that the radiative forcing from a large volcanic eruption is determined by the mass of 802 erupted, sug- gesting accurate measurement of volcanic 802 is paramount for quantitative monitoring of its atmospheric impact. The brightness temperature difference method developed by Prata et al. (2003) demonstrated the potential for mon- itoring volcanic 802 using the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder 2 (HIR8/2) instruments on the NOAA and MetOp platforms. The Prata method is fast but of limited accuracy. This thesis improves upon this by using an optimal estimation retrieval approach yielding increased accuracy for only moderate computational cost. This is principally achieved by fitting the column water vapour and accounting for its interference in the retrieval of 802. A cloud and aerosol model is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the scheme to the presence of ash and water/ice cloud. This identifies that the cloud or ash above 6 km limits the accuracy of the water vapour fit, increasing the error in the 802 estimate. Cloud top height is also retrieved and this finding quantifies a cloud screening limit that can be imposed. The scheme is applied to a case study event, the 1991 eruption of Cerro Hudson in Chile. A new total erupted mass estimate was found to be 2200 kT ± 600 kT. This fit method yields a minimum mass per unit area detection limit of 3 DU, which is comparable with that for the Total Ozone Mapping 8pectrometer (TOM8), the only other instrument capable of monitoring 802 from 1979-1996. v.

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Haskins, Jessica D. « The effects of volcanic aerosols on mid-latitude ozone recovery ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90662.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 30-31).
In this paper, comparisons between the derived Chemistry Climate Model Initiative aerosol data set to balloon sonde measurements of aerosols made in Laramie, Wyoming are made between 1979- 2012. Using the derived CCMI aerosol data set as the input for surface area density of aerosols in the Specified Dynamics-Whole Atmosphere Climate Community Model (SD-WACCM), the impacts of volcanic aerosols on mid-latitude ozone loss are investigated. These results are compared to the ozone column expected recovery from a run of SD-WACCM with no volcanic eruptions in the same period. Particular emphasis is placed on the last decade to investigate how the small volcanic eruptions that have characterized the period of 2008-2012 have impacted the ozone column recovery during this time at northern mid-latitudes as atmospheric chlorine levels decrease from regulation. It is found that the CCMI aerosol data set underestimates aerosol surface area density between the local tropopause and approximately 70mbar in the lower stratosphere. This underestimation is corrected and the resulting change in the ozone column is compared to the initial model output with no volcanic aerosols. Using the correct aerosol values, it is shown that ozone loss in the lower stratosphere after these small, recent volcanoes rivals that of the post-Pinatubo years around 1995-1996.
by Jessica D. Haskins.
S.B.

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Marshall, Lauren Rebecca. « Effects of volcanic eruption source parameters on radiative forcing and sulfate deposition ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22551/.

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Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere, which forms stratospheric sulfate aerosol that can significantly impact the climate. The radiative forcing of an eruption depends on several eruption source parameters: the mass of SO2 emitted, the latitude and the emission height. However, the combined effects of these parameters are not well understood. Reconstructions of historic volcanic radiative forcing, which are essential for understanding the role of volcanism on climate variability, are derived from ice core sulfate records, but rely on relationships between ice sheet deposition, stratospheric aerosol burdens and radiative forcing from limited observations. The aim of this thesis is to understand the impact of explosive volcanic eruptions on radiative forcing and volcanic sulfate deposition. The role of individual and combined eruption source parameters are comprehensively investigated using interactive stratospheric aerosol models, perturbed parameter ensembles and statistical emulation. The results demonstrate that radiative forcing is primarily determined by the SO2 emission magnitude, is stronger for tropical eruptions and has a greater dependency on the injection height if the eruption is tropical. The ice sheet deposition is relatively independent of the injection height. The results reveal complex combined effects of the eruption parameters and illustrate the importance of explicitly simulating aerosol microphysical processes to determine aerosol mass, size and lifetime. A wide range of eruption-realisations is found that produce ice sheet deposition that is consistent with ice-core-derived estimates for historic eruptions in the last 2500 years. These eruptions have a range in time-integrated radiative forcing (> ~300 MJ m-2) that is not considered in reconstructions. Sulfate deposition differs considerably between models for the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora. The results suggest there is a large uncertainty in radiative forcing derived from ice cores. Consequently, the efficacy of volcanic radiative forcing derived from previous reconstructions may be incorrect.

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Walter, Gary R. « The effects of molecular diffusion on groundwater solute transport through fractured tuff ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_458_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Zhuo, Zhihong [Verfasser]. « The hydrological effects of explosive volcanic eruptions in the Asian monsoon region / Zhihong Zhuo ». Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202041981/34.

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Faizy, Shelly Mardhia. « Assessing a Modeling Standard in Volcanic-Geothermal Systems : the Effects of the Lower System Boundary ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438664.

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Geothermal energy consumption is projected to increase along with other renewable energy in the future. Therefore, it is important to have a better understanding on the evolution of geothermal systems to optimize the exploitation of such resources. Generally, numerical models are used as a fundamental tool to study a potential geothermal field. However, current modeling practices tend to focus on the shallow area around the heat source, while ignoring the deeper part below the heat source. The purpose of this project is to observe the influence of lower boundary at the bottom of intrusion towards the evolution of geothermal system, while changing the permeability and topography of host rock systematically, using a software from USGS called HYDROTHERM. Simulations differed in three main aspects: 1) having a layer below, or having the bottom boundary directly below intrusion, 2) different topographies with volcanic significance, and 3) varying permeabilities of the host rock. The study is based on a fossil geothermal system, the Cerro Bayo laccolith in Chachahuén volcanic complex (Neuquén Basin), Argentina. The input parameters were obtained in several ways. ILMAT Geothermometry analysis provide the temperature value related to the intrusion. The whole rock data is used to determined density of the intrusion by calculating partial molar volume of the oxides. The other parameters, e.g. densities of the host rock and the impermeable layer, permeability, porosity, and thermal conductivity were obtained from literature. The result from numerical modeling shows that the bottom boundary below intrusion strongly affect the entire system evolution. The added layer (with constant permeability) has strong influence on the life-span of the system. Additionally, while taking into account on the variation of topography and permeabilities, the models show two temperature anomalies: 1) A caldera volcano’s geometry “traps” heat below the caldera, whereas shield and strato-volcano geometries “push” heat away from below the volcanic edifice, and 2) a low temperature anomaly develops beneath the intrusion in all high permeability models with an added layer. Finally, this assessment could prove to be useful as prior knowledge for optimizing the extraction of heat from a given geothermal field, as well as future investigations towards geological applicability of numerical models of geothermal systems, hydrothermal alteration, and ore formation processes.

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Romine, William Whittington Alan G. « Flow and heat transfer properties of Mono Craters rhyolites effects of temperature, water content, and crystallinity / ». Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5685.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 5, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Alan G. Whittington. Includes bibliographical references.

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Marske, Katharine Ann. « Effects of volcanic ash on the insect food of the Montserrat Oriole Ictereus oberi Lawrence 1880 ». Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/marske/MarskeK0804.pdf.

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The Montserrat Oriole, Icterus oberi Lawrence, endemic to the West Indian island of Montserrat, has grown critically endangered since volcanic eruption began on that island in 1995. The Soufriere Hills Volcano has devastated much of the oriole's native habitat, and populations within intact forests have plummeted in recent years. One hypothesized cause for the Montserrat Oriole's decline is that low insect prey numbers during the nesting season, as a result of volcanic ash in the environment, is resulting in increased nest failure. The hypothesis of a negative effect of ash on canopy arthropods was tested. Four sites, varying in the level of ash deposition they typically receive, were sampled via canopy fogging over a 14-month period. Results indicate that ash is having a significant negative impact on canopy arthropods, particularly at the sampling sites closest to the volcano, but that that the decline is limited to a few insect taxa. To investigate whether the arthropod taxa utilized by the Montserrat Oriole were among those negatively affected by volcanic ash, observational studies were conducted to identify the main insect prey types and sizes brought to oriole nests, and to examine whether nestling feeding rates have declined since the onset of volcanic eruption. Ortoptera, which were not significantly affected by volcanic ash, were the most important nestling food resources utilized in 2002 and 2003. The most frequently delivered size of prey item was calculated at bill length long (approx. 2 cm), and were not significantly affected by ash. Orioles appear to be selecting their prey from the portion of the insect fauna that is least affected by ash in the environment. Oriole nestling feeding rates appear to have declined since 1995, but this may not be strictly due to reduced insect prey numbers. Montserrat's Orthoptera (including Phasmida and Blattaria) were catalogued. Thirty-seven species were reported for the island, including several new species and at least 16 new distribution records for the island.

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Lyu, Han. « EFFECTS OF CLIMATE AND GEOCHEMISTRY ON SECONDARY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON POOLS IN TROPICAL VOLCANIC REGIONS ». Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263813.

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MINAGAWA, Tetsuo, Takafumi TAKAHASHI, Kazuya TANAKA et Iwao KAWABE. « Evidence for lanthanide tetrad effect in mafic volcanic rocks : Concave tetrad effects in REE patterns for MORB and alkali olivine basalt in western Kyushu, Japan ». Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14728.

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Livres sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Zimbelman, James R., et Tracy K. P. Gregg, dir. Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6.

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Fernández, José, dir. Geodetic and Geophysical Effects Associated with Seismic and Volcanic Hazards. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7897-5.

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Bilderback, David E. Effects of persistent volcanic ash on Douglas-fir in northern Idaho. Ogden, UT : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.

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Giorgio, Fiocco, Fuá Daniele 1948-, Visconti Guido 1943-, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. et NATO Advanced Research Workshop "The Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate" (1994 : Rome, Italy), dir. The Mount Pinatubo eruption : Effects on the atmosphere and climate. Berlin : Springer, 1996.

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Tiedemann, Herbert. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions : A handbook on risk assessment. Zurich, Switzerland : Swiss Re, 1992.

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Volcanic and tectonic hazard assessment for nuclear facilities. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Beavers, J. A. Environmental effects on corrosion in the tuff repository. Washington, DC : Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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Love, Cynthia B. Biomedical effects of volcanoes : January 1980 through September 1991 : 697 citations. Bethesda, Md : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Washington, D.C. : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Lee, Douglas B. Effects of the eruptions of Mount St. Helens on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface water, ground water, and precipitation in the western United States. [Washington] : U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Sutomo. Ecological succession on volcanic ecosystem of Mount Merapi, Indonesia and its implication for restoration. Bogor, Indonesia : Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology, 2013.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Gregg, Tracy K. P., et James R. Zimbelman. « Volcanic Vestiges ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 243–51. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_9.

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Zimbelman, James R., et Tracy K. P. Gregg. « Volcanic Diversity throughout the Solar System ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 1–8. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_1.

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Zimbelman, James R., Sarah A. Fagents, Tracy K. P. Gregg, Curtis R. Manley et Scott K. Rowland. « Subaerial Terrestrial Volcanism ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 9–37. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_2.

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Chapman, Mary G., Carlton C. Allen, Magnus T. Gudmundsson, Virginia C. Gulick, Sveinn P. Jakobsson, Baerbel K. Lucchitta, Ian P. Skilling et Richard B. Waitt. « Volcanism and Ice Interactions on Earth and Mars ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 39–73. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_3.

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Greeley, Ronald, Nathan T. Bridges, David A. Crown, Larry Crumpler, Sarah A. Fagents, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark et James R. Zimbelman. « Volcanism on the Red Planet : Mars ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 75–112. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_4.

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Grosfils, Eric B., Jayne Aubele, Larry Crumpler, Tracy K. P. Gregg et Susan Sakimoto. « Volcanism on Earth’s Seafloor and Venus ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 113–42. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_5.

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Head, James W., Lionel Wilson, Mark Robinson, Harald Hiesinger, Catherine Weitz et Aileen Yingst. « Moon and Mercury ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 143–78. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_6.

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McEwen, Alfred S., Rosaly Lopes-Gautier, Laszlo Keszthelyi et Susan W. Kieffer. « Extreme Volcanism on Jupiter’s Moon Io ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 179–205. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_7.

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Pinkerton, Harry, Sarah A. Fagents, Louise Prockter, Paul Schenk et David A. Williams. « Exotic Lava Flows ». Dans Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions, 207–41. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_8.

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Stothers, R. B., M. R. Rampino, S. Self et J. A. Wolff. « Volcanic Winter ? Climatic Effects of the Largest Volcanic Eruptions ». Dans IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, 3–9. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73759-6_1.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Valero, Francisco P. J., Thomas P. Ackerman et Walter L. Starr. « Changes in Solar Heating Rates and Planetary Albedo Induced by the El Chichon Volcanic Cloud ». Dans Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.wc4.

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The eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichon (17.33°N, 93.20°W) on March 28, April 3, and April 4, 1982 injected particulate and gaseous matter into the stratosphere. This volcanic cloud ranked as one of the most massive of this century. DeLuisi et al, (1983) reported that "the atmospheric radiative effects of the El Chichon cloud far exceed the effects of all other volcanic clouds observed at Mauna Loa since observations were began in 1958". Very large optical depths were reported for this volcanic cloud in the northern tropics during the first few months since its formation.

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Silva-Medina Weil, Melissa, Mauricio Palacios et Vicente Benavides. « Pulmonary effects of volcanic air pollution ». Dans ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.1302.

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Stevens, T. D., S. Maruvada, T. J. Kane et C. R. Philbrick. « Lidar Observations of Mt. Pinatubo Aerosols : Effects on the Global Radiation Budget ». Dans Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.thb.5.

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Significant amounts of stratospheric aerosols can cause a cooling of the earth's surface due to the scattering of solar radiation back into space. Likewise a warming of the stratosphere where the particles reside will occur due to absorption of upwelling infrared radiation [1]. The eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines (15.14°N, 120.35°E) on June 15, 1991, produced the largest impact on the stratosphere ever observed by modem airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based scientific instruments. The volcanic aerosols were ejected into the upper troposphere and the stratosphere to heights above 33 km. Due to their long residence time, the volcanic aerosols were transported around the globe in about three weeks [2]. The effects are spread in the meridional direction by the interactions of large scale planetary waves with the resivour regions about the equator. By September 27 small amounts were observed as far north as Norway.

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Nagaraja Rao, C. R., et Nian Zhang. « Mt. Pinatubo volcanic aerosol effects on the remote sensing of sea surface temperature ». Dans OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fmm5.

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The stratospheric volcanic dust cloud resulting from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991 has adversely affected the retrieval of sea surface temperature from the upwelling infrared radiances (≈3.7,10.8, and 11.9 µm) measured by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer onboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites. Correction algorithms to restore the capability of sea surface temperature retrieval during such volcanic dust episodes have been developed by combining model simulations of the radiative effects of volcanic aerosols with shipboard and buoy measurements of sea surface temperature and the NOAA operational aerosol product. The operational implementation of the correction algorithms will be discussed, accompanied by examples of the restored sea surface temperature fields.

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Zakharov, Alexander, Liudmila Zakharova, Polina Mikhaylyukova et Pavel Denisov. « Atmospheric Effects on Radarsat-2 Interferograms of Tolbachik Volcanic Complex ». Dans IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8517511.

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Darwis, Fitro, Ilham Banggu et Mufti Amir Sultan. « The Effects Of Volcanic Ash On The Strength And Permeability Mortar ». Dans Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icst-18.2018.78.

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Lo Piparo, Doriana, Caterina Di Sano, Serena Di Vincenzo, Francesco Sortino et Elisabetta Pace. « Effects of volcanic fumaroles on large and distal airway epithelial homeostasis ». Dans ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.1969.

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Cherneva, Nina V., Pavel P. Firstov et Rinat R. Akbashev. « Perspectives of monitoring of atmospheric-electric effects from volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka ». Dans XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, sous la direction de Oleg A. Romanovskii et Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504174.

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Voropaev, Sergey, Vyacheslav Sevastyanov, Nikita Dushenko, Natalia Malik et Olga Kuznetsova. « Study on carbon isotope effects at Kamchatka magmatic rocks and volcanic gases. » Dans Goldschmidt2021. France : European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.5616.

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Alanqari, Khawlah, Abdullah Al-Yami et Vikrant Wagle. « Development of a Geopolymer Cement for Primary Well Cementing : Method, Preparation and Particle Size Effect on Reaction Reactivity ». Dans ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81049.

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Abstract The global production of cement is the third largest source of CO2 emissions into the environment, which comes from the decomposition of carbonates. Geopolymer cements can reduce CO2 emissions by 64–80% compared to conventional cement (OPC). Moreover, geopolymer cements have demonstrated promising mechanical properties in comparison to conventional cements. We successfully developed a novel geopolymer cement utilizing a Saudi Arabian volcanic ash for primary cementing applications for the oil and gas industry. This novel cement was prepared by activating the volcanic ash particles with an alkali solution to undergo a geopolymerization reaction. The volcanic ash (VA) properties can be an obstacle for implementation such as particle size distribution. The objective of this study is to prepare a geopolymer cement with excellent strength and to investigate the effects of VA particle size distribution on the synthesis, setting time and mechanical properties of volcanic ash-based geopolymer cement. For this study, we used medium and fine ashes. For the fine ash, we investigated three different particle sizes (150 μm, 71 μm, and 45 μm). The compressive strength and thickening time were measured and performed at the estimated bottom hole temperature and pressure. Test results indicate that the resulting compressive strength is linearly affected by the average particle size distribution.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Volcanic effects"

Mulliken, K. M. The Alaska Volcano Observatory : 30 years of protecting Alaskans from the effects of volcanic activity (1988-2018). Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, avril 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30032.

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Baragar, W. R. A., J. N. Ludden et F. Auclair. Alteration Effects in Pillow Lavas From the Cy - 1 Drillhole, Upper Volcanic Sequence, Troodos Ophiolite. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133536.

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Schetselaar, E. M., G. Bellefleur et P. Hunt. Integrated analyses of density, P-wave velocity, lithogeochemistry, and mineralogy to investigate effects of hydrothermal alteration and metamorphism on seismic reflectivity : a summary of results from the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/327999.

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We present herein a summary of integrated data analyses aimed at investigating the effects of hydrothermal alteration on seismic reflectivity in the footwall of the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide (VMS) deposit, Manitoba. Multivariate analyses of seismic rock properties, lithofacies, and hydrothermal alteration indices show an increase in P-wave velocity for altered volcanic and volcaniclastic lithofacies with respect to their least-altered equivalents. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analyses of drill-core samples suggest that this P-wave velocity increase is due to the high abundance of high P-wave velocity aluminous minerals, including cordierite, Fe-Mg amphibole, and garnet, which in volcanic rocks are characteristic of VMS-associated hydrothermal alteration metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies. A seismic synthetic profile computed from a simple amphibolite-facies mineral assemblage model, consisting of mafic-felsic host rock contacts, a sulfide ore lens, and a discordant hydrothermal conduit, show enhanced seismic reflections at conduit-host rock contacts in comparison to the equivalent greenschist facies mineral assemblage model. Collectively our results suggest that VMS footwall hydrothermal alteration zones metamorphosed under middle- to upper-amphibolite facies conditions have enhanced potential for seismic detection.

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Hadlari, T. Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program : activities in the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Islands. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326088.

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Advancements in the establishment of the geological framework of the Sverdrup Basin resulting from the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program can be grouped under the main topics of tectonostratigraphy, crosslinking of biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, integration of igneous records with newly refined stratigraphy, and effects of global climatic environments on hydrocarbon source rocks in geological time. New discoveries of volcanic ash beds throughout much of the Triassic stratigraphic section required new tectonic interpretations involving a magmatic arc northwest of the basin that was likely involved in the opening of the Amerasia Basin. Modern approaches to biostratigraphy calibrated by radiometric age dating of volcanic ash beds made global correlations to chronostratigraphic frameworks and tectonic models possible. Correlation of the stratigraphy and recent geochronology of the High Arctic large igneous province (HALIP) places the main pulse of mafic magmatism in a postrift setting. Finally, the depositional setting of source rocks in the Sverdrup Basin is explained in terms of oceanographic factors that are related to the global environment. All of these advancements, including hints of undefined and relatively young structural events, lead to the conclusion that the hydrocarbon potential of the Sverdrup Basin has not been fully tested by historical exploration drilling.

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Sutton, A. J., et T. Elias. Volcanic gas emissions and their effect on ambient air character. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10117402.

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Valentine, G. A., et J. E. Bossert. Numerical simulation of explosive volcanism and its effects on the atmosphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334239.

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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong et Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.

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This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12

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Dello, Kathie D., et Philip W. Mote. Oregon climate assessment report : December 2010. Corvallis, Oregon : Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1157.

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The group of scientists that make up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change found in 2007 that the warming of Earth’s climate is unequivocal and largely due to human activity. Earth’s climate has changed in the past, though the recent magnitude and pace of changes are unprecedented in human existence. Recent decades have been warmer than at any time in roughly 120,000 years. Most of this warming can be attributed to anthropogenic activity, primarily burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for energy. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases, also known as greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. This warming cannot be explained by natural causes (volcanic and solar) alone. It can be said with confidence that human activities are primarily responsible for the observed 1.5 ˚F increase in 20th century temperatures in the Paciﬁc Northwest. A warmer climate will affect this state substantially. In 2007, the Oregon State Legislature charged the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, via HB 3543, with assessing the state of climate change science including biological, physical and social science as it relates to Oregon and the likely effects of climate change on the state. This inaugural assessment report is meant to act as a compendium of the relevant research on climate change and its impacts on the state of Oregon. This report draws on a large body of work on climate change impacts in the western US from the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington and the California Climate Action Team. In this report, we also identify knowledge gaps, where we acknowledge the need for more research in certain areas. We hope this report will serve as a useful resource for decision-makers, stakeholders, researchers and all Oregonians. The following chapters address key sectors that fall within the biological, physical and social sciences in the state of Oregon.

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Levin, Ilan, John Thomas, Moshe Lapidot, Desmond McGrath et Denis Persley. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato : molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613888.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes. Although first identified in the Mediterranean region, it is now distributed world-wide. Sequence analysis of the virus by the Australian group has shown that the virus is now present in Australia. Despite the importance of the disease and extensive research on the virus, very little is known about the resistance genes (loci) that determine host resistance and susceptibility to the virus. A symptom-less resistant line, TY-172, was developed at the Volcani Center which has shown the highest resistance level among all tested varieties. Preliminary results show that TY-172 is a good candidate to confer resistance to both TYLCV and to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Queensland conditions. Furthermore, Segregation analysis has previously indicated that the resistance is determined by 2-3 genes. In this proposal we aimed to substantiate that TY-172 can contribute to resistance breeding against TYLCV in Queensland, to develop DNA markers to advance such resistance breeding in both Israel and Queensland, and to exploit these markers for resistant breeding in Australian and Israeli lines. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling TYLCVresistance in TY172, appropriate segregating populations were analyzed using 69 polymorphic DNA markers spanning the entire tomato genome. Results show that TYLCV resistance in TY172 is controlled by a previously unknown major QTL, originating from the resistant line, and four additional minor QTLs. The major QTL, termed Ty-5, maps to chromosome 4 and accounts for 39.7-to-46.6% of the variation in symptom severity among segregating plants (LOD score: 33-to-35). The minor QTLs, originated either from the resistant or susceptible parents, were mapped to chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and contributed 12% to the variation in symptom severity in addition to Ty-5. Further analysis of parental lines as well as large F₁, BC₁F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₂ populations originating from crosses carried out, in reciprocal manner, between TY172 and the susceptible processing line M-82 (LA3475) during spring-summer 2010, indicated that: (1) the minor QTLs we have previously identified are in effect not reproducible, (2)Ty-5 alone can yield highly resistant plants with practically no extra-chromosomal effects, and (3) the narrow-sense heritability estimate of resistance levels, attributed to additive factors responsive to selection, does not significantly deviate from 1. All of these results point to Ty-5 as the sole resistance locus in TY172 thus significantly increasing the likelihood of its successful molecular dissection. The DNA markers developed during the course of this study were transferred together with the TY172 genotype to Queensland. TY172 was crossed to a panel of Australian genotypes and the resulting populations were subjected to segregation analysis. Results showed that resistant locus, Ty-5, is highly reproducible in the Australian conditions as well. The Australian group was also able to make improvements to the marker assays by re-designing primer pairs to provide more robust PCR fragments. The Ty-5 locus has now been introgressed into elite Australian germplasm and selection for TYLCV resistance has begun. Cumulatively, our results show that Ty-5 can be effectively used, together with the TY172 genotype to expedite TYLCV resistance breeding and improve our understanding of the genetics that underline the response of tomato to TYLCV. Contributions to agriculture include: (1) the development of tools for more efficient resistance breeding, allowing the incorporation of resistance to local tomato varieties in Australia, Israel and elsewhere; and (2) establish a solid framework for a future attempt to clone the genes that encode such resistance. The latter will enable to decipher the resistance mechanisms that could be applied to other geminiviruses in tomato and possibly in other plant species.

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