Thèses sur le sujet « Viride »

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliete Moura de Souza Hurmann.pdf: 819870 bytes, checksum: 4302d144fe2194c2bcd5c074b31e3635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08
Fundação Araucária
Trichoderma spp. is a promising antagonist, the development and use of products based on this organism gives us the opportunity not only to reduce health risks, but also costs and environmental damage. This work aimed to analyze the efficiency of Trichoderma viride extracts and Trichoderma stromaticum against some microorganisms of interest in clinical medicine, agriculture and fish farming. Among them Colletotrichum musae, banana anthracnose causes, Saprolegnia, which affects fish eggs and some bacteria that cause harm to human health. The dichlorometane extracts were tested at various concentrations, and as positive control a commercial antimicrobial. Inhibition of the pathogen was verified directly by paired cultivation technique. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated by disk diffusion and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution test broth. In situ tests were done in the fruit inoculating the pathogenic fungus and treated with the extracts and the sensory analysis where it was determined the acceptance of the product. In cultivation paired the Trichoderma spp. inhibited the growth of pathogens being 0.05% significance level. In the disk diffusion test results were positive, and for E. coli and Aeromonas hydrophila gave the best results. MIC against microorganisms of the extracts ranged from 50% to 3,125%. Given the results presented, it is concluded that the extracts were effective in in vitro inhibition of the microorganisms as well as their application in the fruits did not alter the organoleptic characteristics.
O Trichoderma spp. é um antagonista promissor, o desenvolvimento e uso de produtos à base deste microrganismo nos oferece a oportunidade, não apenas de reduzir os riscos da saúde, mas também custos e danos ambientais. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a eficiência dos extratos de Trichoderma viride e Trichoderma stromaticum contra alguns microrganismos de interesse na clínica médica, agricultura e piscicultura. Dentre eles o Colletotrichum musae, causador da antracnose da banana, Saprolegnia, que acomete ovas de peixes e algumas bactérias que causam danos à saúde humana. Os extratos diclorometânicos foram testados em várias concentrações, tendo como controle positivo um antimicrobiano comercial. A inibição do patógeno foi verificada, de forma direta pela técnica de cultivo pareado. A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi avaliada por disco-difusão e pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) por teste de microdiluição em caldo. Foram feitos testes in situ no fruto inoculando o fungo patogênico e tratados com os extratos e a análise sensorial onde foi determinada a aceitação do produto. No cultivo pareado os Trichoderma spp. inibiram o crescimento dos patógenos sendo 0,05% de significância. No teste de disco-difusão os resultados foram positivos, sendo que para Aeromonas hydrophila e E. coli obteve-se os melhores resultados. O MIC (concentração inibitória mínima)dos extratos contra os microrganismos variou de 50% a 3,125 %. Diante dos resultados apresentados, evidenciou-se que, os extratos foram eficientes na inibição in vitrodos microrganismos testados, bem como sua aplicação nos frutos não alterou as características organolépticas dos mesmos.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Determina la compatibilidad entre Trichoderma viride con el nematicida oxamilo en condiciones de laboratorio. Se trabajó con 3 concentraciones distintas (960, 1200 y 1440 ppm.) de oxamilo, además del control (0 ppm.). Para evaluar el efecto de oxamilo sobre la germinación de T. viride, se inoculó 15 ul de una solución de esporas con 1 x 10 8 esp. /ml en cuatro puntos equidistantes sobre las placas que contenían las diferentes concentraciones de oxamilo, además del grupo control, incubándose a 25º C, se evaluó a las 15 horas, luego se llevó a cabo el recuento de esporas germinadas y se determinó el porcentaje de germinación correspondiente a cada concentración de oxamilo además del control. Para evaluar el efecto del nematicida sobre el crecimiento, se sembró por puntura en el centro de cada placa a partir de un cultivo monospórico de T. viride, se incubó a 25ºC durante 72 horas. Se realizaron cinco ensayos por cada concentración incluyendo el control. Los resultados fueron expresados como porcentaje promedio de germinación y de crecimiento respectivamente, encontrándose que el oxamilo disminuye el porcentaje de germinación Trichoderma viride y que no afecta el crecimiento ni la capacidad patogénica de dicho hongo.
Tesis

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Trichoderma spp. is one of the most studied funguses as a biocontrol agent, being antagonistic to various plant pathogens in different cultures. This work aimed the production of liquid bio formulate of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride based on biopolymer Xanthan Gum (GX) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).The bio formulates were composed of glycerol 10.0 gL -1, yeast extract 0.5 gL -1, MgSO 4 .7 H 2 0 0.2 gL -1, K 2 HPO 4 0.5 gL -1 and NaCl 0.1 gL -1. These amounts were determined by assessing the shortest period of time between the inoculation and sporulation of the fungus in Petri dishes containing PDA culture medium (potato dextrose agar) and bio formulates. The purpose of the use of these products were to make available a formulation that presents 180 days of shelf validity, as regarding the survival parameters (number of spores), evaluated using a Neubauer chamber and infectivity in vitro evaluated by testing direct confrontation with Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . The evaluations were performed at intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days. The treatments used were G 1 P 1 C 2 (GX, 1.0 gL -1; PVP, 1.0 gL -1; CMC, 2.0 g L -1), G 0.5 P0.5 C1 (GX, 0.5 gL -1; PVP, 0.5 gL -1; CMC, 1.0 g L -1), G 2P 2C (GX, 2.0 gL -1; PVP, 2.0 gL-1) and GPC1 (CMC, 1.0 gL-1), stored in sterile plastic container at room temperature. T. harzianum showed the best result with G 0.5 P0.5C 1 in all periods of assessment. For T. viride none of the treatments was better than the control in the assessed periods. Polymers make possible to develop effective means of storage, extending the life of bio formulates.
Trichoderma spp. é um dos fungos mais pesquisados como agente de biocontrole, sendo antagonista a vários fitopatógenos em diferentes culturas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de bioformulado líquido de Trichoderma harzianum e Trichoderma viride a base de biopolímeros Goma Xantana (GX) e Carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e o polímero Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP). Os bioformulados foram compostos por glicerol 10,0 gL-1, extrato de levedura 0,5 gL-1, MgSO4.7H20 0,2 gL-1, K2HPO4 0,5 gL-1 e NaCl 0,1 gL-1. As quantidades foram determinadas através da avaliação do menor período de tempo entre a repicagem e a esporulação do fungo em placas de Petri, contendo meio de cultura BDA (batata dextrose ágar) e os bioformulados. A finalidade do uso destes produtos foi disponibilizar uma formulação que apresente 180 dias de validade em prateleira, quanto aos parâmetros sobrevivência (número de esporos), avaliado através de Câmara de Neubauer e infectividade in vitro avaliado através de teste de confrontação direta com Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Os intervalos de avaliações ocorreram aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 180 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram G1P1C2 (1,0gL-1 GX, 1,0 gL-1 PVP, 2,0 gL-1 CMC), G0,5P0,5C1 (0,5 gL-1 GX, 0,5 gL-1 PVP, 1,0 gL-1 CMC), G2P2C (2,0 gL-1 GX, 2,0 gL-1 PVP) e GPC1 (1,0 gL-1 CMC), armazenados em embalagens plásticas e estéreis, em temperatura ambiente. T. harzianum apresentou melhor resultado com G0,5P0,5C1 em todos períodos de avaliação. Para T. viride nenhum dos tratamentos foi melhor do que o controle nos períodos avaliados. Os polímeros permitem desenvolver meios eficazes de armazenamento, prolongando a vida útil de bioformulados.

The behavioural endocrinology of a protogynous coral reef fish, the stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Scaridae) was investigated at Glover's Reef, Belize. Detailed behavioural observations in the field were combined with radioimmunoassay of steroids circulating in plasma (11-ketotestosterone, testosterone and 17[sub β]-estradiol) and histological examination of gonads to obtain precise correlations of behaviour, colouration and gonadal condition with endocrine status. The size, sex and colour phase distribution, together with histological analysis suggests that some individuals of this species undergo sex change as mature adult females, while others change sex as immature individuals, becoming functional males without passing through a female phase. Furthermore, some individuals change sex and colour phase simultaneously while others retain female-like 'initial phase' (Iph) colouration and function as Iph males before acquiring 'terminal phase' (Tph) colouration. Large Tph males defend permanent, all-purpose territories on which they pair-spawn daily with the females of a harem group. Smaller Tph males (bachelors) neither defend territories, nor spawn, but feed in groups and inhabit overlapping home-ranges. Females also inhabit overlapping home-ranges within the confines of a Tph male's territory. They spawn with the same male every day at high tide. Iph males are rare in this population. They spawn by releasing milt into the gamete cloud left after a pair-spawning event. Iph males also pair-spawn with females in the absence of Tph males. Sex change is correlated with the onset of 11-ketotestosterone production, and a dramatic decrease in plasma levels of estradiol. This is the first report to show that a naturally-occurring androgen increases in plasma concentration during sex change in a protogynous marine species. Administration of 11-ketotestosterone promotes sex and colour change in adult females. Thus, 11-ketotestosterone appears to play a key role in sex and colour phase change in this species. Males that retain Iph colouration after sex change have lower levels of 11-ketotestosterone (undetectable) and higher levels of estradiol than Tph males or males with transitional colouration. This suggests that estradiol may suppress colour phase change in Iph males. Bachelor Tph males have lower levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone than territorial males. Bachelors rapidly take over experimentally vacated territories, confinning the hypothesis that they are normally excluded from suitable habitat by territorial males. One week after territory acquisition, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone increase to levels over and above those in undisturbed territorial males, but by three weeks, androgen levels are not significantly different from those in undisturbed territorial males. Simulated territorial intrusion promoted increased androgen production in Tph males, while access to territories without neighbours did not. Thus, the pattern of androgen production seen after territory acquisition is due to interactions with neighbouring males during territory boundary re-establishment. Increased levels of androgen during territorial challenges may promote increased aggressiveness and territorial vigilance, thereby increasing the chances of successfully defending against the challenge. These findings are discussed in light of recent theory in behavioural endocrinology.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

Fungal species compete for space and nutrients in organic matter, resulting in strong morphological and biochemical reactions in the interacting mycelia. Interspecific mycelial interactions have attracted extensive studies because of their potential applications in biological control, bio-pulping, screening for novel bioactive metabolites and enhancement of extracellular enzyme production. Studies of interspecific mycelial combat have also contributed to the understanding of the structure and development of fungal communities. Although the behaviour of interacting mycelia has been understood, mainly at the morphological level, the biochemical aspects have yet to be fully elucidated. The main aim of this study was to endeavour to understand the underlying cellular and molecular response patterns and adaptations of the white-rot fungus, Schizophyllum commune to a highly antagonistic strain of Trichoderma viride, by correlating the expression patterns of metabolites, proteins and selected genes of Schizophyllum commune in response to the antagonist. The study also investigated the implication of oxidative damage in these response patterns. Microscopic examination of stained and unstained mycelia of S. commune confronted by the mycelia of T. viride, revealed cell wall lysis, protoplasmic degeneration, hyphal expansion and subsequent hyphal disintegration, hence, cell death in the mycelia of S. commune, after 7 days of mycelial contact. Metabolite patterns of both species near the interaction zone were profiled by HPLC and GC/MS, in comparison to their self-paired mycelia. Sugar alcohols, phenolic compounds and organic acids were up-regulated in the interacting mycelia of both species, while �-aminobutyric acid, myo-inositol phosphate, pyridoxine and N-acetylglucosamine, were up-regulated in S. commune mycelia with a concurrent decrease in the levels of fatty acids detected in the latter. Expression patterns of selected genes of S. commune confronted by T. viride were investigated by RT-PCR, relative to patterns in its self-paired cultures. Genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis of cell wall polymers, protein synthesis and protein quality control, signalling, and stress response were up-regulated. On the other hand, genes that code for proteins associated with glycolysis, nitrogen assimilation, membrane transport, mitochondrial ATP-synthetic machinery, and cellular multiplication/growth were down-regulated. Changes in protein expression were profiled in the mycelia of both species paired against each other using 2- Dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, following peptide fragmentation. Proteins involved in protein synthesis and assembly, unfolded protein response, response to cellular injury, synthesis of phenolic compounds, recycling of carbon and nitrogen were up-regulated in the confronted mycelial domain of S. commune. Proteins involved in glycolysis and heat shock response were predominantly down-regulated in the mycelia of S. commune paired against T. viride. Proteins associated with antagonism, cellular metabolism, glycolysis, and ATP generation and protein synthesis were up-regulated in the mycelia of T. viride interacting with S. commune with a decline in the detected levels of proteins involved in cytoskeleton organisation. Biochemical assays revealed increases in the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and in the levels of indicators of oxidative stress and secondary metabolism, such as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, superoxide anion and phenolic levels in the mycelia of S. commune paired against T. viride. Similarly, the activities and protein levels of phenol-oxidising enzymes, namely laccase and manganese peroxidase increased in the confronted mycelial domain of S. commune. Chitinase activity increased in mixed liquid cultures of both fungi. Protein, and gene expression patterns, in the confronted mycelia of S. commune suggest an increase in the flux through the protein synthetic machinery, possibly resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may have activated the unfolded protein response. These are strong indications of oxidative stress induction and switch of mycelial growth to secondary metabolism. There was little evidence of antagonism by S. commune towards T. viride, suggesting that the patterns reported herein, may be a response rather than an attack mechanism towards the latter.

L’étude entreprise couvrant une large variabilité génétique a permis de confirmer sur poussins le rôle antinutritionnel des saponines de la luzerne. Les effets variétaux, cycles de récolte, organes (feuilles, tiges, racines) ont été analysés. Le devenir des saponines au cours du processus d’extraction industrielle des protéines est étudié. Les méthodes de dosage biologique utilisables (Trichoderma, Tenebrio, hémolyse…) ont été mises en œuvre et comparées : elles apparaissent très bien corrélées et disponibles en sélection pour l’obtention de génotypes à faible teneur en saponines
The study undertaken dealnig with a large genetical variability allowed the author to confirm the antinutritional effect of lucerne saponins on chickens. The varietal effects, sequence cropping, plant parts (leaves, stems, roots) have been analysed. The becoming of saponins during the industrial extraction process of proteins have been studied. The biological dosage methods available (Trichoderma, Tenebrio, hemolysis…) have been tried and compared : they are very well correlated and available for plant breeders to obtain genotypes with low content of saponins

La dégradation enzymatique des parois du grain de blé (Triticum aestivum) et son application à l'étude de la variabilité structurale des arabinoxylanes (AX) de l'albumen amylacé a été entreprise pour mieux comprendre les propriétés des parois et maîtriser les mécanismes de biosynthèse qui les modulent. Les produits de dégradation des AX par une endoxylanase de Trichoderma viride ont été isolés et caractérisés par RMN du proton, puis utilisés pour produire des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les AX. Les règles de leur fragmentation en spectrométrie de masse (ESI-Q-TOF) ont été établies. La xylanase a ensuite permis d'étudier la variabilité structurale des AX, et les relations entre AX solubles et insolubles ont été établies. Une méthode d'analyse rapide, basée sur l'empreinte enzymatique des AX, a été développée. Elle permet de discriminer les variétés et d'envisager leur criblage pour la recherche de QTL liés à la structure des AX et aux gènes de biosynthèse de ces macromolécules
The enzymatic degradation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain cell walls and its application to study the structural variability of arabinoxylans (AX) from endosperm was carried out in order to better understand the properties of the walls and to control the mechanisms of biosynthesis which modulate them. AX degradation products by an endoxylanase from Trichoderma viride were isolated and characterized by proton NMR. Isolated oligomers were used to produce monoclonal antibodies directed against AX. Their fragmentation rules in mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF) were also established. The xylanase was then used to study the variability of AX and structural relationship between the soluble and insoluble fractions of AX were established. A new fast method, based on the enzymatic fingerprinting of AX, was developed and allowed to discriminate wheat cultivars. This method allowed to screen cultivars to find QTL related to AX structure and thus to highlight genes involved in their biosynthesis

La biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone (arome : noix de coco) a partir l'espece de trichoderma a ete etudiee en fonction de differents parametres. La production de l'arome varie en fonction de la nature de la souche, de l'etat physiologique du champignon et du milieu de culture. Cette etude a ete realisee dans cinq milieux differents. Les milieux de culture, sabouraud avec 2 % de glucose et l'extrait de malt de berley, vis a vis d'une souche de trichoderma viride non sporulee, se revelent etre les plus performants tant pour la qualite que pour la quantite de pyrone produite. Une production maximale de 250 mg/l a ete obtenue en erlens de 250 ml. La biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone a ete ensuite mise en uvre dans un bioreacteur a lit fluidise de 2 litres. La cinetique de production de la pyrone a ete etablie et un rendement de 120 mg/l a ete obtenu en 192 heures. Dans le but de transferer nos resultats a une application industrielle, nous avons entrepris une etude chimiometrique de la biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone. Le modele previsionnel dans le domaine experimental etudie, a permis de determiner l'optimum de la production a 120-130 mg/l. , dans un bioreacteur de 2 litres.

Bibliography: leaves 78-90. Designed to localize viroids at the histological and subcellular level and to determine with which cellular compartments the different viroids are associated. The majority of the work, in both the viroid and the phytoplasma studies involved the development of different methods and techniques.

The present study describes the bioactivity guided isolation and structural elucidation of novel anticancer compounds from the Bangladeshi medicinal plant Blumera lacera. At the outset nineteen Bangladeshi medicinal plants were selected and collected from different parts of Bangladesh. Plants underwent preliminary cytotoxicity screening based on their traditional medicinal uses, limited previous research on them, and their availability. The selected plants were extracted with methanol and screened for their cytotoxic potential using the MTT assay against two healthy cell lines (mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3), a healthy monkey kidney (VERO)) and four cancer cell lines namely, gastric (AGS), colon (HT-29), two breast (estrogen-dependent: MCF-7 and estrogen non-dependent: MDA-MB-231). Preliminary cytotoxicity assessment led to the identification of seven plants with significant cytotoxic potential, having IC50 < 1.0 mg/mL against a minimum of one cancer cell line. The identified plants were: Avicennia alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Diospyros peregrina, Ecbolium viride, Jasminum sambac, Clitoria terantea, and Saraca asoca. The bioactivity detected correlated with their traditional uses as anticancer agents. Comparing cytotoxicity effects of the selected plants with that of Blumea lacera which was previously screened for cytotoxic potential in our research lab, Blumea lacera was found to be more cytotoxic and thus selected for bioassay-guided isolation of constituents.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Pharmacy
Griffith Health
Full Text

Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est un pathogène majeur causant des cancers du foie. Ce n'est que plus de dix ans après sa découverte que des systèmes expérimentaux in vitro ont été développé et ont permis de montrer que le tropisme du virus pour les hépatocytes est restreint par l'interaction des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe E1E2 avec des récepteurs de surface cellulaire. Les détails de cette étape et le mécanisme conduisant à l'internalisation du VHC ont longtemps été ignorés. Mon travail de thèse c'est focalisé sur l'étude de ces stades précoces du cycle viral, des cibles privilégiées pour le développement d'un vaccin. Nos travaux ont mis en évidence que la grande boucle extracellulaire du corécepteur CD81 est importante pour l'attachement des particules. Cette étape est suivie de l'intervention de molécules recrutées au sein du complexe virus-récepteurs par les domaines transmembranaires et intracellulaires de CD81 afin d'initier l'internalisation des VHCpp. Nous avons également découvert que les claudines, protéines des jonctions serrées, sont des cofacteurs nécessaire à l'entrée du VHC. Enfin, nous avons démontré que le VHC est endocyté par la voie de la clathrine et nécessite un passage par les endosomes précoces mais non tardifs. Une étude détaillée des cinétiques d'entrée des VHCpp a montré que la fusion du virus dépendante du pH requière d'autres événements au cours du trafic intracellulaire. Ces découvertes ont permis d'établir que le mécanisme d'entrée du VHC est complexe et nouveau. Elles ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour développer des stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant des étapes spécifiques de l'infection
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen causing hepatocellular carcinoma. It took more than ten years after its discovery to develop in vitro Systems to allow the study of HCV entry. These models have allowed determining that HCV tropism for hepatocytes is restricted by the interaction between the envelope glycoproteins E1E2 and specific cell surface receptors. However, the details concerning this step and the mechanism that entails HCV internalization have been ignored for a long time. My thesis work was focused on these early stages of the virus cycle that represent privileged targets for the development of a vaccine. We elucidate that the large extracellular loop of CD81, an HCV coreceptor, is important for attachment to target cell. This step is followed by recruitment of molecules into the virus-receptors complex by the transmembrane and intracellular domains of CD81 in order to initiate internalization. We also discovered that claudins, tight junction proteins, are cofactors required for HCV entry. Finally, our group was one of the first to demonstrate that HCV is endocytosed via the clathrin pathway and is delivered to early but not late endosomes. A detailed study of HCVpp entry kinetics showed that pH dependant-viral fusion required additional events during intracellular trafficking. These important findings permit to establish that the mechanism of HCV entry is complex and novel. It opens new perspectives to develop new therapeutic strategies targeting specific steps of infection

In the first chapter, we determined that cucumber plants infected with hop stunt viroid (HSVd) accumulated high levels of sRNAs derived of ribosomal RNA (rb-sRNAs).Moreover, this effect was correlated with an increase of the transcription of the ribosomal RNAs precursors (rRNAs) due to a decrease in DNA methylation in its promoter region, revealing that certain ribosomal genes (usually silenced) reactivated its transcriptional activity during the infection. In the following chapter and in order to determine whether this process could be a common phenomenon to other plant-pathogen systems, we analyzed N.benthamiana transgenic plants that expressed, in a constitutive way, the viroid dimeric sequence. It was observed that the accumulation of the sRNAs in transgenic plants was similar to the one seen in infected cucumbers, promoting the imbalance of the rb-sRNAs accumulation. By bysulfited DNA sequencing we proved that this phenomenon turned to be linked with the loss of cytosine methylation in a symmetrical context. As with that observed in cucumber, this phenomenon was correlated with an increase of the transcription of these hypomethylated DNA regions. These data supported the idea that the HSVd was able to interfere with the regulation mechanisms in the host epigenetic level (methylation), suggesting that this phenomenon could happen generally in other viroid-host systems. In the third chapter, by immunoprecipitation essays, it was possible to determine that both in cucumberas in N. benthamiana plants, the HSVd formed an in vivo stable complex with the HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6), a key component in the process of methylation of diverse repetitive DNAs. These results suggested that the interaction HSVd-HDA6 would generate a functional deficit of HDA6 that might be responsible of the epigenetic alterations observed in the host during the infection. This hypothesis was consistent with the observation that the transient overexpression of HDA6 in infected plants reverted to the hypomethylation status of the rDNA. Unexpectedly, we observed that the HDA6 overexpression induced a significant reduction in the accumulation levels of the viroid in the infected plants. Also, the viroid accumulation in the infected cells increased when we transiently silenced the HDA6 expression, demonstrating the existence of an antagonistic relationship between the HDA6 concentration and the viroid. A hypothesis that allows explaining the information obtained and correlating them with an increase of biological viroid efficacy in the host is described in detail in the discussion of this chapter. Once determined that, in vegetative host tissue, the HSVd induces alterations in the epigenetic map of the promotor areas of rDNA, in the last chapter of this thesis we analyzed whether or not reproductive host tissue showed similar alterations during the infection. We analyzed pollen grains of infected cucumber plants. The structural analysis of these reproductive cells indicated that the HSVd accumulation induced a nuclear chromatin decodensation, responsible of the rRNAs transcription in the nucleus of the generative cell. This alteration was correlated with a significant demethylation of the ribosomal DNAs and transposable elements. By RT-PCR analysis it was possible to determine that this methylation pattern alteration correlated with a significant increase of transcriptional activity. This observation revealed that the HSVd infection also induced alterations in the transcriptional regulation mechanisms in the host reproductive tissue. This result allowed speculating with the possibility that these epigenetic modifications could happen in the next generation plants, awarding to the viroid an advantage for host adaptation.
En el primer capítulo determinamos que plantas de pepino infectadas con el viroide del enanismo del lúpulo (HSVd) acumulaban altos niveles de sRNAs derivados del RNA ribosomal. Además, este efecto se correlacionó con un aumento de la transcripción de los precursores de los RNAs ribosomales debido a una disminución de la metilación del DNA en su región promotora poniendo de manifiesto que ciertos genes ribosomales (normalmente silenciados) reactivaban su actividad transcripcional durante la infección. En el siguiente capítulo y con el objetivo de determinar si este proceso podía ser un fenómeno común a otros sistemas planta-patógeno, analizamos plantas de N.benthamiana transgénicas que expresaban de forma constitutiva la secuencia dimérica del viroide. Se observó cómo la acumulación de los sRNAs en plantas transgénicas era similar a la observada en los pepinos infectados, promoviendo el desequilibrio de la acumulación de rb-sRNAs. Mediante secuenciación de DNA bisulfitado demostramos que este fenómeno volvía a estar ligado con la pérdida de metilación de citosinas en un contexto simétrico. Al igual que en pepino este fenómeno correlacionaba con un aumento de la transcripción de estas zonas de DNA hipometiladas. En el tercer capítulo y mediante ensayos de immuno-precipitación, fue posible determinar que tanto en pepino como en N. benthaminana el HSVd formaba complejos estables in vivo con la proteína HISTONA DEACETILASA 6 (HDA6), un componente clave del proceso de metilación de diversos DNAs repetitivos, entre los que se encuentra el DNA ribosomal. Estos resultados sugerían que esta interacción HSVd-HDA6 generaría un déficit funcional de HDA6 que podría ser responsable de las alteraciones epigenéticas observadas en el huésped durante la infección. Esta hipótesis fue consistente con la observación de que la sobreexpresión transitoria de HDA6 en plantas infectadas revirtió el estado de hipometilación del rDNA inducido por el viroide. Inesperadamente, observamos que la sobreexpresión de HDA6 inducía una significativa reducción en los niveles de acumulación del viroide en la planta infectada. Además, la acumulación del viroide en las células infectadas aumentó al silenciar de forma transitoria la expresión de HDA6 evidenciando la existencia de una relación antagónica entre la concentración de HDA6 y la del viroide. Una vez determinado que, en tejidos vegetativos del huésped, el HSVd induce alteraciones en el mapa epigenético de las zonas promotoras del rDNA, en el último capítulo de esta tesis analizamos si tejidos reproductivos del huésped mostraban alteraciones similares durante la infección. Para ello se analizaron granos de polen de flores provenientes de plantas de pepino infectadas por el HSVd. El análisis estructural de estas células reproductivas indico que la acumulación de HSVd inducía la descondensación de la cromatina nucleolar responsable de la transcripción de los rRNAs en el núcleo generativo. Esta alteración correlacionó con una significativa desmetilación de DNAs ribosomales y los asociados a Elementos Transponibles. Mediante análisis de qRT-PCR fue posible determinar que esta alteración en los patrones de metilación se correspondía con un significativo aumento de su actividad transcripcional lo que permite afirmar que al igual que lo observado en hoja, la infección por HSVd induce alteraciones a nivel de los mecanismos de regulación transcripcional también en tejidos reproductivos del huésped. Esta observación permite especular con la posibilidad de que estas modificaciones epigenéticas podrían pasar a la siguiente generación de plantas, confiriendo de esta manera al viroide una ventaja en la adaptación al huésped.
En el primer capítol determinem que plantes de cogombre infectades amb el viroide del nanisme del llúpol (HSVd) acumulaven alts nivells d'sRNA derivats de l'RNA ribosòmic (rb-sRNA). A més, aquest efecte es va correlacionar amb un augment de la transcripció dels precursors dels RNA ribosòmics (rRNA) a causa d'una disminució de la metilació del DNA en la seua regió promotora, i va posar de manifest que certs gens ribosòmics (normalment silenciats) reactivaven la seua activitat transcripcional durant la infecció. En el següent capítol i amb l'objectiu de determinar si aquest procés podia ser un fenomen comú a altres sistemes planta-patogen, analitzem plantes de N. benthamiana transgèniques que expressaven de forma constitutiva la seqüència dimèrica del viroide. Es va observar como l'acumulació dels sRNA en plantes transgèniques era similar a l'observada en els cogombres infectats, promovent el desequilibri de l'acumulació d'rb-sRNA. Mitjançant la seqüenciació del DNA bisulfitat vam demostrar que aquest fenomen tornava a estar lligat a la pèrdua de metilació de citosines en un context simètric. De la mateixa forma que en el cogombre, aquest fenomen es correlacionava amb un augment de la transcripció d'aquestes zones de DNA hipometilades. En el tercer capítol, mitjançant assajos d'immunoprecipitació, va ser possible determinar que tant en cogombre com en N. benthaminana, l'HSVd formava complexos estables in vivo amb la proteïna HISTONA DEACETILASA 6 (HDA6), un component clau del procés de metilació de diversos DNA repetitius, entre els quals es troba el DNA ribosòmic. Aquests resultats suggerien que aquesta interacció HSVd-HDA6 generaria un dèficit funcional d'HDA6 que podria ser responsable de les alteracions epigenètiques observades en l'hoste durant la infecció. Aquesta hipòtesi va ser consistent amb l'observació que la sobreexpressió transitòria d'HDA6 en plantes infectades revertia l'estat d'hipometilació de l'rDNA induït pel viroide. Inesperadament, observem que la sobreexpressió d'HDA6 induïa una significativa reducció en els nivells d'acumulació del viroide en la planta infectada. A més, l'acumulació del viroide en les cèl·lules infectades va augmentar en silenciar de forma transitòria l'expressió d'HDA6, evidenciant l'existència d'una relació antagònica entre la concentració d'HDA6 i la del viroide. Una vegada determinat que, en teixits vegetatius de l'hoste, l'HSVd indueix alteracions en el mapa epigenètic de les zones promotores de l'rDNA, en l'últim capítol d'aquesta tesi analitzem si teixits reproductius de l'hoste mostraven alteracions similars durant la infecció. Amb aquesta finalitat, es van analitzar grans de pol·len de flors provinents de plantes de cogombre infectades per l'HSVd . L'anàlisi estructural d'aquestes cèl·lules reproductives va indicar que l'acumulació d'HSVd induïa la descondensació de la cromatina nucleolar responsable de la transcripció dels rRNA en el nucli generatiu. Aquesta alteració es va correlacionar amb una significativa desmetilació de DNA ribosòmics i els associats a elements transposables (TE). Mitjançant anàlisi de qRT-PCR va ser possible determinar que aquesta alteració en els patrons de metilació es corresponia amb un significatiu augment de la seua activitat transcripcional, la qual cosa va permetre afirmar que, igual que l'observat en la fulla, la infecció per HSVd induïa, també en els teixits reproductius de l'hoste, alteracions dels mecanismes de regulació transcripcional. Aquesta observació va permetre especular amb la possibilitat que aquestes modificacions epigenètiques pogueren passar a la següent generació de plantes, conferint d'aquesta manera al viroide un avantatge d'adaptació a l'hoste.
Castellano Pérez, M. (2017). ESTUDIO DE LAS ALTERACIONES EN EL PATRON DE METILACIÓN DEL DNA DEL HUÉSPED INDUCIDAS POR UN VIROIDE NUCLEAR [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/77992
TESIS

Los cítricos son huéspedes naturales de diferentes especies de viroides, todos pertenecientes a la familia Pospiviroidae. Estudios preliminares para detectar viroides en especies y variedades comerciales dieron resultados erráticos, excepto cuando se utilizaba la especie indicadora cidro Etrog como huésped bioamplificador. Para evitar el uso de este huésped en los ensayos de detección, se desarrolló un método basado en la hibridación northern. El protocolo desarrollado consistía en: (i) extracción de ácidos nucleicos de muestras de corteza recolectadas en diferentes épocas y/o almacenadas en distintas condiciones; (ii) separación de los RNAs en 5% PAGE o 1% agarosa y transferencia a membranas; (iii) hibridación con sondas de DNA marcadas con digoxigenina (DIG) específicas para cada viroide, detección con un anticuerpo anti-DIG conjugado con fosfatasa alcalina y revelado con un substrato quimioluminiscente (CSPD). Con este método se pueden detectar viroides en todas las especies de cítricos ensayadas. La técnica es extremadamente sensible, y acorta el tiempo necesario para la detección fiable de los viroides de cítricos conocidos hasta el momento. La aplicación de esta técnica ha permitido realizar prospecciones en árboles cultivados en distintas regiones citrícolas de Colombia, Perú y Brasil. En limas Tahití de Colombia se han identificado infecciones múltiples con HSVd y CDVd o con CEVd, HSVd y CDVd. Las muestras procedentes del Banco de Germoplasma de Palmira estaban libres de viroides, excepto una fuente de cidro Etrog que estaba infectada con CEVd y CDVd.
Murcia Riaño, N. (2009). DETECCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN AGRONÓMICA DE VIROIDES DE CÍTRICOS. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR Y BIOLOGÍCA DE VARIANTES DEL VIROIDE DEL ENANISMO DE LOS CÍTRICOS CDVd [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6343
Palancia

A presente pesquisa visa compreender o pensamento ético-político de Alexis de Tocqueville, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da liberdade do cidadão no Estado democrático para, então, discutir a estreita relação estabelecida entre Estado democrático, liberdade e justiça. O interesse nesta discussão advém de uma dificuldade que a análise tocquevilliana da democracia traz à luz: por um lado o Estado democrático fundamenta-se necessariamente numa relação de harmonia entre a liberdade e a igualdade, por outro lado, tal harmonia é bastante problemática, pois exige dos homens virtudes cívicas opostas às propensões que dispõem naturalmente neste Estado. A falta destas virtudes isola os cidadãos e a conseqüência é o surgimento de um Estado despótico que, aniquilando suavemente a capacidade dos homens pensarem e agirem por si mesmos junto com seus semelhantes, os degrada. Para equacionar esta dificuldade Tocqueville, sem qualquer desprezo às características dos tempos democráticos, mas ciente da necessidade de conter as tendências desagregadoras destes tempos, admite a necessidade de educar o indivíduo para torná-lo um cidadão virtuoso. Aceitando que a virtude possa advir do interesse, faz-se necessário formar, pela ação dos próprios cidadãos concernidos, costumes e crenças que os projetem para além de si mesmos, que os façam reconhecer, no respeito à igual liberdade de todos demais, um critério de justiça adequado ao Estado democrático e à dignidade humana. Mas, se justo é a igual liberdade impõe-se que aceitemos o Estado democrático como radicalmente inacabado, sujeito à revezes e incertezas, posto que implica a permanente abertura ao diferente, à tolerância e ao pluralismo.
This thesis aims at understanding the ethical and political thought of Alexis de Tocqueville as far as the development of the citizen\'s freedom in the democratic state is concerned. This provides a basis for a discussion about the close relationship between democratic state, freedom, and justice. The interest in such a discussion comes from an issue raised by the tocquevillian analysis of democracy: if, on the one hand, the democratic state is necessarily based on a harmonious relationship between freedom and equality, on the other, such harmonious relationship is rather problematic because it demands from the citizens civic virtues which are opposed to their natural dispositions. The lack of such civic virtues isolates the citizens from each other, and can lead to the emergence of a despotic state, which degrades men because it subtly annihilates their ability to think and act by themselves. Without showing any disregard for the characteristics of democratic times, Tocqueville is aware of the necessity to limit the disruptive tendencies of those days and admits the need to educate men to make them become virtuous citizens. Accepting that virtue results from interest, then it becomes necessary that the concerned citizens develop a set of customs and beliefs which project them beyond themselves and make them recognize a criterium for justice which is appropriate to the democratic state and to human dignity. However fair equal freedom, one might accept that the democratic state is an unfinished business, subject to setbacks and uncertainties, and its future depends a great deal on mens ability to deal with difference, with tolerance and pluralism

A menção do título às ilhas deve-se ao fato de que toda a tese se estrutura a partir da análise do discurso Nas ilhas bem-aventuradas, da segunda parte de Assim falou Zaratustra. Examino, em primeiro lugar, a relevância desse cenário, tanto para a obra, quanto para os problemas centrais a serem abordados na tese. Esse espaço mítico, tomado de Hesíodo (e, derivativamente, de Homero), tem a função de selecionar a audiência de Zaratustra e, portanto, restringir drasticamente a destinação de seus ensinamentos (ou seja, da filosofia nietzschiana como um todo). A partir desse enquadramento, examino o significado muito específico que o além-do-homem adquire para a audiência seleta: ele é um ideal, não a ser alcançado, mas a ser perpetuamente perseguido. Ao compreendê-lo, o criador abandona a verdade como um critério da ação criativa e dos valores e é instado a eleger outros em seu lugar. No discurso Nas ilhas bem-aventuradas, um desses critérios emerge da apresentação das condições efetivas que devem ser cumpridas pelo criador: em termos muitos gerais, o criador deve ser capaz de estabelecer uma relação privilegiada com o \"intransitório\", isto é, o devir. Trata-se, assim, de um modo específico de relacionarse com a vida um modo que a trata precisamente como a encarnação do devir e, além disso, da vontade de poder. Por fim, busco, avaliar as consequências daquele ideal quando projetado sobre o futuro da humanidade, algo permanentemente no horizonte de Nietzsche. A criação de uma nova imagem para o homem pressupõe a emergência de alguns raros indivíduos capazes de criar, para si mesmos, as virtudes alinhadas àqueles critérios superiores de valoração; nesse contexto, nobreza soma-se a devir e vida, não apenas como critério de valoração, mas também como meta incluída no ideal de superação da humanidade.
The allusion to the isles is due to the fact that the whole thesis is structured upon the analysis of Zarathustras discourse Upon the blessed isles. This points to the constitutive distance of isles, which symbolizes Nietzsche pathos der Distanz. Building on that, Ill discuss the meaning that the overman acquires in this context, i.e. an ideal to be perpetually aimed at. It implies the abandonment of truth as a criterion for creative action. The new criteria, besides the overman itself, are becoming, life. When it comes to the meaning of Nietzsches concern with the future of mankind, Ill discuss the concept of virtue and the self-stylization of nobility.

O objetivo deste trabalho está relacionado à questão de saber qual a natureza da virtude em Platão; para tanto, procuramos demonstrar que a virtude na ética platônica possui diferentes fases. A primeira, trata da virtude a partir da visão socrática, considerada a fase de juventude de Platão; nesta fase, o conceito de virtude coincide com conhecimento, ou seja, todo princípio ético deve estar fundamentado pela razão, portanto o conhecimento é o princípio fundamental e unificador de todas as virtudes. Na segunda fase, o conhecimento continua sendo o princípio unificador, no entanto, o conceito de virtude se evidencia como uma unidade que se harmoniza pelo pressuposto das diferenças, isto é, Platão faz emergir a ação, o conflito, conseqüentemente isto leva à superação do intelectualismo socrático, no sentido de mostrar que o conhecimento é necessário, mas não suficiente para unificar as virtudes. E por último, temos a questão do ensino da virtude a partir do diálogo Mênon. Embora o citado diálogo negue a possibilidade do ensino da virtude, entretanto deixa em aberto a mesma possibilidade no que diz respeito à natureza da virtude ser ensinável.
The objective of this paper concerns the question of knowing what the nature of virtue in Plato is. In order to achieve it, we aim to demonstrate that the virtue in the platonic ethics has different phases. The first one deals with virtue from the socratic vision, known as the phase of Plato\'s youth; in which the concept of virtue coincides with knowledge, that is, all ethical principles must be based on reason, therefore knowledge is the basic and unifying principle of all virtues. In the second phase, in spite of the fact that knowledge is still regarded as the unifying principle, the concept of virtue is evidenced as a unit that is harmonized through the assumption of differences, that is, Plato makes the action and the conflict emerge, which consequently leads to the overcoming of the socratic intellectualism, in that it shows that `knowledge is necessary, but not enough to unify the virtues. Finally, there is the question of the teaching of virtue from the Menon dialogue. Although the aforementioned dialogue denies the possibility of the teaching of virtue, yhe same possibility concerning the nature of the teaching of virtue remains unresolved.

Do conjunto dos chamados primeiros diálogos de Platão, o Protágoras destaca-se como a obra em que é apresentada mais sistematicamente a doutrina conhecida como intelectualismo ético. Grosso modo, trata-se de compreender os temas éticos, como as virtudes ou excelências morais (justiça, piedade, sabedoria, temperança e coragem), exclusivamente como resultado de um processo cognitivo; em outros termos, trata-se de afirmar que os assuntos éticos para uma correta apreciação exigem a consideração de um tipo de conhecimento, que, sob esse diapasão, mostrar-se-á como o conhecimento do bem. O final do Protágoras apresenta esse ponto com clareza. Ali, as virtudes discutidas ao longo do diálogo são, a rigor, uma só coisa, a saber, conhecimento. A doutrina ética intelectualista conduz a consequências que não deixaram de ser exploradas por Platão nos primeiros diálogos, notadamente no Protágoras. Primeiramente, reduz-se com isso a multiplicidade das manifestações da excelência humana à posse de um conhecimento, problema que deixará sua herança à literatura antiga e que chega aos estudos eruditos contemporâneos como a questão da unidade das virtudes; em segundo lugar, o papel destacado do conhecimento na compreensão da vida ética requer a compreensão da relação deste com outros elementos fundamentais e reconhecidos, igualmente decisivos para a alma humana e para determinação das ações, como os apetites e as paixões. Este último ponto surge devido à constatação abundante nos diálogos da primeira fase de Platão, corroborada exemplarmente pelo Protágoras, de que o conhecimento é condição não apenas necessária, mas também suficiente para a obtenção e o exercício das virtudes, de modo que nenhum elemento extracognitivo (como o são paixões e apetites) é capaz de desviar a rota de ação indicada pelo conhecimento. Sendo o conhecimento do bem que caracteriza a virtude, hegemônico quando presente na alma humana, qual papel, portanto, seria reservado para paixões e apetites na ética dos primeiros diálogos? Uma doutrina que articula esses dois pontos é avançada no Protágoras, sendo este o diálogo que sistematiza e aprofunda as teorias socráticas presentes nos demais diálogos do conjunto. Nesse sentido, proponho um exame da relação entre virtude e conhecimento no Protágoras, dividido em duas partes: a primeira parte lidando mais diretamente com o problema da unidade das virtudes, enquanto a segunda investigará o sentido do intelectualismo ético segundo a relação entre conhecimento e elementos não cognitivos, parte na qual o exame de uma virtude particular receberá destaque: a coragem.
Among Platos first dialogues, the Protagoras stands out as the work in which the so called ethical intellectualism is exposed in the most systematic manner. Roughly, in ethical intellectualism, ethical themes such as virtues or moral excellences (justice, piety, wisdom, temperance and courage) are defined exclusively as the result of a cognitive process; in other terms, for ethical matters to be correctly understood, a certain knowledge must be considered; in this case, knowledge of the good. This point is made clear at the end of the Protagoras: all virtues discussed throughout the dialogue are strictly one thing, namely knowledge. The consequences of the intellectualist ethical doctrine were also explored by Plato in his first dialogues, especially in the Protagoras. First, the multiplicity of different manifestations of human excellence are thus reduced to the possession of a knowledge, a problem that was thoroughly explored in ancient literature and resulted, contemporarily, in the question of the unity of virtue. Secondly, the central role of knowledge in the comprehension of the ethical life requires the comprehension of the relation between knowledge and other admittedly fundamental aspects such as appetites and passions that are decisive to the human soul and crucial to determine ones actions. This latter point arises from the abundant observation in Platos first dialogues, especially in the Protagoras, that knowledge is not only a necessary condition but also a sufficient condition to obtain and exercise virtue in such a way that no extracognitive element (such as passions and appetites) is able to interfere in the path of action indicated by knowledge. If knowledge of the good is what defines virtue and if it is hegemonic when present in the human soul, what role is left to passions and appetites in the ethics of the first dialogues? These two points are articulated in the doctrine that is exposed in the Protagoras, a dialogue that deepens and systematizes Socrates theories discussed in the other dialogues from this period. Therefore, I intend to examine the relation between virtue and knowledge in the Protagoras. This work is divided in two parts: in the first, I deal with the problem of the unity of virtues; in the second part, I investigate the meaning of ethical intellectualism in view of the relation between knowledge and non-cognitive elements, and one particular virtue shall be examined: courage.

O estoicismo de Sêneca apresenta traços que refletem sua condição pessoal de homem novo, de ator na história do Império Romano e de um pensador bastante livre. As linhas de seu pensamento, que se pode chamar de estóico-senequiano, estão presentes em toda sua obra: de maneira explícita, nas epístolas e nos diálogos; e implícita, na tragédia Hércules no Eta. Para essa tragédia, Sêneca buscou, como modelo principal, As Traquínias de Sófocles, cujas personagens recebem um tratamento tal, que se pode ler, em suas palavras e em suas ações, a expressão das virtudes e dos vícios nos três níveis: cósmico, imperial e individual. A relação entre essas três instâncias é garantida, principalmente, pela tensão sujeito-objeto e pela analogia como processo de conhecimento. Em seu pensamento bipolar, pode-se ler a presença dos princípios que perpassam toda a Natureza: o ativo (do lado do sujeito) e o passivo (na vertente do objeto). A expressão máxima do princípio ativo é, no universo, o Logos; no Império, a razão do príncipe, que constitui sua alma; no homem, a razão diretriz. O vício é o desequilíbrio em qualquer uma das instâncias, e consiste numa inversão que deixa a Razão fora do lugar que lhe cabe segundo a perfeição da Natureza. O reequilíbrio, no âmbito do Universo, se faz pela \"conflagração universal\"; no Império, pelo comando de um príncipe virtuoso; no indivíduo, pela prática da virtude, sob o comando da razão. Como no indivíduo, a virtude, que é igual à sabedoria, à felicidade, à liberdade, é conquistada paulatinamente, o homem, em relação a ela, pode ser um stultus, um uacillans, um proficiens ou um sapiens. No Hércules de Hércules no Eta, convivem as três instâncias: a cósmica na conflagração universal, a do Império Romano, nas alusões político-históricas, e a do indivíduo, na trajetória exemplar do herói rumo à sabedoria e à apoteose. Sua trajetória, dividida entre um velho e um novo Hércules, promove, ainda, a passagem do tempo mítico para o tempo legal, do herói marcado pela hybris para o marcado pela uirtus.
Seneca\'s stoicism presents features that reflect his personal condition as new man, as an actor in the Roman Empire History and as a free thinker. His lines of thought, which can be named as estoico-senequiano, are in all of his works: explicitly, in his epistles and dialogues; and implicitly, in his tragedy Hercules on Oeta. As main source of inspiration to this tragedy, Seneca used Sophocles\' The Trachiniae, in which can be read, through its characters\' words and attitudes, the expression of vice and virtue in three levels: cosmic, imperial and individual. The relationship between these three levels is granted, mainly, by the tension subject-object and by analogy as a process of knowledge. In Seneca\'s bipolar thought, one can notice the presence of principles that go beyond all nature: the active (subject\'s side) and the passive (that concerns the object). The major expression of the active principle is, in the universe, Logos; in the Empire, the prince\'s reason, which constitutes his soul; in men, the guideline reason. Vice is the disequilibrium in any of these instances, and is defined as an inversion that takes reason out of its proper place in accordance with nature\'s perfection. The equilibrium is recovered again, in the universe\'s scope, through universal conflagration; in the Empire\'s scope, through a virtuous prince\'s command; in the individual scope, through practicing virtue under the control of reason. Since in human beings, the virtue, which is considered the same as knowledge, happiness, and freedom, is gained gradually, the men in relation to it can be a stultus, a uacillans, a proficiens, or a sapiens. In Hercules from Hercules on Oeta, the three instances are together: the cosmic through the universal conflagration, the one from Roman Empire through the historical and political allusions, and the individual one, through the hero\'s brilliant way to knowledge and apotheosis. His way, divided into an old and a new Hercules, promotes the passage from a mythical time to a legal time, from the hero marked by hybris to the one marked by uirtus.

A pesquisa apresentada consiste em cinco momentos distintos: Capítulo I - introdução situando a abra e o autor; Capítulo II - ensaios que contextualizam as obras traduzidas, apresentando alguns aspectos relevantes no olhar de Plutarco para a posição da mulher nos âmbitos público e privado; Capítulo III - traduções de três tratados de Plutarco: As virtudes das mulheres, Preceitos para o casamento e Carta de consolação à sua mulher; Capítulo IV - sob o título de considerações finais, destaca como a idéia de virtude feminina perpassa os textos traduzidos e como o conceito de virtude em alguns autores gregos dialoga com a idéia de virtude feminina presente na obra de Plutarco. O Capítulo V, por sua vez, apresenta um glossário dos nomes traduzidos.
The research done has five different moments: Chapter I - an introduction presenting the author and his work; Chapter II - essays that remit the translated works to the context at that period, showing some relevant thoughts of Plutarch about women position in public and private spaces, during the Ancient times; Chapter III - translation of three Plutarch\'s works: Bravery of Women , Advice to bride and groome and Consolation to his wife; Chapter IV - the final considerations emphasize how the idea of feminine virtue is inserted in the translated works and also the interlocution between the concept of virtue in some Greek authors and Plutarch\'s ideas. Chapter V presents a glossary of the translated names.

Neste trabalho examinamos a concepção de sociedade civil no pensamento social e político de Benjamin Franklin, cujas idéias exerceram grande influência na formação da mentalidade do homem do Novo Mundo. Essa mentalidade inaugura um novo modo de conceber a vida em sociedade, exaltando tudo o que se opõe aos valores da velha ordem. Contra o princípio da honra, os títulos de nobreza e a posição social dos indivíduos, ela exalta a virtude republicana, celebra o trabalho e reclama o respeito à dignidade humana, intrínseca a todos os homens independente da sua condição de nascimento. Não por acaso, virtude e trabalho aparecem como categorias centrais no pensamento de Benjamin Franklin. Longe de degradante, ele entendia o trabalho como energia vital do homem e expressão de sua liberdade. Além de ser um meio para obtenção da riqueza, o trabalho servia também para promover a virtude na medida em que libertava o homem da condição de pobreza, servilismo e dependência da boa vontade dos outros. A tese aí era de que o homem não pode ser considerado verdadeiramente livre se não for, ao mesmo tempo, politicamente livre e economicamente independente. Nesse sentido, sua concepção de sociedade se apresenta articulada com princípios que remontam a uma antiga tradição. É principalmente no ideal da civitas libera, ou Estado livre, que ela se inspira. Esse ideal havia predominado na Roma republicana de Tito Lívio, foi revivido e adaptado no renascimento italiano, sobretudo por Machiavel, e retomado no século XVII pelos defensores da causa republicana inglesa. No século XVIII, essa influência chegou até as colônias inglesas na América e teve em Franklin um dos seus principais representantes.
In this work we inspect the conception of civil society in the social and political ideas of Benjamin Franklin, which exerted large influence on the mentality constitution of the New World´s man. This mentality had initiated a new way to conceive the life in society exalting all that opposed the values of the old order. Against the principle of honor, the nobility titles, and the individual social position it exalts the republican virtue, celebrates the work, and claims respect for human dignity inherent to all men, not depending on their birth condition. Not by chance, virtue and work appears like central categories in the ideas of Benjamin Franklin. Far from conceiving it as shameful, he comprehended the work as the man´s vital energy and expression of his freedom. More than a way to obtain wealth, the work also attended to promote the virtue once it released man from the poverty and servility condition as much as from the dependence of the others good will. This theses utters that man couldn´t be considered free if he wasn´t at the same time politically free and economic independent. In this way, his conception of society seems articulated with doctrines that ascend an ancient tradition. It is mainly inspired by the ideal of civitas libera or the Free State. This ideal had predominated in the Republican Rome of Tito Livio, and then was relived and adapted by the Italian Renascence, mainly by Machiavelli, and was recovered by the defenders of the English republican cause, in the seventeenth century. This influence came to the English colonies in America in the eighteenth century, and it had in Franklin one of its main representatives.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-11T12:02:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Lucia Lopes.pdf: 889172 bytes, checksum: b567f082fcfbd2afbc279ae1034ac1d2 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T12:02:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Lucia Lopes.pdf: 889172 bytes, checksum: b567f082fcfbd2afbc279ae1034ac1d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Aristotelian ethics is articulated from the research on which is the supreme good of man and the purpose for which all things tend. Artistotle says that happiness (eudaimonia) is this good that we all seek in life and, therefore, is the end to which all things desired by man tend. For Aristotle, eudaimonia is the successful accomplishment of the human being viewed as a rational political animal. Thus, the man is happy when performing the purpose for which he exists, i.e., when performing the work (érgon) of its own. This study, which focuses on the part of the Nicomachean Ethics that became known as “The treaty of virtue” (Books I-IV), aims at understanding the design and place that occupies eudaimonia in the ethics of Aristotle. Therefore, we investigate some concepts of Aristotelian ethics closely linked with his conception of eudaimonia. In conclusion to the paper, we present a recent debate that has become paradigmatic in studies of Aristotelian ethics. This is the debate between the positions of two great contemporary Aristotelians, Hardie and Ackrill on the conception of eudaimonia as a supreme good, to be understood as an inclusive one (Hardie) or a dominant one of all the others (Ackrill)
A ética aristotélica se articula a partir da investigação de qual é o bem supremo do homem e o fim a que tendem todas as coisas. Aristóteles afirma que a felicidade (eudaimonia) é esse bem que todos buscam na vida e, por isso, é o fim ao qual devem tender todas as coisas desejadas pelo ser humano. Para Aristóteles, a eudaimonia é a realização bem-sucedida do ser humano entendido como animal político racional. Desta forma, o homem é feliz quando realiza o fim para qual existe, isto é, quando realiza a obra (érgon) que lhe é própria. A presente dissertação, que se concentra na parte da Ética Nicomaqueia conhecida como “O tratado da virtude” (livros I-IV), tem por objeto compreender a concepção e o lugar que a eudaimonia ocupa na ética de Aristóteles. Para tanto, investiga-se alguns conceitos da ética aristotélica estreitamente ligados com a sua concepção de eudaimonia. Em conclusão, apresenta-se um debate recente que se tornou paradigmático aos estudos da ética aristotélica. Trata-se do debate entre as posições de dois grandes aristotélicos contemporâneos, Hardie e Ackrill, acerca da concepção da eudaimonia como bem supremo, a ser entendida como um bem inclusivo de todos os outros (Hardie) e um bem dominante de todos os outros (Ackrill)

Orientador: Alcides Hector Rodriguez Benoit
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Petrelli_HumbertoZanardo_D.pdf: 2782393 bytes, checksum: 4bd2b40eeac4996da0aff849d01db77b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar que para adquirir a "excelência" (aretê), segundo Platão (427-347 a.C.), é necessário combinar a técnica (tekhnê) e o entusiasmo (enthoysiasmos). Possuir e utilizar somente a técnica ou somente o entusiasmo evidencia o domínio de um método insuficiente para alcançar a "excelência". Isto porque, mesmo que se entenda o entusiasmo como "um deus trabalhando dentro de um homem" e agindo em favor de um indivíduo em seus esforços por "excelência", per se é algo apenas potencial, virtual, que auxilia a potencialização, a existência real e plena da "excelência". Neste sentido, a técnica é necessária por ser a força que impele o executar de qualquer tipo de atividade com precisão, com conhecimento e regularmente, uma vez que é condição sine qua non tanto para um comportamento autônomo, bem como para a boa aprendizagem e execução de qualquer tarefa. Por fim, a nossa devida compreensão desse processo, a saber, conjunção adequada da "técnica" e do "entusiasmo" erigindo a "excelência", será construída através do estudo dos diálogos Sofista, Mênon, Fedro, Banquete, Cármides, Filebo, Íon, Fédon, Protágoras, Górgias, Timeu, República de Platão, fundamentais ao exercício que nos propomos
Abstract: This work aims to demonstrate that to acquire "excellence" (aretê), according to Plato (427-347 BC), it is necessary to combine both technique (tekhnê) and enthusiasm (enthoysiasmos). Having and using only the technique or just the enthusiasm makes evident the mastery of an insufficient method for achieving "excellence". This is because, even if you understand the enthusiasm as "a god working inside of a man" and acting on behalf of an individual in their efforts to "excellence", per se it is only volitional act by itself is something only potential, virtual, which helps potentiation, the actual existence and complete of "excellence". In this sense, the technique is needed once it is the force that impels to performance of any kind of activity accurately, with knowledge and regularly, since it is conditio sine qua non for either an autonomous behavior and, for good learning and execution any task. Finally, our proper understanding of this process, namely, the proper conjunction of "technique" and "enthusiasm" and thus establishing "excellence", will be constructed through the study of the dialogues, Sophist, Meno, Phaedrus, Symposium, Charmides, Philebus, Ion, Phaedo, Protagoras, Gorgias, Timaeus, Plato¿s Republic, fundamental to the exercise that we undertake
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia

The present study examines the interaction between host RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), with the goal of locating and characterizing a putative RNAP II promoter within the viroid's RNA genome. By using a co-immunoprecipitation approach coupled with deletion and mutational analysis, RNAP II was shown to specifically bind the left terminal hairpin loop of PSTVd(+) RNA. The interaction with RNAP II appears to be dependent on PSTVd secondary structure features, rather than a particular sequence. These findings provide direct evidence of association between RNAP II and PSTVd RNA, and render a unique example of a possible RNA promoter for RNAP II. The second part of the study examines the evolutionary relationship between viroids and the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), as these pathogens share key structural and functional characteristics. We conclude, based on infection experiments, that HDV and viroids share common strategies and host factors to fulfill their respective life-cycles. We found that both HDV and an HDV mutant lacking the HDAg protein-coding region (miniHDV) can replicate in a plant host. However, miniHDV and PSTVd can replicate in human cells only in the presence of the small delta antigen (HDAg-S). Together, these results provide support for the hypothesis that HDV evolved from a viroid-like element through the capture of a cellular transcript necessary for its adaptation to a human host.

A concepção de felicidade é fundamental na filosofia aristotélica, considerando os livros da Ética e da Política. Os livros da Política VII-VIII apresentam-na vinculada ao projeto da polis ideal. Como Aristóteles concebe e viabiliza concretamente seu projeto nesse contexto em que os cidadãos efetivamente se tornam felizes? Em que medida a concepção da polis excelente tem como seu fundamento a concepção de felicidade? E que concepção é esta? Não é por outra razão que emergem tantas discussões e pontos de vistas divergentes, uma vez que muitos estudiosos não têm as mesmas interpretações a respeito dela. Há discussões entre teses exclusivistas e inclusivistas que nos ajudam a refletir sobre a concepção de felicidade no contexto político. O que se pretende neste estudo é analisar os livros I e X da Ethica icomachea em estreita relação com o projeto prático-político elaborado nos livros VII-VIII da Política. A vida feliz conduzida pela virtude serve como parâmetro de avaliação do que seja um regime político excelente (ariste politeia). Por esse viés, a Ética se articula com a Politica na fundamentação e na análise das condições de possibilidade da eudaimonia para a polis.
The conception of happiness is fundamental in aristotelian philosophy, as regards the books of Ethics and Politics. The books VII-VIII show it attached to the project of the ideal city. How Aristotle conceives and realizes his project in this context, where the citizens become really happy? To what extent the conception of the ideal city has as its ground the conception of happiness? And what conception is it? It is not for another reason that many discussions and different points of view emerge, since many scholars haven´t the same interpretations about it. There are are disagreements between exclusivist and inclusivist thesis, which help us to reflect about the conception of happiness in the context of ideal city. This study intends to reflect about this conception in the political context.Thus, we can remark and analyse how the project is drawn in the books VII-VIII of Politics, where its serves as the parameter of evaluation of what it is the excellent constitution for the ideal city (ariste politeia). In this way, the books VII-VIII provide an analysis of the conditions of possibility of happiness for the polis.

Esta tese pretende tratar do problema da constituição do fim da ação, objeto de nosso desejo. Visto que a apreensão correta do fim depende da aquisição da virtude moral, é preciso não apenas verificar a possibilidade da virtude ser adquirida, mas também como tal possibilidade se realiza através da educação moral dos desejos. Em primeiro lugar, devemos compreender o que significa educar o desejo. Com efeito, se educar o desejo significa se habituar a ter prazer com o que se deve, então devemos antes examinar em que sentido a concepção aristotélica de prazer permite que o desejo possa ser educado. Em segundo lugar, investigaremos por que tal educação é necessária para o projeto aristotélico da aquisição da virtude moral, pois, se ela não for necessária, ou bem o desejo teria de ser naturalmente bom, ou ele deveria estar submetido de modo incondicional à razão. Contudo, em oposição às posições intelectualista e naturalista, a ética aristotélica não pressupõe que a razão seja autônoma o suficiente para determinar o fim da ação segundo o conhecimento do bem e do mal, nem que ele seja dado por uma natureza inata boa ou má, porém pressupõe que apenas a razão seja capaz de apreender o que é verdadeiramente bom. Sendo assim, para delimitarmos em que medida, segundo Aristóteles, o desejo e a razão determinam o fim, examinaremos de que modo ele pode ser constituído tanto por uma razão capaz de apreendê-lo corretamente, como por um desejo capaz de tomá-lo como seu objeto, uma vez que o desejo já tenha sido habituado a ter prazer com o que se deve. Ao que tudo indica, a educação moral parece ser condição prévia necessária para que razão e desejo se harmonizem e a razão possa ser efetivamente causa coadjuvante na constituição do fim da ação.
This thesis aims to investigate the problem of the constitution of the end of action, object of our desire. As its correct apprehension depends on the acquisition of moral virtue, we must, therefore, not only verify the possibility of virtue to be acquired, but also how such a possibility is realized through the moral education of desire. In the first place, we must understand what it means to educate desire. Indeed, if educating the desire means getting used having pleasure with the things we ought to, then we must first examine in what sense the Aristotelian conception of pleasure allows the desire to be educated. Secondly, we will investigate why such education is necessary for the Aristotelian project of moral virtue acquisition, because, if it is not necessary, the desire would have to be naturally good or it should be submitted unconditionally to reason. However, as opposed to the intellectualistic and naturalistic positions, the Aristotelian ethics does not presuppose that reason has enough autonomy to determinate the end of action according to the knowledge of the good and the bad, nor that the end is given by an innate nature good or bad, but it presupposes that only reason is able to grasp what is truly good. Thus, in order to determine in which sense, according to Aristotle, reason and desire constitute the end, we will examine how it can be constituted by both a reason capable of grasping it truly and by a desire that can take it as its object, since the desire has already been used having pleasure with what it should have. As we can see, moral education seems to be a necessary precondition by which reason and desire can be in harmony and reason can actually be partly a cause of the constitution of the end of action.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T21:33:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CesarHenriquePaulaBorralho.pdf: 414840 bytes, checksum: 32d2b37309c3c60573504474b9f58592 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T21:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CesarHenriquePaulaBorralho.pdf: 414840 bytes, checksum: 32d2b37309c3c60573504474b9f58592 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04
The research presented intends understand philosophical and literary aspects of Rousseau's aesthetics that establishi identify from the likelihood of nature and culture. For this purpose we analyze the Rousseau's critic to the place of reason imposed by the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the new meaning of this in his epistolary novel Julie or the New Heoise, granting primacy to feeling and makes it a key element in its condensed philosophy in the romance experienced by the love between Santi-Preux and Julia, central characters. To address the mentioned problem, it objectives to analyze the reason for exaltation in the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century as human progress proposal and inconsistencies this reason given by Rousseau as a promoter of corruption and social degeneration. We investigate , therefore, how it holds the right focus shift to the feeling recommended by Rousseau in order to make good use of these two human faculties in an attenpt to restore good manners. In this sense, we intend to understand the call likelihood, the Rousseau transparency that is mirrored by the simple family life Julia in Clarens, directing our analysis to the limits of representation that aim in false mirrors of reality and hinders the inner feelings marked by expression of a sensitive heart undeserved by reason.
A pesquisa apresentada intenciona compreender aspectos filosófico-literários da estética rousseauniana que estabelecem identidade a partir da verossimilhança entre natureza e cultura. Para tal propósito, analisaremos a crítica de Rousseau ao lugar da razão imposto pelos iluministas do século XVIII e a ressignificação desta em seu romance epistolar Júlia ou a Nova Heloísa, que concede primazia ao sentimento e o torna elemento fundamental em sua filosofia condensada no romance entoado pelo amor entre Saint-Preux e Júlia, personagens centrais. Para abordar o problema mencionado, objetiva-se analisar a exaltação da razão no Iluminismo do século XVIII como proposta de progresso humano e as incoerências desta razão apontada por Rousseau como promotora da corrupção e degeneração social. Investigaremos, pois, como se sustenta o deslocamento de foco da razão para o sentimento recomendado por Rousseau a fim de fazer bom uso destas duas faculdades humanas na tentativa de restabelecer os bons costumes. Neste sentido, pretende-se compreender o convite à verossimilhança, à transparência rousseauniana que é espelhada pela vida simples e familiar de Júlia em Clarens, direcionando nossa análise para os limites da representação que se mira em falsos espelhos da realidade e dificulta a interioridade dos sentimentos marcada pela expressividade de um coração sensível desmerecido pela razão.

Les flavivirus transmis par les moustiques comme le virus de la dengue (DENV), le virus West-Nile (WNV), le virus de la fièvre jaune (YFV) ou encore de l'encéphalite japonaise (JEV) sont des virus émergents ou ré-émergents qui représentent une menace pour l'Homme. Ces virus sont composés d'une nucléocapside recouverte d'une enveloppe lipidique dans laquelle sont enchâssées les deux protéines de structure: la protéine d'enveloppe E, nécessaire à l'entrée du virus dans la cellule, et la protéine de membrane M. La protéine de membrane est synthétisée sous la forme d'un précurseur prM qui est clivé en fin de cycle. Le rôle que joue la protéine prM/M au cours du cycle viral n'est pas bien compris. Cette étude avait pour objectif d'identifier des partenaires cellulaires de cette protéine virale afin de mieux en comprendre la fonction. Ces travaux ont permis d'identifier, par la technique du double-hybride ainsi que par purification d'affinité par capture de GST, la chaîne légère de dynéine Tctex-1 comme étant un interacteur cellulaire de l'ectodomaine de la protéine M (ectoM). L'établissement de mutants de l'ectoM a permis d'isoler un acide aminé essentiel pour l'interaction avec la protéine Tctex-1. Des expériences d'ARN interférence visant à éteindre l'expression de la protéine Tctex-1 ont induit une diminution de la production de particules virales de WNV et DENV. La même extinction dans des cellules exprimant des particules vides constituées de prM et de E a permis de déterminer que ce facteur cellulaire est important pour les étapes tardives du cycle infectieux. Ce mécanisme semble indépendant du transport rétrograde du moteur dynéine h Ions des microtubules
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV), West-Nile (WNV), yellow fever (YFV) or Japanese encephalitis (JEV) viruses are now Worldwide emerging or reemerging infectious threats. These viruses consist of a nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipidic membrane containing the two viral structural proteins: the E envelope protein, involved in entry of the virus into its target cell, and the small M membrane protein. The membrane protein is synthesized as a precursor prM that is cleaved late in the viral life cycle. The role that prM/M plays during the viral life cycle remains to be investigated. In this study we sought to identify for the first time new cellular interactors of this protein in order to better understand its function. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen and GSTpull-down assays, we identified the dynein light chain protein Tctex-1 as a cellular interactor of the ectodomain of the M protein (ectoM). Engineering of mutants of the ectoM allowed us to pinpoint a single amino-acid that is important for the interaction with Tctex-1. Silencing of Tctex-1 expression using RNA interference prior to infection induced a significant decrease of DENV and WNV viral progeny production. Silencing Tctex-1 expression in a stable cell line expressing recombinant subviral particles highlighted a role of this cellular factor in the late steps of the viral life cycle. This mechanism seems to be independent from the dynein motor complex retrograde transport along microtubules

L'infection chronique par le virus de l'hépatite B (HBV) reste un problème de santé publique majeure à l'échelle mondiale puisqu'elle touche près de 300 millions d'individus. Le HBV est un virus à ADN de la famille des Hepadnaviridae, dont l'enveloppe du virion est composée de lipides d'origine cellulaire et de glycoprotéines transmembranaires de trois types, S-, M- et L-AgHBs. La protéine S- AgHBs, majoritaire dans l'enveloppe virale, est l'élément moteur de l'assemblage, et elle porte dans le domaine exposé à la surface des particules virales, un déterminant immunodominant appelé "déterminant- a" contre lequel la majorité des anticorps neutralisants sont dirigés. Ce déterminant antigénique est intimement associé à un déterminant du caractère infectieux qui assure l'interaction avec les sulfates d'héparane à l'étape initiale d'entrée. A ce jour, nous possédons très peu d'information sur la structure de la boucle antigénique (BAG) de la protéine S-AgHBs qui sous-tend le caractère antigénique et fonctionnel d'entrée virale. L'objectif du travail de thèse était d'obtenir des informations sur l'organisation tridimensionnelle du polypeptide BAG, afin de mieux comprendre son rôle à l'étape d'entrée virale. La première étape a été de déterminer la sous-unité minimale de l'enveloppe des particules virales, qui porte le déterminant-a, en utilisant une série d'anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques de ce déterminant. Nous avons montré que la plupart des anticorps étaient bien spécifiques d'épitopes conformationnels, qu'ils étaient neutralisants, et qu'ils réagissaient avec des formes dimériques de protéines S-AgHBs. La majorité des épitopes du déterminant-a sont donc présents sur des dimères de protéines S-AgHBs solubles. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de deux isoformes de dimères à la surface des particules virales, que nous pouvons distinguer par leur comportement électrophorétique en gel SDS et par leur réactivité avec les anticorps monoclonaux. Nous pensons que les deux isoformes de protéines S-AgHBs correspondent à deux combinaisons de ponts disulfures inter- ou intra-chaînes entre les nombreux résidus cystéine de la BAG. Dans le but d'obtenir des préparations homogènes et pures de dimères de protéines S-AgHBs comme substrat de cristallisation, nous avons suivi plusieurs stratégies : la production de la protéine S- AgHBs par traduction in vitro, la production dans Escherichia coli, et la purification de particules virales à partir de surnageant de culture de cellules Huh-7 ou de plasmas infectieux. La stratégie de purification de particules produites en culture de cellules Huh-7 est apparue la plus fiable en termes de qualité et rendement, et la plus adaptée à l'analyse de mutants de la protéine S-AgHBs
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a major public health concern worldwide because an estimated 300 million individuals are affected. HBV is the prototype of the Hepadnaviridae family, a DNA virus with an envelope consisting of cell derived lipids associated to three types of transmembrane glycoproteins: S-, M- et L-HBsAg. S-HBsAg, the most abundant in the viral envelope, is the driving force of viral particle assembly, but it also bears in its ectodomain, an immunodominant determinant, referred to as the a-determinant, against which most of the neutralizing antibodies are directed. This antigenic determinant is also closely associated to an infectivity determinant responsible for interacting with cell surface heparan sulfate at the initial step of viral entry. As of today, we have little information on the structure of the antigenic loop (AGL) of the S-HBsAg protein that underlies the antigenic and function at viral entry. The aim of this thesis project was to gather information on the three dimensional organization of the AGL polypeptide, for a better understanding of its function at viral entry. The first step of the study was to identify the minimum subunit of the viral envelope, which bears the a-determinant. This was achieved using a panel of monoclonal antibodies that are specific for the a-determinant. We have shown most of the antibodies were: i) directed to conformational epitopes, ii) neutralizing, and iii) reactive with the dimeric forms of S-HBsAg. We concluded that most of a-determinant epitopes are conserved on the soluble dimeric forms of S-HBsAg. Furthermore, we demonstrate the presence in the HBV envelope, of two isomers of S- HBsAg dimers, which can be separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by isomer-specific antibodies. We propose that the two isomers correspond to two distinct networks of disulfide bonds between the numerous AGL cystein residues. In an effort to obtain pure and homogenous preparations of S-HBsAg dimers, as substrate for crystallization, we adopted several strategies: i) production of S-HBsAg by in vitro translation, ii) production in E. Coli, and iii) the purification of viral particles from transfected Huh-7 cell culture medium or from infectious plasmas. The purification of S-HBsAg dimers from cell culture-derived particles clearly appeared as the strategy of choice, in terms quality and yield, and flexibility of the approach in case of S- HBsAg mutants analysis

This thesis is about how we develop as moral agents and come to realise the virtuous activity on which flourishing depends. Aristotle’s account of how this is effected is familiar: we become virtuous through practice of the actions in which virtue finds its expression. But how should we understand the difference between the doings of the learner and the activity of the virtuous agent, and what is it that happens when a learner does these things that results in her realisation of virtuous activity? Whilst both agents perform virtuous actions, the two are engaged in different activities: one is in the process of acquiring a disposition, the other is engaged in its exercise. But we can also see each as related to the actions they perform in different ways. The learner is not yet the author of her actions in the strict sense that the virtuous agent is, who chooses these actions as an expression of a settled way of seeing and valuing things; indeed, the learner’s actions stand in the relation of copy to those of the virtuous agent, or so I argue. How, then, does the learner’s practice of these alienable actions result in her becoming an author of virtuous actions in the strict sense? I argue that by seeing the learner as engaged in the imitation of a virtuous agent we can begin to explain this transition. In imitating a virtuous agent and adopting her perspective, the learner is positioned so as to perceive the value of virtuous action, and thus to discover its attraction. With the aid of Aristotle’s psychological works, I offer a picture of the learner’s habituation which shows how it is that through acting, her perceptions, desires and other capacities are shaped in such a way that she comes eventually to perceive things and to act in the way that the virtuous agent does.

Ursprünglich für das Verwalten und ‚Teilen’ eigener Aufnahmen konzipiert, haben sich Photosharing-Portale mehr und mehr auch zu einem Ort der Präsentation privater Sammlungen entwickelt. Fotografiert, hochgeladen und verschlagwortet, können Sammlungsgegenstände nicht nur gezeigt werden, ohne sie aus der Hand zu geben: Über Metadaten und die Vernetzung von Sammler_innen entstehen neue, kollaborative Archive, gewinnen Sammlungen an Performanz. Einen großen Anteil solcher gemeinschaftlicher Sammlungen stellen Fundfotografien aus dem gesamten Zeitraum analoger Fotografie. So haben sich auf Flickr Gruppen zu verschiedenen Techniken und Zeiträumen, zu fotohistorischen Genres und Motiven konstituiert. Der Beitrag stellt mit Hidden Mother eine dieser Gruppen vor, um an diesem Beispiel die Voraussetzungen, die Regulierungsmechanismen, die Prozesse der Dissemination – online wie offline – einer solchen gemeinschaftlichen Sammlung zu erörtern.

Rosalind Hursthouse, Mark LeBar, Martha Nussbaum, and other contemporary philosophers have brought virtue ethics into conversation with political philosophy. These philosophers agree with Aristotle that the function of political authority is to enable persons to live well. But we still lack an account of how the virtues, as characteristics of persons, relate to political authority as a property of institutions. I argue that the authority of political institutions depends on performing the function of enabling persons to live well, while the virtues require, but also limit, the authority of political institutions. According to the account I develop, living well consists in the exercise of practical wisdom within a socially embedded institutional context. Political institutions enable living well by means of institutionally defined rights such as property rights that protect the exercise of practical wisdom, and they promote its development through the institutions of civil society such as the family. But, I argue, political authority is limited by the individual virtue of justice, understood as balancing conformity to the existing social norms and laws of a community with their necessary updating through ideals of virtue. Ultimately, I conclude that political authority properly functions to promote an indirect conception of the common good, according to which persons relate to each other virtuously through their shared institutions.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-02-02T12:15:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniel de Lima Vieira - 2014.pdf: 6525469 bytes, checksum: 58439f6e338ab14aff1b0eab8e41f891 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-05T12:21:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniel de Lima Vieira - 2014.pdf: 6525469 bytes, checksum: 58439f6e338ab14aff1b0eab8e41f891 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T12:21:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniel de Lima Vieira - 2014.pdf: 6525469 bytes, checksum: 58439f6e338ab14aff1b0eab8e41f891 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-16
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The last thirty years have witnessed a renewed interest in the civic -republican thought within Western political philosophy. The contributions of the Republican ideas are especially evoked in response to the debate between liberals and community that has been caught in recent decades. The notion of virtue reflects well the political thought of Alexis de Tocqueville who, marked by a combination of republican, liberal and communitarian ideas, has been rediscovered and become a rich source of inspiration for scholars who care about the future of democracy. From his observations on the United States of the early 1830s America, Tocqueville elaborates his original vision of the conditions of possibility of a political community in which equality and freedom tend to convergence. The democratic state, according to the author, only exists through the effort of balance between these two principles in the experience of citizenship. Tocqueville proposes a new political science that aims to guide the leaders of society in the task of educating citizens able to fight trends that threaten the survival of democracy. In its strategy to restore democratic customs of men, Tocqueville begins by welcoming a moral doctrine that preserves the motivational seal in the interest of the individual while expanding your perspective and your goals. The process of citizenship formation de Tocqueville advances encouraging men to counter their individualistic tendencies through political participation and the formation of opposing habits, acquire the taste for freedom. For Tocqueville, the institutions in general, religion, and political engagement play the political role of forging citizens and engender healthy cultural policy. If the irresistible march of equality that characterizes the new era is natural, the hope of Tocqueville is the guarantee of freedom through political art
Os últimos trinta anos testemunharam um renovado interesse no pensamento cívico-republicano no interior da filosofia política ocidental. As contribuições das ideias republicanas são especialmente evocadas como resposta ao debate entre liberais e comunitários que vem sendo travado nas últimas décadas. A noção de virtude bem reflete o pensamento político de Alexis de Tocqueville que, marcado por uma combinação de ideias republicanas, liberais e comunitárias, tem sido redescoberto e se tornado uma rica fonte de inspiração para estudiosos que se preocupam com o futuro da democracia. A partir de suas observações sobre os Estados Unidos da América do início da década de 1830, Tocqueville elabora sua visão original acerca das condições de possibilidade de uma comunidade política em que igualdade e liberdade tendem à convergência. O Estado democrático, segundo o autor, somente subsiste por meio do esforço de equilíbrio entre esses dois princípios na experiência da cidadania. Tocqueville propõe uma nova ciência política que vi sa orientar os dirigentes da sociedade na tarefa de formar cidadãos capazes de combater as tendências que ameaçam a sobrevivência da democracia. Em sua estratégia para restaurar os costumes dos homens democráticos, Tocqueville começa por acolher uma doutrina moral que preserva a foça motivacional do interesse do indivíduo enquanto amplia sua perspectiva e seus objetivos. O processo de formação da cidadania de Tocqueville avança encorajando que os homens combatam suas tendências individualistas mediante a pa rticipação política e, pela formação de hábitos opostos, adquiram o gosto pela liberdade. Para Tocqueville, as instituições em geral, a religião, e o engajamento político desempenham a função política de forjar cidadãos e engendrar uma cultural política saudável. Se a irresistível marcha da igualdade que caracteriza os novos tempos é natural, a esperança de Tocqueville é a garantia da liberdade através da arte política.

What traits and virtues must a person possess to be considered environmentally virtuous? And further, must we recognize new human excellences specific to environmental contexts, or can the traditional virtues be 'extended' to apply to environmental interactions and relationships? Current disagreement in the environmental virtue ethics literature over how to identify and ratify environmental virtue represents a significant issue in the literature because its answer impinges upon other areas of an environmental virtue ethic's framework, including the acquisition and sufficiency of virtue, environmental practical wisdom, and the normative resources available to an environmental virtue ethic. Ronald Sandler, a proponent of non-extensionist environmental virtue ethics, has suggested the recognition of a novel human virtue called "ecological sensitivity".¹ However, Sandler left open at the time exactly what character dispositions and traits constitute that virtue, and how it ought to be fully understood. The thesis presented here attempts to identify the dispositions, attitudes, and traits that constitute ecological sensitivity (or eco-sensitivity).

Submitted by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-24T15:31:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rafael-vieira-gomes.pdf: 2182387 bytes, checksum: 45434f7851706db251179774e3adb978 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-24T15:31:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rafael-vieira-gomes.pdf: 2182387 bytes, checksum: 45434f7851706db251179774e3adb978 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-24T15:31:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rafael-vieira-gomes.pdf: 2182387 bytes, checksum: 45434f7851706db251179774e3adb978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
No Teeteto (176 b), Platão disse que, já que os males residem “aqui” e rondam necessariamente essa região perecível, e já que desejamos fugir dos males, é preciso “fugir daqui”. Essa fuga, segundo ele, consiste em assemelhar-se a deus. Plotino, em sua exegese do texto platônico, retoma literalmente essa afirmação e a incorpora em sua filosofia. Sua interpretação e concepção filosófica desse aspecto ético da tradição platônica parece corresponder a certa “chave” para compreender e penetrar o percurso da conversão (epistrophé) da alma, de sua dispersão na multiplicidade (ou “queda” nos vícios e males) à sua Assimilação e unificação com o princípio que, por ser fonte de máxima unidade, plenitude, conhecimento e felicidade da alma é, por isso, sua verdadeira meta e seu mais profundo “objeto” de amor e desejo. Portanto, é preciso fugir dos males, em um movimento de conversão e Assimilação a deus (homoíosis theôi), que, em Plotino, corresponde a um retorno e a uma entrada no mais profundo e íntimo de si mesmo. Entretanto, seguindo de perto Platão, se os males residem aqui, para fugir dos males é preciso “fugir daqui”. Ora, perguntamo-nos: o que, em Plotino, significa realmente essa Fuga? É bastante conhecida certa interpretação contemporânea que entende a moral platônica como uma forma de fuga e negação do corpo, do mundo e dos sentidos. Alguns filósofos, assim como alguns historiadores da filosofia, também parecem ter entendido literalmente essa expressão retomada por Plotino. Entretanto, a despeito dessa interpretação e do debate com seus defensores, desejamos apenas compreender esse aspecto da filosofia plotiniana principalmente a partir de seu próprio texto: afinal, trata-se de uma proposta de evasão e de negação do corpo e do mundo, ou há outra leitura possível? Se, paralelamente ao tema da Fuga, estudarmos alguns pontos estratégicos para a compreensão mais ampla do percurso conversivo veremos que paradoxalmente Plotino não apenas valoriza o corpo, o mundo e a experiência sensível, mas os concebe como meios para a Assimilação ao inteligível. Por conseguinte, se fugir daqui consiste em assemelhar-se a deus, essa Assimilação é a finalidade última dessa Fuga. De modo que Fuga e Assimilação aparecem como conceitos interdependentes. Todavia, qual é a natureza dessa Assimilação (homoíosis)? Trata-se apenas de imitar e tornar-se semelhante ao divino, ou esse termo guarda, em Plotino, ainda um sentido mais ousado e mais profundo? Segundo nossa interpretação, a assemelhação como imitação e aproximação ao divino, por meio das virtudes e da dialética, é uma etapa ainda propedêutica da Assimilação propriamente dita. E é essa passagem de um nível discursivo e propedêutico – de imitação e preparação – para a “visão” e a “experiência” imediata do divino – como “unificação”, “contato” e “união extática” e “mística” – que completa o itinerário filosófico da conversão da alma, condensado em sua interpretação desses dois conceitos complementares e convergentes.
In his Theaetetus (176 b), Plato stated that as evils lie “here” and necessarily prowl this perishable region, and as we aspire escaping from these evils, “escaping from here” is a must. According to him, this escape is based upon resembling god-like. Plotinus, upon his exegesis on the platonic text, literally resumes this assertion and incorporates this into his philosophy. His interpretation and philosophical conception of this Platonic tradition ethical feature seem to correspond to a certain "key" to understanding and penetrating the soul conversion route (epistrophé), its dispersion into the multiplicity (or "fall" into the addictions and evils) into the assimilation and unification along with the principle which, for being a source of maximum unity, wholeness, knowledge and happiness of the soul is, therefore, its true goal and innermost "object" of love and desire. Therefore, we must shun evils, in a movement of conversion and assimilation to godhood (homoíosis theôi), which in Plotinus corresponds to a return and an ingress into a deeper and more intimate self. However, closely following Plato, if the evils reside here, to escape from these evils we need to "run away from here". Now we ask ourselves: what in Plotinus does this escape really mean? Well known is certain contemporary interpretation which understands the Platonic moral as a form of escape and abnegation of the body, the world and the senses. Some philosophers, as well as some philosophy historians, seem to have understood literally this expression taken up by Plotinus. Though, in spite of this interpretation and debate with its supporters, we just want to understand this aspect of Plotinian philosophy from its own text: after all, it is a proposal of evasion and abnegation of the body and the world or is there another possible reading of the text? In addition to the theme of the Fugue, if we study some strategic points to acquire a broader comprehension of the conversion course we will behold that paradoxically Plotinus not only values the body, the world and the sense experience, but also conceives them as ways to assimilate the intelligible. Therefore, if escaping from here consists in resembling god, this assimilation is the ultimate purposal of this Fugue. So that Fugue and Assimilation come to light as interdependent concepts. However, what is this assimilation nature (homoíosis)? It is just to imitate and become god-like or does that term retain in Plotinus a bolder and deeper sense yet? According to our interpretation, the resemblance as imitation and approximation to the divine through the virtues and dialectics ways is yet a propaedeutical stage of that proper assimilation itself. And it is this passage from a discursive and introductory level – of imitation and preparation – to the "vision" and immediate "experience" of the divine – as "unification", "contact" and "ecstatic and mystical union" – that supplements the soul conversion philosophical itinerary condensed in the interpretation of these two complementary and convergent concepts.

This thesis aims at clarifying Machiavelli's notion of political virtue by having recourse to Machiavelli's opinion of the empirical value of historical data. Thus, it takes the Florentine Histories as a work that can be used as a tool in support of any interpretation of Machiavelli's virtue when it comes to its ethical substance. I contend that this virtue most closely resemble a moderately deontological system of ethics where necessity acts as the threshold-setter. In chapter two I compare the qualities and attributes of the best princes and republics in order to make the point that political virtue is the virtue of the ruler, regardless of whether said ruler is a single person or a government system. Finally, in chapter three I examine how my interpretation of Machiavelli's political virtue can be used to offer a new perspective on the "problem of dirty hands" in politics.
Cette thèse vise à clarifier le concept de vertu politique chez Machiavel en se basant principalement sur l'opinion que celui-ci avance quant à la valeur empirique de l'information fournie par l'histoire. Ce travail se base donc sur l'idée que les Histoires Florentines est un ouvrage dont le contenu peut être utilisé comme un outil ayant la capacité de vérifier toute conclusion ayant trait à la vertu politique de Machiavel en tant que concept éthique. L'idée principale de cette thèse est que la vertu politique de Machiavel correspond précisément à un système éthique de 'déontologie modérée,' dans lequel le concept de nécessité sers à identifier le 'moment seuil' où la valeur morale d'une action peut changer dans l'absolu. Ensuite, le chapitre deux examine les qualités communes des princes et des républiques les plus illustres et propose l'idée que la vertu politique doit donc être la vertu du dirigeant, qu'il soit un seul homme ou un gouvernement. Finalement, le chapitre trois explore comment cette interprétation de la vertu politique de Machiavel offre une nouvelle perspective sur le « problèmes des mains sales » en politique.

Deonticlogic, the logic of ethics, can apply to various moral theories. for example, those based on the concepts of virtue or on duty. A scholastic-style square of opposition isuseful in displaying logical relationships among moral notions oroperators such as ought and may. The system may be constructed with a single operator and the nothers may be added to parallel other expressions in ordinary language. Two principies are given to explain super erogation, the case of good but non obligatory acts or habits and to suggest a basic logic of virtue.
La lógica deóntica. la lógica de la ética, es aplicable a varias teorías morales, por ejemplo a las fundamentadas en la concepción de la virtud o en la del deber. Un cuadrado de oposición al estilo escolástico puede servir para exhibir las relaciones lógicas entre tales nociones morales u operadores como debe y puede. El sistema puede construirse sobre la base de un solo operador y luego otros pueden agregarse para indicar una correspondencia con otras expresiones del lenguaje ordinario. Se ofrecen dos principios para aclarar la super erogación.el caso del acto o hábito bueno no obligatorio. y para proponer una lógica básica de la virtud.

In questo elaborato si presenta il teorema del viriale, introdotto per la prima volta da R. J. E. Clausius nel 1870. É una relazione fra energia cinetica e poteziale totali di un sistema che, se soddisfatta, implica che questo sia in equilibrio. Sono equivalenti le affermazioni: "sistema virializzato" e "sistema in equilibrio". Sebbene in ordine cronologico la prima formulazione del teorema sia stata quella in forma scalare, ricaveremo, per maggiore generalità, la forma tensoriale, dalla quale estrarremo quella scalare come caso particolare. Sono di nostro interesse i sistemi astrofisici dinamici autogravitanti costituiti da N particelle (intese come stelle, gas etc.), perciò la trattazione teorica è dedotta per tali configurazioni. In seguito ci concentreremo su alcune applicazioni astrofisiche. In primo luogo analizzeremo sistemi autogravitanti, per cui l'unica energia potenziale in gioco è quella dovuta a campi gravitazionali. Sarà quindi ricavato il limite di Jeans per l'instabilità gravitazionale, con conseguente descrizione del processo di formazione stellare, la stima della quantità di materia oscura in questi sistemi e il motivo dello schiacciamento delle galassie ellittiche. Successivamente introdurremo nell'energia potenziale un termine dovuto al campo magnetico, seguendo il lavoro di Fermi e Chandrasekhar, andando a vedere come si modifica il teorema e quali sono le implicazioni nella stabilità delle strutture stellari. Per motivi di spazio, queste trattazioni saranno presentate in termini generali e con approssimazioni, non potendo approfondire casi più specifici.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T11:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho é analisar o discurso místico da teologia da libertação, apontando suas principais características e destacando sua influência na modificação das relações entre a teologia da libertação e o campo social e religioso no Brasil. O trabalho divide-se em três partes. A primeira parte visa situar a problemática da pesquisa no contexto social e no contexto religioso do Brasil. Desta forma, discutem-se as teorias da modernidade técnica e a teoria da modernidade religiosa, bem como explicita-se a hipótese da virada mística da teologia da libertação. A segunda parte busca fazer uma ampla reflexão sobre a mística, adotando uma perspectiva histórico-conceitual, teológico-filosófica e ainda sociológica. Na terceira parte, a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo, analisam-se as características do discurso místico da teologia da libertação, desenvolvidas no Brasil nas obras de Frei Betto e Leonardo Boff, mostrando de que forma este discurso redefine as relações entre catolicismo libertador, modernidade social e modernidade religiosa no Brasil. A hipótese central do trabalho é que o discurso místico da teologia da libertação pode ser entendido como um processo de "recomposição" desta vertente teórica às condições da modernidade social e da modernidade religiosa no Brasil.

Frágil é, segundo Alexis de Tocqueville, o equilíbrio em que se encontra a liberdade em um estado social de igualdade de condições. Tomados pela sua maior paixão, a da igualdade, os homens democráticos podem assistir a conversão da liberdade em despotismo ao se entregarem à busca exclusiva e isolada de bens privados; ao abdicarem da faculdade de julgar, deixando-se guiar servilmente pela opinião da maioria, a fonte da autoridade em tal estado social. Em face disso, este trabalho objetiva analisar o modo pelo qual o autor delineia a natureza do estado social igualitário, n\' A democracia na América, sustentando-se que, ao discorrer acerca dos costumes estadunidenses, o autor forja um princípio normativo, a doutrina do interesse bem compreendido, o qual relacionaria, do ponto de vista analítico, a virtude e a liberdade. Abordar essa relação, de acordo com a nossa hipótese, seria compreender uma resposta circunscrita a um debate político do século XIX, sem abrir mão da reflexão acerca da originalidade de Tocqueville.
According to Alexis de Tocqueville, in the state of equality of conditions liberty is under serious threat. The passion for equality, which is the first and most intense passion of a democratic people, may prompt them to exchange liberty for despotism, in so far as they are willing to surrender themselves entirely to the search of material goods, and to resign their power of judgment for the sake of the opinion of the majority, which is the real source of authority in such a social state. Taking this fragile balance between liberty and equality into account, this dissertation aims at examining the nature of the state of equality of conditions in Tocqueville\'s Democracy in America. We argue that the consideration of American customs allows Tocqueville to postulate a normative principle, the doctrine of interest well understood, which may link analytically virtue and liberty. To investigate this relation, according to my interpretative hypothesis, is the key to understanding Tocqueville\'s original answer to a question posed by an important nineteenth century political debate.

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma leitura do Discurso sobre as ciências e as artes de Rousseau sob uma perspectiva unificadora em que, dois conceitos privilegiados a verdade e a virtude operam em conjunto para demonstrar como o ideal de progresso encontra-se fundado em falsas concepções, isto é, o aumento contínuo dos conhecimentos humanos e das riquezas das nações. Enquanto aquele intensifica no homem, sobretudo, seu orgulho e suas paixões em geral, a riqueza associada ao luxo apenas cria uma máscara enganadora que impede que tenhamos uma justa compreensão da situação desigual e injusta presente em sociedades como a parisiense. Tendo em vista essas críticas, perseguimos os fundamentos da moral em Rousseau que, da perspectiva da verdade, apresenta-se como verdades do homem retiradas da história e dos exemplos que ela oferece; e da perspectiva da virtude, encontramos os princípios da virtude política de origem republicana em que sobressai-se a figura do cidadão que, no seu papel público, deve lutar pela manutenção da liberdade de seus iguais e pela conservação da pátria.
The objective of this study is to propose a reading of the Rousseaus Discourse on the sciences and the arts under a unifying perspective that two privileged concepts truth and virtue operate in conjunction to demonstrate how the progress ideal is founded on false conceptions, that is, the continuous increase of human knowledge and wealth of nations. While the human knowledge only intensifies on man his pride and others passions, the wealth associated with luxury only creates a deceptive mask that turns a fair understanding of the unequal and unfair situation of societies like Paris foreclosed. Given those criticisms, we search for the foundations of morality in Rousseaus thought that, dealing with the concept of truth, we find truths that regards to men; and on virtues perspective, we find the principles of a republican virtue that stands the figure of citizen and his public role that is maintaining the freedom of his equals and to preserve his homeland.

Los viroides, los agentes infecciosos más simples de la escala biológica, están constituidos por una molécula circular de RNA monocatenario de aproximadamente 250-400 nucleótios (nt) que no codifica proteína alguna. A pesar de esta simplicidad estructural, los viroides son capaces de replicarse autónomamente, moverse sistémicamente y en muchos casos causar enfermedades en sus plantas huéspedes. Las infecciones producidas por viroides representativos generan la acumulación de pequeños RNAs viroidales (vd-sRNAs) de 21-24 nt con características similares a los pequeños RNA interferentes (siRNAs), la huella dactilar del silenciamiento mediado por RNA. La identificación de los vd-sRNAs implica que los viroides son diana de la primera barrera de silenciamiento mediado por RNA, formada por las RNasas ‘Dicer-like’ (DCLs). Para examinar si los vd-sRNAs se unen a las proteínas AGOs —el componente clave del complejo RISC (‘RNAinduced silencing complex’) que constituye la segunda barrera del silenciamiento mediado por RNA— hojas de Nicotiana benthamiana infectadas por el viroide del tubérculo fusiforme de la patata (PSTVd) se agroinfiltraron con nueve de las diez proteínas AGOs de Arabidopsis thaliana. Inmunoprecipitaciones a partir de los halos agroinfiltrados y análisis ‘Western-’ y ‘Northern-blot’ han mostrado que todas las AGOs se expresaron y, a excepción de AGO6, AGO7 y AGO10, unieron vd-sRNAs: AGO1, AGO2 y AGO3 los de 21 y 22 nt, mientras que AGO4, AGO5 y AGO9 también mostraron afinidad por los de 24 nt. La secuenciación masiva mostró que las AGO1, AGO2, AGO4 y AGO5 agroexpresadas unen los PSTVd-sRNAs en función de su tamaño y nucleótido 5’-terminal, y que los perfiles de los correspondientes vd-sRNAs cargados en las AGOs adoptan una distribución específica a lo largo del genoma viroidal. La agroexpresión de AGO1, AGO2, AGO4 y AGO5 en hojas de N. benthamiana infectadas con PSTVd atenuó la acumulación de los RNAs genómico viroidales, indicando que éstos, o sus precursores, también son diana de RISC. En contraste con los ribovirus, la infección de PSTVd en N. benthamiana no afectó de forma significativa la regulación mediada por miR168 de la AGO1 endógena, que carga vd-sRNAs con especificidad similar a su homóloga de A. thaliana. Mientras se conoce bien la biogénesis de los RNA viroidales, su degradación está restringida a algunos datos que implican al silenciamiento mediado por RNA. En el curso de nuestros estudios sobre el PSTVd, hemos observado consistentemente un patrón de 6-7 RNAs subgénomicos (sgRNAs) de polaridad (+) que aparecen junto con los RNAs monoméricos circulares y lineares en berenjena, un huésped experimental de este viroide. Hibridaciones ‘Northern-blot’ con sondas de tamaño parcial y completo, mostraron que los sgRNAs (+) de PSTVd derivan de diferentes regiones del RNA genómico y que algunos son parcialmente solapantes. Parte de los sgRNAs (+) de PSTVd se observaron también en N. benthamiana y tomate, donde han pasado desapercibidos a causa de su menor acumulación. El análisis por extensión de cebador de sgRNAs (+) de PSTVd representativos excluye que sean productos de terminaciones prematuras de la transcripción, pues carecen del extremo 5’ común que cabría esperar si ésta empezara en una posición específica. Ulteriores análisis mediante 5’- y 3’-RACE indican que los sgRNAs (+) de PSTVd tienen extremos 5’-OH y 3’-P, que probablemente resultan de cortes endonucleolíticos de precursores más largos catalizados por RNasas típicas que generan este tipo de extremos. Análisis de sgRNA (-) de PSTVd, que también se acumulan en berenjena infectada, mostraron que presentan características estructurales muy similares a los sgRNA (+). Nuestros resultados proporcionan una nueva visión de cómo ocurre la degradación in vivo de los RNAs viroidales, posiblemente durante su replicación, y sugieren que síntesis y degradación de las cadenas de PSTVd están conectadas, como se ha observado en los mRNAs.
Minoia, S. (2015). Degradación in vivo de un viroide de replicación nuclear: rutas catalizadas por proteínas Argonauta cargadas con pequeños RNAs viroidales y por otras ribonucleasas que generan RNAs subgenómicos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48553
TESIS

There is a prima facie incompatibility between a law conception of ethics, in which law concepts (e.g. ought, rule, action) are basic, and a virtue conception of ethics, in which virtue concepts (e.g. character trait, ideal, agent) are basic. However, both conceptions contain elements that are needed for an adequate ethical account. Aquinas's conception of ethics is of interest, because it combines virtue and law components within a broadly Aristotelian account. I argue that Aquinas's virtue-and-law ethical conception is not ad hoc, but emerges from, expresses, and is grounded normatively, rationally, and motivationally in his general conception of practical thought. My first objective in the thesis is to explicate and defend an interpretation of Aquinas's understanding of practical thought as the rational determination of general good into particular action. I argue, first, that this interpretation expresses Aquinas's conception of the nature of practical thought, as reflected in Aquinas's central practical concepts of order, nature, good, and reason. Second, I argue that this interpretation is expressed in Aquinas's conception of the structure of practical thought, as reflected in general, specific, and particular conceptual levels of practical thinking, reasons, and forms of reasoning. My second objective in the thesis is to show that Aquinas's virtue-and-law account presupposes and develops this conception of practical thought, and briefly to indicate how insights from Aquinas's account elucidate relationships between virtue and law ethical conceptions.