Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Viol qualifié »

Les Dahoméens pensent que la maturité ou plus précisément l’immaturité est un facteur déterminant pour que des relations sexuelles soient qualifiées, ou non, de viols. Cette croyance, présente à l’époque précoloniale, persiste et évolue sous le régime colonial. Elle influence les conclusions des assesseurs indigènes dans leur perception des affaires de viols, et dans leurs définitions des victimes légitimes et des agresseurs potentiels. Ces liens entre maturité et viol créent deux mythes principaux dans les tribunaux coloniaux du Dahomey : d’une part, seules les jeunes filles pré-pubères sont considérées comme des violées probables et d’autre part, après 1931, les assesseurs indigènes et leurs homologues français décident que les jeunes garçons de moins de 20 ans ne peuvent pas être des violeurs. Avant la réorganisation des tribunaux (3 décembre 1931), les juridictions sont dominées par les Français qui condamnent les jeunes délinquants reconnus coupables de viols, à quelques mois de prison, voire à de légères amendes. Ensuite, les assesseurs indigènes obtiennent une voix délibérative : on assiste dans les tribunaux coloniaux à l’annulation des charges contre les jeunes violeurs. Alors que les hommes de tous âges admettent « s’amuser » avec les jeunes filles qui les accusent de violences sexuelles, ce type de défense semble encore plus convaincant lorsque les relations sexuelles se déroulent entre pairs, pendant l’adolescence. Le choix de ce terme « s’amuser » transforme un acte sexuel, non-consenti et forcé en un évènement bénin. Ensuite, les qualifications de viol dépendent des perceptions du tribunal concernant les adolescentes pubères et leurs connaissances sexuelles. Les juridictions considèrent que les adolescentes les plus âgées sont tout à la fois des participantes enthousiastes aux expériences sexuelles, et des témoins douteuses dans ces affaires. Il existe ici un double standard sexuel, puisque les tribunaux coloniaux croient que les garçons de 14 ou 15 ans agissent sans discernement quand ils s’amusent sexuellement avec leurs pairs. Ils ne peuvent être reconnus comme coupables au vu de leur méconnaissance sexuelle. Alors que de l’autre côté, ces mêmes tribunaux considèrent que les jeunes filles, du même âge, ont elles une connaissance qui empêche de les considérer comme des victimes. Cet article examine aussi les accusations de viol de fillettes ou d’adolescentes dont les agresseurs sont leurs aînés de plus de 5 ans. Ces cas sont minoritaires puisque l’âge médian des jeunes filles victimes est en moyenne de 10 ans alors que les jeunes prévenus ont autour de 28 ans. L’étude de ces quelques situations de relations sexuelles entre pairs révèle ainsi les normes - et leur transgression- en termes d’âge, de genre et de « race ».

The regular practice of physical activity at appropriate levels ensures various benefits for the individual over the short, medium and long terms. It is therefore important in health promotion. On the other hand, sedentary behavior has reached alarming levels among the general population, which qualifies it as a serious health problem of endemic proportions. The present review describes public health problems consequent to sedentary behavior and the importance of physician counseling for change their patients’ beha-vior and making them more physically active on a regular basis. Models and behavioral theories are presented to facilitate physicians’ understan-ding of how to approach patients during clinical practice. We also describe programs conducted in many countries based on physician counseling for reducing sedentary behavior, and we present many tools used to quantify and qualify patients’ attitudes towards becoming more physically active. Through understanding the barriers faced by patients, we suggest methodologies that will enable physicians to use physical activity promotion appropriately. We hope that this will provide support for physicians in conducting physical activity counseling, as a means for improving the health of the population.

Purpose Increasing new cancer cases and approval of effective but expensive new drugs extending survival have led to unsustainable cancer care costs. Potential cost savings by a hypothetical dose down-rounding project of monoclonal antibodies at a community-based cancer center is presented. Methods From October 2014 through October 2015, metastatic cancer patients receiving monoclonal antibodies at CHI-Health St Francis Cancer Treatment Center in Grand Island, Nebraska, were identified through electronic health records. A total of 11 different types of monoclonal antibodies that were administered during the study period were identified. Trastuzumab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab did not require dose-rounding; thus, they were excluded from the analyses. Available vial size(s) and costs per milligram per average wholesale price for each monoclonal antibody were recorded. Costs of actual amounts prescribed were compared to the costs of theoretically reduced ≤5% and ≤10% doses rounded to the nearest vial sizes. Reduced doses resulting in a decreased number of opened vials qualified for meaningful dose down-rounding and were included in the analysis. Average actual dose reduction percentage resulting in cost savings for both groups was also calculated. Results A total of 728 doses of eight monoclonal antibodies suitable for dose down-rounding were identified. Vial sizes of pembrolizumab and ipilimumab did not allow for a meaningful dose down-rounding. At the ≤5% dose down-rounding, 255 of 728 doses (35%) qualified with a potential annual cost savings of $220,793.80. At the ≤10% dose down-rounding, 526 of 728 doses (72%) qualified with a potential annual cost savings of $454,461.00. The average actual dose reduction was 2.4% for the ≤5% dose reduction group and 4.9% for the ≤10% dose reduction group. Overall average cost savings per qualifying dose reduction was around $865.00. More doses qualified for cost savings in the ≤10% dose reduction group. Significant differences between different monoclonal antibodies for dose rounding at either ≤5% (p = 0.002) or ≤10% (p < 0.001) were observed. Conclusion A practical dose down-rounding procedure may allow significant cost reduction in metastatic cancer setting, where the cure is not the goal. Drug waste can be avoided by convenient vial sizes or can even be eliminated by lyophilized forms like in trastuzumab. Our data reflect the monoclonal antibody use and potential cost savings with the proposed dose down-rounding approach in a community-based cancer program.

Models for ice sublimation from a freeze-drying vial rely on the assumption of a planar ice interface up to ~25% loss of ice mass (which is difficult to qualify) whereas single-vial determinations of the sublimation endpoint (by temperature sensors) are based on the point when the observed temperature reaches a plateau, which cannot differentiate between sublimation and desorption-drying. In this work, the real part capacitance of TVIS vial(s) containing frozen water (during sublimation drying) was measured at 100 kHz. This parameter C′(100 kHz) was shown to be highly sensitive to the shape and volume of the ice mass and is therefore a useful parameter for monitoring ice sublimation. By placing a digital camera in front of an isolated TVIS vial containing ice, it was possible to relate the changes in the shape of the ice mass with the changes in the trajectory of the time profile of C′(100 kHz) and determine the point of deviation from a planar ice interface and ultimately determine the point when the last vestiges of ice disappear. Thereafter, the same characteristics of the C′(100 kHz) time-profile were identified for those TVIS vials located out of sight of the camera in a separate full-shelf lyo study, thereby obviating the need for photographic examination.

Background Fiscally responsible utilization of anticancer treatments is necessary to combat their continually increasing cost. Dose rounding is one strategy that has been explored to minimize cost and waste without losing clinical effectiveness. Objectives To determine if dose rounding chemotherapy agents is a feasible cost-containment strategy at an institution with a small oncology clinic. Methods This study is a retrospective chart review of all body surface area dosed parenteral chemotherapy prescribed for an oncological diagnosis over a 12-month period (1 October 2015–30 September 2016). Chemotherapy doses were rounded down by 5%. Doses for patients with metastatic diagnoses were also rounded down by 10%. Rounded doses were evaluated for a potential decrease in vial size. Cost was represented as dollar/milligram of drug. Potential for drug waste minimization was also calculated. Results There were 877 total doses of chemotherapy administered to 70 unique patients throughout the 12-month duration of the study. When doses were rounded down by 5%, 140 doses qualified for a decrease in vial number. The potential for cost savings was $22,849 with 83,802 mg saved from wastage. A 10% decrease resulted in the reduction of vials for 248 doses, a potential savings of $30,911 with 129,011 milligrams saved. The targeted agents accounted for the majority of savings, $16,920 of the $22,849 with 5% rounding and $20,086 of the $30,911 with 10% rounding. Conclusion Dose rounding has the potential to be an effective cost-containment strategy in low volume oncology clinics.

Il résulte de l’article 25 du règlement Bruxelles I bis qu’une clause attributive de juridiction convenue entre un transporteur et un chargeur et insérée dans une lettre de transport maritime, produit ses effets à l’égard du tiers porteur de la lettre de transport maritime pour autant que, en l’acquérant, il ait succédé aux droits et obligations du chargeur en vertu du droit national applicable. Dans le cas contraire, il convient de vérifier son consentement à la clause, au regard des exigences de ce texte. Dès lors, viole ce texte la cour d’appel qui fait produire ses effets à une clause attributive de juridiction envers le destinataire réel de la marchandise, alors que celui-ci ou son mandataire, qui ne figure en aucune qualité sur une lettre de transport maritime, ne peut être considéré comme un tiers porteur de ce document, de sorte que la clause attributive de juridiction y figurant ne lui est pas opposable.

Les violences sexuelles recouvrent des champs cliniques très larges, parfois très éloignés des simples violences physiques comme le viol, pour infiltrer des registres plus complexes s’appuyant sur la contrainte, l’absence de consentement, ou la méconnaissance de la sexualité.Chaque situation étant unique et particulière, il s’agit d’abord d’explorer les modalités d’investissement du sujet dans la sexualité, le type de relation avec la ou les victimes, et le contexte de réalisation des violences sexuelles. Et dans l’abord psychopathologique des auteurs de violences sexuelles nous disposons d’un arsenal conceptuel et théorique fourni (psychanalyse, cognitivisme, psychocriminologie…) ainsi que de modélisations holistiques permettant d’appréhender le phénomène selon des angles d’approche variés (pulsion, compulsion, distorsions…), en complémentarité avec les autres intervenants du dispositif de prise en charge (médecin coordonnateur, conseiller d’insertion et de probation, conjoint, famille…).De plus, des outils nosographiques précis (CIM 10 et DSM 5) permettent de caractériser le type de comportement sexuel déviant, et de qualifier ainsi la ou les paraphilies. Une fois le diagnostic établi, des guidelines et référentiels de prise en charge validés proposent des repères simples et efficaces, de la psychothérapie aux traitements freinateurs de libido, pour traiter une sexualité source de souffrances. Dans ce cheminement complexe du diagnostic aux soins, sur la base d’évaluations répétées, de nombreux écueils subsistent : le déni des troubles, l’absence de consentement, le recours au clivage, l’instrumentalisation du soignant, l’angoisse de la récidive… C’est pourquoi, afin de soutenir l’action de l’ensemble des professionnels impliqués dans la prise en charge des auteurs de violences sexuelles, des centres ressources pour les intervenants auprès des auteurs de violences sexuelles (CRIAVS) ont été créée il y a presque dix ans. Dans chaque région les équipes pluriprofessionnelles et pluridisciplinaires des CRIAVS proposent, entre autre, des ressources documentaires, des formations et du soutien aux équipes soignantes.

Abstract The VIOLA Study is a Clinical Utility Study designed to investigate the useability of Melody®, a tear-based screening assay for breast cancer developed and validated by Namida Lab, Inc., a high complexity CLIA certified lab. It is well established that disparities exist in breast health, preventative care, and screening mammography. Namida Lab believes in the potential of Melody® to be a tool that bridges the gap between underserved populations and positive health outcomes. As such, Namida Lab, Inc. is partnering with federally qualified health centers and large employers to evaluate the clinical utility of Melody®. Melody® consists of two parts: tear sample collection and clinical lab assay. Participants will have a tear sample collected at a study site. The clinical lab assay, Melody®, will be performed at Namida Lab, Inc. The results of the Melody® assay will be returned to the site clinician to be discussed with the participant. The administration of Melody® does not require additional appointments or trips and can be done by any member of a medical team. A minimum participation of 205 women who are 40 to 74 years of age, at average risk for developing breast cancer, asymptomatic, and have no concerns or breast abnormalities. To date 28 participants have been enrolled in the study. Study enrollment and eConsent will be conducted through our mobile application. Each participant will be required to take an enrollment survey that collects information on race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Participant's addresses will be obtained as part of the requisition process for the CLIA lab, from which information on geographic location can be obtained. In addition to the factors listed above, the enrollment survey also collects information on status and type of health insurance, reproductive health, breast health knowledge, prior screening history, and family and personal history of cancer The exit survey has been designed to collect information on the participant experience with Melody® and comprehension of the Melody® results relayed through their site clinician. In addition, information is collected on participant''s intention to schedule/participate in future screening mammograms and/or change in intention to participate in a previously scheduled screening mammogram. Primary endpoint: The VIOLA Study is designed to assess how incorporating Melody® into a primary care provider setting affects participation and confidence in the current breast health continuum of care. Secondary endpoint: Quantifying the relationship between Melody® and increased participation in breast health care offers the clinical utility evidence required for adoption into the Standard of Care. Citation Format: Anna Daily. The VIOLA study: Validating individualized breast cancer screening by offering a new link in access [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-10-01.

Introduction Partout dans le monde, les grossesses non désirées sont courantes et plus de la moitié de ces grossesses se terminent par un avortement provoqué, l’interruption volontaire de grossesse. Si l’avortement est plus courant dans certains pays que dans d’autres, il n’existe aucunpays où il ne se produit pas. Méthodologie L’étude a été empirique, de nature transversale et analytique sur base de l’objectif adopté ad hoc, à partir duquel nous avons collecté́ les données et procédé́ à la mise en évidence de la perception et des attitudes des filles et femmes envers l’avortement. Le recrutement des participantes s’est effectué dans la Zone de santé de Karisimbi, à Goma au Nord-Kivu en République Démocratique du Congo. Étaient incluses à l’étude, toutes les filles et femmes en âge de procréer (15 à 49 ans) qui acceptaient de participer à l’enquête. Un questionnaire a été élaboré et comprenait deux principales parties Les données étaient saisies et analysées avec le logiciel SPSS (Statistical Package Social Sciences) version 26. Les variables qualitatives étaient exprimées sous formes des fréquences et de pourcentages. Par contre, les variables quantitatives sous formes des moyennes et des écarts type. La force d’association a été estimée par Odds ratio et l’intervalle de confiance à 95 %. Le niveau de signification statistique a été fixé à une valeur p < 0, 05. Résultats Les résultats suggèrent que les pilules et les méthodes contraceptives sont plus pratiquées par les participantes à l’étude. Les opinions de se faire avorter résident en majorité sur le cas d’incident de viol. Plus de la moitié des filles et femmes ayant participé à l’enquête, considèrent l’avortement comme un phénomène de la honte au sein de la communauté. Conclusion Les fausses idées sur l’avortement empêchent les filles et les femmes à l’accès équitable aux soins de qualité ainsi que de jouir un plein épanouissement de ses droits à la santé reproductive. Il y a donc, la nécessité d’intervention de multi-acteurs pour la promotion efficace du protocole de Maputo dans un contexte de sécurité fragile.

Introduction: Poor sleep quality is common among hemodialysis patients and can potentially predict morbidity, mortality and quality of life in these patients. On the other hand, hemodialysis patients are encountered with vitamin C deficiency. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous vitamin C on sleep quality, itching and restless leg syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 qualified hemodialysis patients were gone under investigation in Sanandaj in 2016. Patients randomly allocated in two equal intervention and control groups. The main measured outcome was the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) which consists of seven components. At the end of each hemodialysis session, the intervention group received vitamin C vial (500 mg/5 cc) intravenously, three times a week for 8 weeks and the control group received normal saline as placebo in the same way. Data were collected at pretreatment and after 2 months of treatment. Additionally raises questions related to restless leg syndrome and was assessed by VAS scale for determining the incidence of pruritus. Data were analyzed by independent t test, paired t test, Wilcoxon and chi-square tests. Results: Around 52.2% of subjects were female and 47.8% were male and most of them were in the age group above 50 years old. Results showed a notable difference in the value of itching and restless leg syndrome between the two groups as these values decreased significantly in the intervention group (P=0.0001). There was also a great difference in the quality of sleep disorder in subjective sleep quality, sleep latency and daily function between the two groups and those disorders was significantly lower in the intervention group (P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study showed that intravenous vitamin C can effectively improve sleep quality, itching and restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients.

Alors que la mythologie du viol construit ce crime comme un événement extraordinairecausé par un inconnu déviant, cette thèse propose une conceptualisation du « violordinaire » à partir de trois critères : la relation de proximité entre la victime etl’auteur, la situation de quotidienneté et l’intimité entre les deux individus. Le conceptde viol ordinaire, loin de banaliser les violences de genre, permet de dévoiler lesmécanismes hétéronormés à l’oeuvre dans la (re)production des violences sexuelles,dans le sillage des théorisation féministes américaines du « date rape » des années1980. À partir des savoirs expérientiels de cinq femmes recueillis lors d’entretienssemi-directifs, ce travail de recherche analyse les injustices épistémiques que cesvictimes subissent lorsqu’elles cherchent à qualifier, témoigner et dénoncer leur viol(injustices herméneutiques, testimoniales, agentielles, silenciation, etc.).L’épistémologie féministe du positionnement a permis de se décentrer dessignifications pénales de ce qui rend justice et des comportements déterminés par lafigure de la « victime idéale ». En effet les attentes de justice épistémique identifiéesne correspondent pas aux logiques et finalités pénales, qu’il s’agisse, pour lesvictimes, de nommer l’événement à l’aune du continuum de la violence sexuelle, defaire le récit du viol et de ses conséquences sans que leur crédibilité ne soit évaluée,d’être reconnue en tant que victime sans devoir performer des normes stéréotypéesou de confronter l’homme qui a commis le viol pour obtenir des réponses à leursquestions. Cette thèse montre que le paradigme de la justice réparatrice est à mêmede répondre à ces attentes normatives par les espaces de dialogue et d’écouteinconditionnelle qu’il propose. À partir d’un travail de terrain réalisé au Québec au seind’un réseau de justice réparatrice extra-judiciaire, cette recherche démontre que lamédiation relationnelle observée permet aux victimes de se réapproprier leuragentivité épistémique, radicalement niée pendant le viol
While rape mythology constructs this crime as an extraordinary event caused by adeviant stranger, this thesis proposes a conceptualisation of 'ordinary rape' based onthree criteria: the relationship of proximity between the victim and the perpetrator,the everyday situation and the intimacy between the two individuals. Far fromtrivialising gender-based violence, the concept of ordinary rape reveals theheteronormative mechanisms at work in the (re)production of sexual violence, in thewake of the American feminist theories of 'date rape' in the 1980s. Based on theexperiential knowledge of five women gathered in semi-directive interviews, thisresearch analyses the epistemic injustices that these victims suffer when they seek todescribe, testify about and denounce their rape (hermeneutic, testimonial, agentialinjustices, silencing, etc.). The standpoint theory has made it possible to move awayfrom the penal meanings of what makes for justice and from behaviours determinedby the figure of the 'ideal victim'. The expectations of epistemic justice identified donot correspond to the logic and aims of the criminal justice system, whether it is amatter of victims naming the event according to the continuum of sexual violence,recounting the rape and its consequences without having their credibility assessed,being recognised as a victim without having to perform stereotyped norms, orconfronting the man who committed the rape to obtain answers to their questions.This thesis shows that the restorative justice paradigm is able to meet thesenormative expectations through the spaces for dialogue and unconditional listeningthat it offers. Based on fieldwork carried out in Quebec within an extra-judicialrestorative justice network, this research shows that the relational mediation observedenables victims to reclaim their epistemic agency, which was radically denied duringthe rape

Ce mémoire aborde le problème de la détection de visages à partir d'une image compressée. Il touche également à un problème connexe qui est la qualité des standards de compression et l'estimation de celle-ci. Ce mémoire est organisé sous la forme d'une introduction générale sur la détection de visages et de deux articles soumis à des conférences internationales. Le premier article propose une amélioration de la méthode classique pour comparer la qualité de deux standards. Le deuxième propose une méthode de décompression spécialisée pour faire fonctionner le détecteur de visages de Viola-Jones dans le domaine compressé.

AbstractThe concept of trace is useful for a semiotic reflection upon what is left behind. Similar to the concepts of index and footprint, traces are traditionally described as already signs, or more precisely as something recognized as a sign (Violi, Riv Ital Filos Linguaggio, 2016, http://www.rifl.unical.it/index.php/rifl/article/view/365; Mazzucchelli, Riv Ital Filos Linguaggio, 2015, http://www.rifl.unical.it/index.php/rifl/article/view/312). This act of recognition is fundamentally dependent on a community’s work of interpretation, in order to actualize a potential narration lying in the trace, but what if the promised sense is not grasped? Adopting the notion of intentionality (Greimas and Courtés, Sémiotique: dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage. Hachette, Paris, 1979) to include partially unconscious traces within the sphere of semiotic investigation, the article considers the possibility to conceive traces as paradoxical signs standing for nothing, i.e., signs of insignificance (Leone, On insignificance. The loss of meaning in the post-material age. Routledge, 2020). Through the analysis of digital traces and trolling, (in)significance is disputed on the basis of a proposed paradigm, within which even such seemingly accidental traces may possess profound significance within a digital network constructed of distributed subjectivity. One conclusion drawn from the example is that strong normative claims about what may qualify as significant often conceal an ideologically charged agenda. For this reason in particular, a detailed account of digital traces should be the highest priority of semiotics today.

Abstract In his edition of Consort Songs (MB 22) Philip Brett includes William Cobbold’s ‘New Fashions’ as the sixth and last example of Cries for Voices and Viols, incorporating it with ‘The Cries of London’ by Thomas Weelkes and Orlando Gibbons, ‘The Cry of London’ by an anonymous composer, and ‘The City Cries’ and ‘The Country Cries’ by Richard Dering.1 Despite the lack of any bona fide Elizabethan street vendors’ jingle, Brett highlights ‘New Fashions’ as ‘the most ambitious of these curious compositions that incorporate the shouts and songs of the London streets into the framework of the fantasy for viols’.2 With at least ten popular tunes superimposed upon a set of thirtyfour presentations of the ‘Browning’ theme, ‘New Fashions’ qualifies equally well as a quodlibet, set of variations on the ‘Browning’ tune, or ‘cry’. The notation of the various popular tunes and ballads and their sequential relationships is provided in Appendix A; the sequence of the ‘Browning’ variations and superimposition of the broadside tunes is illustrated in Appendix B, and a sequential composite of the literary text may be found in Appendix C.