Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « VIII-IX secolo »

Nell’articolo si tratta l’analisi delle tecniche murarie desunta da dati provenienti da ampi progetti di indagine archeologica svolti in ambito rurale nella Toscana occidentale dalla metà degli anni Novanta dello scorso secolo ad oggi. Nel testo si esaminano i cambiamenti dei modi di edificare a partire dall’edilizia in legno dei primi abitati di altura di VII-VIII secolo, sino agli insediamenti più strutturati di seconda metà VIII e IX secolo, caratterizzati da un primo uso della pietra e dalla presenza di maestranze specializzate. In seguito si analizza la più complessa organizzazione del cantiere propria della costruzione dei castelli di XI e XII secolo in rapporto ai poteri politici ed economici delle nascenti signorie territoriali. Un differente uso delle tecniche costruttive caratterizza la successiva formazione di nuovi borghi tra XIII e XIV secolo, spesso impiantati sui preesistenti castelli, legati ai locali organismi comunali, soggetti all’influenza politica ed economica di Pisa in questo territorio.

Abstract This article is devoted to sounds, voices, calls and cries as defined and conceived in the early Arabic lexicographic tradition (8th–9th century). It discusses the first evidence for the use of the Arabic term ṣawt (pl. aṣwāt) in the Qurʾān and early lexicons. It then examines direct and indirect accounts of the transmission of the Kitāb al-aṣwāt—especially those attributed to Quṭrub (d. 206/821), al-Aṣmaʿī (d. 216/831) and Ibn al-Sikkīt (d. 244/858)—as well as some chapters devoted to the subject in coeval multi-thematic lexicographical works such as those of Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 244/838) and of the later Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889). Taken together, the information that emerges from all these texts displays the many shades of meaning that the aṣwāt have taken at the beginning of Arab-Islamic cultural history.

ROMAN LAW STUDIES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1918-1945 (REVIEW OF BIBLIOGRAPHY) Summary In Roman law studies in Poland there is no complete list of the works published in the years 1918-1945 by scholars dealing with Roman law. The scientific output of the Polish researchers was presented by Rafał Taubenschlag in the article, Gli studi di diritto romano in Polonia nel secolo XX, [in:] Gli Studi Romani nel Mondo, volume III, Roma 1936, p. 247-268, but he focused mainly on discussing the major works. An attempt to show the achievements of Roman law studies in Poland on a comprehensive basis was undertaken by Juliusz Wisłocki, Dzieje nauki prawa rzymskiego w Polsce, Warsaw 1945, but his study is highly incomplete. The analysed period witnessed the emergence of lots of valuable works concerning the history and the institutions of Roman law in the form of monographs, articles published in many domestic and foreign periodicals, studies on particular occasions, encyclopedic dictionaries and reports on the activities of scientific societies. The problems related to the law of the ancient Rome were dealt with not only by the Roman law researchers but also by legal historians and classical philologists. The works were presented according to the following sections: I. General works, textbooks and scripts; II. Ancillary publications; III. History of sources; IV. Civil procedure; V. Law of Persons and legal proceedings; VI. Family law; VII. Law of Property; VIII. Law of Obligations; IX. Law of Succession; X. Criminal law and procedure; XI. Public law; XII. Philosophy of law, methodology and political and legal doctrines; XIII. Importance of the Roman law; XIV. Evaluation of the output of Roman law scholars.

Рецензируемая монография представляет собой переиздание этой книги, вышедшее в свет на французском языке в 1992 г., дополненное автором с учетом новейших исследований. Она содержит богатый материал по истории латинского языка Поздней Античности и Раннего Средневековья и формирования на его основе западно-романских языков, но не является систематическим изложением фактов, характеризующих этот процесс. Перед нами исследование одного из важнейших его аспектов: соотношения в эту эпоху литературного латинского языка, с одной стороны, и разговорного – с другой. Анализируя самые разные источники (трактаты, проповеди, жития святых, хроники, акты церковных соборов, в меньшей мере документы и надписи), автор приходит к выводу, что до конца VIII в., в Италии – до конца IX в. и даже позднее, сохранялось определенное единство между языком образованной элиты и языком плохо или вовсе не образованного населения, что обеспечивало вертикальную коммуникацию между этими социальными группами. Сохранялась и возможность коммуникации на одном языке во всем ареале романской части Европы. Эти выводы очень важны для осмысления социокультурных процессов данной эпохи и информативности дошедших до нас источников. Критически воспринимая некоторые выводы, содержащиеся в данной книге, авторы рецензии оценивают ее очень высоко.

Настоящая работа является первым общим описанием на русском языке двух некрополей Кампокиаро (Кампобассо, Италия) – Виченне и Морионе, датируемых последней третью VII в. – началом VIII в. Культурное содержание некрополей показывает прочные связи с населением центральноазиатского происхождения. Важнейшим признаком некрополей являются захоронения с конем, соответствующие евразийскому кочевому погребальному обряду. Автор поддержал выводы европейских исследователей о том, что с большой долей вероятности некрополи оставлены булгарами дукса–гаштальда Алзеко, зафиксированными Павлом Диаконом в VIII в. на территориях Бояно, Сепино и Изернии. Аналогии некрополей Кампокиаро с погребениями Аварского каганата показывают присутствие в аварском обществе булгар со схожим погребальным обрядом. Из тысяч погребений с конем, оставленных аварским населением, булгарам могла принадлежать большая часть. Авары и булгары составляли основу и правящую верхушку каганата. 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SummaryCompared to second generation, the use of third generation oral contraceptives has been associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis especially in women with the factor V Leiden mutation. To find an explanation for these risk differences we investigated the effects of desogestrel- and levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives as well as their progestagens separately on the coagulation system in the absence or presence of the factor V Leiden mutation.In a single center, double blind trial, 51 women without and 35 women with the factor V Leiden mutation were randomized to either a second generation (30 µg ethinylestradiol/150 µg levonorgestrel) or a third generation (30 µg ethinylestradiol/150 µg desogestrel) oral contraceptive. After two cycles of use and a wash-out period of 2 menstrual cycles, the participants received the corresponding progestagen-only preparation containing 150 µg levonorgestrel or 150 µg desogestrel. In plasmas of the participating women fragment 1+2, factor V, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI were determined.Both combined oral contraceptives induced a decrease in factor V, whereas the levels of all other coagulant parameters increased. However, in women without the factor V Leiden mutation the effects of desogestrel-containing preparations were significantly different compared to levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives for factor V (−8.0; 95% Cl −13.4 to −2.6), factor VIl (26.8; 95% Cl 15.5 to 38.0) and factor IX (−9.6; 95% Cl −16.2 to −3.2). When these women used progestagen-only pills, a differential effect between desogestrel and levonorgestrel was only found for factor IX (−6.5; 95% CI –11.4 to –1.5).In carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives induced more pronounced changes in factor V (−14.2; 95% CI −22.4 to −6.0) and factor VII (36.1; 95% CI 19.7 to 52.6) compared to levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives. Comparing desogestrel- and levonorgestrel-only, only for factor V a differential effect was found in these women (−9.5;95% CI –18.3 to –0.6).It appears that desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives have a more pronounced effect on the coagulation system than levonorgestrelcontaining oral contraceptives which may be explained by a less effective compensation of the thrombotic effect of ethinylestradiol by desogestrel.

This thesis focuses on Lombard Southern Italy during the early middle ages and it analyses the history of political and social conflicts between the eighth and ninth century, taking into account the transformation of Lombard political power and social practices in this area. Starting from the eight-century judicial sources, this work explores political and social competition in the Beneventan region by taking into account its geographical position at the center of the Mediterranean see. Southern Italy was considered as a periphery, and sometimes as a frontier, by both the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, and endured almost a century of Muslims’ attempts to conquer the peninsula.
La presente tesi si occupa dell’Italia meridionale longobarda durante l’alto medioevo e analizza la storia dei conflitti politici e sociali tra l’VIII e il IX secolo tenendo in considerazione le trasformazioni del potere politico longobardo e delle pratiche sociali in quest’area. Partendo dalle fonti giudiziarie di secolo VIII, questa tesi esplora dunque la competizione politica e sociale nella regione beneventana senza prescindere dalla sua posizione al centro del Mediterraneo. L’Italia meridionale fu considerata una periferia, talvolta una vera e propria frontiera, sia dall’impero carolingio sia da quello bizantino, e resistette per oltre un secolo ai tentativi musulmani di conquistare la penisola.

Les Araméens sont une population qui apparait dans le territoire de la Syrie et de la Mésopotamie actuelle au début du premier millénaire avant J.-C. A partir du Xe siècle, ils se transforment de population nomade à population sédentaire, en créant des États territoriaux qui prennent le nom de byt, suivi par le nom du fondateur de chaque dynastie locale. Le présent travail, en partant de l’épineuse question ethnique, cherche à déterminer les caractéristiques des Araméens en particulier en Syrie du Sud aux IXe-VIIIe siècles, pendant la montée du royaume de Damas, et ses relations avec les populations voisines, parmi lesquelles les Israëlites qui se sont confrontés avec eux plusieurs fois pendant des périodes alternées de guerres et de paix. Il s’agit d’une étude détaillée de la région méridionale de la Syrie qui s’appuie sur l’analyse des sources épigraphiques (inscriptions araméennes, annales assyriennes et passages bibliques) et sur les données archéologiques des sites de “possible” occupation araméenne au Sud de Damas, en Palestine et en Jordanie du Nord. A travers la comparaison des ces données, j’ai cherché à fournir une reconstruction vraisemblable du contexte historique du royaume de Damas aux IXe-VIIIe siècles av. J.-C., de la figure du souverain Hazael et de l’ expansion politique de son royaume jusqu’à la soumission par les Assyriens
The Arameans are a population settled in the territory of modern Syria and Mesopotamia in the first millennium BC. Starting from the tenth century, they gradually leave their nomadic lifestyle to turn into a sedentary population by creating territorial states under the name of “Byt”, after the name of the founder of each local dynasty. In this work, starting from the controversial question about ethnics, we seek to determine the representative characteristics of Aramaeans, especially for those settled in southern Syria in the ninth-eighth centuries, during the rise of the Damascus kingdom. We investigate this latter relationships with neighboring populations, especially the Israelites who were confronted with them several times during alternate periods of war and peace. This is a detailed study of the southern part of Syria based on the analysis of epigraphic sources (Aramaic inscriptions, Assyrian annals and Bible) and archaeological data coming from some sites (south of Damascus, Palestine and North Jordan ) known to be occupated by Arameans. Through the comparison of these data, we try to provide a plausible reconstruction of the historical context of the kingdom of Damascus in the ninth-eighth centuries BC., the figure of the king Hazael, its political expansion till its falling due to the Assyrians domination

This thesis focuses on Lombard Southern Italy during the early middle ages and it analyses the history of political and social conflicts between the eighth and ninth century, taking into account the transformation of Lombard political power and social practices in this area. Starting from the eight-century judicial sources, this work explores political and social competition in the Beneventan region by taking into account its geographical position at the center of the Mediterranean see. Southern Italy was considered as a periphery, and sometimes as a frontier, by both the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, and endured almost a century of Muslims' attempts to conquer the peninsula. The first chapter focuses on the ducal period and investigates the formation and consolidation of the duke of Benevento's political authority before 774. During the seventh and eight centuries, the dukes developed a military and political autonomy in Southern Italy. This was due to the geographical position of the Duchy of Benevento in the Lombard Kingdom: it was far from Pavia, the king's capital city, and it was relatively isolated from other Lombard territories. Since a dynasty was established here as early as the seventh century, these dukes developed a strong and precocious political consciousness. As a result, they were particularly concerned with the formal representation of their authority, which is early attested in both coinage and diplomas. In this chapter, the analysis of the eight-century judicial records opens two important perspectives on the duke of Benevento's practices of power. Firstly, judicial assemblies were one of the most important occasions for the duke to demonstrate and exercise his authority in a public context. In contrast to all other Lombard dukes, who rendered judgement together with a group of officers, the duke of Benevento acted alone before the competing parties. By behaving exactly as the Lombard king would in Pavia, the duke was able to utilise the judicial domain as a sort of theatre in which to practice, legitimise and represent his own public authority in front of the local aristocracy. Secondly, the analysis of seven judicial case-studies suggests that the duke was not simply the sole political authority in Benevento but also the leading social agent in the whole Lombard southern Italy. Almost all the disputes transmitted by the twelfth-century cartularies implied a ducal action, donation or decision in the past, which became the main cause for later conflicts between the members of the lay élite and the monastic foundations of the region. Consequently, the analysis of judicial conflicts reveals more about the duke of Benevento's strategies and practices of power than about the lay and ecclesiastical élites' competition for power. Since there are no judicial records between 774 and the last decade of the ninth century, both conflicts and representations of authority in Lombard Southern Italy are analysed through other kinds of sources for this period. Chronicles, hagiographies, diplomas, and material sources are rich in clues about political and social competition in Benevento. By contrast, the late-ninth-century judicial records transmitted by cartularies and archives are quite different from the eighth-century documents: they have a bare and simple structure, which often hides the peculiarities of the single dispute by telling only the essentials of each conflict and a concise final judgement. In contrast to the sources of the ducal period, the ninth- and tenth-century judicial records often convey a flattened image of Lombard society. Their basic structure certainly prevents a focus on the representation of authority and the practices of power in southern Italy. On the contrary, these fields of inquiry are crucial to research both competition within the Beneventan aristocracy during the ninth century, and the relationship between Lombards and Carolingian after 774. After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774, Charlemagne did not complete the military conquest of the Italian peninsula: the Duchy of Benevento was left under the control of Arechis (758-787), who proclaimed himself princeps gentis Langobardorum and continued to rule mostly independently. The confrontation and competition with the Frankish empire are key to understanding both the strengthening of Lombard identity in southern Italy and the formation of a princely political authority. The second account the historiography on the Regnum Italiae, the third section of this chapter focuses precisely on the ambitions of Louis II in Southern Italy and it analyses the implication that the projection of his rulership over this area had in shaping his imperial authority. Despite Louis II's efforts to control the Lombard principalities, his military and political experience soon revealed its limits. After the conquest of Bari in 871, Prince Adelchi imprisoned the emperor in his palace until he obtained a promise: Louis II swore not to return to Benevento anymore. Although the pope soon liberated the emperor from this oath, he never regained a political role in Southern Italy. Nevertheless, his prolonged presence in the region during the ninth century radically changed the political equilibrium of both the Lombard principalities and the Tyrrhenian duchies (i.e. Napoli, Gaeta, Amalfi). The fourth section focuses firstly on the competition between Louis II and Adelchi of Benevento, who obstinately defined his public authority in a direct competition with the Carolingian emperor. At the same time, the competition within the local aristocracy in Benevento radically changed into a small-scale struggle between the members of Adelchi's kingroup, the Radelchids. At the same time, some local officers expanded their power and acted more and more autonomously in their district, such as in Capua. When Louis II left Benevento in 871, both the Tyrrhenian duchies and the Lombard principalities in Southern Italy were profoundly affected by a sudden change in their mutual relations and even in their inner stability. The competition for power and authority in Salerno and Capua-Benevento also changed and two different political systems were gradually established in these principalities. Despite the radical transformation of internal competition and the Byzantine conquest of a large part of Puglia and Basilicata at the end of the ninth century, the Lombard principalities remained independent until the eleventh century, when Southern Italy was finally seized by Norman invaders.

This thesis analyses the eschatological productions, both Christian and Muslim, written in the two centuries after the birth of Islam. In works such as the Syriac apocalypses of Pseudo-Methodius and Pseudo-Ezra the sudden expansion of Muslim troops was mainly perceived by Eastern Christians as an apocalyptic trial, a sign of the End of Time. On the Muslim side, the main eschatological a collection, is the Kitab al-Fitan by Nu'aym b. Hammd (d. 843) shows the existence of a vital apocalyptic production which rose in correspondence to times of internal and external strife. This work wishes to survey some of the main themes common to both of these eschatological productions (such as the depiction of the enemy, the development of messianic figures, the role of Jerusalem in the end-time, etc.); the use of a comparative perspective bears a fundamental theoretical contribution, by highlighting the presence of direct references between the different traditions, but also by underlining the common processes of eschatological production and development. Some final remarks deal with the contemporary use of these traditions, made by both Muslim and Christian fundamentalists, who look for a prophesied roadmap to read the current world events.
Questo lavoro si propone di analizzare le produzioni escatologiche musulmane e cristiane redatte nei due secoli successivi alla nascita dell'Islam. Se da parte cristiana la dirompente espansione delle truppe musulmane fu interpretata come segno di tribolazione apocalittica, allo stesso modo, da parte musulmana, in tempi di conflitti esterni ed interni, si sviluppò una vitale produzione di tradizioni escatologiche, come testimoniato dal Kitab al-Fitan di Nu'aym b. Hammad (m.843), di cui si riporta la traduzione di circa 300 tradizioni. Questo lavoro vuole evidenziare quali siano i temi comuni alle due tradizioni escatologiche, e come sia avvenuta l'adozione da parte di queste di un comune schema di comprensione metastorica degli eventi. La prospettiva comparativa ha permesso infatti di individuare numerosi rimandi diretti fra queste tradizioni (e quella ebraica). Infine viene fatto un breve cenno all'uso contemporaneo di queste tradizioni e alla duratura impronta che l'escatologia lascia sulla visione geografica del mondo.

La tesi, dal titolo Violenza e potere nell’Alto Medioevo (768-888), si propone come uno studio complessivo del periodo carolingio, di cui si analizza sistematicamente il valore attribuito alla violenza e al suo esercizio da parte della figura regia, tanto nel contesto sociale quanto in quello politico. Da questa prospettiva si cerca di affrontare una serie di questioni che consentono di approfondire la relazione tra potestas e violenza, mostrando il valore legittimante che la vindicta regia assunse a partire dal regno di Carlo Magno fino al declino dell’Impero carolingio, nel corso del IX secolo.

The Aramaeans in Southern Syria in the 9th-8th centuries B.C. Summary The Arameans are a population settled in the territory of modern Syria and Mesopotamia in the first millennium BC. Starting from the tenth century, they gradually leave their nomadic lifestyle to turn into a sedentary population by creating territorial states under the name of “Byt”, after the name of the founder of each local dynasty. In this work, starting from the controversial question about ethnics, we seek to determine the representative characteristics of Aramaeans, especially for those settled in southern Syria in the ninth-eighth centuries, during the rise of the Damascus kingdom. We investigate this latter relationships with neighboring populations, especially the Israelites who were confronted with them several times during alternate periods of war and peace. This is a detailed study of the southern part of Syria based on the analysis of epigraphic sources (Aramaic inscriptions, Assyrian annals and Bible) and archaeological data coming from some sites (south of Damascus, Palestine and North Jordan ) known to be occupated by Arameans. Through the comparison of these data, we try to provide a plausible reconstruction of the historical context of the kingdom of Damascus in the ninth-eighth centuries BC., the figure of the king Ḥazael, its political expansion till its falling due to the Assyrians domination.
Les Araméens en Syrie du Sud aux IXe-VIIIe siècles avant J.-C. Résumé Les Araméens sont une population qui apparait dans le territoire de la Syrie et de la Mésopotamie actuelle au début du premier millénaire avant J.-C. A partir du Xe siècle, ils se transforment de population nomade à population sédentaire, en créant des États territoriaux qui prennent le nom de byt, suivi par le nom du fondateur de chaque dynastie locale. Le présent travail, en partant de l’épineuse question ethnique, cherche à déterminer les caractéristiques des Araméens en particulier en Syrie du Sud aux IXe-VIIIe siècles, pendant la montée du royaume de Damas, et ses relations avec les populations voisines, parmi lesquelles les Israélites qui se sont confrontés avec eux plusieurs fois pendant des périodes alternées de guerres et de paix. Il s’agit d’une étude détaillée de la région méridionale de la Syrie qui s’appuie sur l’analyse des sources épigraphiques (inscriptions araméennes, annales assyriennes et passages bibliques) et sur les données archéologiques des sites de “possible” occupation araméenne au Sud de Damas, en Palestine et en Jordanie du Nord. A travers la comparaison des ces données, j’ai cherché à fournir une reconstruction vraisemblable du contexte historique du royaume de Damas aux IXe-VIIIe siècles av. J.-C., de la figure du souverain Ḥazael et de l’ expansion politique de son royaume jusqu’à la soumission par les Assyriens.

Focusing on the extreme poles of the spectrum of human relationships, this chapter argues that considerateness is the foundation upon which our relationships are to be organized in both the thin, anonymous context of the public space and the thick, intimate context of the family. The first part of the paper, sections I–III, explores the idea that considerateness is the minimum that we owe to one another in the public space. By acting considerately toward strangers we show respect to that which we share as people, namely, to our common humanity. The second part, sections IV–VIII, explores the idea that the family is constituted on a foundation of considerateness. Referring to the particular distribution of domestic burdens and benefits adopted by each family as its “family deal,” I argue that the considerate family deal embodies a distinct, family-oriented notion of fairness. The third part, sections IX–XV, takes up the notion of family fairness, contrasting it with justice.

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book I, Chapters VIII and IX. Its topics are Sidgwick’s initial discussions of intuitionism and of goodness. The first section discusses the hybrid character of the concept of intuitionism, distinguishing its epistemic from its moral-theoretic component, and C. D. Broad’s coining of the term “deontology” as the name for the moral-theoretic component. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s argument for epistemic intuitionism, whose crucial premises are metaethical non-naturalism and epistemological foundationalism. The third section is a critical discussion of Sidgwick’s distinction between three “phases” of intuitionism: perceptional (sic) intuitionism, dogmatic intuitionism, and philosophical intuitionism. The fourth section discusses Sidgwick’s argument in Chapter IX that goodness is a complex non-natural property. The fifth section discusses his preliminary argument, also in Chapter IX, that nothing is good out of relation to consciousness or feeling.

This chapter examines Article 33 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). In a nutshell, this article specifically identifies two protection bodies competent to deal with matters relating to the implementation by States Parties of their obligations under the Convention. The first organ is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, composed of seven members and based in Washington D.C., United States. The second body competent to supervise the American Convention is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, composed of seven judges and based in San José, Costa Rica. The Court was created by, and therefore finds its legal basis within, the ACHR. Chapter VIII of the American Convention (Articles 52 to 69) details the rules of organization, jurisdiction, functions, and procedure of the Inter-American Court. As in the case of the Inter-American Commission, these provisions are supplemented by the Statute of the Court, its Rules of Procedure, and Chapter IX of the Convention.

[1] We must now apply our minds much more intently than when we were disposing of earlier questions in the explanations in the previous books. We are not to discuss natural theology, as the term is, with any Tom, Dick, or Harry, for this is not the theology reflected in myth or in civic ritual – in other words, as portrayed in the theatre or as presented in the city. The first of these parades the wicked deeds of gods, and the second describes their still more wicked longings, showing that they are malevolent demons rather than deities. Our discussion is instead to be with philosophers, whose very name when rendered in Latin proclaims ...

5 previously described RFLPs within the factor IX gene have been used for family studies (carrier detection) in 10 haemophilia B kindred. In all DNA from 91 individuals, including 25 obligate or possible carriers, was analysed by digestion with TaqI and XmnI and probing with the intragenomic probe VIII (all probes were provided by Professor G. G. Brownlee, Oxford). When noninformative, additional RFLPs (DdeI;probe XIII and MspI;probe II) were used. Of 12 possible carriers, 11 were diagnosed (6 as carriers, 5 normal). Of the confirmed carriers (6 diagnosed, 13 obligate) 15 were informative (heterozygous and phase known), and the overall incidence of heterozygosity was 72%. The recently reported BamHI RFLP was not found to be useful ( <1.0% frequency).Further RFLPs in and flanking the factor IX gene were sought by two procedures. Firstly cosmid pCHIXα, containing a 40kb insert including the 3' end of the factor IX gene and stretching some 35kb 3' to the gene was used as a large probe, with repetitive sequences being blocked by preannealing the probe with an excess of sonicated, denatured human DNA (Litt and White, PNAS 82, 6206). Results with 25 restriction enzymes (covering an estimated 1038 nucleotides) and DNA from 7 unrelated females were obtained, but only one low frequency PvuII RFLP (frequency about 1%) was identified. Similar experiments with further cosmid probes 3' to the gene are underway. The second technique was developed to analyse small DNA fragments (<1.0kb) generated by frequently cutting restriction enzymes. These fragments were separated on 3.5% polyacrylamide/0.5% agarose composite gels and then electroblotted onto hybond-N. Fragments of 150bp were readily visualised by this procedure. 3 frequently cutting enzymes have been used (Hinfl, Rsal and Mbol), and the blots probed with a factor IX c-DNA probe, or a unique sequence subclone of cosmid pCHIXα. To date no RFLPs have been identified. This search for further useful RFLP has illustrated the paucity of detectable sequence variation within this region of the X-chromosome.

In the paper there are results of archeoseismological study of an antic archeological monument – Mikhaylovka hill-fort located in Kerch’ peninsula. Studied deformations complex includes: systematic tilts, shifts and collapses of building constructions of latitudinal strike northward. Building elements of longitudinal strike tilted, shifted and collapsed westward. We revealed one counterclockwise rotation in a wall part which was not anchored. Most impressive and unique is shearing and shifting southward of a significant fragment of northern city wall. The revealed deformations in the trench No. III of Mikhaylovka hill-fort undoubtedly demonstrate their seismogenic origin. Large number of double walls – original walls and counterforce ones – “krepida’s” testifies on at least two events of destruction and deformation in Mikhaylovka fort-hill. Local seismic intensity was apparently (VIII) ≤ Io ≤ IX. According to numismatic founds and fire traces first earthquake occurred in beginning of II century AD, second earthquake - in III century AD. Maximum summary seismic oscillations during first earthquakes propagated apparently in latitudinal direction which led to wedging of significant part of the northern wall of the hill-fort. Seismic shocks during second earthquakes went along NNW-SSE axis. This direction is testified be systematic character of tilts, shifts and collapses of the walls of both directions.

From 1984 to 1992, the first commercial solar thermal power plants — SEGS I to IX — were built in the Californian Mojave desert. The first generation of trough collectors (LS1) used in SEGS I showed an aperture area of about 120 m2 (1’292 ft2), having an aperture width of 2.5 m (8.2 ft). With the second generation collector (LS2), used in SEGS II to VI, the aperture width was doubled to 5 m (16.4 ft). The third generation (LS3) has been increased regarding width (5.76 m or 18.9 ft) and length (96 m or 315 ft) to about 550 m2 (5’920 ft2) aperture. It was used in the last SEGS plants VIII and IX, those plants having a capacity of 80 MW each. After more than 10 years stagnancy, several commercial plants in the US (the 64 MW Nevada Solar One project) and Spain (the ANDASOL projects, 50 MW each with 8 h thermal storage) started operation in 2007/2008. New collectors have been developed, but all are showing similar dimensions as either the LS2 or the LS3 collector. One reason for this is the limited availability of key components, mainly the parabolic shaped mirrors and heat collection elements. However, in order to reduce cost, solar power projects are getting larger and larger. Several projects in the range of 250 MW, with and without thermal storage system, are going to start construction in 2011, requiring solar field sizes of 1 to 2.5 Million m2. FLABEG, market leader of parabolic shaped mirrors and e.g. mirror supplier for all SEGS plants and most of the Spanish plants, has started the development of a new collector generation to serve the urgent market needs: lower cost and improved suitability for large solar fields. The new generation will utilize accordingly larger reflector panels and heat collection elements attended by advanced design, installation methods and control systems at the same time. The so-called ‘Ultimate Trough’ collector is showing an aperture area of 1’667 m2 (17’944 ft2), with an aperture width of 7.5 m (24.6 ft). Some design features are presented in this paper, showing how the new and huge dimensions could be realized without compromising stiffness, and bending of the support structure and improving the optical performance at the same time. Solar field layouts for large power plants are presented, and solar field cost savings in the range of 25% are disclosed.

A 59 year-old white male with a life long history of severe bleeding following trauma or surgical procedures was documented to have a combined factor V and factor Vlll-C deficiency. His baseline factor V ranged between 16% - 30% and factor VIII-C was between 20% - 30%. His APTT ranged between 50 - 56 seconds (21-31 N) with a prothrombin time activity between 33% - 40% of normal ( ≥ 70% N). Factor II, Vll/X, X, IX, XI, XII, template bleeding time and platelet function studies were normal. There was no severe factor XIII deficiency. Since the response of these patients to DDAVP is unknown and the patient was admitted with a large hematoma in the subolecranon bursa, DDAVP was infused in a dose of 0.5 μ g/kg body weight over 15 minutes. The baseline factor VIIl-C of 20% rose to 55% at 5 minutes after termination of DDAVP and to 62% and 66% at 3 and 6 hours respectively. The factor VIII-C level dropped to 45% and 36% at 12 and 24 hours respectively after a single dose of DDAVP. As measured by a sensitive 125I-fibrin assay, this dose of DDAVP caused a net rise in plasminogen activator activity of 2.43 CTA U/ml.The patient had worn an inguinal truss for approximately 20 years for two large oblique inguinal hernias, one of which entended to the level of the mid-thigh. Pre and peri-operative management of the right inguinal herniorrhaphy consisted of DDAVP in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg Q 12 hourly for two doses, FFP at 9 ml/kg Q 12 hourly for three doses, and Amicar for 48 hours starting post-operatively. This regimen maintained the factor VIIl-C at ∼ 50% with factor V between 44% - 50% for a period of three days. On the 4th postoperative day a left inguinal herniorrhaphy was accomplished with DDAVP and FFP (dosage similar to previous) administered Q 12 hourly for three doses, then once in the next 24 hours, and Amicar for three days. A 4 cm wound hematoma noted on the first day of the second surgical procedure was evacuated, and was due to the presence of a bleeder since Vlll-C and V levels were higher than the values indicated on the first procedure. No red cell transfusions were given; fluids were restricted to 600 ml per day for 24 hours after the last dose of DDAVP. Successful bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies without significant hemorrhages was achieved with exposure to a minimal volume of blood products.