Thèses sur le sujet « Verità biologica »
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Mendola, Angela. « L’unitarietà dello statuto successorio tra Favor Legitimitatis e verità biologica ». Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2466.
Texte intégralLa tesi di dottorato dal titolo “L’unitarietà dello statuto successorio tra favor legitimitatis e verità biologica” ha ripercorso, dal punto di vista storico-giuridico, la non facile relazione esistente tra filiazione in costanza di matrimonio e filiazione avvenuta al di fuori di esso, soprattutto in considerazione dei relativi profili successori. Sono state analizzate le novità introdotte dalla legge di riforma, recante “Disposizioni in materia di riconoscimento dei figli naturali”, L. n. 219/2012, e dal decreto legislativo di attuazione, n. 154/2013. In particolare, si è provveduto a rileggere criticamente quelle norme del libro II del codice civile che prevedevano un’anacronistica dicotomia, tanto formale, quanto sostanziale, tra “figli legittimi” e “figli naturali”. La ricerca ha preso le mosse dall’analisi dell’art. 2, co. I, lett. f, della precitata L. n. 219/2012, con cui il legislatore ha investito il Governo del compito di “assicurare l’adeguamento della disciplina delle successioni (…) al principio di unità dello stato di figlio (…)”. Successivamente, sono state analizzate tutte le norme del diritto successorio novellate per effetto del decreto legislativo di completamento della riforma della filiazione (D.Lgs. n. 154/2013), dal titolo “Revisione delle disposizioni vigenti in materia di filiazione, a norma dell’articolo 2 della legge 10 dicembre 2012, n. 219”. In prima istanza, si è compiuta una mera operazione di sistemazione linguistica, espungendo dagli artt. 467, 536, 538, 565, 566, 570, 573, 580, 581, 582, 583, 594, 715 e 737 c.c., le parole “legittimi” e “naturali”, optando per un semplice riferimento ai figli. Lo studio dello statuto successorio dei figli nati all’interno o al di fuori del matrimonio si è svolto ponendo lo sguardo anche agli altri ordinamenti giuridici europei. La ricerca ha posto come base di comparazione la disciplina successoria offerta dalle esperienze di civil law. Si pensi alla Ley 11/1981 spagnola, che ha provveduto ad adattare la normativa del codice civile a quella della Costituzione, nell’ottica della assoluta equiparazione tra figli. Una disamina è stata offerta anche con riguardo agli interventi del legislatore d’oltralpe, attraverso la legge 2001-1135, L. n. 2002-305, ancora per il tramite dell’Ordonnance n. 2005-759 e della legge n. 2009-61. Sono state, inoltre, esaminate le riforme tedesche del 1969, vale a dire la legge sui “figli non legittimi”, nichteheliche Kinder, e quella di riforma del diritto della filiazione del 1997 (KindRG). Sul fronte del common law, in tema di equiparazione tra tipi di filiazione, si è provveduto ad individuare, innanzitutto, il Family law Act del 1987, con cui è stata abolita anche la dicitura linguistica di illegitimate, ed il Children Act del 1989. [a cura dell'autore]
The doctoral thesis entitled “The unity of the Statute of succession between legitimitatis favor and biological truth” has retraced , from the point of historical and legal perspective , the difficult relationship between filiation in wedlock and filiation given outside of it , especially in view of its successors profiles . The changes introduced by the reform law were analyzed on “Measures regarding the recognition of illegitimate children” , Law no . 219/2012 , and the legislative decree implementing, n . 154/2013 . In particular , it was decided to critically review the provisions of Book II of the Civil Code which provided an anachronistic dichotomy, both formally, as a substantial, between “legitimate children” and “natural children”. The research was prompted by the analysis art. 2 , co . I, letter . f , of the aforementioned Law no . 219/2012 , in which the legislature has invested the government with the task of “ensuring the adaptation of the succession rules ( ... ) the principle of the child - state drives ( ... )”. Subsequently, were analyzed all the rules of succession novellate law by virtue of Legislative Decree completion of the reform of filiation (Legislative Decree . N . 154/2013) , entitled “Review of the current provisions of filiation , pursuant Article 2 of the law of 10 December 2012, n . 219”. In the first instance, it has accomplished a mere linguistic accommodation operation, expunging from Articles 467 , 536 , 538 , 565 , 566 , 570 , 573 , 580 , 581 , 582 , 583 , 594 , 715 and 737 of the Civil Code , the “legitimate” and the words “natural”, opting for a simple reference to the children. The study of the Statute of succession as children born within or outside marriage took place by placing the eye to other European legal systems. Research has set as a basis for comparing the discipline succession offered by civil law experience. Think of the Spanish Ley 11/1981, which has adapted the civil code legislation to that of the Constitution, in view of the absolute equality among children. An examination was also offered regarding the remediation of the legislature beyond the Alps, through law 2001-1135, L. n. 2002-305, again through Ordonnance n. 2005-759 and Law. 2009-61. It was also examined the German reform of 1969, namely the law on “no legitimate children”, nichteheliche Kinder, and that of the filiation of the 1997 law reform (KindRG). In terms of the common law, in terms of equivalence between types of filiation, steps were taken to identify, firstly, the Family law Act of 1987, which was also abolished the linguistic expression as illegitimate, and the Children Act 1989. [edited by author]
XIV n.s.
Giunchedi, Diletta <1989>. « Le nuove forme di genitorialità tra vincoli biologici, verita legale e legami affettivi ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9445/1/Tesi%20di%20Dottorato%20Diletta%20Giunchedi.pdf.
Texte intégralThe thesis aims to analyse the concept of parenthood, in consideration of social, scientific and statutory changes. The developments in reproductive medicine changed the way of thinking about the reproduction process. In particular, it is discussed which is the legally fair way for becoming parent(s) and for being parent(s) in itself. Legal concepts which had remained undisturbed for ages are now radically altered. Many laws regarding parenthood have been found to be inconsistent with the values arising from the more frequent reproductive and so the definition of mother. The recent statutes and the evolution of scientific reproductive techniques have promoted a progressive process of fragmentation of the parental figure, which, until then was, considered unitary and intimately linked to the encounter between man and woman. In the light of these changes, it is necessary to redefine an “untaught” (legal) concept of mother, since the intimate connection between the mother and her child through the gestational period is something connected with ‘nature’, and has never before needed to be clarified or even defined. There are three ways in which a person may be and become a parent of a child, and each of them is considered a “very significant factor” in the child’s welfare. The distinction lies in the distinguished concepts of genetic link, gestational/biological relationship and social or psychological relationship. The first one designates the parents who have generated the child, based a blood connection. Secondly, the gestational parenthood concerns conceiving and bearing the child. The third factor is the social parenthood, resulting from (the/a) day-to-day attention given to the child's needs for physical care, nourishment, comfort, affection, and stimulation.
Lemerle, Sébastien. « In carne veritas ? : le biologisme comme phénomène éditorial en France, 1970-2000 ». Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0080.
Texte intégralNumerous social theories inspired by biological sciences have been developing in France for decades. If one takes a look at the publishing field, where this development is particularly obvious, it occurs that such a phenomenon is more the result of the action of cultural go-betweens desirous of diffusing new conceptions of knowledge and modifying intellectual hierarchies, than a true revolution among the social sciences. The growth of biologism relies on the prestige accumulated by biology since World War II, as well as on the emergence of a new kind of intellectual, the « scientist ». It also rests on the contribution of biologism to the criticisms levelled at 1960's critical theories, as well as to the discussions concerning the « return of the subject » in the 1980's. It is taking shape with the promotion of a biopsychological social engineering that does not pay much attention to environmental factors (social, geographical, etc. )
Bole, Cyprien. « Etude ostéo-morphométrique des tortues marines de la super-famille des Chelonioidea ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0021.
Texte intégralThe taxonomy of the super-family Chelonioidea (all the extant marine turtles except the leatherback) has changed many times since its creation in 1811 by Oppel. Today numerous studies have been carried out both on the descriptive characters (qualitative and quantitative) for distinguishing species and about their genomes. But none has really been devoted to quantifying the bone’s geometrical shape and conformations that should better their knowledge. The skulls, lower jaws and five long bones of 307 specimens belonging to the Chelonian Research Institute (USA) were digitized using three different geometric morphometrics methods: 2D landmarks, 3D landmarks, 3D outlines. For each specimen, we had information about the species, stage of development, origin and sex. We studied the shape variability related to these four factors in the bony structures. Geometric morphometrics allow to synthesis the global geometry of an object. It has a rigorous mathematical background and ensures robust statistics. We tested several hypotheses, especially among the genus Chelonia where we compared and visualized the shape variability of western Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and Pacific individuals, including the three stages of development. As these populations presented significant differences in the bony structure geometry, thus may partly explain the fluctuation of the taxonomy of the genus Chelonia and the discussion of the paraphyletism of the current species Chelonia mydas. The geometry of all the bones we studied was correlated with the different factors we tested, except for the sex for which the shape variability seems to be less structured. This allows to consider several practical applications: to improve the general knowledge of the biology of these reptiles (as satellite tracking is very expensive because of the high natural level of mortality), but also to make determinations of specimens or of archaeological sea turtles remains, which are fairly frequent
Stokke, Bård Gunnar. « Coevolutionary adaptations in avian brood parasites and their hosts ». Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-161.
Texte intégralDette prosjektet har satt søkelyset på to problemstillinger knyttet til samevolusjonen mellom parasitt og vert; 1) utvikling av vertstilpasninger som mottrekk mot tilpasninger hos parasitten, med spesiell fokus på eggtilpasninger, og 2) mekanismer som kan forklare den store variasjonen i forsvarsatferd mot kullparasittisme blant ulike verter.
1) Flere gjøk- (Cuculus canorus) stammer eller gentes har utviklet egg som er veldig like vertens egne egg, såkalt eggmimikry, for å vanskeliggjøre vertenes eggavvisning. For å svare på dette har mange verter på sin side gjort det vanskeligere for parasitten ved å utvikle en lavere variasjon i utseende mellom sine egg innen kullet (innenkull-variasjon), og en høyere variasjon mellom egg fra kull til kull (mellomkull-variasjon). Mange nordamerikanske spurvefugler blir benyttet som verter av brunhodetrupialen (Molothrus ater), men denne parasitten har ikke utviklet eggmimikry i forhold til vertseggene. Vi sammenlignet kullvariasjonen mellom spurvefugler i Europa og Nord-Amerika og fant en høyere innenkull-variasjon og en lavere mellomkull-variasjon i eggutseende hos nordamerikanske spurvefugler, selv om forskjellen i innenkull-variasjon mellom kontinentene var mindre enn forventet.Hos europeiske spurvefugler er det i tidligere eksperimenter funnet at det er en sammenheng som forventet mellom avvisningsraten overfor parasittiske ikkemimikry egg og kullvariasjonen i eggutseende. Vi fant at det ikke var noen slik sammenheng hos spurvefugler i Nord-Amerika. Resultatene gir støtte til hypotesen om at parasitter med eggmimikry utøver et betydelig seleksjonstrykk for utvikling av bestemte eggkarakterer hos sine verter.
Vi undersøkte om det var noen forskjell i innenkull-variasjon hos avvisere og akseptorer av parasittegg innen bestemte populasjoner av tre europeiske spurvefugler; rørsanger (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), bokfink (Fringilla coelebs) og munk (Sylvia atricapilla). Det ble funnet at det var en signifikant forskjell i innenkull-variasjon i eggutseende mellom avvisere og akseptorer av kunstige ikke-mimikry gjøkegg i en rørsanger-populasjon i Tsjekkia; avviserne hadde en lavere innenkull variasjon enn akseptorer av slike egg. Denne vertspopulasjonen har en intermediær avvisningsrate overfor ikke-mimikry egg. Et tilsvarende forsøk ble utført hos en bokfink-populasjon i Norge og en munk-populasjon i Tsjekkia. Begge artene er meget gode avvisere av ikke-mimikry egg, noe som indikerer at de aller fleste individer er i stand til å avvise slike egg. Vi valgte derfor å benytte egg fra artsfrender i forsøkene med disse artene. I motsetning til hos rørsangeren fant vi at det ikke var noen forskjell i innenkullvariasjon mellom akseptorer og avvisere av fremmede egg hos bokfink og munk. Hos begge artene ble det funnet at avvisningen av fremmede egg i stor grad avhenger av kontrasten (grad av mimikry) mellom egne egg og parasittegget. Dette viser at selv om individene er i stand til å avvise parasittegg, så finnes det kognitive begrensninger som medfører at egg som utseendemessig ligger under en viss terskelverdi med hensyn til likhet med egne egg vil bli akseptert. Det ble ikke funnet noen indikasjoner på at avvisningsatferden var avhengig av vertenes alder eller av kondisjonelle stimuli for noen av de tre artene. Dette kan tyde på at det er en genetisk basert kobling mellom det å kunne gjenkjenne fremmede egg og innenkull-variasjon.
2) Mange vertsarter viser ingen eller kun intermediære avvisningsrater overfor fremmede ikke-mimikry egg. En slik tilsynelatende suboptimal atferd kan skyldes at det er kostnader forbundet med avvisningen som forhindrer evolusjon av perfekt avvisningsatferd. Slike kostnader kan være feilaktig avvisning av egne egg i uparasitterte reir (gjenkjenningsfeil), eller avvisning av egne egg i tillegg til parasittegget i parasitterte reir (avvisningskostnader). Hos gjøkverter, som ved suksessfull gjøkparasittisme har en reproduktiv suksess tilnærmet lik null, vil kun gjenkjenningsfeil være kilde til et potensielt seleksjonstrykk mot utvikling av høy avvisning av fremmede egg. Vi undersøkte om slike kostnader forekommer hos bokfink og munk; to arter som antas å ha blitt benyttet av gjøken tidligere, men som i dag ikke blir regelmessig parasittert. På grunn av at avvisningsatferden opprettholdes i fravær av parasittisme, forventet vi at disse artene begår få gjenkjenningsfeil.
Undersøkelsen gav støtte til denne prediksjonen; avvisningskostnader i parasitterte reir var relativt høye, men gjenkjenningsfeil i uparasitterte reir var meget sjeldent forekommende.
En hypotese ("spatiell habitat-struktur hypotesen") basert på metapopulasjonsdynamikk og med vekt på karakteristikker vedrørende vertsartenes hekkebiotop ble framsatt for å forklare de store variasjonene i avvisning hos europeiske spurvefugler. Hypotesen bygger på at gjøken benytter de verter som hekker nær utkikkspunkter for parasitten, dvs. nær trær. Arter som hekker både nær og langt fra trær er de beste gjøkvertene, i og med at genflyt fra uparasitterte populasjoner vil forhindre utvikling av perfekt avvisning i parasitterte populasjoner. Arter som alltid hekker nær trær har høye avvisningsrater fordi få eller ingen populasjoner har unnsluppet parasittering, og det har derfor vært sterk seleksjon for utvikling av vertsforsvar. Data for gjøkverter i Europa gav god støtte til hypotesen. Grad av parasitt eggmimikry og parasitteringsrater er høyest hos de vertsarter som kan hekke både langt fra trær og nær trær, noe som tyder på at gjøken har størst suksess hos slike arter.
This thesis deals with two topics in the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts: 1) evolution of host adaptations against parasite egg mimicry, and 2) sources that could explain the considerable variation in rejection behaviour found among various passerines.
1) Several common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) tribes or gentes in Europe have evolved eggs that are remarkably similar to the host eggs in both size and appearance (i.e. egg mimicry). To counter this adaptation in the parasite, hosts can produce eggs with similar appearance within clutches (low intraclutch variation) as well as eggs with diverging appearance between different clutches (high interclutch variation). Many North American passerines are utilised as hosts by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). However, this parasite generally lays non-mimetic eggs. As predicted, we found that European passerines had a lower intraclutch variation and a higher interclutch variation in egg appearance than North American passerines.
However, the difference in intraclutch variation between the continents was less than expected. A relationship has previously been found among European passerines between the rejection rate of non-mimetic eggs and clutch variation in egg appearance, and this is thought to reflect the stage in the coevolution between parasite and host. We found no evidence of such patterns among North American species. These results provide support for the hypothesis that specific host clutch variation is a counteradaptation against parasite egg mimicry.
We investigated whether there was any difference in clutch variation between acceptors and rejecters of parasitic eggs within populations of three European passerines; reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla). In a Czech reed warbler population with an intermediate rejection rate of non-mimetic cuckoo eggs, it was found that rejecters had a statistically significant lower intraclutch variation than acceptors of such eggs. Age or conditional stimuli did not seem to have any influence on the rejectionbehaviour. A similar experiment was carried out in a Norwegian chaffinch population and a Czech blackcap population, which, however, were experimentally parasitised with foreign conspecific eggs because they are both very good rejecters of nonmimetic parasitic eggs. We found no difference in intraclutch variation among acceptors and rejecters of foreign eggs in chaffinches and blackcaps. However, it was found that the rejection of conspecific eggs greatly depends upon the contrast (i.e. mimicry) between the parasitic and their own eggs. It therefore seems that even though individuals have the ability to reject foreign eggs, limitations in their cognitive system entails that parasitic eggs that are too similar to the host eggs will be accepted. We also looked for potential effects of age on rejection behaviour and intraclutch variation, but no relationship between these variables was found. The results indicate that in these three species both rejection behaviour and clutch variation are more or less innate features, and also that there is a genetically based linkage between recognition of odd eggs and intraclutch variation in egg appearance.
2) Many hosts of brood parasites show no or only intermediate rejection rates of foreign non-mimetic eggs. Evolution of proper rejection behaviour could be prevented by costs related to egg rejection. Important in this respect are erroneous rejection of their own eggs in non-parasitised nests (recognition errors) and rejection of their own eggs in addition to the parasitic egg in parasitised clutches (rejection costs). Because successful cuckoo parasitism usually is detrimental to the breeding success of the host, only recognition errors are believed to be important as an opposing selective pressure against proper host defence in cuckoo hosts. We examined whether such costs exist in chaffinches and blackcaps. These species maintain a high rejection rate of foreign eggs, even though they are not currently used as hosts by the cuckoo. We therefore predicted that recognition errors should be absent or at least rare in these species. We found support for this prediction; rejection costs were relatively high but recognition errors were at best rare events.
In another investigation, we proposed a hypothesis (the "spatial habitat structure hypothesis") based upon metapopulation dynamics and characteristics concerning host breeding habitats to explain the variation in rejection behaviour found among European passerines. This hypothesis is based upon the fact that the cuckoo, as well as other avian brood parasites, needs access to vantage points in trees to monitor host nests, and thus only species breeding near trees are available as hosts. Our results were very much in accordance with this hypothesis. Species that breed both near and far away from trees are the best cuckoo hosts, because gene flow from non-parasitised populations breeding far from trees will prevent the evolution of proper rejection behaviour in parasitised populations breeding near trees. However, species that always breed near trees have high rejection rates because the majority of the populations have been utilised as hosts, and thus there has been a strong selection for the evolution of host defences. Furthermore, the level of parasite egg mimicry and the level of parasitism was found to be highest among hosts breeding both near and far away from trees, indicating that the cuckoo is most successful when utilising such species as hosts.
Paper VI is not included as a paper in this thesis, but is included as the introduction.
Gagnon, Karine. « Dissémination et établissement de l'algue verte envahissante Codium fragile dans les herbiers marins ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27097/27097.pdf.
Texte intégralOuedraogo, Moussa. « Etude du rôle de la boucle C-terminale des récepteurs NPY Y1 et Y2 : Couplage biologique et séquences de régulation du trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs ». Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13031.
Texte intégralNeuropeptide (NPY) is a neurohormone involved in many physiological functions and pathophysiological states. NPY activates various receptors Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. All are seven transmembrane domains receptors negatively coupled to the adenylyl cyclase via a Gi/o protein. The regulation of the activity of NPY receptors is not well documented. Recent study in the laboratory showed that the Y1 receptor is internalized and recycled to cell membrane upon agonist stimulation. Surprisingly, we did not observe internalization of the other Y2, Y4, Y5 receptors under the same conditions. It is therefore crucial to understand structural bases of the rapid internalization of the Y1 receptors by evaluating the importance of the C-terminal loop in the process of receptor endocytosis. To do so, we generated receptors punctually mutated or progressively deleted amino acids from its C-terminal tail and chimeric receptors resulting from the exchange of C-terminal tails between Y1 and Y2 receptors. All constructs were coupled to the EGFP in N-terminal and transfected in HEK 293 cells. We thereafter checked their functionality and analyzed the intracellular profile of receptors trafficking. Data showed that the C-terminal tail of the Y1 receptor is critical for receptor internalization mediated by the NPY but neither essential to its coupling with the adenylyl cyclase nor the receptor desensitization. The internalization induced by the agonist requires the presence of two motifs located on the C-terminal domain and i2 loop of the Y1 receptor. The Y2 receptor which is not internalized present only one of them localized in the C-terminal domain. In addition, deletion of the 27 or the last 32 amino acids of the C-terminal tail showed a constitutive endocytosis of the receptor which is not present in wild-type Y1 receptor. This tonic regulation of the truncated receptors would be due to the consensus motif YXX uncovered by truncation and/or to a conformational change of the receptor
Dufrénoy, Pierrick. « Valorisation en synthèse organique d'éco-catalyseurs hétérogènes régénérables à partir de matériaux verts cultivés sur des sols contaminés ». Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH30/document.
Texte intégralThe activities of the former metallurgy industries specialized in the production and processing of lead, zinc or other metals have resulted in significant metallic pollution of soils depending on their location. Current studies propose solutions for the requalification of these soils through the phytoremediation processes in order to maximize the value of plants grown on these contaminated soils. This PhD thesis project was thus realized with the aim of valorizing regenerative heterogeneous ecocatalysts. The latter were obtained from the plants cultivated on contaminated soils in organic synthesis for the production of high value added molecules. The contaminated soils used in this project came from the Hauts-de-France region (Auby and Noyelles-Godault). In this light, four types of reactions have been tested to validate the efficiency and recyclability of ecocatalysts: The aminolysis reaction The Friedel-Crafts reaction The aza-Michael transformation The transesterification reactionThe zinc-rich ecocatalysts (EcoZn), obtained from the plant biomass of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), were characterized by physicochemical methods and validated their efficiency and recyclability criteria. The latter were successfully used to reach various series of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity known (piroxicam, meloxicam, idrocilamide) and new, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (for anticancer purpose or to fight orphan diseases such as progeria) or to discover a new aza-Michael acceptor
Niez, Benjamin. « Acclimatation de l'arbre aux flexions répétées et conséquences sur le comportement mécanique et les propriétés hydrauliques du bois vert : Biologie végétale ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC046/document.
Texte intégralTrees, anchored in the ground, adjust their development to their fluctuating environment and particularly to the mechanical conditions daily imposed by wind. Storms of last decades enlightened that acclimation of trees to mechanical stresses due to wind is a vital requirement for their long-term survival. Wind mainly leads to repeated bending of the branches and stems of trees that swing during windy events. These bending cause a modulation of trees growth in height, in diameter or at the level of the root system but also imply the formation of a wood with specific anatomy and properties; this wood was defined as “Flexure wood”. In our work, we developed original experimental setups in order to apply a treatment of repeated unidirectional bending to the stem of young poplars, while controlling the magnitude of the strains applied to the stem. The setup controlled different levels of hydric stress too. The monitoring of the growth during a growing season showed that the mechanical acclimation is a process that, although costly in terms of biomass construction, turns out to be essential and takes place even under severe hydric stress. Besides, we demonstrated that the increase of biomass, linked to this acclimation, is mainly provided in the areas where tissue strains are the highest; leading to specific cross-section geometries that considerably increase the stem bending rigidity. A mechanical modelling using Finite Elements also enlightens that these configurations, due to acclimation, lead to a better distribution of mechanical stresses, especially by decreasing the intensity of maximal compressive stresses endured by wood. In order to investigate the microscopic scale, original experimental devices were developed at the tissue scale to measure the effect of different mechanical stresses (repeated compression and/or tension), applied by stem bending, on the hydraulic and mechanical properties of green wood; as much in terms of usual properties (elastic behaviour, hydraulic conduction) as in terms of security functions (rupture, sensibility to cavitation, …). Thus, we enlighten the specific behaviour of wood formed under repeated compressive stresses that shows a significant increase of its ability to withstand high levels of strains with a very reduced damaging. The whole experimental and modelling results, as much at the tissue scale as at the tree scale, points out that the acclimations of secondary growth and wood properties provide a mechanical benefit for tree sustainability in its fluctuating windy environment
Carpentier, Emilie. « EP1 et PME1 : deux protéines pariétales à motif RGD, quels rôles chez le lin ? » Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES025.
Texte intégralIn animals, cellular adhesion was widely studied, particularly interactions between integrins and extracellular matrix proteins, via the RGD motif. In plants, mechanisms involved in adhesion are still unknown, although some proteins contain a RGD motif. We characterized 2 flax cell wall proteins with this motif. The first one, a pectin methylesterase (PME) catalyzes the pectin de-methylation. PME1 is matured during its secretion and after its deposition in wall of callus overexpressing this protein. Its pro-peptide has no impact on its cell wall localization. The second one EP1, glycoprotein homologous to the Extracellular Protein shares, in N-terminal region, similarities with mannose lectins. In vitro, recombinant EP1 allows cells to adhere but not to spread like they do with adhesion proteins as fibronectin. Finally, the positive regulation of its expression by salicylic acid suggests that this protein is involved in the pathogen response
Choquet, Yves. « Contribution a l'etude de la structure et de la biogenese des centres photochimiques des vegetaux superieurs et de l'algue verte chlamydomonas reinhardtii ». Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066307.
Texte intégralGagnon, Patrick. « Dynamique de répartition et mécanismes de défense des macrophytes de la zone infralittorale rocheuse dominée par l'oursin vert, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21365/21365.pdf.
Texte intégralIn the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, is the dominant herbivore in the rocky subtidal zone. Its impact on the structure and dynamics of algal communities is, however, poorly known. The objective of my study was to characterize the dynamics in the distribution and abundance of macrophytes in the rocky subtidal zone in the Mingan Islands, and to examine the mechanisms of defense that allow dominant macrophytes to resist urchin grazing. Observations and experiments at eight sites over periods of up to two years indicated that the position of the lower limit of the kelp beds varied markedly through time and among sites and was largely controlled by urchin grazing. Ice souring and the formation of algal barriers that reduced urchin displacement likely affected this variation. In the barrens zone, there was a high temporal stability in the distribution and abundance of the perennial phaeophyte Agarum cribrosum. The aggregation of A. cribrosum into patches resilient to small disturbances enhanced algal recruitment, notably that of the rhodophyte Ptilota serrata. The avoidance of urchin grazing by juveniles of A. cribrosum was related to their association with the annual phaeophyte Desmarestia viridis. For juveniles, the cost of a reduced growth under a D. viridis canopy was clearly outweighed by the benefit of reduced urchin grazing. Laboratory experiments established that the repulsion of urchins by D. viridis was primarily due to the sweeping motion of the alga resulting from the interaction between its delicately-branched morphology and wave action and, to a lesser extent, by its chemical make-up. Urchin attacks on D. viridis increased with urchin density, but decreased with increased water motion.
Bourjea, Jérôme. « Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole
Sentis, Arnaud. « Effet de la température sur les interactions trophiques et intraguildes au sein d'un système plante-herbivore-ennemis naturels : modélisation et approches expérimentales ». Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1680/.
Texte intégralAlthough the effects of climate change on individual organisms or populations have been well documented, our understanding about their consequences on trophic interactions remains limited. We investigated the effects of temperature on complex interactions in a plant-aphid-ladybeetle system. We combined models and laboratory experiments to characterize the effects of temperature on components of our biological system. We found that predation rate and intraguild interactions increase with temperature, reach a maximum, and then decrease at higher temperature. According to model predictions, intraguild predation decreases when aphid density increases. We also observed that the food chain is more resistant to temperature peaks when ladybeetles are included in the system than when they are absent. Our study highlights the importance of considering temperature in trophic and guild interactions since it influences the behavior of organisms as well as the frequency of interactions
Viciana, Hugo. « Le concept éthologique de culture : aux origines de l'influence sociale ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010532.
Texte intégralLong time understood as a sui generis entity whose origins could only be explained in relation to itself ("omnis cultura ex cultura"), the notion of culture is no longer the watchword that "culturalism" made of it. Naturalism, however, has not ended up turning culture into a completely naturalized category either. In this dissertation, regarding the ethological concept of culture, I am advancing an approach that is both analytic and synthetic. The historical roots of the notion of animal cultures (or animal traditions) are my starting point. Then follows a scrutiny of the epistemological landscape of author keywords in the field of animal cultures. An assessment of certain theoretical commitments and different philosophical positions associated to several definitions of culture is also offered. In addition, methodological adaptationism is put to work to reveal the scope of certain strategic conflicts that arise in a game-theoretic fashion in certain forms of cultural transmission. The whole enterprise allows us to take stock of what has come to be called the ethological revolution regarding the notion of culture. This is accomplished by underlining the ecological dimensions but also the limitations of a concept that, after all, predates by several centuries the scientific understanding of the phenomena it is purported to cover
CATELAN, RACHEL. « L'organisation spatiale d'un réseau de centres de compostage des déchets verts en zone de montagne : le cas du département de la Savoie ; conception et mise en oeuvre d'un système d'information géographique pour la gestion spatiale de nouveaux équipements publics ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10271.
Texte intégralOlmedo, Manich Ignacio. « Etude expérimentale et numérique de l’efficacité d’ouvrages ligneux de génie biologique pare-pierres ». Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0060.
Texte intégralIn mountain areas, natural hazards such as snow avalanches, landslides or rockfall threaten people and infrastructures. For this reason, civil engineering has proposed solutions to reduce the risk associated with such hazards. Despite the developments in this field, the protective capacity of forest is largely recognized. For rockfall hazard in particular, forests protection function is relevant as rock impacts onto trees lead to a significant rock energy loss. After forests maintenance tasks or windstorms the protection capacity of forests decreases. For this, felled trees are often left on the ground, in oblique position to compensate the decrease in the forest protection capacity due the forests stands density reduction. The main goal of this PhD research is to study the rockfall protection structures made of felled trees. Moreover, these investigations aim to provide recommendations for the design of such devices. A numerical model based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been developed to study the dynamic response of fresh wood structures to impact. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to calibrate and validate the numerical developments. The DEM model implemented has been finally used to simulate real scenarii of rock impacts on simplified felled tree structures. These simulations have allowed identifying the most favorable configurations leading to a maximal loss of the rock kinetic energy during the impact onto a felled tree structure. Some improvements on the design of these structures are proposed to improve their capacity to dissipate the rock energy
Alfaia, Sonia. « Étude de la dynamique de l'azote en utilisant 15n dans les sols cultives de l'Amazonie brésilienne ». Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL150N.
Texte intégralPatrelle, Cécile. « Les complexes d'hybridation chez les grenouilles vertes : identification génétique, exigences écologiques, et capacités d'acclimatation ». Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967971.
Texte intégralDrougard, Marion. « Compréhension et contrôle de la morphologie des champignons filamenteux en culture liquide ». Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0019.
Texte intégralBiotechnology has for many years operated a large collection of microorganisms in food and health sectors. Today, this field fits perfectly into the ecological transition of chemical and environmental sectors, by designing high-performance processes to replace petroleum products. Filamentous fungi represent important organisms in industrial biotechnologies, widely used for the production of metabolites with strong commercial interests such as antibiotics, enzymes or organic acids. Their implementation in submerged environment is continually attracting new research to overcome issues associated with their behavior. Indeed, this mode of cultivation generates different fungal morphologies, mainly dependent on their intrinsic biological properties but also on physico-chemical conditions within their environment. This characteristic of filamentous fungi very often influences their implementation and their productivity.This thesis proposes an original study to identify and control the underlying phenomena that influence fungal morphogenesis. To this end, we propose research combining fundamental and applied studies on several strains of strong industrial interest. We have investigated and developed various pioneering techniques for the control of fungal morphology. Microparticles implementation and development of a microfluidic encapsulation technique allowed us to confirm and deepen the aggregation mechanisms of fungal conidia. On the other hand, the addition of mineral salts in the culture medium prevented hyphae aggregation. To validate an extrapolation of these results towards an industrial process, these tools were also implemented during the first steps of scale-up. These works bring results and perspectives in the control of bioprocesses involving filamentous fungi
Lajudie, Philippe de. « Contribution a l'etude de deux symbioses fixatrices d'azote : medicago sativa, legumineuse temperee, sesbania rostrata, legumineuse tropical ». Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112066.
Texte intégralGuirimand, Grégory. « Organisation cellulaire et subcellulaire de la voie de biosynthèse des alcaloïdes indoliques monoterpéniques de Catharantus roseus ». Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4014/document.
Texte intégralCatharanthus roseus is a tropical plant from the Apocynaceae family with a great therapeutic value due to its ability to synthesize monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA) used in cancer treatment. The yields of these molecules in planta are very low due to a very high level of compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway at both cellular and subcellular levels. While the cellular compartmentation was widely characterized, very few in situ subcellular localization data were available at the beginning of this PhD. An accurate knowledge of this compartmentation is necessary to identify intermediate metabolites transport events from one compartment to another one, in order to increase the MIA biosynthesis yield by metabolic engineering approaches. In this context we have proceed to the exhaustive study of the subcellular localization of these enzymes by in vivo GFP imaging in C. roseus cells transformed by biolistic. Potential interprotein interactions of these enzymes have also been studied by BiFC. Altogether, our results enabled us to draw an integrated model of the cellular and subcellular organization of MIA biosynthesis in situ
Bichot, Sylvain. « Traitement de l'arthrose canine : étude d'efficacité d'une diète riche en moule verte (Perna canaliculus) et validité des méthodes cliniques d'évaluation de l'effet traitement ». Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10582.
Texte intégralBackground: Osteoarthritis is a frequent disease in dogs. Even though palliative treatments have been proven efficient in alleviating the associated clinical signs, none restored structure of the cartilage or complete function of the patients. New modalities have been proposed but evidence of their effects is weak. The weakness of the evidence is partially explained by the rare validation of the methods of assessment. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a diet containing green-lipped mussel, as well as technical and concurrent validity of different assessment instruments for measuring the effects of a treatment on the osteoarthritic condition of client-owned dogs. Methods: A prospective blinded controlled crossover study was performed on 30 client-owned dogs, suffering from stable and non-treated osteoarthritis. They received a 30-day control diet, followed by a 60-day experimental therapeutic diet. Punctual methods of assessment included Peak of Vertical Force (PVF – “gold standard”), standardized MultiFactorial Questionnaire (MFQ) and ElectroDermal Activity (EDA), and were assessed at D0 (inclusion), D30 (end of control) and D90 (end of treatment). Twice a week, the owners completed a case-specific functional (CODI) assessment. Motor activity (actimetry) was continuously recorded on seven dogs. Results: No side effects were observed except the dogs gained weight during the second period. The location of the affected limb, thoracic or pelvic, as well as the body weight interfered with PVF. Both EPA and DHA increased during treatment (p=0.026 and p<0.001, respectively), as well as PVF after adjustment for location of the limb and weight (p=0.003). The technical validity of PVF was confirmed. Technical and concurrent validity of CODI were documented. The reliability of MFQ was insufficient since the individual components did not show homogeneity. However, concurrent validity of the composite scale was partially noted. Preliminary results proved the technical and concurrent validity of actimetry. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The “gold standard” method, PVF, showed a beneficial effect of the tested diet and its technical validity was verified. CODI and actimetry have been validated. The validity of MFQ and EDA has been questioned. Actimetry showed promising results, possibly complementing PVF.
Meyer, Birgit. « Pollinator communities and plant-pollinator interactions in fragmented calcareous grasslands ». Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B001-4.
Texte intégralBESTETTI, Fiorella. « Le metodologie di stima dell’età in ambito forense : il contributo dell’AgEstimation Project ». Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251079.
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