Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « VEHICLE BUYING PROCESS »

Abstract The purchase of an electric vehicle has become a widely debated topic by the economic community in recent years. However, few personal automobile users, who purchased new cars, have chosen a fully electric vehicle. The novelty of this research came from the assumption that there is a lack of knowledge in this field and fuelled by contradicting information. Potential electric vehicle buyers have developed a real psychosis on the subject, the most consistent motives being among others the charge anxiety. Many researchers consider that the worries of the vehicle users are exaggerated and are not based on reality. Better documentation of the subject would reduce these fears and would increase the process of electrical vehicles absorption. The main objective of this article is to analyse the main anxiety factors by buying an electric vehicle and to reduce the related anxiety. For this purpose, the authors have performed an econometric analysis based on a questionnaire distributed online and face to face in Romania.

As a breakthrough in solving high carbon emissions from traditional fuel vehicles, new energy vehicles (NEV) showed great potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air pollution. They could also be an important opportunity for China’s automobile industry to transform its development direction. This study analyzed the Sichuan Government’s policy on sales of new energy vehicles. It explored consumer perceived value and perceived risk factors related to new energy vehicle purchase intention. The results showed the government policy, all perceived values, and most perceived risks having significant impacts on buying intention on new energy vehicle, except time risk due to the expectation of development process of new energy vehicle for taking more extended time in the automobile industry.

China?s current vehicle emissions caused by air pollution problems have become increasingly prominent. How to improve new energy vehicle market share, and effectively guide the consumer buying behavior become a problem, which the government and social have to be solved. In this paper, according to establish the stochastic evolutionary game model between the government and consumers in the car market, introducing of random factors analysis on the impact of evolutionary stability ,will obtain the stable strategy of government and automotive consumers. And on the basis of it, we study the government support, cost of vehicles, the use of cost, the utility of automobile use for the ways of evolutionary stability, with case further illustrates the external disturbance factors on consumer purchase of new energy vehicles in evolutionary game process stability. Studies show that: the increasing government subsidy policy, the reducing life cycle costs of new energy vehicles and the improving effectiveness of new energy vehicles will lead the model?s evolution to the orientation of consumer purchasing new energy vehicles.

Ministry of Industry, in collaboration with PT Velasto Indonesia, has produced village vehicle prototype to support village mass transportation program. But, factors affecting potential village vehicle buyers’ decision in buying the product has not been studied.To solve the problem, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine rankings of importance of factors affecting village vehicle purchasing decision. Based on AHP analysis, it is concluded that price, flexibility and performance are three most important factors in village vehicle purchasing decision. As for village vehicle producer, AHP result is helpful to test the prototype’s compatibility with its future user.

The automotive shop is a business engaged in the automotive sector that serves vehicle repairs and sales of various kinds of vehicle spare parts. A marketplace is a place for buying and selling or a market that uses internet media. The current marketplace is still very common, making it difficult to find a marketplace that focuses on the automotive sector and difficult to find information about available automotive shops around. The automotive shop marketplace system can help to carry out the process of buying and selling vehicle spare parts and assist in finding various spare parts and information about available automotive shops based on the user's location. This system was developed on a web-based basis using the PHP programming language with the Laravel framework and integrated with the Leaflet API, RajaOngkir API, and Midtrans Payment Gateway as additional features in creating a marketplace. The leaflet API displays a map containing the location of the automotive shop listed on the marketplace. RajaOngkir API provides information about shipping costs to the buyer's place from the seller's place. Midtrans Payment Gateway bridges the payment process carried out by both parties so that it can take place properly. The method used in this research is to use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) waterfall method. The results of the research conducted were tested using the black-box method.

The aim of the article is to show how important factor is the functionality of the interior of the car. The right choice of car and the selection of matching equipment for a person with motor constraints is a very important process. Buying one vehicle for drivers who have different needs and driving abilities is a difficult challenge. A well-made decision can significantly improve the safety conditions while driving. The content provides an overview of the problems related to making such a decision and discusses preliminary guidelines regarding the selection of adaptive devices for the type of vehicle body.

A methodology that can support the decision process for selecting an Electric Vehicle (EV) is crucial. Considering the quantity, diversity, and complexity of existing EV models, their advantages and disadvantages, and people's increasing concern for sustainability, selecting and buying a personal EV appropriate to one's needs and requirements is not a simple task. Currently, criteria such as price, consumption per 100 km, range, comfort, brand, safety, and technology can be used to analyse available EV models. In this context, the decision-making process can be supported by the Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), “a method that clearly structures and evaluates complex problems with several alternatives, conflicting criteria, and complex scenarios. The novelty of this paper is to present a hybrid MCDA approach, combining two powerful methods (AHP and PROMETHEE) into a single framework to assist EV selection by any given person who has no multicriteria knowledge. A survey was conducted to define relevant criteria for a private person selecting an EV. The approach was validated for EV selection, considering the available offer within a target value, based solely on available public data, and excluding qualitative criteria. The paper discusses a case study whereby the proposed approach, using both quantitative and qualitative criteria, assists a decision-maker in selecting an EV from a set of alternatives, validated by the decision-maker, proving the importance and relevance of supporting the decision-making process.

This study aims to investigate the process of buyers’ subsequent attitudes and subsequent actions and their relationships depended on the bargaining outcomes. Depth interviews were employed in order to explore the success, the failure, and the consequent actions in dyadic bargaining under the condition of one buyer and one seller. Ten international respondents were invited to be interviewed. Approximately one hour of each interview is taken, while English is the medium of the interviews. After the interviews, respondents were given five USD as an incentive. The results show that successful bargainers tended to be younger people and easterner, compared to unsuccessful bargainers who tended to be older people and westerner. When buying product in computer and vehicle category, it might provide higher chance in getting the discount, while buying product in garment category gave the partial tendency to win the bargain. Since garment seems to have fewer profit margins when compared to the other category like computer or vehicle, it thus is obligatory for the seller to avoid discounting this kind of product. During the interviews, author found that confident interviewees shared their successful bargaining experiences; whereas, interviewees with very calm and quiet attitude seemed to express about their unsuccessful bargaining stories. This research also provides insights of buyer as bargainer profoundly. It therefore helps the seller, especially in computer, garment, and vehicle industry, knows how to balance mutual-interest and maintain the strong relationship with customer.

The internet development access is really very fast and change all aspects for life activities include buying and selling transactions of goods or services that can arrange online or also called e-commerce which courier service influence. The courier basic operational is logistics of a supply chain. Transportation is a vital component in logistics management because it becomes the largest cost component in its activities that is about 50-60% of the total logistics costs. The purpose of this study is to find out what kind of vehicle routing problem (VRP) is used for courier service so can be used as reference for further research. Collect and selection process found 40 science journals for analyse. There has been a lot of research about the shortest route problem for courier service or can also called city logistics with VRP which the optimum solution obtained with heuristic and metaheuristic algorithm. Result found VRP type often used for courier service are dynamic VRP (DVRP) and VRP with time window (VRPTW) or can merging both dynamic VRP with time window (DVRPTW).

This article was written during the covid pandemic, during a pandemic like this one's mobility is being limited. So that it has a big impact on activities that are usually carried out, including the case in the field of transportation. In this case, people tend to reduce being outside their homes and also avoid crowds to minimize exposure to the Covid-19 virus. This also affects the sale of vehicle tickets from various aspects ranging from air, land and sea. To overcome this problem, a bus ticket booking website was created. With this bus ticket booking website, tickets can be purchased without having to come directly to the ticket sales outlet. Buyers can buy tickets via smartphones or laptops by accessing this bus ticket booking website. Not only simplifying the ticket buying process, it can also help reduce the crowds that could be generated in the process of buying and selling tickets. So that the existence of a bus ticket booking website is expected to help reduce the number of people exposed to the corona virus as well as simplify and shorten transactions made by buyers.

The aim of this research is the analysis of socio-economic factors that wouldinfluence consumer buying process of electric vehicles in Iceland. The purpose of the researchis to detect the most crucial factors influencing Icelanders decisions for and againstpurchasing an electric vehicle, instead of car with internal combustion engine. This researchverified people‟s opinions and can bring companies closer to real mindsets of Icelandicpotential buyers. Moreover, this paper might give a possibility to eliminate wrong thinkingand barriers by better adjusted marketing. Additionally, analyzed advantages might showwhat the main reason of shifting to this alternative technology is. Moreover, it shows whatmight be the customer acceptance price range.

E-commerce needs no introduction in today’s competitive environment. E-commerce is latest generation of commerce. It is the one that can be done anywhere and anytime on the internet. The e-commerce industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in India today. The growing no. of first generation entrepreneurs, small medium and micro scale industries and growth in infrastructure impact e-commerce industry in India. In recent years there is a great transformation in the way India shops and trades. Earlier people used to go to markets to shop for things like clothes, groceries, shoes etc., then they switched to malls but now they don’t need to go anywhere. They can now shop sitting at anyplace and without wasting their time. According to Capgemini; the Internet makes shopping into an anytime and anywhere thing. It has been seen that mostly vehicle buyers use Internet while buying a vehicle, not for the entire purchase but to research vehicle features and ratings. India is one of the largest markets in the world for the automotives. It ranks sixth in manufacturing of passenger car and commercial vehicle in the world and third in Asia with an annual production of more than 39 lacs units. It has 3 major automobile manufacturing hubs each in west, south and north India. This research was done with the objective to explore the problems faced by customers while buying a new vehicle (both 2 wheelers and 4 wheelers) in the existing system and to identify the proper channel to make the entire process of buying a new vehicle easier. This study enables us to answer the following questions: 1. What problems are faced by consumer while buying a new vehicle ? 2. What sources are preferred by customer for researching a new vehicle ? 3. Do customer prefer to buy things online ? 4. How satisfied are the customers from the different sources of information for buying a new vehicle ? 5. How many dealerships customer do visit before buying a new vehicle ? 6. How social media Influence the decision of buying a new vehicle ? 7. How much level of interaction customer expects from a manufacturer/ dealer on online platform/ social media ? vi 8. What are the reasons of visiting a dealership when every information is available online ? 9. Do customer wants to complete the entire process of buying a new vehicle/ spare parts/ accessories online or they prefer to pay extra to physical outlets ? 10. What facilities customer want to have on the manufacturer/dealer/3rd party website ? Why is there a need for this kind of study ? 1. As E-commerce in India is growing exponentially in every field so there is a huge opportunity of entering in E-commerce with a new concept. 2. To know, will customers prefer to buy a vehicle from E-commerce leaving traditional method behind. 3. To check the potential of online buyers. 4. To suggest the manufacturer to enter in a new channel to sell vehicle because it is a new market to enter in. There was not adequate literature available on this topic as no research was done so far. A questionnaire was prepared framing the inquiry as part of this market probe, the questionnaire focused on answering the following questions:  What are the major issues car-buyers face when buying cars today?  How may online buying address these issues?  What gender and age groups are likely to consider buying online?  What concerns do buyers have for online car buying?  What may address these online buying concerns? The data in the study was analyzed primarily by depicting it using various Pie Charts and Bar charts and basic Microsoft excel functionality. Telephonic, email, and internet surveys were conducted which consisted of mostly closed ended questions. As per the analysis on the data of 107 respondents collected via various online mediums (Facebook, E-mails, Watsapp and telephonic interviews), It was seen that 70.69% respondents of the age group 18-25 were more active online and prefer to shop online. So for the future perspective companies should shift their traditional channel to the modern channel i.e. online channel because younger generation wants to do things in easier way to save their time and efforts. 85% of the respondents use vii internet for vehicle research. So if they get an option to buy vehicle online then they will definitely give it a try. 73.26% females preferred to shop online but they were not bothered about the vehicle research. They just wanted to complete their shopping comfortably. The biggest problems customers faced were availability of too much options in the market and difficulty in comparing them. This feature was provided by some 3rd party websites but their data were not much authentic and only 40.60% respondents were not satisfied with this. So OEM should develop a comparison feature on their website so that customer can compare the competitors’ models with their product. For e.g. Maruti Suzuki website gives an option to compare their model Swift Dzire with Hyundai’s i20, Honda’s Amaze, Toyota’s Etios and others. Many respondents face problem of location of dealerships because different brand dealers are located in different location of the city. To solve that problem companies can create an auto mall concept in which different brand dealers are operating under one roof. Some respondents also faced a problem of availability of desired colour and model variant with the dealer. This can be solved by managing the real time inventory with dealers on manufacturer website so that customer can check the availability and contact the dealer instead of waiting for it. This will also reduce the no. of dealers customer visit/contact before buying a vehicle because maximum no. of customers visit/contact dealerships just for checking the availability and offers. Some respondents faced problem of different prices and offers with different dealers. This can be solved either by restricting dealers to offer different prices or it can be done by showing offers of different dealers on their website. Many respondents said that the sales staffs in dealerships do not having sufficient knowledge about their product or about competitor’s product in the same segment. This can be solved by giving the proper training to the sales staff. Price negotiation is again a big problem. This problem can give a good business opportunity to start. A 3rd party website can provide negotiation services. They can negotiate from dealers for the customer. People are now becoming more active on the social media. 55.70% respondents said that they hadn’t posted any auto related experience on social media but in future they’ll surely post their experiences. So companies should make their presence felt on social media to monitor customers’ experiences and comments. 73.58% customers said that they’ll prefer to buy vehicle from manufacturer website if some add on benefits will be given. This is just because customers trust manufacturers the most. So it’s a great opportunity for the manufacturer to launch an online buy option viii on their website. It’ll increase their sales and margins.Around 60% respondents believe that buying vehicle online save great time and effort. The most wanted features on the website are full range of product information, detailed comparison of vehicles, customer reviews, live feedbacks & customer service. This concept of buy online will eliminate middle man and hence increase profit margins of the company. It also enables customer to save time and effort in buying the vehicle. Initially companies may face problem related to payments but it can be solved by providing COD, DD/ Banker’s cheque pickup before delivery or by giving an option of pay online through trusted payment gateway (Visa Verified etc.) on payment page. Another problem might be related to warehousing because after implementing this, the manufacturer has to maintain inventory on their own and lease warehouses. But it is not a big problem in comparison to the profit margins they get by implementing this concept. Though the project was done to achieve accurate results but there might be some errors due to a few limitations like the results are based on survey conducted on 107 respondents only because of time and cost limitations and the study of this kind is highly specific to the automobile buyers. Some of the respondents were not much interested in answering questions, so there might be some unwillingness errors. To remove these errors it can be conducted at larger scale including other mediums of data collection and by giving respondents some rewards to increase their willingness to answer. This concept is a win-win situation for all. Manufacturer will earn higher profit margins, customer can save their time, money and efforts and dealerships can focus more on service centers and create a good ROI because service centers have good margins of about 70% than the sales team which has about 5% margins.

In Candidate Matters: A Study of Ethnic Parties, Campaigns, and Elections in Latin America, Karleen Jones West argues that the characteristics of individual candidates campaigning in their districts shapes party behavior. She does so through a detailed examination of the Pachakutik indigenous party in Ecuador, as well as with the analysis of public opinion in fifteen Latin American countries. Ethnic parties that are initially programmatic can become personalistic and clientelistic vehicles because vote-buying is an effective strategy in rural indigenous areas, and because candidates with strong reputations and access to resources can create winning campaigns that buy votes and capitalize on candidates’ personal appeal. When candidates’ legislative campaigns are personalistic and clientelistic in their districts, niche parties are unable to maintain unified programmatic support. By combining in-depth fieldwork on legislative campaigns in Ecuador with the statistical analysis of electoral results and public opinion, this book demonstrates how important candidates and their districts are for how niche parties compete, win, and become influential in developing democracies. In the process, the author shows that, under certain conditions, niche parties—such as ethnic parties—are not that different from their mainstream counterparts.

With a boom in digital marketing and the luxury sector in India, research in both the segments have become crucial for mining insights that guide consumer buying behaviour. However, both these constructs are comparatively new and have not been researched much. Hence, research in this field will help marketers across the corporate and academic sectors to understand deeper insights about consumer decision making process. This research will help in understanding how different vehicles of digital communication impact consumer behavior processes in the luxury brand apparel segment. The data for this research has been collected using an online questionnaire from respondents across India. Hence, this chapter will enable the readers in identifying which digital vehicles are most suitable for the different stages of the consumer behaviour process when marketing to luxury consumers; identifying the ranking of digital vehicles during consumer buying behaviour process; and analyzing the impact of various digital communications at different stages of the consumer behaviour process.

With a boom in digital marketing and the luxury sector in India, research in both the segments have become crucial for mining insights that guide consumer buying behaviour. However, both these constructs are comparatively new and have not been researched much. Hence, research in this field will help marketers across the corporate and academic sectors to understand deeper insights about consumer decision making process. This research will help in understanding how different vehicles of digital communication impact consumer behavior processes in the luxury brand apparel segment. The data for this research has been collected using an online questionnaire from respondents across India. Hence, this chapter will enable the readers in identifying which digital vehicles are most suitable for the different stages of the consumer behaviour process when marketing to luxury consumers; identifying the ranking of digital vehicles during consumer buying behaviour process; and analyzing the impact of various digital communications at different stages of the consumer behaviour process.

Buying a vehicle is a highly emotional decision process. In addition to functional requirements, elements that reflect emotional and personal values are crucial for the buying decision. Due to constantly upcoming technological inventions, trends and the increasing smartification of products, it’s becoming increasingly challenging to identify a specific target user group and transfer their requirements successful into a vehicle design. The containment of the target group usually based on demographic data like age, income, place of residence etc. But the psychographic characterization is often only based on subjective assessment of the user information. For example, a lot of product developer define emotional characteristics of the target group in the form of personas or mood boards based on experiential knowledge. This leads to a bias in the soft factors of a target group conditioned by the individual perception of each product developer and is therefore prone to error. Currently there is a lack of methodical procedures for translating customer values into vehicle elements. Therefore, the questions arise, how the value profile of target groups can be defined on a data basis and how vehicle characteristics can be derived from it.MethodologyTo determine the values and character traits of a target group, the emotion-cluster "Limbic Types" invented by the psychologist Hans Georg Häusel are combined with demographic information. Limbic Types are a condensation of the complex emotional personality structures and consist out of four different types: Dominance, Harmony, Stimulance and Balance. Parallel to this, the “Elements of Value Pyramid” as described by from Bain & Company – which consists of four levels: “Functional”, “Emotional,” “Life Changing” and “Social Impact” – is being transferred to vehicle features. Applied to automotive products, this results in functional values such as "Driver Assistance Systems”, emotional values like “stress reducing elements”, personal values like “Motivation” and social added values like “sharing the vehicle”. Correlations between the limbic types and the vehicles values provide insights on which vehicle characteristics are related to which personal character traits. To further specify the target groups, information about personalization preferences, sustainability requirements, technology affinity and trends sensitivity were also considered. ApplicationTo avoid neglecting cultural differences, a quantitative online survey is conducted with more than 5.000 respondents five intercontinentally distributed countries (Germany, Italy, America, China and South Korea). The individual Limbic type of each participant was determined by using a Limbic Quick Test at the beginning of the survey, consisting of eight questions tied into a story. The entire questionnaire consists out of 30 questions and takes an average of 12 minutes to complete. In order to receive only representative answers, incomplete questionnaires or questionnaires of participants who were 70% faster or 150% slower than scheduled were sorted out. Results and DiscussionPreliminary results already show significant differences between countries and between Limbic types. Within the countries, general trends have been identified. For example, all Limbic types in Germany prefer significantly more often functionalities to reduce costs. Compared to that, all Chinese Limbic types tend to choose functions that reflect the quality of the product. Examining only the differences between the Limbic types, it becomes apparent that 62.7% of the German Dominance types prefer stress-reducing elements in the vehicle. In turn, Italian Dominance types chose with a frequency of 45.6% most often trend-oriented elements. From the data it can also be concluded, which combinations of elements are chosen significantly often. For example, Italian Harmony types who choose elements to reduce risks are also very likely to choose stress-reducing elements. Whereas Chinese Harmony types will most likely choose elements that reflect quality in combination with fun and entertainment features. Furthermore, correlations were made for the different Limbic types and culture-specific-preferences In addition, “personalization”, “importance of sustainability” and “attitudes toward new technologies” will be surveyed.