Articles de revues : « Value Target Design »

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Alves, Thais da C. L., Will Lichtig et Zofia K. Rybkowski. « Implementing Target Value Design ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 10, n^o 3 (14 février 2017) : 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586717690865.

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An alternative to the traditional way of designing projects is the process of target value design (TVD), which takes different departure points to start the design process. The TVD process starts with the client defining an allowable cost that needs to be met by the design and construction teams. An expected cost in the TVD process is defined through multiple interactions between multiple stakeholders who define wishes and others who define ways of achieving these wishes. Finally, a target cost is defined based on the expected profit the design and construction teams are expecting to make. TVD follows a series of continuous improvement efforts aimed at reaching the desired goals for the project and its associated target value cost. The process takes advantage of rapid cycles of suggestions, analyses, and implementation that starts with the definition of value for the client. In the traditional design process, the goal is to identify user preferences and find solutions that meet the needs of the client’s expressed preferences. In the lean design process, the goal is to educate users about their values and advocate for a better facility over the long run; this way owners can help contractors and designers to identify better solutions. This article aims to inform the healthcare community about tools and techniques commonly used during the TVD process and how they can be used to educate and support project participants in developing better solutions to meet their needs now as well as in the future.

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Giménez, Zulay, Claudio Mourgues, Luis F. Alarcón et Harrison Mesa. « Exploring Value Generation in Target Value Design Applying a Value Analysis Model ». Buildings 12, n^o 7 (29 juin 2022) : 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070922.

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Target value design (TVD) is a management approach that applies target costing in the design and construction industry. TVD enables a project environment with favorable characteristics to generate value. However, because the TVD’s primary assessment is cost, target cost can be met without necessarily achieving the project’s full value. This research applies the action research approach to implement TVD in a housing project and explores the value generation of the project using a value analysis model (VAM) to study the balance between cost and value fulfillment in the product and design process. According to the results, even though the target cost was achieved, the desired value of the project was not achieved during the project design. However, there is a tendency to increase value over time to a greater extent in the product and not so much in the process. The main contributions of this study are the possibility of comparing cost and value, identifying the emphasis of product over process and cost over value throughout the TVD project. This study enhances the literature on project value generation and maximization, offering new knowledge for a better understanding of how to conduct a value analysis in combination with costing in TVD projects.

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Russell-Smith, Sarah V., Michael D. Lepech, Renate Fruchter et Yves B. Meyer. « Sustainable target value design : integrating life cycle assessment and target value design to improve building energy and environmental performance ». Journal of Cleaner Production 88 (février 2015) : 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.025.

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Silveira, Samia, et Thais Alves. « Target Value Design Inspired Practices to Deliver Sustainable Buildings ». Buildings 8, n^o 9 (23 août 2018) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8090116.

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The design of environmentally-friendly buildings relies on the work of interdisciplinary teams who have to look at problems in a holistic way. Teams need to communicate, collaborate, and make decisions not solely based on first cost considerations. For this purpose, Target Value Design (TVD) related practices are being used to deliver green buildings in Southern California while meeting strict code requirements and addressing the needs of multiple stakeholders in a collaborative fashion. This study did not quantify costs associated with design and construction of sustainable buildings. It used an analytical process that compared and contrasted available literature on TVD and interviews with industry practitioners to investigate the use of TVD-inspired practices in the construction industry in Southern California and identify the current use of TVD-inspired practices in the design of green buildings. The study revealed that, even though practitioners might not be aware of how TVD can be fully implemented in these projects, a number of TVD-inspired practices are currently being used. Examples are provided to illustrate their practical use in the design of sustainable buildings and how practice compares to theory regarding TVD implementation.

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Rybkowski, Zofia K., Mardelle McCuskey Shepley et H. Glenn Ballard. « Target Value Design : Applications to Newborn Intensive Care Units ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 5, n^o 4 (juillet 2012) : 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193758671200500402.

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There is a need for greater understanding of the health impact of various design elements in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) as well as cost-benefit information to make informed decisions about the long-term value of design decisions. This is particularly evident when design teams are considering the transition from open-bay NICUs to single-family-room (SFR) units. This paper introduces the guiding principles behind target value design (TVD)—a price-led design methodology that is gaining acceptance in healthcare facility design within the Lean construction methodology. The paper also discusses the role that set-based design plays in TVD and its application to NICUs.

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Hao, Jiaxing, Xuetian Wang, Sen Yang, Hongmin Gao, Cuicui Yu et Wentao Xing. « Intelligent Target Design Based on Complex Target Simulation ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 16 (10 août 2022) : 8010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168010.

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The emergence and popularization of various fifth-generation fighter jets with supersonic cruise, super maneuverability, and stealth functionalities have raised higher and more comprehensive challenges for the tactical performance and operational indicators of air defense weapon systems. The training of air defense systems requires simulated targets; however, the traditional targets cannot simulate the radar cross-section (RCS) distribution characteristics of fifth-generation fighter aircrafts. In addition, the existing target aircrafts are expensive and cannot be mass-produced. Therefore, in this paper, a corner reflector and a Luneburg ball reflector with RCS distribution characteristics of a fifth-generation fighter in a certain spatial area are designed for target simulation. Several corner reflectors and Luneburg balls are used to form an array to realize the simulations. The RCS value and distribution characteristics of the target can be combined with fuzzy clustering and a single-chip microcomputer to design an intelligent switching system, which improves the practicability of the intelligent target design proposed in this paper.

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Johansen, Agnar, Atle Engbo, Olav Torp et Bo Terje Kalsaas. « Development of target cost – By the owner or together with Contractors - Target Value Design ». Procedia Computer Science 181 (2021) : 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.314.

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Nanda, Upali, Zofia K. Rybkowski, Sipra Pati et Adeleh Nejati. « A Value Analysis of Lean Processes in Target Value Design and Integrated Project Delivery ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 10, n^o 3 (5 octobre 2016) : 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586716670148.

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Objective: To investigate what key stakeholders consider to be the advantages and the opportunities for improvement in using lean thinking and tools in the integrated project delivery (IPD) process. Method: A detailed literature review was followed by case study of a Lean-IPD project. Interviews with members of the project leadership team, focus groups with the integrated team as well as the design team, and an online survey of all stakeholders were conducted. Analysis: Statistical analysis and thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by a plus–delta analysis. Results: (1) Learning is a large, implicit benefit of Lean-IPD that is not currently captured by any success metric; (2) the cardboard mock-up was the most successful lean strategy; (3) although a collaborative project, the level of influence of different stakeholder groups was perceived to be different by different stakeholders; (4) overall, Lean-IPD was rated as better than traditional design–bid–build methods; and (5) opportunities for improvement reported were increase in accurate cost estimating, more efficient use of time, perception of imbalance of control/influence, and need for facilitation (which represents different points of view). Conclusion: While lean tools and an IPD method are preferred to traditional design–bid–build methods, the perception of different stakeholders varies and more work needs to be done to allow a truly shared decision-making model. Learning was identified as one of the biggest advantages.

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Russell-Smith, Sarah V., Michael D. Lepech, Renate Fruchter et Allison Littman. « Impact of progressive sustainable target value assessment on building design decisions ». Building and Environment 85 (février 2015) : 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.011.

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Prilutskaya, Maria, Anastasia Murukina et Tatiana Dashkova. « Mechanical Engineering Product Value Design Applying the Value Engineering Method ». MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021) : 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134603038.

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Today mechanical engineering is one of the most dynamically developing industries. The products of this industry are becoming more and more complex, requiring the continuous introduction of new high technologies into the production process. In addition, the change in the preferences of consumers of mechanical engineering products associated with an increase in the degree of automation and robotization of their production processes leads to the need to apply more flexible product design approaches. These approaches should allow the manufacturer to respond quickly to changing customer needs. Thus, machine-building enterprises need to provide not only the best price-quality ratio, but also to offer a unique set of product functions - a concept that satisfies all the needs of target consumers. In other words, the ability to create product value based on the individual needs of customers is a competitive advantage for a company in the struggle for market share. The application of Value Engineering Method is able to solve these problems.

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Brahma, A., et D. C. Wynn. « CALCULATING TARGET THRESHOLDS FOR THE MARGIN VALUE METHOD USING COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS ». Proceedings of the Design Society : DESIGN Conference 1 (mai 2020) : 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.66.

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AbstractOverspecification or excess margin in a design can enhance its ability to absorb changes and uncertainty, but also deteriorates performance criteria such as weight and cost. This paper shows how the Margin Value Method (article in review) can be applied in conjunction with CAE tools such as FEA to quantify excess margin where a design is too complex for algebraic analysis. This new application context for the MVM is illustrated using a case study of a flange coupling design, in which topology optimisation is used within the MVM to identify opportunities for design improvement.

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Cooper, Adam B., Panayotis Georgiopoulos, Harrison M. Kim et Panos Y. Papalambros. « Analytical Target Setting : An Enterprise Context in Optimal Product Design ». Journal of Mechanical Design 128, n^o 1 (31 mars 2005) : 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2125972.

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In this article the process of rigorously setting supersystem targets in an enterprise context is explored as a model-based approach termed “analytical target setting.” Engineering design decisions have more value and lasting impact if they are made in the context of the enterprise that produces the designed product. Setting targets that the designer must meet is often done at a high level within the enterprise, however, with inadequate consideration of the engineering design embodiment and associated cost. For complex artifacts produced by compartmentalized hierarchical enterprises, the challenge of linking the target setting rationale with the product instantiation is particularly demanding. The previously developed analytical target cascading process addresses the problem of translating top level design targets into design targets for all systems in a multilevel hierarchically structured product, so that local targets are consistent with each other and top targets can be met as closely as possible. The effectiveness of linking analytical target setting and target cascading is demonstrated in a hybrid electric automotive truck vehicle example. The manufacturer introduces a new product (hybrid electric truck) in the market under uncertainty in fuel prices during the life cycle of the vehicle. The example demonstrates a clear interaction between the enterprise decision making and the engineering product development.

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Meijon Morêda Neto, Hugo, Dayana Bastos Costa et Talita Coelho Ravazzano. « Recommendations for Target Value Design implementation for real estate development in Brazil ». Architectural Engineering and Design Management 15, n^o 1 (18 août 2018) : 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2018.1509054.

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Orihuela, Pablo, Jorge Orihuela et Santiago Pacheco. « Communication Protocol for Implementation of Target Value Design (TVD) in Building Projects ». Procedia Engineering 123 (2015) : 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.048.

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Goraj, Zdobyslaw Jan, Marek Malinowski et Andrzej Frydrychewicz. « Design of novel aerial jet target ». Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 89, n^o 4 (3 juillet 2017) : 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-10-2016-0174.

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Purpose This paper aims to present and discuss the requirements for flying targets which sometimes are contradictory to each other and to perform a trade-off analysis before the design activity is started. It also aims to demonstrate conceptual and preliminary design processes using a practical example of PW-61 configuration and to show how results of experimental flight tests using a scaled flying target will be described and analyzed before manufacturing the full scale flying target. Design/methodology/approach An important part of the paper consists of the selection of tailplane configuration of the flying target UAV to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independently of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Inverted V-tail, U-tail and H-tail configurations were considered and compared both, theoretically and in-flight experiments. Findings Flight dynamics models and associated computational procedures were useful both in a preliminary design phase and during the final assessment of the configuration after flight tests. Selection of the tailplane configuration for the flying target UAV is very important to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independent of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Practical implications Flying targets should be speedy, maneuverable, cheap, easy in deployment and multi-recoverable (if not destroyed by live ammunition), must have relatively low take-off weight and an endurance of at least 1 h. This paper can be useful for proper selection of requirements and preliminary design parameters to make the design process more economically effective. Originality/value This paper presents very efficient methods of assessing the design parameters of flying targets, especially in an early stage of the design process. Stability computations are performed based on equations of motion and are supplemented by flight tests using the scaled flying models. It can be considered as an original, not typical, but very practical approach because it delivers lots of data in the early design stages at relatively low cost.

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An, Byeongjun, et Sangkui Seo. « A Study on the Setting Procedure of Standard Value and Design Target Value for the RCS Reduced Design for Naval Ships ». Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 26, n^o 6 (30 juin 2015) : 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.6.581.

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Kim, Yong-Woo, et Israa Alseadi. « Identification and Evaluation of the Influencing Factors in Target Value Design Process through an Industry Survey ». Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 10, n^o 2 (15 mai 2021) : 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2021.10.2.75.

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Target value design is a new practice in the construction industry promoting concurrent engineering and collaborative design. This paper shows the results of literature survey to identify the influencing factors in the target value design. The paper also presents the results of a questionnaire survey to explore the industry practitioners' perception of the relative importance of the influencing factors. Project stakeholders participating in the survey consider the integration of different project stakeholders in the design phase as critical. The project definition is also regarded as essential in implementing the target value design. However, the market conditions and project attributes are considered as least significant in the target value design process.

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Alwisy, Aladdin, Ahmed Bouferguene et Mohamed Al-Hussein. « Factor-based target cost modelling for construction projects ». Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, n^o 5 (mai 2018) : 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0289.

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Target value design (TVD) principles set the main guidelines for the design-estimate process that allow the efficient exploration of available construction alternatives, thereby helping construction companies to reduce cost-to-design, cost-to-build, and improve the quality of construction projects. The successful application of TVD requires a clear understanding of the interactions among construction components. The proposed target cost modelling approach introduces an algorithmic factor-based framework to advance TVD that supports the design-estimate process by examining the relationships among building components, their direct and indirect impact on project overall cost and value. Construction factors control compatibility and performance analysis among available construction alternatives. Costing factors contribute to the development of mathematical costing models capable of automatically calculating the cost of compatible alternatives. Finally, rule-based analysis, developed under an appropriate programming environment, executes alternative value analysis to develop a detailed estimate with an improved overall value for construction projects.

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Li, Yu Hua, Kai Huang et Ying Zhen Gao. « A New Method for Aggregate Proportion Design of Mixture ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (mai 2012) : 1250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1250.

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When we make design of mixture ratio, we always use normal equation method (NEM), but the solution value of that method may doesn’t meet our demand. When we use the new method that proposed in this paper, we can solve the problem. The new method makes an improvement for NEM. By iterative algorithm, the new method uses the gradation data calculated by NEM as initial target value, canceling the relevant aggregate if the result of proportion is negative, and setting the gradation to the boundary value if the target value goes beyond limits. According to the adjusted object value, using NEM again, the new aggregate proportion can be solved. Then the new gradation of mixture will come into being the next target value. Finally, the accurate result will meet our need. The new improved method has good engineering applicability and high accuracy

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Zhou, Chang, Zhen-Bo Zhu et Zi-Yue Tang. « A Novel Waveform Design Method for Shift-Frequency Jamming Confirmation ». International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2 juillet 2018) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1569590.

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Shift-frequency jamming is generally used to form range false targets for ground-based early-warning radar systems; the frequency shift value of such interference is larger than the Doppler shift value of the moving target, and the key element to suppress the shift-frequency jamming is the frequency shift value estimation. However, in the low- or medium-pulse repetition frequency (PRF) mode, it is challenging to estimate the accurate frequency shift due to the velocity ambiguity. To solve this problem, a novel sparse Doppler-sensitive waveform is designed based on the ambiguity function theory, where the basic idea is to design a waveform sensitive to a specific Doppler but insensitive to other Dopplers; therefore, this waveform can recognize the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously. To apply the designed waveform in practice, the detection and estimation processing flow is provided based on the waveform diversity technique and the family of the sparse Doppler-sensitive waveforms. Simulation experiments are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method, and we conclude that the advantage of this method is that it can be used to confirm the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously with few pulses even under the condition of a low PRF.

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Zimina, Daria, Glenn Ballard et Christine Pasquire. « Target value design : using collaboration and a lean approach to reduce construction cost ». Construction Management and Economics 30, n^o 5 (mai 2012) : 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.676658.

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Istikhoroh, Siti, et Mutiara Rachma Ardhiani. « PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI BIAYA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PERUSAHAAN MENGGUNAKAN TARGET COSTING DENGAN VALUE ENGINEERING ». Majalah Ekonomi 24, n^o 2 (9 décembre 2019) : 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/majeko.vol24.no2.a2067.

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Companies in the modern industry are fully aware that environmental and social issues are also an important part of the company. Waste treatment costs reflect the company's commitment to minimize negative impacts due to its operational activities. one way companies can do to save costs is cost reduction. Cost reduction is achieved not only through attractive product designs, but also through improvements in the efficiency of the production process. Costs that have no added value are expected to be reduced by carrying out value engineering. Value engineering is used to design products at lower costs by reviewing the functions desired by the customer. After carrying out value engineering, functions and performance are maintained in accordance with what has been set by the company.

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Liu, Hai Yan. « Coding and Decoding Device Design of Three-Value Quantum Computer ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (janvier 2015) : 1015–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1015.

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A quantum computer is the computer technology and the micro physical scientists will combine the technology achievements. Quantum computer is the processing of information by using the quantum properties of particle, a new concept quantum laws to control information transmission and processing of computer. Light has the advantages in space time parallel and high-frequency radiation, which makes the optical become the main target of research model the future of computers. This did not prevent the three valued logic calculus is still an important part of the three values of optical computer. It is precisely because the three value of optical code decoder and the three value, importance, ALU logic optical so, in three valued optical computer all the key parts, we firstly research the value of three logic optical light coding, decoder and a value of three.

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Oliva, Carolina Asensio, Felipe de Castro, Ariovaldo Denis Granja et Reymard Sávio Sampaio de Melo. « Comparação da gestão de processo de projeto por simulação : tradicional e Target Value Design ». PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção 7, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2016) : 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/parc.v7i3.8647358.

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Produtos habitacionais residenciais para venda são desenvolvidos em um ambientes não colaborativos, caracterizados por relações de adversidade. Estes elementos, somados às restrições orçamentárias presentes, frequentemente geram produtos onde estas restrições acabam reduzindo atributos de valor na perspectiva de clientes e usuários finais. Neste sentido, novas abordagens como o Target Value Design (TVD), podem representar alternativas para uma gestão do processo de projeto, na qual a perspectiva de valor do cliente é o ponto focal para o desenvolvimento do produto. Entretanto, é grande a resistência do setor na adoção de novas abordagens gerenciais. Assim, as simulações representam uma forma de apresentar novos conceitos e inovações em ambientes resistentes à mudança, por serem uma condição livre de riscos. Nesse sentido, o Marshmallow Game tem sido utilizado como um referencial de simulação para se vivenciar os conceitos do TVD, estabelecendo um padrão de comparação com o processo tradicional de gestão de projetos. Ainda assim, esta comparação tem sido dificultada nas suas versões precedentes, pela falta de evidências concretas para este fim. Esta pesquisa propõe melhorias para o uso do Marshmallow Game como ambiente de simulação do processo tradicional e do TVD e adota a Design Science Research (DSR) como estratégia de pesquisa. Assim, conduziu-se uma instanciação para promover modificações e melhorias na simulação previamente existente. Como resultado, além de propor estas adaptações, o artigo traz novos elementos assertivos para propiciar uma comparação conceitual e prática entre o processo tradicional e o TVD.

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Sabale, S. K., et S. B. Sanap. « Design and Analysis of Intake Port of Diesel Engine for Target Value of Swirl ». American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1, n^o 5 (17 octobre 2013) : 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajme-1-5-6.

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Hongtian Liu, Hongtian Liu, Yang Cao Hongtian Liu, Chao Song Yang Cao, Dongjun Wang Chao Song, Hongwei Wu Dongjun Wang, Wanjun Zhang Hongwei Wu et Hai Lin Wanjun Zhang. « A Method for Measuring the Angular Velocity of a Target by Laser Information Field and the Engineering Design ». 電腦學刊 33, n^o 5 (octobre 2022) : 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992022103305015.

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<p>To address the problem that the data related to the relative motion angular velocity of the target encapsulated in the fire control system cannot be obtained in real time during training, this paper proposes to use a laser transmitter to emit multiple concentric laser pulses to form a laser information field, measure the position of the vehicle in the information field by detecting the movement of the vehicle in the information field and the laser frequency value, and then calculate the relative angular velocity of the target. This method simulates the effect of real operation training and is used to measure the relative angular velocity of the target movement in the laser information field to determine the tracking smoothness and aiming accuracy of the operator in the process of tracking the target, and can be applied to the design of a training system for operator training.</p> <p> </p>

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Liu, Rui, Klaus Greve, Nan Jiang et Pengyu Cui. « Process design and network shape evaluation of multi-target collaborative navigation ». Journal of Navigation 74, n^o 5 (5 mai 2021) : 968–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463321000229.

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AbstractThe spatial distribution of collaborative targets and the information collaboration process are two important factors affecting the efficiency of real-time collaborative navigation. Addressing these factors, this paper presents the following work. First, the collaborative communication process between navigation targets is designed and illustrated with an application example. Second, the feature and error condition of the spatial distribution of collaborative targets is analysed. Then, a method based on CGDOP (collaborative geometric dilution of precision) value is proposed for the evaluation of the actual spatial distribution conditions of collaborative targets. Finally, a simulated experiment is conducted to evaluate the collaborative navigation process and the collaboration effect of the collaborative navigation network in different spatial shapes. Overall, the results of this study optimised the observation and application efficiency of navigation data, and improved the stability and reliability of real-time navigation service through multi-target collaborative navigation.

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Kreifeldt, J. G., et K. Nah. « Charts for Simplified Bivariate Anthropometric Design ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, n^o 5 (octobre 1993) : 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700504.

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Generalized workspace and clothing design problems often arise in which two anthropometric constraints must be considered simultaneously in order to accommodate some specific target percentage of the population. In the theoretical (and unlikely) instance in which the two variables are perfectly positively correlated, the problem is readily solved using univariate percentile information. However, in the more realistic case in which the two variables are less than perfectly positively correlated, bivariate percentile charts are required. These bivariate charts are rarely available but may be computer-generated from the univariate data and the correlation between the variables after assuming some appropriate bivariate distribution (usually Gaussian). However, such computer access is not always available especially when a quick estimate is needed. This paper presents a simplified approach to bivariate design based on the workable assumption that the bivariate target percentage will be met by using the same (to be determined) univariate cutoff value for each variate. This cutoff value depends on the target percentage value and on the degree of correlation between the variables and the assumption that the data are adequately represented by a Gaussian bivariate distribution. The method takes advantage of simple charts prepared expressly for this purpose and several of which are presented herein. The method also has utility in a number of practical and common problems as well as being suitable for student use.

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Świderski, Waldemar, Paweł Hłosta, Grzegorz Polak et Dariusz Tymiński. « INNOVATIVE DESIGN SOLUTION FOR QUICK-HEATING ACTIVE THERMAL TARGET FOR NIGHT SHOOTING ». PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 151, n^o 3 (14 janvier 2020) : 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7302.

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The paper presents a concept of a heated active thermal target designed for training and shooting with thermal sights at night conditions. The innovative solution contains a control system and a target with specially matched parameters providing several times greater power at the beginning of heating than the power needed to maintain a demanded difference of temperatures in the steady state. After reaching the required temperature, the control system does not give full voltage to the target. The times of voltage supply and its switching off are so selected that the temperature of the target corresponds to the required value. The time needed to obtain the required temperature in the proposed solution is several times shorter than in the currently used configurations. This allows the heater to be activated at the same time as the blade lift is activated. The solution eliminates disadvantages of heated targets used for shooting up to now.

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Alonso-García, María, Miguel-Ángel Pardo-Vicente, Lucía Rodríguez-Parada et Daniel Moreno Nieto. « Do Products Respond to User Desires ? A Case Study. Errors and Successes in the Design Process, under the Umbrella of Emotional Design ». Symmetry 12, n^o 8 (12 août 2020) : 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081350.

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This article introduces a methodological approach to the evaluation of different industrial products according to Norman’s approach and dimensions, focusing on a specific case study. The study also shows different possibilities to guide industrial designers during the design process in order to create products with high emotional value. For those, the case study was done with 330 target specific users, submitting nine prototypes (designed for different targets) to the user experience evaluation and product perception analysis. The evaluated proposals were selected from a total of 45. The results show the visceral, behavioural and reflective levels perceived by those users to whom each product is intended, as well as the target deviation within the design process. In this sense, the emotional response reveals the asymmetric character of perception according to Norman’s dimensions.

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Xiao, Yu, Zhenghong Deng et Tao Wu. « Information–Theoretic Radar Waveform Design under the SINR Constraint ». Entropy 22, n^o 10 (20 octobre 2020) : 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101182.

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This study investigates the information–theoretic waveform design problem to improve radar performance in the presence of signal-dependent clutter environments. The goal was to study the waveform energy allocation strategies and provide guidance for radar waveform design through the trade-off relationship between the information theory criterion and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) criterion. To this end, a model of the constraint relationship among the mutual information (MI), the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD), and the SINR is established in the frequency domain. The effects of the SINR value range on maximizing the MI and KLD under the energy constraint are derived. Under the constraints of energy and the SINR, the optimal radar waveform method based on maximizing the MI is proposed for radar estimation, with another method based on maximizing the KLD proposed for radar detection. The maximum MI value range is bounded by SINR and the maximum KLD value range is between 0 and the Jenson–Shannon divergence (J-divergence) value. Simulation results show that under the SINR constraint, the MI-based optimal signal waveform can make full use of the transmitted energy to target information extraction and put the signal energy in the frequency bin where the target spectrum is larger than the clutter spectrum. The KLD-based optimal signal waveform can therefore make full use of the transmitted energy to detect the target and put the signal energy in the frequency bin with the maximum target spectrum.

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Mielcarz, Paweł, Dmytro Osiichuk et Ryszard Owczarkowski. « Financial restructuring and target capital structure ». Review of Accounting and Finance 17, n^o 2 (14 mai 2018) : 280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-01-2017-0001.

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Purpose This paper aims to present an iterative algorithm that yields the amount of debt contracting/repayment or equity investment necessary to achieve the target capital structure. The model also helps to estimate the gains in shareholder value that result from financial restructuring process and lead to the optimal leverage ratio. Design/methodology/approach The paper maintains that certain benchmarks – i.e. industry average financial leverage and unlevered beta corrected for cash – make it possible to determine the parameters of the optimal capital structure for the company, so a failure to adjust to the target may result in value destruction. Findings The paper presents an iterative algorithm that yields the amount of debt contracting/repayment or equity investment necessary to achieve the target capital structure. Originality/value The proposed algorithm overcomes the methodological problems of existing approaches to the estimation of shareholder value gained through financial restructuring and implicitly solves the circularity problem in the calculation of the weighted average cost of capital.

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Kaznacheyeva, N. N., I. V. Metlik et O. V. Shestakova. « The Model of Children’s Value Orientations in Educational Organizations : Design Approaches ». Psychological-Educational Studies 14, n^o 3 (2022) : 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2022140306.

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The article substantiates a theoretical model of children's value orientations in various educational organizations. The following correlation is shown: between the traditional spiritual and moral values of the peoples of Russia and the common Russian basic (constitutional) values, which represent the common, conventional content of the former. It has been noted that the formation of personal value orientations is a process determined by the purpose and objectives of education in accordance with the needs of the individual, the family, Russian society, taking into account its worldview and cultural diversity and the current social situation of children's development in terms of digital socialization. We have substantiated the targets guidelines for the results of children upbringing based on the Russian basic values as invariant settings, vectors of upbringing activities in educational organizations. The structural content of the values orientation model is defined: target-value, content, organizational blocks. In each block the invariant and variable components are identified and characterized. The necessity of designing upbringing programs on a single value basis of the Russian basic constitutional values, taking into account the peculiarities of educational organizations of different types, levels, and kinds of education, is revealed. The development of a set of exemplary work programs of upbringing for various educational organizations has been updated. The development and testing of such programs at the Institute of the Study of Childhood, Family and Education of the Russian Academy of Education are reported.

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Lee, Bong-Sul, Abera Tullu et Ho-Yon Hwang. « Optimal Design and Design Parameter Sensitivity Analyses of an eVTOL PAV in the Conceptual Design Phase ». Applied Sciences 10, n^o 15 (25 juillet 2020) : 5112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155112.

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An optimization study of an electric vertical takeoff and landing personal air vehicle (eVTOL PAV) was performed during the conceptual design stage using the design of experiments method. In defining the initial problem, a design target parameter was set. The PAV subsystem was based on a configuration tradeoff study matrix, which was used to effectively conduct configuration selection. Initial sizing was performed using the PAV sizing program developed by this research team using Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic for Application (VBA). A screening test was performed to find parameters with high sensitivity among independent design parameters. The response surface method was used to model design target parameters, and a regression equation was estimated using the experimental design method. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to confirm the feasibility of the generated model. To optimize the design independent parameter, a satisfaction function was selected, and the appropriateness of the data was determined using a Pareto plot and p-value.

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Eva, Neng. « FEMININITAS DALAM DESAIN KONTEN INSTAGRAM @DOA.INDONESIA : ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA IKLAN JUDITH WILLIAMSON ». JURNAL Dasarrupa : Desain dan Seni Rupa 4, n^o 3 (26 décembre 2022) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/dasarrupa.v4i3.133.

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This research tries to explore ideology and how advertising works to make the target audience aware of the Femininity side of Instagram Feed Design @Doa.indonesia. Various theoretical concepts in Judith Williamson's (1979) ad semiotics are used as a scalpel to find out the meaning contained in Instagram Feed Design @Doa.indonesia. signifier, signified, generator, currency. Looking at the results of the analysis in the five Instagram Feed Designs @Doa.indonesia, which is dominated by the signifier scalpel and ends in the currency scalpel. in which there are signs that refer to femininity and the design has a different target exchange value. This @Doa.indonesia product shows the diversity of femininity to return to upholding the true value of femininity in women.

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Tan, Liang, et He Gao. « Research and Implementation of Sports Entity Simulation Based on Heterogeneous Binocular Vision ». Journal of Sensors 2022 (16 mai 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6439660.

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To study the value of heterogeneous binocular vision in the detection of sports targets, a Zynq-based joint software and hardware design method is proposed, and a mobile object detection system for binocular vision is developed based on it. This paper introduces the relevant technologies and theories used in the system design. First, the basic principles and various modules of the binocular stereo vision process are introduced, including camera tuning, stereo correction, stereo tuning, and telescope stereo vision. Based on the depth information, a method to detect and measure motor targets was developed. Finally, combined with the improved mobile target detection algorithm, the real-time methodology research and algorithm design to determine the target range are completed. The performance of the moving target detection system based on binocular stereo vision and the moving target detection and ranging algorithm are tested and analyzed. We know that the front and rear width of the moving target (the person tested in this paper) is at least 10 cm, while the error value of the ranging algorithm in this paper is within 6 meters, and the average error is less than 10 cm. According to the characteristics of binocular stereo vision, the farther the viewing angle is, the smaller the parallax value of the left and right image pixels will be. Therefore, the insignificant change of depth information will bring some errors to the ranging algorithm. The greater the measurement error is, the lower the percentage deviation of the measurement result is within 2%. It also shows that the target ranging algorithm in this paper can ensure good accuracy within a certain distance. Through this method, we can obtain the accurate data of moving objects in sports competition, so as to improve the training method of athletes and improve the competition results.

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Giménez, Zulay, Claudio Mourgues, Luis F. Alarcón, Harrison Mesa et Eugenio Pellicer. « Value Analysis Model to Support the Building Design Process ». Sustainability 12, n^o 10 (21 mai 2020) : 4224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104224.

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The architecture, engineering, and construction industry requires methods that link the capture of customer requirements with the continuous measurement of the value generated and the identification of value losses in the design process. A value analysis model (VAM) is proposed to measure the value creation expected by customers and to identify value losses through indexes. As points of reference, the model takes the Kano model and target costing, which is used in the building project design process. The VAM was developed under the design science research methodology, which focuses on solving practical problems by producing outputs by iteration. The resulting VAM allowed the measurement and analysis of value through desired, potential, and generated value indexes, value loss identification, and percentages of value fulfillment concerning the design stage. The VAM permits the comparison of different projects, visualization of the evolution of value generation, and identification of value losses to be eradicated. The VAM encourages constant feedback and has potential to deliver higher value, as it enables the determination of parameters that add value for different stakeholders and informs designers where to direct resources and efforts to enhance vital variables and not trivial variables.

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Liu, Ya, Fusheng Jiang, Yuhui Wang, Lu OuYang, Bo Gao, Jinling Jiang et Bo Zhang. « Research on Design of Intelligent Background Differential Model for Training Target Monitoring ». Complexity 2021 (23 mai 2021) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5513788.

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The detection of moving targets is to detect the change area in a sequence of images and extract the moving targets from the background image. It is the basis. Whether the moving targets can be correctly detected and segmented has a huge impact on the subsequent work. Aiming at the problem of high failure rate in the detection of sports targets under complex backgrounds, this paper proposes a research on the design of an intelligent background differential model for training target monitoring. This paper proposes a background difference method based on RGB colour separation. The colour image is separated into independent RGB three-channel images, and the corresponding channels are subjected to the background difference operation to obtain the foreground image of each channel. In order to retain the difference of each channel, the information of the foreground images of the three channels is fused to obtain a complete foreground image. The feature of the edge detection is not affected by light; the foreground image is corrected. From the experimental results, the ordinary background difference method uses grey value processing, and some parts of the target with different colours but similar grey levels to the background cannot be extracted. However, the method in this paper can better solve the defect of misdetection. At the same time, compared with traditional methods, it also has a higher detection efficiency.

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Xu, Jian Zhong, Dian Yao Gong, Zheng Yi Jiang, Xiang Hua Liu et Guo Dong Wang. « Mechanics of Design and Model Development of CVC-Plus Roll Curve ». Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (décembre 2011) : 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1158.

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The mathematic model of CVC-Plus work roll curve is built. The ratio of the initial shifting value to the target crown is determined, and the mathematical model considering the relationship between the coefficients A2, A3, A4, A5 and is established. According to the theoretical analysis, the distance between the maximum or minimum point of the high order equivalent crown for work roll with CVC-plus roll curve and the rolling central point is the times of the roll barrel length. In general, the initial shifting value of the CVC-plus roll curve is not equal to the initial shifting value of the 3-order CVC roll curve . The coefficient A1 can also be obtained by optimizing the target function with minimizing the axial force.

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Mishra, Shweta, Rashmi Dahima et Rajesh Sharma. « Design of Some Benzimidazoles as Target for α-Glucosidase Inhibitors ». Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, n^o 2-s (15 avril 2020) : 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4017.

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Diabetes mellitus is rising globally touching more than 180 million people worldwide. This is prevailing mostly in type 2 diabetes and according to WHO report the incidence is likely to be more than doubled by 2030. α-Glucosidase inhibitors work by reducing the amount of glucose that the intestines absorb from food. In this work, forty-five benzimidazole analogues were studied using 3D QSAR, HQSAR, pharmacophore mapping and based on their results 60 compounds were designed. The results show that the best Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model has q2 = 0.742 and r2 = 0.973, and the best Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) model has q2 = 0.679 and r2 = 0.918. For HQSAR the best model has q2 = 0.773 and r2 = 0.964. The r2 value for boostrap for CoMFA and CoMSIA are 0.98 and 0.97 respectively. Pharmacophore mapping revealed varied bioactive regions of ligand. Thus, these compounds could be used as lead for designing the synthesis of potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Keywords: Acarbose, Alpha-glucosidase inhibition, Benzimidazoles, Molecular modelling, Post-prandial hyperglycemia

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Mu, Yang, Hao Li, Zhen Wang, Yi Miao et Shichang Duan. « Optimized Stealth Design and Remolding of Target Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ». Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, n^o 2 (avril 2020) : 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203820246.

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In order to satisfy the imperious requirements of low-detectable target aircraft in the current test and evaluation of airborne radar and to remedy the numerous defects of magnetic microwave absorbing coating in the practical application, a new type of light-weight electric loss coating with the carbon nanotubes(CNTs) was proposed by the optimal design of the absorbent content and coating thickness. A type of target unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) with representative non-stealth structure was remolded by the present type of coating, and the detection range of airborne radar to the remolded UAV was obtained in the flight test. The results reveal that the microwave absorbing coating with a thickness of 2.5mm has the optimized microwave absorbing properties at a CNTs content of 15wt.%, and the reflection loss value can be inferior to -8dB over the whole X band. The intensity level of scattering center of the UAV degrades after coated, and the radar cross section (RCS) of coated UAV decreases by 20dB in the flight test.

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Rosa, Debora Virginio, Marcirio Silveira Chaves, Mirian Oliveira et Cristiane Pedron. « Target ». International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 9, n^o 3 (6 juin 2016) : 654–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-12-2015-0120.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a model of adoption of social media to assist project managers in the treatment of lessons learned (LL). Target, a collaborative model to foster learning in projects, approaches the problem of LL management from nearly a new light and perspective. Design/methodology/approach – This research was conducted using a mixed methods approach with a research design denominated partially mixed concurrent equal status. In this design, both quantitative and qualitative elements were conducted concurrently in their entirety before being mixed at the data interpretation stage. These elements have approximately equal emphasis with respect to reaching the objectives of the research. Findings – The results indicate the most suitable social media that match each LL process. They show how to manage LL through processes made in any phase of the project life cycle. The LL processes most commonly used in the projects are raising awareness, collect and store. According to the questionnaire respondents, 54.5 percent of organizations make use of social media in project management, and among the interviewees, half of them use such tools in projects. In addition, 84.1 percent of the questionnaire respondents believe that social media can assist in the LL management. Research limitations/implications – This study did not get proven successful experience reports in the management of LL. Respondents and interviewees mentioned and recognized such importance, but in projects that use LL management there are no control reports of this learning in organizations in order to measure the gains from the practice of LL management, which indicates an area for future work. An empirical validation of the model proposed in this paper is one immediate research to be done. Another future work is to validate the model in projects from disparate sectors. Practical implications – The Target model could minimize the problem of knowledge drain, which is ineffective learning practices, resulting in knowledge hoarding, limited sharing and superficial LL practices. Thus, the use of processes supported by collaborative tools that promote discussion, with a familiar format for the user and with an efficient search engine, can generate greater involvement in projects. The usefulness is determined as practical and scientific. It is determined as practical use, because the model allows the selection of tools for each LL process and it can be applied to projects in organizations. Originality/value – This research proposes a new approach to the management of LL supported by social media. The Target model adds a theoretical contribution to LL processes associating them to social media. This research revisited the extant LL processes and methods in the literature, proposing a new process – raising awareness – that covers personal and interpersonal aspects for the management of LL. The theoretical contribution lies on incremental originality, since it is based on existing theories, processes, methods and tools in order to provide a solution to a known problem.

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Huang, Hui-Hsin. « Using RFM approach with PBL to course design ». Journal of Science and Education (JSE) 3, n^o 1 (30 septembre 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56003/jse.v3i1.133.

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Based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) concept, this study creates an advertising script by conducting RFM (recency, frequency, monetary) approach from the data analysis in customer relationship management (CRM) course. In PBL process, the students themselves should use RFM method to make segment from the customer database of service industries and find out the characteristics of target segment based on the demographic variables and according to these traits to form their advertising scripts. Through finding the highest value of segment as the target customer, they should focus on the characteristic of their choice target and create an advertising script to attract this segment by their traits. These processes of steps can provide the course design of CRM or advertising project to make creation from customer targeting.

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Li, Hui, et Yong Luo. « Safety Evaluation of Highway Alignment Design Based on Grey Target Theory ». Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (juin 2010) : 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.17.

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This text applies grey target theory to evaluate the safety of highway alignment design. According to grey target theory, many factors which affect the safety were selected. The model of the safety evaluation of highway alignment design model was put forward based on grey target theory. After we apply this method in the practice, this method of the safety evaluation of highway alignment design is proved to be effective in course of the accuracy of the safety evaluation. Investigative results indicate that some subjective factors can be eliminated to a certain extent based on evaluation model of grey target theory in the course of alignment scheme choice，which make the choice result more objective. And it is a certain application value for the safety evaluation of highway alignment design.

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Ning, Chen Wei, Cao Jian Zhong, Yang Hong Tao, Zhang Jian, Fan Zhe Yuan, Wu Li, Zhang Hui et Lei Yang Jie. « Target Optimization Design of Cam Curve in Zoom System ». Key Engineering Materials 552 (mai 2013) : 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.552.44.

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Zoom lens has been widely applied in all kinds of fields, and its cam optimization is the key to actualizing the performance of its optical design and the zooming process, while the smoothness and speediness of zooming movement must be considered for military and civilian use. With the incremental use of environmental requirements, it puts forward higher requests to the cam performance of lens. In order to guarantee that the cam has good stiffness in the case of vibration and shock environment, in the process of cam design, it not only requires curve optimal, but also needs to consider influence on the performance which is caused by reduced cam stiffness of the zoom system. A fine curve can ensure that the cam pressure angle α is smaller, and to ensure the cam follower maintains the uniform velocity and smaller acceleration in zooming process, and make the zoom system produce little impact, and whole zooming process smooth and fluent, it can reduce the zoom systems driving moment M, and can ensure the stability imaging of the zoom system. Good cam stiffness K can make the zoom lens have good stability in vibration environment, and make sure that the image quality. M and K respectively up to the pressure angle α of zoom curve and the rotation angle θ of zoom curve in cam. In the new cam design process, considering the whole influence on the performance that is caused by K and M to cam, we construct the function expressions K = f (α, θ) and M = f (α, θ), and then, build target optimization function with K and M, optimize the relationship between pressure angle α of zoom curve and rotation angle θ, looking for the optimal value for the stiffness K and the cam system driving moment M , and improve overall performance of the zoom cam .

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de Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio, Doanh Do, Patricia Tillmann, Glenn Ballard et Ariovaldo Denis Granja. « Target value design in the public sector : evidence from a hospital project in San Francisco, CA ». Architectural Engineering and Design Management 12, n^o 2 (30 octobre 2015) : 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2015.1106398.

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Russell-Smith, Sarah V., et Michael D. Lepech. « Cradle-to-gate sustainable target value design : integrating life cycle assessment and construction management for buildings ». Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (août 2015) : 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.044.

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Puspita, Annisaa Dina, et Anis Rosyidah. « Force Based Design and Direct Displacement Based Design for Dual System Structure ». Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 19, n^o 3 (30 novembre 2019) : 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v19i3.1454.

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The Force Based Design (FBD) and the Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) are methods for designing seismic-resistant buildings. Building structures designed, are expected to be suitable with the purpose and usefulness of a building. For this reason, this study compares the performance of dual system structures using the DDBD and FBD methods that aim to prove better performance with consideration of safety against users during an earthquake. This research method uses design analysis method to compare the value of the base shear force, reinforcement ratio, and performance level using software for static nonlinear pushover analysis. The results showed the value of the base shear force x direction of the DDBD method was 17.57% smaller than the FBD method, whereas for the y direction the DDBD value was greater than 9.38% of the FBD. The value of the reinforcement ratio of the beam, column and shear wall results is greater DDBD than FBD. The actual drift of the DDBD and FBD methods is slightly different. So that both are at the same level of performance, namely damage control. The performance level has not reached the performance target of life safety design in DDBD, but the structure has met the level performance requirements for offices.

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Zhang, Xianggang, Dapeng Deng et Jianhui Yang. « Analysis on design parameters of seismic performance based on damage for recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube column ». International Journal of Structural Integrity 11, n^o 2 (12 septembre 2019) : 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2019-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the horizontal displacement angle limit values under different performance level, use damage as the quantitative index of performance level and determine the design principle of the RACFST column for performance-based seismic fortification target based on the damage. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on the seismic performance test of the RACFST column. Findings First, three-level seismic are introduced into the performance design foundation of the RACFST column. Second, the performance level of the RACFST column is divided into five grades: normal use, temporary use, use after repair, life safety and prevention of collapse. Third, the seismic performance targets of RACFST columns are divided into four categories: unacceptable situation, basic performance target, important performance target and special performance target. Originality/value The initial damage of the recycled aggregate occurs in the process of crushing and screening, and the damage evolution and development of the RACFST column occur under cyclic load. This is one of the problems that should not be avoided in the design of the seismic performance of the RACFST column. New levels are introduced in the performance design foundation of the RACFST column.

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Li, Wen-Tao, Ming-Chyuan Ho et Chun Yang. « Study on Design Strategy for Sustainable Development of Chinese Solar Term Culture ». Sustainability 10, n^o 12 (22 novembre 2018) : 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124355.

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The 24 solar terms that form the traditional lunisolar calendar were created by ancient Chinese people. Through a literature review and semistructured interviews, this study clarified 19 key items of the design strategies for the sustainable development of solar term culture, and conducted factor extraction through factor analysis using SPSS statistical software on four types of expert questionnaires, including production, government, learning, and research. Then, four target layers, including humanistic aesthetic value, social sustainable value, practical innovation value, and scientific development value, were formed, thereby establishing a solar term culture design strategy indicator model. Secondly, the detailed indicators of the design strategies for solar term culture were employed to verify and evaluate the existing three types of design products, namely, graphic visual design, handicraft design, and commodity packaging design to conduct an overall evaluation and design value judgment, as well as the sustainable development of solar term culture design. Finally, the target levels of the four major aspects of solar term culture design were compared using SWOT analysis, and then, this paper discussed the design strategies, improvement basis, and characteristic developments of three different design types of design products or commodities regarding their design and development, in order to improve and construct a sustainable nonmaterial solar term culture design model.

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