Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Value Target Design »
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Sommaire
Consultez les listes thématiques d’articles de revues, de livres, de thèses, de rapports de conférences et d’autres sources académiques sur le sujet « Value Target Design ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Articles de revues sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Alves, Thais da C. L., Will Lichtig et Zofia K. Rybkowski. « Implementing Target Value Design ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 10, no 3 (14 février 2017) : 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586717690865.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An alternative to the traditional way of designing projects is the process of target value design (TVD), which takes different departure points to start the design process. The TVD process starts with the client defining an allowable cost that needs to be met by the design and construction teams. An expected cost in the TVD process is defined through multiple interactions between multiple stakeholders who define wishes and others who define ways of achieving these wishes. Finally, a target cost is defined based on the expected profit the design and construction teams are expecting to make. TVD follows a series of continuous improvement efforts aimed at reaching the desired goals for the project and its associated target value cost. The process takes advantage of rapid cycles of suggestions, analyses, and implementation that starts with the definition of value for the client. In the traditional design process, the goal is to identify user preferences and find solutions that meet the needs of the client’s expressed preferences. In the lean design process, the goal is to educate users about their values and advocate for a better facility over the long run; this way owners can help contractors and designers to identify better solutions. This article aims to inform the healthcare community about tools and techniques commonly used during the TVD process and how they can be used to educate and support project participants in developing better solutions to meet their needs now as well as in the future.
2
Giménez, Zulay, Claudio Mourgues, Luis F. Alarcón et Harrison Mesa. « Exploring Value Generation in Target Value Design Applying a Value Analysis Model ». Buildings 12, no 7 (29 juin 2022) : 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070922.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Target value design (TVD) is a management approach that applies target costing in the design and construction industry. TVD enables a project environment with favorable characteristics to generate value. However, because the TVD’s primary assessment is cost, target cost can be met without necessarily achieving the project’s full value. This research applies the action research approach to implement TVD in a housing project and explores the value generation of the project using a value analysis model (VAM) to study the balance between cost and value fulfillment in the product and design process. According to the results, even though the target cost was achieved, the desired value of the project was not achieved during the project design. However, there is a tendency to increase value over time to a greater extent in the product and not so much in the process. The main contributions of this study are the possibility of comparing cost and value, identifying the emphasis of product over process and cost over value throughout the TVD project. This study enhances the literature on project value generation and maximization, offering new knowledge for a better understanding of how to conduct a value analysis in combination with costing in TVD projects.
3
Russell-Smith, Sarah V., Michael D. Lepech, Renate Fruchter et Yves B. Meyer. « Sustainable target value design : integrating life cycle assessment and target value design to improve building energy and environmental performance ». Journal of Cleaner Production 88 (février 2015) : 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.025.
Texte intégral
4
Silveira, Samia, et Thais Alves. « Target Value Design Inspired Practices to Deliver Sustainable Buildings ». Buildings 8, no 9 (23 août 2018) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8090116.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The design of environmentally-friendly buildings relies on the work of interdisciplinary teams who have to look at problems in a holistic way. Teams need to communicate, collaborate, and make decisions not solely based on first cost considerations. For this purpose, Target Value Design (TVD) related practices are being used to deliver green buildings in Southern California while meeting strict code requirements and addressing the needs of multiple stakeholders in a collaborative fashion. This study did not quantify costs associated with design and construction of sustainable buildings. It used an analytical process that compared and contrasted available literature on TVD and interviews with industry practitioners to investigate the use of TVD-inspired practices in the construction industry in Southern California and identify the current use of TVD-inspired practices in the design of green buildings. The study revealed that, even though practitioners might not be aware of how TVD can be fully implemented in these projects, a number of TVD-inspired practices are currently being used. Examples are provided to illustrate their practical use in the design of sustainable buildings and how practice compares to theory regarding TVD implementation.
5
Rybkowski, Zofia K., Mardelle McCuskey Shepley et H. Glenn Ballard. « Target Value Design : Applications to Newborn Intensive Care Units ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 5, no 4 (juillet 2012) : 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193758671200500402.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a need for greater understanding of the health impact of various design elements in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) as well as cost-benefit information to make informed decisions about the long-term value of design decisions. This is particularly evident when design teams are considering the transition from open-bay NICUs to single-family-room (SFR) units. This paper introduces the guiding principles behind target value design (TVD)—a price-led design methodology that is gaining acceptance in healthcare facility design within the Lean construction methodology. The paper also discusses the role that set-based design plays in TVD and its application to NICUs.
6
Hao, Jiaxing, Xuetian Wang, Sen Yang, Hongmin Gao, Cuicui Yu et Wentao Xing. « Intelligent Target Design Based on Complex Target Simulation ». Applied Sciences 12, no 16 (10 août 2022) : 8010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The emergence and popularization of various fifth-generation fighter jets with supersonic cruise, super maneuverability, and stealth functionalities have raised higher and more comprehensive challenges for the tactical performance and operational indicators of air defense weapon systems. The training of air defense systems requires simulated targets; however, the traditional targets cannot simulate the radar cross-section (RCS) distribution characteristics of fifth-generation fighter aircrafts. In addition, the existing target aircrafts are expensive and cannot be mass-produced. Therefore, in this paper, a corner reflector and a Luneburg ball reflector with RCS distribution characteristics of a fifth-generation fighter in a certain spatial area are designed for target simulation. Several corner reflectors and Luneburg balls are used to form an array to realize the simulations. The RCS value and distribution characteristics of the target can be combined with fuzzy clustering and a single-chip microcomputer to design an intelligent switching system, which improves the practicability of the intelligent target design proposed in this paper.
7
Johansen, Agnar, Atle Engbo, Olav Torp et Bo Terje Kalsaas. « Development of target cost – By the owner or together with Contractors - Target Value Design ». Procedia Computer Science 181 (2021) : 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.314.
Texte intégral
8
Nanda, Upali, Zofia K. Rybkowski, Sipra Pati et Adeleh Nejati. « A Value Analysis of Lean Processes in Target Value Design and Integrated Project Delivery ». HERD : Health Environments Research & ; Design Journal 10, no 3 (5 octobre 2016) : 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586716670148.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objective: To investigate what key stakeholders consider to be the advantages and the opportunities for improvement in using lean thinking and tools in the integrated project delivery (IPD) process. Method: A detailed literature review was followed by case study of a Lean-IPD project. Interviews with members of the project leadership team, focus groups with the integrated team as well as the design team, and an online survey of all stakeholders were conducted. Analysis: Statistical analysis and thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by a plus–delta analysis. Results: (1) Learning is a large, implicit benefit of Lean-IPD that is not currently captured by any success metric; (2) the cardboard mock-up was the most successful lean strategy; (3) although a collaborative project, the level of influence of different stakeholder groups was perceived to be different by different stakeholders; (4) overall, Lean-IPD was rated as better than traditional design–bid–build methods; and (5) opportunities for improvement reported were increase in accurate cost estimating, more efficient use of time, perception of imbalance of control/influence, and need for facilitation (which represents different points of view). Conclusion: While lean tools and an IPD method are preferred to traditional design–bid–build methods, the perception of different stakeholders varies and more work needs to be done to allow a truly shared decision-making model. Learning was identified as one of the biggest advantages.
9
Russell-Smith, Sarah V., Michael D. Lepech, Renate Fruchter et Allison Littman. « Impact of progressive sustainable target value assessment on building design decisions ». Building and Environment 85 (février 2015) : 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.011.
Texte intégral
10
Prilutskaya, Maria, Anastasia Murukina et Tatiana Dashkova. « Mechanical Engineering Product Value Design Applying the Value Engineering Method ». MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021) : 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134603038.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Today mechanical engineering is one of the most dynamically developing industries. The products of this industry are becoming more and more complex, requiring the continuous introduction of new high technologies into the production process. In addition, the change in the preferences of consumers of mechanical engineering products associated with an increase in the degree of automation and robotization of their production processes leads to the need to apply more flexible product design approaches. These approaches should allow the manufacturer to respond quickly to changing customer needs. Thus, machine-building enterprises need to provide not only the best price-quality ratio, but also to offer a unique set of product functions - a concept that satisfies all the needs of target consumers. In other words, the ability to create product value based on the individual needs of customers is a competitive advantage for a company in the struggle for market share. The application of Value Engineering Method is able to solve these problems.
Thèses sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Griffis, Brent Patrick. « Multi-Criteria Decision Modeling for Best Value Selections in Target Value Design Integrated Project Delivery ». DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1729.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) combined with Target Value Design (TVD) is a better way to deliver value for the client than traditional guaranteed maximum price (GMP) methods. With traditional GMP delivery methods, the interests of the parties are often at odds. The goal of IPD is to align all party interests in order to achieve a win-win scenario. Due to the aligning nature of IPD and the fact that each party’s success is dependent on achieving the project objectives as a whole; a non-biased, transparent, decision-making process is necessary in order to deliver the project objectives within the constraints of the TVD. Thus delivering the expected value for the client and ensuring that all parties achieve project success. The need for this transparent decision-making process is compounded by the fact that a “target” based system rapidly declines to a less than optimal state if there is no unbiased decision-making process in place. If we treat the entire lifespan of a project as the complex system that it is, we can begin to take advantage of the hierarchical nature of complex systems. The goal of this paper is to show that by modeling the life span of a project through a multi-criteria decision making model, built on a hierarchical framework will allow you to find a non-inferior solution to your TVD. I’m proposing to use Hierarchical Holographic Modeling (HHM) as the framework for an Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) multi-criteria decision-making model complete with post-optimality analysis as the preferred project management method.
2
Pacheco, Zúñiga Santiago Alejandro. « El target value design : un enfoque de la gestión lean para generar valor ». Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6118.
Texte intégralRésumé :
El Target Value Design (TVD) es un enfoque de la gestión Lean que consiste en
identificar lo que genera valor para el cliente y orientar los objetivos de equipos
integrados a diseñar un producto según los requerimientos del cliente y las
limitaciones del proyecto (costo, plazo, etc.). Este enfoque surge entre los años 2005
y 2007 en Estados Unidos para aplicarse a proyectos de construcción de hospitales
y centros educativos.
Los componentes principales del TVD son cinco (Macomber, Howell y Barbeiro
2007):
Target Costing
Estructura de trabajo definida
Colaboración
Set Based Design
Co-locación
Al ser el TVD un enfoque de gestión reciente, la teoría respecto al tema se encuentra
en desarrollo y está poco formalizada. Uno de los objetivos de la tesis es realizar una
revisión bilbiográfica de lo escrito hasta la fecha en torno al tema, organizarla y
presentarla.
El TVD es un enfoque de gestión un tanto amplia, que altera la organización, sistema
operativo y términos comerciales del proyecto y los llena de métodos lean de trabajo.
Por esa razón, la presente tesis abarca también los temas relacionados a la
organización del proyecto, el sistema operativo y los términos comerciales que sirven
como medio para que el TVD pueda realizarse y alcanzar el valor objetivo del
proyecto, en relación a los proyectos realizados de forma tradicional. Algunos de los
temas descritos son esenciales para la implementación del TVD. Otros no son
esenciales, pero permiten potenciar la herramienta y lograr mejores resultados.
Finalmente, para consolidar la teoría expuesta, se muestra un registro de la
aplicación del TVD a un proyecto hospitalario en Estados Unidos y los resultados
obtenidos. Además, se presentan lineamientos que faciliten la aplicación del TVD a
un contexto no familiarizado con el Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), como el
peruano.Tesis
3
Skraba, Cristiana Paula. « Agregação de valor em empreendimentos imobiliários comerciais : análise segundo abordagem do Target Value Design ». Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Tecnologia e Urbanismo. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2016. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000209845.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A construção civil é uma indústria que depende de diversos setores e subsetores, os quais envolvem um grande número de pessoas nos processos de desenvolvimento do produto, resultando na produção de um bem durável e de alto valor monetário. Devido à complexidade do setor, incorporadoras e profissionais envolvidos, os stakeholders, são desafiados pelos inúmeros problemas relacionados à cadeia produtiva do empreendimento, a aumentarem o valor entregue para garantir o sucesso do negócio. Nos Estados Unidos da América e Reino Unido, estudos em empreendimentos na área da saúde e educação demonstraram resultados satisfatórios na entrega de maior valor agregado para o cliente, e uma considerável redução do custo final da obra a partir do uso da abordagem Target Value Design (TDV) no processo de desenvolvimento do projeto. Em relação aos empreendimentos comerciais, onde o uso dos espaços é dinâmico e a versatilidade é essencial para atender diversos tipos de usos, maximizar a eficiência do espaço para um uso específico representa minimizar as possibilidades desse uso. Para o cliente, a excelência na qualidade técnica e funcional geram satisfação mas não são suficientes para agregar valor. Nesse sentido, a discussão sobre agregação de valor se apoia na revisão de literatura e aborda a relação do usuário com o conceito de valor, e o valor relacionado aos produtos da indústria da construção e seus processos. A questão de pesquisa consiste em como agregar valor em empreendimentos de salas comerciais, considerando as restrições do negócio e garantindo a entrega de valor para o cliente final? O objetivo principal é compreender o processo de agregação de valor no contexto de empreendimentos comerciais, a partir da abordagem TVD. O estudo de caso, adotado como metodologia, busca investigar as principais barreiras e oportunidades de intervenção nos processos de desenvolvimento do projeto, e apontar diretrizes para alcançar maior valor agregado no produto final entregue ao cliente empreendedor e usuário.The construction is an area that depends on several sectors and subsectors, which involve a large number of people in the product development process, resulting in the production of a durable product with high monetary value. Due to the complexity of the industry, developers and stakeholders are challenged by numerous problems related to the production chain of the enterprise in order to add value to the building and ensure business success. In the US and UK, studies show satisfactory results in higher value-added delivery to the customer and a considerable reduction of the final cost of the work from the application of the approach Target Value Design (TDV) in enterprise project development process especially in health and education, where the contracting client is represented by the public agency and the client user by the general population. In relation to commercial enterprises where the use of space is dynamic and versatility is essential to meet various types of use, maximizing space efficiency for a particular use is to minimize the possibilities of such use. For the user, the excellence in technical and functional quality generate satisfaction but not enough to add value. In this sense, the discussion of value added is based on the literature and discusses the aspects of the individual as a user and its relation to the concept of value, and characteristics related to the product development process of the construction industry and its stakeholders. The research investigated question is how to add value on developments of business rooms, considering the constraints of the business and ensuring the delivery of value to the end customer? The main objective is to understand the value-adding process in the context of commercial enterprises, from TVD approach. The case study, adopted as methodology, investigates the main barriers and opportunities for intervention in project development processes, and guidelines aim to achieve greater added value in the final product delivered to the customer and enterprise user.
4
Roark, Henry H. III. « Value centric approach to target system modularization using multi-attribute tradespace exploration and network measures of component modularity ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76570.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105).
Deciding where to modularize a system can have long-term impact on that systems value over its entire lifecycle. The modularity of a system can impact the systems flexibility, evolvability, scalability, mass, costs, and development schedule. Making these modularization decisions is a key job of the system architect. There exists a need to provide the system architect tools that will help focus modularization efforts on the areas of the system that are most likely to provide value to stakeholders of the system. Using a terrestrial vehicle as a case study, an approach is developed that links component modularity to system design variables which are likely to change levels. The approach utilitizes Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration, Multi-Epoch Analysis, and network measures of component modularity to identify components which are most likely to need to change as well as the components ability to make a modularity change. It is found that the tools utilized can be successfully linked to provide early development phase information about value-centric system modularizations; the approach does require a network representation of the system earlier in the design cycle than it may be typically available. Using explicit knowledge, the approach developed can focus designers modularization efforts on the elements of the system that may need to change to accommodate changes in decision makers preferences, use contexts, or epoch contexts. The approach developed can aid the system architect modularizing a system so as to create a high amount of leverage for a systems stakeholders.
by Henry H. Roark, III.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
5
Oliva, Carolina Asensio 1985. « Proposta de integração do Target Value Design na gestão do processo de projeto em empreendimentos da construção civil ». [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258726.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Ariovaldo Denis GranjaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliva_CarolinaAsensio_M.pdf: 2146381 bytes, checksum: f58bd1032ae5265e3d04c8a5e650aa48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Tradicionalmente, a entrega de empreendimentos da construção civil com maior valor agregado por meio da elaboração do projeto esbarra nas restrições estabelecidas pelos investidores (construtoras, incorporadoras), além das dificuldades impostas por um processo de desenvolvimento do produto altamente fragmentado e onde os interesses individuais das partes dificultam a possibilidade de colaboração mútua entre todos os envolvidos. Somando-se a isso, objetivos, meios e restrições mudam naturalmente durante a definição do projeto até que todos estejam alinhados e mutuamente consistentes entre si. Essas características fazem com que a aplicação do Target Value Design (TVD), - uma prática de gestão que busca fazer das restrições de custos do cliente indutores de criatividade de projeto - uma importante ferramenta para incentivar mudanças. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver uma proposta de integração do TVD na gestão do processo de projeto em empreendimentos da construção civil voltados para habitação no Brasil. O método de pesquisa pode ser dividido em duas etapas: estudo de caso exploratório, realizado em construtora e em escritório de arquitetura, e a segunda etapa que reúne dois estudos de caso em duas construtoras. A proposta utiliza os princípios do TVD, e os divide em três níveis de colaboração entre os agentes envolvidos na gestão do processo de projeto. A aplicação da proposta demanda um diagnóstico inicial, para que as empresas elaborarem um plano de ação a fim de propor mudanças no modelo tradicional. A contribuição deste trabalho é discutir as restrições de custo como parâmetro indutor de criatividade e maior entrega de valor para o usuário final, em ambientes pouco colaborativos
Abstract: Traditionally, the product delivery with higher benefits, has restrictions imposed by the investors (building companies, main contractors), in addition to the difficulties imposed by a highly fragmented product development process, where individual interests difficult the possibility for collaboration between all involved. Furthermore, objectives, means and restrictions change naturally during design definition until everything is aligned e consistent between one another. These characteristics point out the Target Value Design (TVD) ¿ a management practice that seeks to turn the client's cost restrictions into inputs for design creativity ¿ an important tool to incentive changes. The objective of this research is to develop a proposal for TVD integration, in the design process management for construction housing products in Brazil. The research method has two phases: an exploratory case study, carried out in both in a construction company and an architecture's office. The second phase gathers two case studies in two construction companies. This proposal uses TVD principles, divided into three levels of collaboration of the actors involved in the design process management. This application demands an initial diagnosis, so the companies can elaborate an action plan for offer initial changes in the traditional model. The research's contribution is to discuss the cost restrictions as trigger for creativity and higher value products for final users, in a non-collaborative environment
Mestrado
Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
6
Fung, Ying-Kit (Richard). « An intelligent hybrid model for customer requirements interpretation and product design targets determination ». Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7419.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The transition of emphasis in business competition from a technology-led age to a market-oriented era has led to a rapid shift from the conventional "economy of scale" towards the "economy of scope" in contemporary manufacturing. Hence, it is necessary and essential to be able to respond to the dynamic market and customer requirements systematically and consistently. The central theme of this research is to rationalise and improve the conventional means of analysing and interpreting the linguistic and often imprecise customer requirements in order to identify the essential product features and determine their appropriate design targets dynamically and quantitatively through a series of well proven methodologies and techniques. The major objectives of this research are: a) To put forward a hybrid approach for decoding and processing the Voice of Customer (VoC) in order to interpret the specific customer requirements and market demands into definitive product design features, and b) To quantify the essential product design features with the appropriate technical target values for facilitating the downstream planning and control activities in delivering the products or services. These objectives would be accomplished through activities as follows: • Investigating and understanding the fundamental nature and variability of customer attributes (requirements); • Surveying and evaluating the contemporary approaches in handling customer attributes; • Proposing an original and generic hybrid model for categorising, prioritising and interpreting specific customer attributes into the relevant product attributes with tangible target values; • Developing a software system to facilitate the implementation of the proposed model; • Demonstrating the functions of the hybrid model through a practical case study. This research programme begins with a thorough overview of the roles, the changing emphasis and the dynamic characteristics of the contemporary customer demand with a view to gaining a better understanding on the fundamental nature and variability of customer attributes. It is followed by a review of a number of well proven tools and techniques including QFD, HoQ, Affinity Diagram and AHP etc. on their applicability and effectiveness in organising, analysing and responding to dynamic customer requirements. Finally, an intelligent hybrid model amalgamating a variety of these techniques and a fuzzy inference sub-system is proposed to handle the diverse, ever-changing and often imprecise VoC. The proposed hybrid model is subsequently demonstrated in a practical case study.
7
Amado, Arana Eliott Elar, et Beltrán Guillermo José Chang. « Implementación de la metodología Target Value Design – TVD para asegurar la utilidad definida desde la etapa de planificación en proyectos inmobiliarios en el Perú ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La realidad en el sector construcción en el país mantiene déficit en términos económicos y de plazo. Este es el reflejo de las malas prácticas que se aplican en nuestro país por errores en la gestión de los proyectos y sobre todo, por la resistencia al cambio cultural a nuevas metodologías.
El TVD es una metodología con enfoque de gestión Lean que se viene aplicando desde el 2007 en proyectos de gran envergadura como colegios y hospitales en Estados Unidos, dando como resultados incrementos en la rentabilidad manteniendo la calidad y tiempos del proyecto, respetando un costo objetivo o un costo meta.
En la presente tesis implementaremos esta metodología (TVD) dentro de un proyecto inmobiliario en el segmento Lima Centro que involucra a los distritos de Breña, Cercado de lima, La Victoria y Rímac. Dicha metodología se implementa durante la etapa planificación y diseño, que según el TVD son etapas pilares fundamentales para poder desarrollar con éxito un proyecto, en el cual seguiremos los pasos necesarios para poder cumplir con los requerimientos del cliente.
Junto con otras herramientas tales como Lean Design y Project Definition, potenciaremos y optimizaremos los procesos con lo que lograremos mejores resultados en la rentabilidad del proyecto y alcanzar las ganancias requeridas por el cliente. Para consolidar esta metodología, se implementará el cálculo del costo admisible que permitirá incrementar ciertos beneficios a la edificación para mantener la calidad de vida de los usuarios.The construction industry in Peru keeps having a deficit in terms of money and time. This is because of the common habits when planning a new project and especially of the cultural resistance to new methodologies due the high risk that they imply. Nowadays, the sale of apartments of the real estate sector shows a shortage after the times of the Real Estate Boom which influenced the profitability of this type of projects and the country’s economic. The Target Value Design is Lean methodology that has been applied in large-scale projects of the United States of America since 2007 such as high schools and hospitals. The results for these projects demonstrate the upturn in terms of profit, quality and time of the project respecting a target cost. In this investigation, TVD will be applied in a real estate project in Peru focusing on the Design phase which is the main stage if we want to success using it. We will follow the steps in order to reach the client’s requirements using also the Lean Design and Project Definition tools for enhancing and optimizing the methodology. Thus, the profitability will raise and the good will increase. Finally, the methodology will be consolidated when implementing the allowable cost. This cost will allow the augmentation of other kind of benefits for the building so that we can maintain users’ quality of living.
Tesis
8
King, Larrie Leon Jr. « Private Labels and Personal Care : A Focus on Store Brand Package Design, Branding Design and Consumer Attitudes Towards Private Label Personal Care Products ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1400330956.
Texte intégral
9
Schumann, Frank Jens. « Methoden und Werkzeuge zur Integration der kundengerechten Wertgestaltung in die Konzeptphase des Produktentwicklungsprozesses ». Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200100287.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Die für die Konzeptphase des Produktentwicklungsprozesses erarbeitete integrierte Vorgehensweise bietet durch Methoden und Werkzeuge zur Zielkostenspaltung und -erreichung eine systematische Unterstützung hinsichtlich der:
Funktionsprojektierung entsprechend den Kundenanforderungen
Ermittlung der Prioritäten des Kunden
Erarbeitung von Teilzielkostenvorgaben
Konzipierung prinzipieller Lösungen
Prognose deren voraussichtlicher Kosten
Auswahl alternativer Lösungskonzepte
Bewertung des technischen Potentials und des vergüteten Nutzens der Konzeptalternativen
10
Flores, Rabines Lourdes Milagritos, Rivera Junior Anthony Parián et Martínez Max Saúl Ponce. « Aplicación del Target Value Desing y el Integrated Project Delivery en la etapa de planificación y ejecución de proyectos de construcción en el Perú ». Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622822.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En la actualidad el Perú atraviesa una etapa de crecimiento económico acelerado en comparación a otros países latinoamericanos, no obstante, hasta hace unos años el crecimiento económico anual, reflejado en el índice del Producto Bruto Interno (PBI), era mayor. Lo anteriormente mencionado se debe en gran medida al crecimiento lento de los principales mercados emergentes a nivel mundial y al receso en el sector construcción.
Respecto al último sector en mención, el escenario es crítico en los dos últimos años referenciado en la disminución del consumo de cemento y la reducción del avance físico de obras debido a la menor inversión del gobierno nacional. Lo anterior se agudiza con las trabas actuales para la ejecución de obras públicas ligadas a los problemas de corrupción.
En contraste a lo aludido, es imperioso, ante la expectativa del restablecimiento del dinamismo de las obras estatales, el impulsar la inversión en el sector privado. La inversión privada radica en la construcción de centros comerciales, edificios corporativos y edificios de viviendas.
No obstante, con el fin de promover la inversión de los capitalistas privados es imprescindible brindar un panorama positivo basado en índices de rentabilidad y confianza que permitan un mayor retorno de la inversión a nivel corporativo reflejado en los resultados de cada proyecto de construcción.
A fin de obtener dichos resultados en los diferentes proyectos es imperioso aplicar enfoques de gestión que otorguen beneficios a nivel de costos, plazos,
calidad y sostenibilidad. Entre estas encontramos a Lean Construction y al Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), que inciden en un proyecto desde la concepción hasta la etapa de entrega y uso por parte del cliente. Lean Construction es una filosofía conocida y puesta en práctica por diferentes profesionales en el Perú, sin embargo la gran mayoría de profesionales limita su aplicación al uso de la herramienta Last Planner en la etapa de ejecución. El caso del IPD, a diferencia de Lean Construction, no tiene el mismo posicionamiento a nivel de aplicación en el país. El IPD tiene como principal soporte a la filosofía Building Information Modeling (BIM). El término BIM, al igual que Lean Construction, es aplicado por un alto índice de profesionales del sector en las diferentes fases de un proyecto, empero en muchas circunstancias su uso es limitado a la aplicación del software del modelamiento Revit Autodesk.
El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla el marco teórico del Target Value Design (TVD), el cual es un enfoque de gestión desarrollado por el International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). El TVD transforma las necesidades, valores y requisitos principales de un producto a los criterios de diseño para su definición agregando valor al producto y minimizando los desperdicios del proyecto. De igual manera desarrolla el marco teórico del Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), que es un sistema de gestión que propone la integración de los interesados (cliente, diseñadores, contratistas, proveedores y otros) desde la etapa de concepción del proyecto con el fin de mejorar la constructabilidad del proyecto a través de BIM y reducir la variabilidad.
Con el fin de mostrar los beneficios de los sistemas de gestión desarrollados en comparación a los sistemas de gestión tradicional, la presente tesis desarrolla aplicación de los sistemas en mención ejemplificando sus principales herramientas y pilares durante las fases de definición, diseño y planificación de un edificio de oficinas corporativas de 20 pisos y 11 sótanos en la ciudad de Lima.
Livres sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Dolšak, Bojan. Ergonomic Aspects of Product Design : 2nd Updated and Expanded Edition. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-457-6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The textbook is dealing with product ergonomics both from the point of view of the development engineer, who of course has to ensure the functionality of the product, and from the point of view of the designer, who should ensure that the product is also aesthetically perfect. The purpose of the textbook is not to provide empirical data, but to introduce basic concepts and present mutual relationships and recommendations that can help engineers and designers to develop products with a focus on ergonomic and aesthetic value. In the second edition, a completely new chapter is added, which deals with inclusive design and its most important aspects. In most cases, these are in line with the ergonomic aspects of product development, with one important difference. Instead of adapting the product to limited target population of users, the goal of inclusive design are products suitable for the widest possible population.
2
Yeung, Karen. Are Human Biomedical Interventions Legitimate Regulatory Policy Instruments ? Sous la direction de Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford et Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.74.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter examines the legitimacy of utilizing human biomedical interventions for regulatory purposes, drawing on regulatory governance scholarship, bioethical debates about human enhancement, and constitutional scholarship concerning fundamental rights. It considers whether the use of biomedical techniques to pursue regulatory and other public policy purposes is ethically equivalent to the use of traditional techniques that target the design of the social environment, including the alleged ethical ‘parity’ between social and biological interventions into the human mind. It argues when contemplating these techniques, we must consider who is seeking to utilize them, for whom, for what purpose, for whose benefit, and at what cost (and to whom). In wrestling with these questions, we must also attend to the social meanings associated with particular ends–means relationships, what is it that we value in human nature, and different understanding of ideas of human flourishing and the good life.
3
Guthrie, Graeme. Fighting back. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A board of directors that attempts to defeat a hostile takeover attempt will try to raise the cost and lower the value of the shares the raider needs to complete the takeover. This can be achieved using binding contractual arrangements with the target’s customers, suppliers, and employees, that lower the value of the firm if it is acquired, but do not directly affect it otherwise. Boards resisting a hostile takeover will also issue carefully designed securities to the target’s bondholders and shareholders that have a similar effect. Ultimately, a target’s board can reconfigure the firm’s capital structure to defeat a takeover attempt. This chapter describes the tactics involved using the bitter takeover battle involving Carl Icahn and Lions Gate Entertainment.
4
Soghier, Lamia, Katherine Pham et Sara Rooney, dir. Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108545.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Here’s the one place to look for normal values and related need-to-know data! Now you no longer have to search through multiple resources for reference ranges and other critical values you need to optimize patient assessment and management. The new Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care brings all the most vital range data - plus diverse clinical evaluation and calculation tools - all together in one concise, compact handbook. Indispensable pediatric reference ranges - right at your fingertips Custom-designed for today’s busy practitioners, this quick-access resource provides commonly used ranges and values spanning birth through adolescence. Data needed for management of preterm newborns and other neonates is highlighted throughout. Look here for practice-focused help with: - Blood pressure ranges - Body surface area calculation - Bone age metrics - Hematology values - Cerebrospinal fluid values - Lymphocyte subset counts - Clinical chemistry ranges - Thyroid function - Umbilical vein and artery catheterization measurements - Caloric intake values - And more! Also includes assessment and management tools you’ll use again and again Save time and simplify clinical problem-solving with a full set of easy-to-use tools from the AAP and other authoritative sources: - APGAR and Ballard newborn screening - Growth charts - Metric conversion tables - Pain scales - Blood pressure nomograms - Hyperbilirubinemia nomograms - Enternal formulas - GIR calculators - AAP immunization schedules - AAP periodicity schedule Drug administration and monitoring guidelines The handbook includes must-know basics on commonly used antibiotics and antiseizure medications - complete with recommended dosages and serum target levels.
5
Hinton, David G. Supplementary Feeding of Sheep and Beef Cattle. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094376.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This practical guide is a tool designed for graziers to use in their day-to-day decision-making about livestock nutritional needs, feeding options, condition and health.
Pasture supplements are expensive and should not be wasted, yet under-nutrition has an even greater economic effect resulting from low conception and progeny survival rates, poor growth rates, failure to meet market targets and tender fleeces in sheep. Supplementary Feeding of Sheep and Beef Cattle shows how to get the nutritional balance right and avoid costly repercussions from incorrect or inadequate feeding.
The key topics covered will be particularly useful in drought situations, but also in seasonal pasture shortages, when the nutrient value of pastures is low. Practical tables and worksheets are provided as key tools, enabling livestock producers to make timely and cost-effective decisions about supplementary feeding.
6
Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr et Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
7
Joyner, Alexandra, dir. Gene Targeting. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637928.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the publication of the first edition of Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach in 1993 there have been many advances in gene targeting and this new edition has been thoroughly updated and rewritten to include all the major new techniques. It provides not only tried-and-tested practical protocols but detailed guidance on their use and applications. As with the previous edition Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach 2e concentrates on gene targeting in mouse ES cells, but the techniques described can be easily adapted to applications in tissue culture including those for human cells. The first chapter covers the design of gene targeting vectors for mammalian cells and describes how to distinguish random integrations from homologous recombination. It is followed by a chapter on extending conventional gene targeting manipulations by using site-specific recombination using the Cre-loxP and Flp-FRT systems to produce 'clean' germline mutations and conditionally (in)activating genes. Chapter 3 describes methods for introducing DNA into ES cells for homologous recombination, selection and screening procedures for identifying and recovering targeted cell clones, and a simple method for establishing new ES cell lines. Chapter 4 discusses the pros and cons or aggregation versus blastocyst injection to create chimeras, focusing on the technical aspects of generating aggregation chimeras and then describes some of the uses of chimeras. The next topic covered is gene trap strategies; the structure, components, design, and modification of GT vectors, the various types of GT screens, and the molecular analysis of GT integrations. The final chapter explains the use of classical genetics in gene targeting and phenotype interpretation to create mutations and elucidate gene functions. Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach 2e will therefore be of great value to all researchers studying gene function.
8
Davis, Kevin E. Between Impunity and Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070809.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery describes the legal regime that regulates transnational bribery, identifies and explains the rationales that have guided its evolution, and suggests directions for reform. The broad argument is that the current regime embodies a set of values, theories, and practices labeled the “OECD paradigm.” A key premise is that transnational bribery is a serious problem which merits a vigorous legal response, particularly given the difficulty of detecting instances of bribery. The shape of the appropriate response can be summed up in the phrase, “every little bit helps.” In practice this means that: prohibitions should capture a broad range of conduct; enforcement should target as broad a range of actors as possible; sanctions should be as stiff as possible; and as many enforcement agencies as possible should be involved in the enforcement process. The OECD paradigm embraces two interrelated propositions: that transnational bribery is a serious problem and that it demands a uniform response. An important challenge to the OECD paradigm, labeled the “anti-imperialist critique,” accepts that transnational bribery is a serious problem but denies that the appropriate legal responses must be uniform. This book explores both the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique, and provides a detailed analysis of their implications for the key elements of transnational bribery law. It concludes by suggesting that the competing views can be reconciled by moving toward a more inclusive and experimentalist regime which accommodates reasonable disagreements about regulatory design and is crafted with due attention to the interests of all affected parties.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Spoladore, Daniele, et Elena Pessot. « An Ontology-Based Decision Support System to Foster Innovation and Competitiveness Opportunities of Health Tourism Destinations ». Dans Digital and Strategic Innovation for Alpine Health Tourism, 61–71. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15457-7_4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe competitiveness of nature-based Health Tourism (NHT) industry, especially in the Alpine regions, is increasingly linked to the sustainability and exploitation of unique natural resources of tourism destinations, which often lack the access to knowledge and networks of stakeholders to improve their offerings. In this sense, the use of digital tools can open up further opportunities to reconsider value offerings and better access different knowledge resources and relationships within the industry network. This Chapter illustrates the collaborative design approach adopted in HEALPS2 for the development of an ontology-based Decision Support System for health tourism destinations. The resulting ontology aims to model the relationships between the available natural resources, the value offerings and the target groups of NHT destinations. Moreover, the Collaborative Design approach foresees the involvement of end-users (i.e. not only tourism destinations, but also the network of stakeholders, and the actual and potential future tourists) as both sources of knowledge and validators of the ontology and its outputs, aiming to inform decision-making processes in a shared knowledge model that leverages on digital tools.
2
Hou, Xiaoqiang, Jierui Liu, Xinfei Wang, Zhongren Zhou et Honglu Jia. « Research on Improvement Calculation Method of Design Thrust of Anti Slide Pile ». Dans Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 180–94. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_17.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractAt present, based on the transfer coefficient method, most of the anti-slide pile design thrusts are calculated by the overload method and the strength reserve method respectively. Many algorithms only consider the remaining sliding force behind the pile and the safety factor that meets the requirements of the design conditions. Generally, the safety factor is the safety factor of the sliding slope behind the pile after the anti slide pile is reinforced. For the entire landslide, there are two safety factors before and after the pile, which is not the design safety factor target value, and there is a big difference between the safety factor and the treatment goal required by the specification. Through the study of the pile-soil interaction of anti-slide piles, it is believed that in addition to the active residual sliding force transmitted by the blocks behind the pile, the anti-slide piles are simultaneously subjected to the passive residual anti-sliding force transmitted upwards by the blocks in front of the pile. The stress analysis shows that: Firstly, according to the different active and passive properties of anti-sliding force transmission and sliding force transmission, the mechanical model of anti-sliding force transmission is studied, and the calculation formula of anti-sliding force transmission coefficient is derived; Secondly, It is believed that the anti-slide pile provides horizontal thrust to the landslide, and two components of the sliding surface direction and the vertical sliding surface direction are generated. The balance equation is established and the overload method and the strength reserve method of anti-slide pile thrust calculation formula are derived; Thirdly, according to the principle of setting piles in the anti-slip section, the optimal location of anti-slide piles are proposed; Fourthly, after verification of cases, the safety factors before and after the piles calculated by the overload method are basically equal, and consistent with the design safety factors. Calculation result shows that the strength reserve method to calculate the safety factor before the pile is accurate and reliable, and the result of the safety factor behind the pile is relatively small.
3
Dusek, Jan, et Yoshiro Fukuda. « Corporate Environmental Targets Analysis : Case Study from Japanese Manufacturing Industry ». Dans Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 72–77. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_16.
Texte intégral
4
Seppänen, Olli, et Jarek Kurnitski. « Target Values for Indoor Environment in Energy-Efficient Design ». Dans Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB), 57–78. London : Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5610-9_5.
Texte intégral
5
Bleil de Souza, Clarice, et Ilya Vladimirovich Dunichkin. « Axiomatic Design in Regenerative Urban Climate Adaptation ». Dans Future City, 5–21. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis chapter invokes the urban design community to provide transparency in design decision-making by discussing the role of design specifications and the production of evidence in enabling scrutiny and accountability of design proposals in relation to fulfilling sustainability goals and fighting climate change. It claims that original and verifiable regenerative design solutions emerge from clear design specifications supported by evidence, rather than normative sustainability alone. Evidence is understood as going beyond targets and extended to design specifications which are constantly tested in terms of flexibility and robustness, positively contributing to the ecosystem they are inserted in, once further decomposed towards a more detailed design proposal. Principles from Axiomatic Design are proposed as an approach to develop design specifications for regenerative climate adaptive urban design. This work attempts to illustrate the use of this method to practitioners through an example in which human-centric needs, values and aspirations are transformed into joint urban air pollution and outdoor bioclimatic comfort design requirements to be fulfilled by greenery, a regenerative design parameter common to both knowledge domains at the pedestrian layer of the urban environment.
6
Kattner, Niklas, Aleksej Trepatschko, Gert Assmann, Lucia Becerril et Udo Lindemann. « Retrospective Analysis of Engineering Change Iterations—A Case Study on Reducing Engineering Changes by Defining Target Values for Engineering Design ». Dans Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 321–31. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1059-1_30.
Texte intégral
7
Lampathaki, Fenareti, Evmorfia Biliri, Tasos Tsitsanis, Kostas Tsatsakis, Dimitris Miltiadou et Konstantinos Perakis. « Toward an Energy Data Platform Design : Challenges and Perspectives from the SYNERGY Big Data Platform and AI Analytics Marketplace ». Dans Data Spaces, 293–315. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98636-0_14.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractToday, the need for “end-to-end” coordination between the electricity sector stakeholders, not only in business terms but also in securely exchanging real-time data, is becoming a necessity to increase electricity networks’ stability and resilience while satisfying individual operational optimization objectives and business case targets of all stakeholders. To this end, the SYNERGY energy data platform builds on state-of-the-art data management, sharing, and analytics technologies, driven by the actual needs of the electricity data value chain. This paper will describe the layered SYNERGY Reference Architecture that consists of a Cloud Infrastructure, On-Premise Environments, and Energy Apps and discuss the main challenges and solutions adopted for (a) the design of custom pipelines for batch and streaming data collection and for data manipulation and analytics (based on baseline or pre-trained machine learning and deep learning algorithms) and (b) their scheduled, on-event, or real-time execution on the cloud, on-premise and in gateways, toward an energy data space. Particular focus will be laid on the design of the SYNERGY AI analytics marketplace that allows for trustful sharing of data assets (i.e., datasets, pipelines, trained AI models, analytics results) which belong to different stakeholders, through a multi-party smart contract mechanism powered by blockchain technologies.
8
Jones, Huw D. « Gene silencing or gene editing : the pros and cons. » Dans RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 47–53. Wallingford : CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.
9
Jones, Huw D. « Gene silencing or gene editing : the pros and cons. » Dans RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 47–53. Wallingford : CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0047.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.
10
Kronenberg, Florian. « Lipoprotein(a) ». Dans Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, 201–32. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_504.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractLipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic lipoprotein with a strong genetic regulation. Up to 90% of the concentrations are explained by a single gene, the LPA gene. The concentrations show a several-hundred-fold interindividual variability ranging from less than 0.1 mg/dL to more than 300 mg/dL. Lp(a) plasma concentrations above 30 mg/dL and even more above 50 mg/dL are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic valve stenosis, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and all-cause mortality. Since concentrations above 50 mg/dL are observed in roughly 20% of the Caucasian population and in an even higher frequency in African-American and Asian-Indian ethnicities, it can be assumed that Lp(a) is one of the most important genetically determined risk factors for cardiovascular disease.Carriers of genetic variants that are associated with high Lp(a) concentrations have a markedly increased risk for cardiovascular events. Studies that used these genetic variants as a genetic instrument to support a causal role for Lp(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor are called Mendelian randomization studies. The principle of this type of studies has been introduced and tested for the first time ever with Lp(a) and its genetic determinants.There are currently no approved pharmacologic therapies that specifically target Lp(a) concentrations. However, some therapies that target primarily LDL cholesterol have also an influence on Lp(a) concentrations. These are mainly PCSK9 inhibitors that lower LDL cholesterol by 60% and Lp(a) by 25–30%. Furthermore, lipoprotein apheresis lowers both, Lp(a) and LDL cholesterol, by about 60–70%. Some sophisticated study designs and statistical analyses provided support that lowering Lp(a) by these therapies also lowers cardiovascular events on top of the effect caused by lowering LDL cholesterol, although this was not the main target of the therapy. Currently, new therapies targeting RNA such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) against apolipoprotein(a), the main protein of the Lp(a) particle, are under examination and lower Lp(a) concentrations up to 90%. Since these therapies specifically lower Lp(a) concentrations without influencing other lipoproteins, they will serve the last piece of the puzzle whether a decrease of Lp(a) results also in a decrease of cardiovascular events.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Devkar, Ganesh, Jyoti Trivedi et Devanshu Pandit. « Teaching Target Value Design : A Simulation ». Dans 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). International Group for Lean Construction, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/2019/0244.
Texte intégral
2
Cooper, Adam B., Panayotis Georgiopoulos, Hyung Min Kim et Panos Y. Papalambros. « Analytical Target Setting : An Enterprise Context in Optimal Product Design ». Dans ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48734.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Engineering design decisions have more value and lasting impact if they are made in the context of the enterprise that produces the designed product. Setting targets that the designer must meet is often done at a high level within the enterprise, with inadequate consideration of the engineering design embodiment and associated cost. For complex artifacts produced by compartmentalized hierarchical enterprises, the challenge of linking the target setting rationale with the product instantiation is particularly demanding. The previously developed analytical target cascading process addresses the problem of translating supersystem design targets into design targets for all systems in a multilevel hierarchically structured product, so that local targets are consistent with each other and allow top targets to be met as closely as possible. In this article the process of rigorously setting the supersystem targets in an enterprise context is explored as a model-based approach termed “analytical target setting.” The effectiveness of linking analytical target setting and cascading is demonstrated in an automotive truck vehicle example.
3
Jacob, Georgie, Nimish Sharma, Zofia K. Rybkowski et Ganesh Devkar. « Target Value Design : Development and Testing of a Virtual Simulation ». Dans 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). International Group for Lean Construction, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/2021/0185.
Texte intégral
4
Lu, Zhizhong, Gen Pian, Yanbo Wei et Yu Huang. « A design of target detector based on fractal difference value ». Dans 2017 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2017.8015968.
Texte intégral
5
Sekhar, Arun, et Uma Maheswari. « Constructability : The Prime Target in Value Engineering for Design Optimization ». Dans 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2020/0059.
Texte intégral
6
Martens, Mark D., et Brian J. Ray. « Design Target and Life Cycle Cost Management Through Bearing Value Analysis ». Dans International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2789.
Texte intégral
7
Mingge, Sun, Zhao Junming, Ren Juan et Li Jiayi. « DESIGN OF TARGET VALUE FILTER TYPE TWO-DEGREE OF FREEDOM PID ». Dans International Conference on New Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICNMIM). Volkson Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/icnmim.01.2018.143.145.
Texte intégral
8
Tillmann, Patricia A., Doanh Do et Glenn Ballard. « A Case Study on the Success Factors of Target Value Design ». Dans 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. International Group for Lean Construction, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/2017/0324.
Texte intégral
9
Oliva, Carolina Asensio, et Ariovaldo Denis Granja. « Target Value Design in Real Estate Market : A Conceptual Map Model ». Dans 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). International Group for Lean Construction, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/2019/0273.
Texte intégral
10
DE CASTRO, FELIPE, et ARIOVALDO DENIS GRANJA. « Otimização de simulação didática para facilitar a assimilação de conceitos de Target Costing/Target Value Design ». Dans XXIV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP - 2016. Campinas - SP, Brazil : Galoa, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2016-51980.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Value Target Design"
1
Diop, Ahmed. Country Diagnostic Study – Senegal. Islamic Development Bank Institute, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/rp21003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for Senegal uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy. After decades of subdued and highly volatile economic growth due to heavy dependence on primary commodities and low productivity, Senegal experienced an unprecedented growth acceleration from 2014 to 2019. However, there appeared to be a weak correlation between economic growth and jobs creation. In addition, about 90 percent of non-agricultural employment is estimated to be informal. The national poverty rate decreased by 5 percentage points between 2011 and 2018. Nonetheless, the absolute number of poor people has increased. Furthermore, regional disparities are persistent. Despite the country’s solid performance in the field of governance, further simplification and transparency of business procedures and regulations will be critical in addressing the challenge of informality. Efforts to address informality in the economy should also target the issue of access to finance through the design of financing mechanisms based on specific needs assessment and risk management tools. Senegal will also need to create the conditions for higher competitiveness and follow upgrading trajectories in global and regional value chains. In this respect, both physical and digital connectivity will be essential.
2
Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González et Vileydy González Mejia. Means-tested transit subsidies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004532.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper reviews three targeted transit subsidies applied in Latin America. The Vale Transporte scheme in Brazil is the oldest, having been introduced in 1985. Household survey data for 26 metropolitan areas were used to estimate the distributional impact of the Vale Transporte. The results indicate that this program is badly targeted to low-income individuals. In 19 of the 26 cities, this subsidy is regressive. The reason is that only formal sector workers are eligible for this benefit while many low-income individuals work in the informal sector in Brazil. In addition, since this subsidy is paid by employers it is reasonable to expect compensating equilibrium effects in wages or unemployment. We present evidence that suggests that this may have occurred with wages. In contrast, Bogota and Buenos Aires have implemented demand side means-tested subsidies during the last decade. In these cases, criteria from the general welfare system are used to determine eligibility and both have been implemented using smartcard payment technology. We review the available information on the design, operation, and distributional outcomes for each case. This review provides useful information for policymakers interested in the design and implementation of targeted transit subsidies.
3
Walz, Yvonne, Florence Nick, Oscar Higuera Roa, Udo Nehren et Zita Sebesvari. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-based Solutions. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/mwgp9896.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Approaches integrating environmental management practices have been gaining importance in recent years. Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), Ecosystem-based disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely applied approaches that tackle certain drivers of challenges such as food insecurity, water scarcity, decline in biodiversity and threats to livelihoods, while also considering both human well-being and ecosystem functions and services. Better understanding the similarities, differences and relationships between these approaches helps to improve efficiency in implementation and leverage synergies. By shedding more light on where these approaches align, investments in land-based solutions in response to different types of environmental challenges can be more effectively designed to achieve multiple targets. In response to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) decision 19/COP.14 paragraph 4, the main objective of this report is to understand and elaborate upon the characteristics of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. The report begins with an overview of the historical backgrounds and origins of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. Despite differences in their specific goals and targeted benefits, all approaches aim for the support of biodiversity, land-based ecosystems and ecosystem services and functions, and employ measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use land to support ecosystem services and functions, including SLM technologies. Furthermore, irrespective of their different goals, the projects developed under any approach can generate comparable co-benefits, especially due to their support of biodiversity. The capacity for all these approaches to deliver multiple co-benefits means that projects of each approach can directly contribute to implementing the specific goals of the other approaches as well. Thus, multiple global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions which call for the implementation of one or more of these approaches, can benefit from this report by avoiding duplication and reducing the overall investments necessary to achieve the set targets and goals. This is critical for achieving the ambitious Agenda 2030, including voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) targets and climate action under the Paris Agreement. It will also be the case for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework currently under development. The added value that will come from optimizing the links among these approaches extends from national policymakers to the practitioners of SLM, EbA and Eco-DRR projects, which all share the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To capture the coherence and alignment among these approaches, their similarities and differences have been summarized in a conceptual framework. The framework has been designed to help practitioners understand the specific goals of each approach, and to link these to the relevant global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions, which can support monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting processes. The synergies among these approaches are further illustrated based on three case studies in order to demonstrate opportunities for leveraging multiple co-benefits and targets at implementation level irrespective of the different objectives under each. The results of this assessment demonstrate that activities under one approach can be beneficial to achieve the specific goals of other approaches with little additional effort. It is essential for policymakers, project developers and practitioners to recognize that. This is key to the achievement of sustainable development.
4
Hossain, Sharif M. I., Shongkour Roy, Sigma Ainul, Abdullah Al Mahmud Shohag, A. T. M. Rezaul Karim et Ubaidur Rob. Assessing effectiveness of a person-centered group ANC-PNC model among first-time young mothers and their partners for improving quality and use of MNCH-FP services. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This baseline report is part of an operations research project “Healthy Women, Healthy Families (HWHF): Shustha Ma, Shustha Poribar” led by Management Sciences for Health (MSH) in partnership with BRAC, SCOPE, and the Population Council. The project aims to improve quality and increase utilization of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and family planning (FP) services and information for young mothers-to-be, first-time mothers (FTMs) aged 15-24, and their partners in the urban municipality of Tongi, Gazipur District, Bangladesh, through a group antenatal care ANC-PNC approach. The objectives of this study are to establish baseline values of selected HWHF project result indicators against which the impacts of the project’s intervention can be measured. The target group is young, first-time parents and the study examines the current status of knowledge on MNCH-FP and access to services among FTMs. This quasi-experimental pre-post control group design study employs both quantitative and qualitative data-collection methods. A simple random sampling procedure was employed to select respondents from BRAC FTM lists, while qualitative informants were selected purposively.
5
Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs et Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
6
Morgan, Miranda, et Alastair Stewart. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Tajikistan : A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in Tajikistan. Oxfam GB, décembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5372.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Tajikistan, the Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) programme has been implemented in five districts of Khatlon Province by Oxfam in partnership with local public organizations, League of Women Lawyers of Tajikistan (LWL) and Neksigol Mushovir. The GEM programme in Tajikistan sought to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 3,000 smallholder farmers (60 percent women) in fruit and vegetable value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities and greater engagement with market players, and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
7
Morgan, Miranda, Alastair Stewart et Simone Lombardini. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Zambia : A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in the Copperbelt region of Zambia. Oxfam GB, décembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5389.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Zambia, the GEM programme has been implemented in four districts of the Copperbelt Province in coordination with implementing partners Heifer Programmes International and the Sustainable Agricultural Programme (SAP). The GEM programme in the Copperbelt seeks to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 4,000 smallholder farmers (75 percent women) in the dairy and soya value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities, greater engagement with market players and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
8
Stewart, Alastair, et Miranda Morgan. A Final Evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets Programme (2014-18) : Summary of findings. Oxfam GB, décembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5358.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. This evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also in terms of changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme. This summary report outlines the key findings from the three individual country evaluations in Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Zambia - for which the full reports are also available.
9
Savani, Manu, et Alastair Stewart. Making Market Systems Work for Women Dairy Farmers in Bangladesh : A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in Bangladesh. Oxfam GB, décembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5365.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. The GEM programme in Bangladesh was implemented under Oxfam Bangladesh’s flagship REE-CALL programme (Resilience, through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning). GEM operated in seven districts across Bangladesh, with the project activities implemented by seven local partners. The project aimed to establish 84 producer groups for smallholder dairy farmers, and this was achieved during the first year. Building on these local networks, GEM aimed to deliver a suite of training and support covering assertiveness, rights and leadership skills, agricultural practice and disaster risk management. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also in changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
10
Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood et Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, février 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.