Articles de revues : « Vaccination – Immunologie »

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Bazin, Hervé. « L’histoire des vaccinations. 2e partie : des vaccins pastoriens aux vaccins modernes ». Bulletin de la Société Française d'Histoire de la Médecine et des Sciences Vétérinaires 13, n^o 1 (2013) : 45–63. https://doi.org/10.3406/bhsv.2013.1146.

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Cette présentation concerne la mise en route des vaccins à virulence atténuée par Pasteur et son équipe, donnant l’espoir d’obtenir un vaccin pour chaque maladie infectieuse. De nombreuses techniques ont été mises en oeuvre : vaccins chimiques, sérothérapie, séro-vaccination, vaccins tués (microbes) ou inactivés (virus), auto-vaccins, anatoxines, irradiation de parasites… pour les vaccins de première génération. La naissance de la biologie moléculaire et du génie génétique en microbiologie et en immunologie a conduit à une explosion de vaccins OGM dont les premiers exemples sont le vaccin hépatite B (production d’un ou plusieurs antigènes d’un agent pathogène dans un système d’expression : cellules eucaryotes, levures…), le vaccin vaccine-rage (expression d’antigènes dans un vecteur…) mais aussi, des vaccins à propriétés nouvelles d’emploi comme le premier vaccin à marqueur, appelé DIVA pour « Différenciation des animaux infectés de ceux vaccinés ».

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Olsen, S. C., et C. Johnson. « Immune Responses and Safety after Dart or Booster Vaccination of Bison with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, n^o 5 (29 mars 2012) : 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00033-12.

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ABSTRACTOne alternative for management of brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park bison (Bison bison) is vaccination of calves and yearlings. AlthoughBrucella abortusstrain RB51 vaccination protects bison against experimental challenge, the effect of booster vaccinations was unknown. This study characterized immunologic responses after dart or booster vaccination of bison withBrucella abortusstrain RB51. In two studies, 8- to 10-month-old female bison were inoculated with saline (n= 14), hand vaccinated with 1.1 × 1010to 2.0 × 1010CFU of RB51 (n= 21), or dart vaccinated with 1.8 × 1010CFU of RB51 (n= 7). A subgroup of hand vaccinates in study 1 was randomly selected for booster vaccination 15 months later with 2.2 × 1010CFU of RB51. Compared to single vaccinates, booster-vaccinated bison had greater serologic responses to RB51. However, there was a trend for antigen-specific proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from booster vaccinates to be reduced compared to responses of PBMC from single vaccinates. PBMC from booster vaccinates tended to have greater gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production than those from single vaccinates. In general, dart vaccination with RB51 induced immunologic responses similar to those of hand vaccination. All vaccinates (single hand, dart, or booster) demonstrated greater (P< 0.05) immunologic responses at various times after vaccination than nonvaccinated bison. Booster vaccination with RB51 in early gestation did not induce abortion or fetal infection. Our data suggest that booster vaccination does not induce strong anamnestic responses. However, phenotypic data on resistance to experimental challenge are required to fully assess the effect of booster vaccination on protective immunity.

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Ridolfi, Irene, Luca Lo Sardo, Stefania Nicola, Richard Borrelli, Ludovica Comola, Valentina Marmora, Iuliana Badiu, Federica Corradi, Maria Carmen Rita Azzolina et Luisa Brussino. « MAURIVAX : A Vaccination Campaign Project in a Hospital Environment for Patients Affected by Autoimmune Diseases and Adult Primary Immunodeficiencies ». Vaccines 11, n^o 10 (11 octobre 2023) : 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101579.

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Background: Patients with autoimmune diseases (ADs) and primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are characterized by an increased risk of noninvasive and widespread infections as they are considered frail patients. In addition, many flares of the underlying disease are reported after routine vaccinations. To date, the vaccination rate in these two populations is suboptimal. According to the latest guidelines, targeted interventions are needed, such as strengthening the network of vaccination activities. Our project aimed to propose a pilot network for carrying out the recommended vaccinations in frail patients. Methods: The Allergy and Immunology Center of the Mauriziano Hospital in Turin, Italy started the “Maurivax” project, a facilitated pathway for frail patients to administer the recommended vaccinations in the setting of a dedicated structure where they could be properly followed up. Results: From June 2022 to February 2023, 49 patients underwent a vaccination consultation: 45 of them (91.8%) were subsequently vaccinated. Among these, 36 subjects (80%) were affected by an active AD and were already in treatment with immunosuppressive therapy or about to start it. Seven patients (15.5%) had a confirmed diagnosis of PID or showed a clinical presentation that was highly suggestive of that condition. Overall, twenty-seven patients (60%) showed a high-grade immunosuppression and six (13.3%) had a low-grade immunosuppression. No patients had a disease flare within 30 days from vaccination and no severe reactions after vaccination was observed. Conclusions: Adherence and vaccination safety at our immunology hospital vaccine clinic dedicated to patients with ADs and PIDs were high. We propose an effective model for managing vaccinations in frail patients in a specialist hospital setting.

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Rosenblat, Todd L., Mark G. Frattini, Suzanne M. Chanel, Tao Dao, Yvette Bernal, Joseph G. Jurcic, Rhong Zhang et al. « Phase II Trial of WT1 Analog Peptide Vaccine in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in Complete Remission (CR) ». Blood 120, n^o 21 (16 novembre 2012) : 3624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3624.3624.

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Abstract Abstract 3624 WT1 is a transcription factor which has been implicated in leukemogenesis and has been used as a marker of minimal residual disease (MRD). We previously demonstrated the feasibility of vaccinating AML patients in CR with a multivalent WT1 peptide vaccine and inducing immune responses. In an effort to further explore the safety and efficacy of this approach, we are conducting a Phase II study in which the vaccine is administered to AML patients in first CR and who completed all planned postremission chemotherapy. Eligible patients had WT1 transcript detectable by RT-PCR. The vaccine consisted of 4 native and derived WT1 peptides administered with the immune adjuvants Montanide and GM-CSF. Patients received 6 vaccinations over 10 weeks. Early toxicity was assessed at weeks 2 and 4. Immune responses were evaluated at week 12 by CD4+ T cell proliferation, CD3+ T cell interferon-g interferon release (ELISPOT) and WT1 peptide tetramer staining. Patients who were clinically stable and without disease recurrence could continue with up to 6 more vaccinations administered approximately every month. To date, 12 patients have been accrued to the study (6-M, 6-F; median age – 66 years, range 26–73 years). Cytogenetic subtypes varied among the study patients (Favorable-3, Intermediate-5, Unfavorable-4). The median time to vaccination after achieving CR was 7.5 months (range: 3–22 months). One patient was removed early because of relapse prior to receiving the first vaccination. Four patients have received at least 6 vaccines and 2 others have completed 12 vaccinations. Eight patients are alive without evidence of disease. One of these patients has an HLA-A02 subtype and was found to have developed T cells reactive with WT1-A (native peptide) HLA tetramers following 6 vaccinations which persisted (at a lower level) until after the 12th vaccination. Three patients relapsed during vaccination (after 1, 5 and 11 vaccines) and 2 of the 3 have died. Two of the relapsed patients who had sample available for immunologic evaluation, did not develop a CD4+ response to any of the peptides tested. Two other patients discontinued vaccination because of toxicity (hypersensitivity/pain with GM-CSF administration). Both remain in CR. No episodes of anaphylaxis or generalized urticaria were observed. Neither median disease free survival nor overall survival has been reached in this small cohort of patients. These preliminary findings demonstrate that the WT1 peptide vaccine is relatively well tolerated and has immunologic activity. Trial accrual is ongoing and further follow-up is required before any beneficial effect on outcome can be determined. Disclosures: Scheinberg: Formula Pharma: WT1 Vaccine inventor, Patent held by MSKCC and Licensed to Formula Pharma, WT1 Vaccine inventor, Patent held by MSKCC and Licensed to Formula Pharma Patents & Royalties.

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Gates, Dana M., Steven A. Cohen, Kelly Orr et Aisling R. Caffrey. « Pharmacist-Administered Influenza Vaccination in Children and Corresponding Regulations ». Vaccines 10, n^o 9 (28 août 2022) : 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091410.

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In our retrospective cohort study, we evaluated trends in pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination rates in the United States and corresponding state-level pharmacist pediatric vaccination authorization models, including minimum age requirements, vaccination protocols, and/or prescription requirements. An administrative health claims database was used to capture influenza vaccinations in children less than 18 years old with 1 year of continuous enrollment and joinpoint regression was used to assess trends. Of the 3,937,376 pediatric influenza vaccinations identified over the study period, only 3.2% were pharmacist-administered (87.7% pediatrician offices, 2.3% convenience care clinics, 0.8% emergency care, and 6.0% other locations). Pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination was more commonly observed in older children (mean age 12.65 ± 3.26 years) and increased significantly by 19.2% annually over the study period (95% confidence interval 9.2%-30.2%, p < 0.05). The Northeast, with more restrictive authorization models, represented only 2.2% (n = 2816) of all pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccinations. Utilization of pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination remains low. Providing children with greater access to vaccination with less restrictions may increase overall vaccination rates. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, pharmacists will play a major role in vaccinating children.

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Buckwalter, Matthew, et Pramod Srivastava. « Form of antigen dictates immunity : Irradiated cell vs. whole cell lysate vaccination (48.16) ». Journal of Immunology 178, n^o 1_Supplement (1 avril 2007) : S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.48.16.

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Abstract The context in which antigen is perceived by the immune system dictates the quality of the ensuing immune response, which can range from tolerance to lasting immunity. In the current report we investigated the effects of vaccinating mice with antigen in two separate contexts, namely: Irradiated cells, or whole cell lysates. Using the MethA tumor model we observed that although a single vaccination with irradiated MethA cells leads to immunity in BALB/c mice, vaccination with the same cell equivalents of whole cell lysate does not. These results were surprising in light of the substantial body of literature demonstrating the immunostimulatory effects of cell lysates. We hypothesize that although each vaccination contains the same potential antigens, due to the different context in which they are delivered, the immune system will react to them differently. To test this we analyzed multiple characteristics of the immune response following vaccination with irradiated cells or whole cell lysates including: Tumor protection, the quantity and quality of an antigen specific T cell response, stability and persistence of antigen, and the effects of multiple vaccinations. We report dramatic differences between the two immunogens at each of the aspects tested. Our data suggests that although whole cell lysates contain antigen and the same potentially immunostimulatory components as irradiated cells, vaccinating mice with irradiated tumor cells leads to a much greater T cell response and tumor protection than does vaccinating with whole cell lysates.

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Huppke, L., C. Gebhardt, L. Grümme, J. Lichtnekert, D. Singh, F. Ullrich, S. Wolfrum, A. Skapenko et H. Schulze-Koops. « AB1326 DIFFERENCES IN ADVERSE EVENTS EXPERIENCED BY INDIVIDUALS WITH INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AFTER SARS-CoV-2 VACCINATION ». Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (30 mai 2023) : 1892.1–1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.497.

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BackgroundSince individuals with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) were excluded from the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination trials (1), uncertainty on the tolerability of the vaccines in this population was high. This caused a lower willingness to be vaccinated compared to the general population. Gaining more information on vaccine reaction in this population is critical.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to improve knowledge of the tolerability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IRD and to identify potential specific risks of this population by comparison with a healthy cohort.MethodsIRD patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology at the hospital of the LMU Munich. Health care workers served as healthy controls. Questionnaires were used to identify adverse effects in all study participants after each SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and to obtain information about patients’ disease and therapy. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used to discern differences between IRD patients and controls.Results235 IRD patients (60% female), mean (±SD) age 54 (±15) years, and 102 healthy individuals (67% female), mean age 48 (±16) years, were recruited between Jan 2021 and Sep 2022. Pain at the injection site and fatigue were the most common adverse events in both groups. (Table 1) Patients presented adverse events significantly less often after the first vaccination (59.6%) compared to healthy individuals (84.3%) (OR=0.274 [95% CI: 0.151-0.497]; P<0.0001). With 58.7% of patients and 78.4% of controls experiencing adverse events after the second vaccination the difference stayed significant (OR=0.391 [0.228-0.670]; P<0.001). Same goes for the third vaccination with 56.4% of patients and 69.3% of controls presenting adverse events (OR=0.573 [0.348-0.946]; P=0.029). No difference was seen when the occurrence of local effects were compared. However, systemic effects were experienced significantly less by patients compared to controls after the first (41.3% vs 59.8%) (P=0.002), second (38.7% vs 58.8%) (P<0.001) and third vaccination (39.0% vs 51.5%) (P=0.036). Younger age and female sex showed higher frequencies of adverse events in both groups. 2% of patients experienced an activation of their IRD. Serious adverse events did not occur.Table 1.Adverse events experienced after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients and controlsPatientsHealthy controlsAdverse effects1. vaccination2. vaccination3. vaccination1. vaccination2. vaccination3. vaccinationn=235n=233n=218n=102n=102n=101Local reactions, % (n)Any49.8 (117)48.9 (115)47.7 (104)66·7 (68)57·8 (59)49·5 (50)Pain at the injection site46.4 (109)47.2 (110)45.0 (98)65·7 (67)55·9 (57)47·5 (48)Swelling at the injectionsite12.3 (29)9.9 (23)13.3 (29)10·8 (11)10·8 (11)9·9 (10)Redness at the injectionsite8.9 (21)7.3 (17)8.7 (19)7·8 (8)7·8 (8)6·9 (7)Systemic reactions, % (n)Any41.2 (97)38.7 (91)39.0 (85)59·8 (61)58·8 (60)51·5 (52)Fatigue29.4 (69)27 (63)28.0 (61)42·2 (43)45·1 (46)37·6 (38)Chills6.8 (16)8.2 (19)6.4 (14)12·7 (13)15·7 (16)5·9 (6)Fever5.5 (13)6.4 (15)6.0 (13)12·7 (13)16·7 (17)8·9 (9)Headache15.3 (36)12.9 (30)13.3 (29)22·5 (23)19·6 (20)21·8 (22)Nausea2.6 (6)2.1 (5)3.7 (8)2·9 (3)3·9 (4)0 (0)Muscle pain13.2 (31)12.0 (28)13.8 (30)26·5 (27)25·5 (26)22·8 (23)Joint pain6.8 (16)5.2 (12)6.4 (14)10·8 (11)11·8 (12)8·9 (9)Others5.1 (12)5.2 (12)6.0 (13)1.0 (1)3.9 (4)3.0 (3)ConclusionIRD patients are at no higher risk of experiencing adverse events than controls after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In fact, systemic effects seem to occur less frequently in patients compared to healthy individuals, which potentially shows an influence of IRDs or their therapies on vaccination reactions.Reference[1]Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-15.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Verbundanträge ‘GAIN’ (project 8, 01GM1910C) and ‘COVIM’ (project AP8, 01KX2021), both by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany; and by the FöFoLe program of the medical faculty of the LMU Munich.We thank all physicians that helped in patient-recruitment and all participants, because without them this work would not have been possible.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

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Wu, Yufei, Huanjie Li, Yangyang Wang, Ping Huang, Yihui Xu, Mingjie Xu, Qianqian Zhao et al. « Opinion Polls and Antibody Response Dynamics of Vaccination with COVID-19 Booster Vaccines ». Vaccines 10, n^o 5 (20 avril 2022) : 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050647.

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As the third year of the global COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination remains the most effective tool against infections and symptomatic illness. Comprehension regarding immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is limited, and the durability of immune responses after vaccination is currently not clear. In this study, we randomly collected 395 questionnaires to analyze the current state of COVID-19 vaccination. At the same time, the serum of 16 individuals who had received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine were collected at different times before and after the booster vaccination. We analyzed the dynamic changes of SARS-CoV-2 S-specific binding antibodies in serum and immunological indicators. By collecting public opinion surveys and analyzing variational trends of SARS-CoV-2 S-specific binding antibodies and immune indicators after COVID-19 booster vaccination, we endeavored to demonstrate the concerns affecting people’s booster vaccinations, as well as the frequency, timing, and necessity of COVID-19 booster vaccinations. The analysis of antibody results in 16 vaccinated volunteers showed that the antibody concentration decreased six months after the second dose and the protective effect of the virus was reduced. The third dose of COVID-19 vaccination is necessary to maintain the antibody concentration and the protective effect of the virus. The vaccination with the vaccine booster depends not only on the time interval but also on the initial concentration of the SARS-CoV-2 S-specific binding antibody before the booster. Our study has important implications for raising public awareness of vaccinating against SARS-CoV-2 and the necessity of COVID-19 booster vaccinations.

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Robinson, Stacie J., Michelle M. Barbieri, Samantha Murphy, Jason D. Baker, Albert L. Harting, Meggan E. Craft et Charles L. Littnan. « Model recommendations meet management reality : implementation and evaluation of a network-informed vaccination effort for endangered Hawaiian monk seals ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 285, n^o 1870 (10 janvier 2018) : 20171899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1899.

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Where disease threatens endangered wildlife populations, substantial resources are required for management actions such as vaccination. While network models provide a promising tool for identifying key spreaders and prioritizing efforts to maximize efficiency, population-scale vaccination remains rare, providing few opportunities to evaluate performance of model-informed strategies under realistic scenarios. Because the endangered Hawaiian monk seal could be heavily impacted by disease threats such as morbillivirus, we implemented a prophylactic vaccination programme. We used contact networks to prioritize vaccinating animals with high contact rates. We used dynamic network models to simulate morbillivirus outbreaks under real and idealized vaccination scenarios. We then evaluated the efficacy of model recommendations in this real-world vaccination project. We found that deviating from the model recommendations decreased the efficiency; requiring 44% more vaccinations to achieve a given decrease in outbreak size. However, we gained protection more quickly by vaccinating available animals rather than waiting to encounter priority seals. This work demonstrates the value of network models, but also makes trade-offs clear. If vaccines were limited but time was ample, vaccinating only priority animals would maximize herd protection. However, where time is the limiting factor, vaccinating additional lower-priority animals could more quickly protect the population.

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Hanson, Lars Å., et Sven Arne Silfverdal. « Vaccination immunology ». Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 40, n^o 9 (janvier 2008) : 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540802029573.

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Schmitt, Michael, Anita Schmitt, Markus T. Rojewski, Jinfei Chen, Krzysztof Giannopoulos, Fei Fei, Yingzhe Yu et al. « RHAMM-R3 peptide vaccination in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and multiple myeloma elicits immunologic and clinical responses ». Blood 111, n^o 3 (1 février 2008) : 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-099366.

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Abstract The receptor for hyaluronic acid–mediated motility (RHAMM) is an antigen eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and multiple myeloma (MM). We initiated a phase 1 clinical trial vaccinating 10 patients with R3 (ILSLELMKL), a highly immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitope peptide derived from RHAMM. In 7 of 10 patients, we detected an increase of CD8+/HLA-A2/RHAMM R3 tetramer+/CD45RA+/CCR7−/CD27−/CD28− effector T cells in accordance with an increase of R3-specific CD8+ T cells in enzyme linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays. In chromium release assays, a specific lysis of RHAMM-positive leukemic blasts was shown. Three of 6 patients with myeloid disorders (1/3 AML, 2/3 MDS) achieved clinical responses: one patient with AML and one with MDS showed a significant reduction of blasts in the bone marrow after the last vaccination. One patient with MDS no longer needed erythrocyte transfusions after 4 vaccinations. Two of 4 patients with MM showed a reduction of free light chain serum levels. Taken together, RHAMM-R3 peptide vaccination induced both immunologic and clinical responses, and therefore RHAMM constitutes a promising target for further immunotherapeutic approaches. This study is registered at http://ISRCTN.org as ISRCTN32763606 and is registered with EudraCT as 2005-001706-37.

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Perez, S. A., S. Bisias, N. L. Kallinteris, A. Ardavanis, K. G. Georgakopoulou, N. Apostolikas, A. Thanos, M. Papamichail, E. von Hofe et C. N. Baxevanis. « Results from the first phase I clinical study of the novel Ii-Key/HER2/neu(776–790) hybrid peptide vaccine in patients with prostate cancer ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2009) : 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.3011.

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3011 Background: HER-2/neu(776–790) represents an immunogenic epitope from the HER-2/neu oncoprotein whose immunogenicity is highly potentiated upon linkage with the Ii-Key moiety (LRMK) from the MHC class II invariant chain. Herein, we present the results of the first phase I clinical trial of the Ii-Key/HER-2/neu(776–790) (AE37) vaccine in patients (pts) with prostate cancer. Methods: Androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) pts with HER-2/neu+ (IHC: 1–3) prostate adenocarcinomas were eligible. Concomitant medication with bicatulamide and LHRH or docitaxel was allowed. All pts received 6 monthly vaccinations with the AE37 vaccine (500 μg of AE37 plus 125 μg of GM-CSF) administered in two doses intradermally 5cm apart in the same extremity for each vaccination cycle. Immunologic responses were measured monthly in vitro by the IFNγ-based ELISPOT assay using pts’ PBMC and in vivo at the beginning and end of immunizations using DTH. Local dermal reactions were also measured after each vaccination. Results: Eligible pts [AD (n=18), AI (n=10)] were at stages T1–3N0M0, GS: 3–7 (n=18); T1–3N+M0, GS: 6–7 (n=2); T1–3N0M+, GS: 6–9 (n=4) and T1–3N+M+, GS: 6–9 (n=4). All pts had standard treatment prior to vaccinations, including surgery (S) (n=9); hormonal treatment (HT) (n=4); S+HT (n=6); S+HT+radiotherapy (RT); (n=2); S+chemotherapy (CH) (n=2); HT+RT (n=2); CH (n=3) and S+HT+CH (n=2). During vaccinations, 11 pts were free of any treatment, while 5 pts who had progressive disease received additional chemotherapy; the remainder received HT alone or combined with RT. 25 pts completed all vaccinations. Toxicity and side effects beyond grade-2 were not observed. GM-CSF was reduced by 50% for subsequent vaccinations when a local reaction of 100mm or greater was observed. DTH reactions to the parent HER-2/neu(776–790) peptide were increased (compared to pre-vaccination) for all pts, while approximately half the pts responded with significantly increased IFNγ responses to AE37 and/or parent HER-2/neu(776–790) peptide in at least 2 sequential vaccination cycles. Conclusions: The AE37 vaccine is safe and well tolerated. AE37 is also capable of eliciting potent and specific immunologic responses in prostate cancer pts. [Table: see text]

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Stoffel, Sandro Tiziano, Matthias Schwenkglenks et Thomas Mutschler. « General Practitioners’ Awareness and Perception of Current Pneumococcal Vaccination for Adult Patients with Known Risk Factors in Switzerland : Evidence from a Survey ». Vaccines 11, n^o 6 (15 juin 2023) : 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061101.

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In Switzerland, the National Immunization Advisory Group (NITAG) has formulated recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination among adult risk patients. Little is known about general practitioners’ (GPs’) perception, knowledge, and implementation of these recommendations. Therefore, we investigated GPs’ awareness and drivers of and barriers to pneumococcal vaccination using a cross-sectional web-based survey of GPs. Of the 300 study participants, 81.3% were aware of the recommendations for vaccinating at-risk adult patients, but only 42.7% were aware of all risk groups. The recommendations were perceived by 79.7% as slightly to very complex. Most GPs (66.7%) had good arguments to convince patients to get vaccinated, but only 41.7% reported recognizing patients at risk for pneumococcal disease, and only 46.7% checked their patients’ vaccination status and proposed vaccination if needed. The main reasons for not vaccinating were patients’ refusal (80.1%), lack of reimbursement by the health insurance (34.5%), patients’ fear of side effects (25.1%), and lack of regulatory approval despite the NITAG recommendations (23.7%). Most (77.3%) agreed that the treating chronic disease specialist should recommend the vaccination and 94.7% believed that adult-risk patients would not be aware of their need for pneumococcal vaccinations. Optimal implementation of the recommendations will require addressing knowledge gaps and reported barriers.

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Maslak, P. G., T. Dao, S. Gupta, M. Gomez, S. Chanel, T. Korontsvit, V. Zakhaleva, S. Ashraf, E. Berman et D. Scheinberg. « Pilot trial of a synthetic breakpoint peptide vaccine in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and minimal disease ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, n^o 18_suppl (20 juin 2006) : 6514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.6514.

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6514 Background: CML is characterized by a tumor-specific fusion oncoprotein, BCR-ABL. Peptides spanning the B3A2 breakpoint of BCR-ABL can elicit MHC restricted T cell responses and clinical responses. No such data have previously been reported for vaccines targeting B2A2. Methods: We initiated a clinical trial administering synthetic analog breakpoint specific peptide vaccines for either B3A2 or B2A2 breakpoints to CML patients with major or complete cytogenetic remission. Measurable minimal disease was determined by either quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) or nested PCR for BCR-ABL. Vaccine was administered with GM-CSF and Montanide ISA 51 subcutaneously. Eleven vaccinations were planned over the course of 1 year with the first 5 doses administered bi-weekly. Results: Eleven of 20 planned patients have been accrued to the study. Eight had documented cytogenetic remission and 3 were BCR-ABL positive via FISH analysis. Seven of the 11 patients had measurable BCR-ABL transcript levels as determined by RQ-PCR and all 11 were positive using the nested technique. Of the 5 patients positive for BCR-ABL (by RQ-PCR) before vaccination, 3 converted from RQ-PCR positive to negative while the transcript levels in the other patients decreased by approximately 1 log after 5 doses. All 5 of these patients remained positive using the nested PCR technique. Vaccination was well tolerated with local skin reactions at the injection sites. Immunologic reactivity was assessed ex vivo by CD4 autologous proliferation assay and T cell interferon (IFN) secretion (ELISPOT) assay. Ten of 11 patients were immunologically unreactive to the peptides prior to the vaccinations. Following the 5th dose of vaccine, 8/8 patients (including 2 with B2A2) tested showed significant immunologic responses by one of the above assays. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest vaccination with synthetic analog peptides derived from CML proteins results in immunologic responses and may be associated with molecular improvement. Clinical efficacy of these vaccines in reducing/ eliminating minimal disease has yet to be established. [Table: see text]

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Jokhdar, Hani, Ray Borrow, Abdulrazaq Sultan, Mousaed Adi, Christine Riley, Emily Fuller et David Baxter. « Immunologic Hyporesponsiveness to Serogroup C but Not Serogroup A following Repeated Meningococcal A/C Polysaccharide Vaccination in Saudi Arabia ». Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, n^o 1 (janvier 2004) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.1.83-88.2004.

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ABSTRACT In Saudi Arabia, vaccination with the meningococcal A/C polysaccharide (MACP) vaccine is advised every 3 years. A clinical outcome study was performed to test the effect of repeat vaccination with the MACP vaccine on the immune responses among Saudi nationals who live in the Makkah and Jeddah areas. Subjects (n = 230) aged 10 to 29 years were selected: 113 subjects with two or more prior vaccinations with the MACP vaccine, 79 subjects with one prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine, and 38 subjects naïve to vaccination with the MACP vaccine. All subjects received the MACP vaccine in 2002, and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers were measured before and 1 month after vaccination with the MACP vaccine. For serogroup C, geometric mean SBA titers 1 month following vaccination with the MACP vaccine were 708.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 217.5 to 2,308.9) for those naïve to prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine, and they were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than 25.0 (95% CI, 12.4 to 50.2) for those who had received one prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine and 32.4 (95% CI, 18.7 to 56.4) for those who had received two or more doses of the MACP vaccine. For serogroup A, the geometric mean SBA titer 1 month after receipt of the MACP vaccine was 1,649.3 (95% CI, 835.2 to 3,256.9) for those naïve to prior vaccination, and the titers were lower (P = 0.67) than 2,185.7 (95% CI, 1,489.4 to 3,207.7) for those who had received one prior dose of the MACP vaccine and significantly lower (P = 0.042) than 3,540.8 (95% CI, 2,705.2 to 4,634.5) for those who had received two or more doses of the MACP vaccine. For serogroup C, the proportions of nonresponders (SBA titers, <8) were 19% for the naïve cohort, 52% for the cohort with one prior vaccination, and 49% for the cohort with two or more prior vaccinations. Following repeated doses of the MACP vaccine, hyporesponsiveness to serogroup C is evident, with high percentages of MACP vaccinees having SBA titers below the putative protective SBA titer. Serogroup A responses following vaccination with the MACP vaccine were boosted. Introduction of the serogroup C conjugate vaccine would provide long-term protection against serogroup C disease; however, quadrivalent conjugate vaccines are required to provide long-time protection against disease caused by serogroups A, W135, and Y.

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Keilholz, Ulrich, Anne Letsch, Antonia Busse, Anne Marie Asemissen, Sandra Bauer, Igor Wolfgang Blau, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Lutz Uharek, Eckhard Thiel et Carmen Scheibenbogen. « A clinical and immunologic phase 2 trial of Wilms tumor gene product 1 (WT1) peptide vaccination in patients with AML and MDS ». Blood 113, n^o 26 (25 juin 2009) : 6541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-02-202598.

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Abstract This study investigated the immunogenicity of Wilms tumor gene product 1 (WT1)–peptide vaccination in WT1-expressing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients without curative treatment option. Vaccination consisted of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subcutaneously days 1 to 4, and WT1.126-134 peptide and 1 mg keyhole limpet hemocyanin on day 3. The initial 9 patients received 4 vaccinations biweekly, then monthly, and the subsequent 10 patients received continual biweekly vaccination. Seventeen AML patients and 2 refractory anemia with excess blasts patients received a median of 11 vaccinations. Treatment was well tolerated. Objective responses in AML patients were 10 stable diseases (SDs) including 4 SDs with more than 50% blast reduction and 2 with hematologic improvement. An additional 4 patients had clinical benefit after initial progression, including 1 complete remission and 3 SDs. WT1 mRNA levels decreased at least 3-fold from baseline in 35% of patients. In 8 of 18 patients, WT1-tetramer+ T cells increased in blood and in 8 of 17 patients in bone marrow, with a median frequency in bone marrow of 0.18% at baseline and 0.41% in week 18. This WT1 vaccination study provides immunologic, molecular, and preliminary evidence of potential clinical efficacy in AML patients, warranting further investigations.

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Veronese, Nicola, Nancy Zambon, Marianna Noale et Stefania Maggi. « Poverty and Influenza/Pneumococcus Vaccinations in Older People : Data from The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Study ». Vaccines 11, n^o 9 (27 août 2023) : 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091422.

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Vaccine acceptance seems to be lower in poor people. The determinants of the lower vaccine coverage in poor people are not established. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between poverty and influenza/pneumococcus vaccinations and the factors potentially associated with vaccination’s coverage in poor people. The data of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), an ongoing longitudinal, multi-disciplinary, and cross-national European study where used. Poverty was defined using information on income and household size. Among 47,370 participants initially included in the SHARE study, 12,442 were considered poor. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, “Household size” was associated with a significantly lower vaccination probability, meanwhile “Age”, “Years of education”, “Regularly taking prescription drugs”, and the level of income were significantly associated with higher probabilities of both influenza and pneumonia vaccinations. The “Number of illnesses/health conditions” was significantly associated with a higher probability of getting vaccination against influenza and against pneumococcus. In conclusion, among poor older people, several specific factors could be identified as barriers for the vaccinations against influenza or pneumococcus that are unique to this segment of the population, such as living with the family and having a job.

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van der Burg, Sjoerd H. « Immunology : prophylactic vaccination ». Papillomavirus Report 15, n^o 3 (mai 2004) : 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/095741904225004927.

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Beverley, P. C. L. « Immunology of vaccination ». British Medical Bulletin 62, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2002) : 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/62.1.15.

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Miller, Mechelle, Michael Tracey, Meagan Simpson et Cecilia Mikita. « Pearls and pitfalls : Adverse cutaneous reactions after COVID-19 vaccination ». Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 43, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2022) : 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2022.43.220058.

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Background: Rashes after coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccinations occur with typical and atypical presentations. Objective: The goal of this article is to increase awareness and review the various diagnosis and management of cutaneous adverse reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccinations for allergy/immunology fellows, residents, general physicians, and general practitioners. Methods: Pertinent information was included from the patient's case. A review of the available literature using the works cited in the most up-to-date reviews was completed. Results: A case of a patient with cutaneous adverse reaction after COVID-19 vaccination as presented, followed by a review of cutaneous reactions after COVID-19 vaccinations. Conclusion: Providers should be aware of the different rashes after COVID-19 vaccinations. Pearls and pitfalls of the diagnosis and management are provided.

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Scognamiglio, Francesca, Maria Pia Fantini, Chiara Reno, Marco Montalti, Zeno Di Valerio, Giorgia Soldà, Aurelia Salussolia, Giusy La Fauci, Angelo Capodici et Davide Gori. « Vaccinations and Healthy Ageing : How to Rise to the Challenge Following a Life-Course Vaccination Approach ». Vaccines 10, n^o 3 (28 février 2022) : 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030375.

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In the context of an ageing population, one of the major Public Health goals is to promote healthy ageing. To rise to this challenge, rethinking conventional prevention paradigms and implementing them with vaccination at all stages of life is necessary. Indeed, vaccinations are able to both prevent pathogen specific diseases and all their downstream effects and to increase overall immune system plasticity and resilience. Our aim is to discuss the obstacles and opportunities in pursuing a “life-course vaccination approach” and to highlight the role of vaccines in healthy ageing. In doing so, we address the close connections between immunology and vaccinology advances and introduce the novel concept of immune fitness. Finally, we conclude that even though vaccinology is making giant steps towards tailored vaccination strategies, more studies are needed to investigate this topic.

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Grochowska, Magdalena, Aleksandra Ratajczak, Gabriela Zdunek, Aleksander Adamiec, Paweł Waszkiewicz et Wojciech Feleszko. « A Comparison of the Level of Acceptance and Hesitancy towards the Influenza Vaccine and the Forthcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in the Medical Community ». Vaccines 9, n^o 5 (8 mai 2021) : 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050475.

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Despite research conducted worldwide, there is no treatment specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection with efficacy proven by randomized controlled trials. A chance for a breakthrough is vaccinating most of the global population. Public opinion surveys on vaccine hesitancy prompted our team to investigate Polish healthcare workers’ (HCWs) attitudes towards the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccinations. In-person and online surveys of HCWs: doctors, nurses, medical students, and other allied health professionals (n = 419) were conducted between 14 September 2020 and 5 November 2020. In our study, 68.7% of respondents would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations would persuade 86.3% of hesitant and those who would refuse to be vaccinated. 3.1% of all respondents claimed that no argument would convince them to get vaccinated. 61.6% of respondents declared a willingness to receive an influenza vaccination, of which 83.3% were also inclined to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. Although most respondents—62.5% (262/419) indicated they trusted in the influenza vaccine more, more respondents intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the 2020/2021 season. The study is limited by its nonrandom sample of HCWs but provides a preliminary description of attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

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Limentani, S. A., M. Campone, T. Dorval, E. Tan-Chiu, G. Curigliano, R. De Boer, J. Canon, T. Bachelot, J. Louahed et V. G. Brichard. « Evaluation of a recombinant HER2 vaccine : Induction of specific antibodies, T-cells and preliminary activity in metastatic breast cancer patients ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, n^o 18_suppl (20 juin 2006) : 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.631.

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631 Background: We designed a vaccine to induce T cells able to recognize epitopes from HER2 and to engender a polyclonal antibody reponse. Methods: The vaccine is a recombinant HER2 protein, including its extra and part of its intra-cellular domains (ECD/ICD), combined with a potent immunologic adjuvant. Cohorts of patients with Stage II/III breast cancer (BC) received 20, 100 or 500 μg in the adjuvant setting. Treatment comprised of six vaccinations over 14 weeks, for the 500-μg dose, recall injections were given on weeks 34 and 38. The trial was extended to include an alternative vaccination schedule: 500 μg on days 0, 28 and 98. In an on-going trial, patients with metastatic BC treated in the first line setting are receiving the 500-μg treatment and being assessed for clinical response. Results: The vaccine was well tolerated, with no symptomatic cardiotoxicity. Antibody (Ab) response against ECD was dose-dependent, with 2/12, 9/14 and 14/15 immune responders in the respective cohorts after four vaccinations. Response was dose-related. Ab isotypes were analyzed in the 500 μg cohort: in 50% of patients, high levels of IgM (30–60%) against ECD were found after four vaccinations. The switch towards IgG was complete in all patients after six vaccinations. The efficacy of booster vaccinations was observed mainly in patients with low IgM after eight weeks. After two vaccinations, Ab titers on the alternative 500 μg vaccination schedule were as high as after four vaccinations utilizing the initial schedule. The anti-ECD antibodies in 11/15 patients (500 μg level) bound HER2-overexpressing breast-cancer cell lines. In sera from 2 patients tested thus far, the gene-expression resembled that of trastuzumab. Assays show that specific T cells were obtained; detailed analysis is continuing. Among metastatic patients, two showed evidence of tumor regression after vaccination. Conclusions: The HER2 vaccine was well tolerated and induced (dose-dependently) anti-ECD Ab that bound the HER2 receptor. Data suggest that the vaccine also induced specific T-cell immunity. The alternative vaccination schedule may increase the Ab titers. This data justifies further evaluation of this vaccine in the phase II/III setting. [Table: see text]

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MYLONAKIS (Μ.Μ. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ), M. M., A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) et K. G. PLEVRAKI (Κ.Γ. ΠΛΕΥΡΑΚΗ). « Current aspects on vaccines and immunization in the dog and cat. Part II. Vaccines and vaccinations in the cat and postvaccinal complications ». Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 50, n^o 2 (31 janvier 2018) : 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15706.

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The widespread use of vaccinations among the feline population has greatly contributed to the control of the most common infectious diseases, such as panleukopenia, upper respiratory viral diseases, leukemia virus infection, rabies, infectious peritonitis, chlamydiosis and Bordetella infection that threaten the health status or the life itself of the affected cats. Kittens having received colostrum can be vaccinated as soon as the 6th week of life, while the colostrum-deprived neonates two weeks earlier, provided that inactivated vaccines will be used. The induction of immunization and maintenance at protective levels through annual boostering are the main goals of all vaccination programmes applied to the cat. The unusual postvaccinal complications may include the 4 hypersensitivity types of reaction and the immunosupression reportedly related to some vaccine products (immunologic), the local reactions at the injection site, some reproductive problems, the appearance of the disease itself and the sarcomas (non-immunologic).

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Hartley, Christopher. « Immunologic Strategies for Herpes Vaccination ». JAMA 283, n^o 6 (9 février 2000) : 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.6.741.

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Friedman, H. M. « Immunologic Strategies for Herpes Vaccination ». JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, n^o 6 (9 février 2000) : 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.6.746.

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Enciu, Bianca Georgiana, Daniela Pițigoi, Alina Zaharia, Rodica Popescu, Andreea Niculcea, Maria-Dorina Crăciun et Adriana Pistol. « COVID-19 Vaccination in Romania and the Benefits of the National Electronic Registry of Vaccinations ». Vaccines 11, n^o 2 (6 février 2023) : 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020370.

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Background: Recording real-time data of vaccinations performed, vaccine stocks, and adverse events following immunization is a particularly useful activity in the effective development of any vaccination campaign or vaccination program, guiding the decisions of public health authorities. The aim of this paper is to present the benefits of the National Electronic Registry of Vaccinations in providing useful information for the optimization of healthcare vaccination policies, specifically related to COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: We performed a descriptive study using data available in the reports generated from the National Electronic Registry of Vaccinations regarding COVID-19 vaccinations performed between 27 December 2020 and 31 December 2021. Results: A total of 27,980,270 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine were distributed. Of these, 15,757,638 (56%) were administered in 4545 vaccination centers: 7,882,458 as the 1st dose (50%), 5,878,698 as the 2nd dose (37%), and 1,996,482 as the 3rd dose (13%). More than 25% of the total doses were administered to people over 65 years of age. A total of 41% of the population received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 4083 adverse events following immunization were reported. Conclusions: The existence of a National Electronic Registry of Vaccinations containing accurate information on vaccinations performed in Romania offers the opportunity to obtain a clear picture of vaccination status that will significantly contribute to the optimization of vaccination strategies and programs.

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CASTAING, Cécile. « Vaccination et passeport immunologique ». Revista de Derecho y Genoma Humano Extra 2022, Extra 2022 (16 novembre 2022) : 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14679/2004.

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Hofstetter, Amelia R., Nedzad Music, Ram P. Kamal et Ian A. York. « Influenza-specific ex vivo immune responses in ferrets commensurate with number of vaccinations despite decreased protection for repeat vaccines ». Journal of Immunology 204, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2020) : 245.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.245.15.

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Abstract There is controversy in the literature whether consecutive year influenza vaccinations lead to decreased vaccine efficacy. Evidence for this effect is strongest in the context of repeated H3N2 vaccinations. As recently reported (NPJ Vaccines 4:28 (2019)), we recreated this phenomenon in the ferret model of influenza. Ferrets exposed to consecutive year vaccinations had significantly increased weight loss, viral shedding and fever after A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (HK4801) virus challenge than ferrets only exposed to the 2017–2018 vaccine. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the repeated vaccination induces non-protective antibodies against influenza virus, which might include low avidity antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, and antibodies that otherwise do not elicit a protective immune response. Ferrets that received repeated vaccination had higher avidity antibodies to HK4801 HA at Day 2 and 14 post-infection than did the other two groups. Preliminary data do not support increased levels of HA stem-binding antibodies in repeat vaccinees’ serum. NA and NP are two additional viral proteins expressed on the cell surface, with greater or lesser evidence for their role in protective antibody responses, respectively. Serum reactivity to both proteins correlated with the number of vaccinations. Together, these results do not support a model of increased non-protective antibodies after repeat vaccination. Furthermore, the breadth of the T cell response against H3N2 viruses from different clades was similar between both vaccinated groups. Ongoing studies continue to explore the mechanism for the decreased protection observed in the repeat vaccination group compared with the single year vaccination group.

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Bennett, Brady W., Lawrence S. Phillips et Julie A. Gazmararian. « The Association of Vaccination for Common Adult Infectious Diseases and Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines among 5,006,851 Veterans, 20 December 2020–31 October 2021 ». Vaccines 12, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2024) : 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020145.

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Disparities in vaccination coverage for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States (U.S.) are consistent barriers limiting our ability to control the spread of disease, particularly those by age and race/ethnicity. This study examines the association between previous vaccination for common adult infectious diseases and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 among a cohort of veterans in the U.S. Sociodemographic and clinical data were utilized from three databases within the Veterans Health Administration included in the electronic health record. We examined the association of previous vaccination for common adult vaccinations through six separate multivariable logistic regression analyses, one for each previous vaccine exposure, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. We also examined the association of receiving any one of the six common adult vaccinations and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Adjusted models indicate higher odds of vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 among those who received each of the previous vaccinations. Significant differences were also noted by race/ethnicity and age. Veterans who recorded receiving any one of the previous vaccinations for common adult infections had significantly greater odds of receiving any vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Understanding veterans’ previous vaccination status can assist researchers and clinicians in impacting the uptake of novel vaccines, such as vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

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Rahman, Sharif Md Habibur, Md Rukunuzzaman, Rubaiyat Alam et Khan Lamia Nahid. « Persistence of anti-HBs and immunologic memory in children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine ». Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 16, n^o 2 (25 juin 2023) : 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v16i2.67207.

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Background: We aimed to examine the persistence of anti-HBs in Bangladeshi children aged 5 and 10 years after primary vaccination, and this response to a booster dose. Methods: A total of 100 children were enrolled who were divided into two groups (A and B). Group A comprised of 50 children vaccinated 5 years ago, and group B had 50 children vaccinated 10 years ago. Hepatitis B surface antibody titer was measured, and a booster dose of the vaccine was administered to those who had anti-HBs less than 10 mlU/ml. Seventeen such children from group A and 27 from group B were vaccinated with a booster dose. After one month, 12 children from group A and 18 children from group B were retested for hepatitis B surface antibody levels. Results: After 5 and 10 years of primary vaccination, 66.0% and 46.0% children had protective antibody levels. After one month of booster dose, 91.6% children responded to the increased level of anti-HBs in group A. Among them, 66.6% showed an adequate response. In group B, 88.8% had an increased level of anti-HBs antibody where 83.3% had an adequate response. Geometric mean titre of anti-HBs antibody boosted by 35 and 75 times from pre-booster time to post-booster vaccination in group A and B, respectively. Conclusion: Children had protective levels of anti-HBs antibodies at 5 and 10 years after completion of the primary vaccinations. Anamnestic response to booster vaccination confirmed the persistence of an effective immunological memory in vaccines. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 2023;16(2): 101-105

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Gawryś, Ada, Tomasz Gołębiowski, Dorota Zielińska, Hanna Augustyniak-Bartosik, Magdalena Kuriata-Kordek, Leszek Szenborn et Magdalena Krajewska. « Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Flu Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients ». Vaccines 9, n^o 2 (22 janvier 2021) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020077.

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Background: Hemodialysis (HD) patients have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to infections. Despite the positive effect of vaccinations, the implementation of this method of prophylaxis is low. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of flu vaccination among HD patients of two different dialysis centers. Methods: A total of 193 patients (mean age 63.6 years), who voluntarily agreed to participate in an anonymous survey related to influenza vaccination, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Results: A total of 45% of patients declared that they took regular, annual flu vaccination. In this group, 87.4% believed that vaccinations were effective. This opinion strongly correlated with the frequency of regular vaccinations (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that this opinion is an independent predictor of regular vaccinations with adjusted OR 9.86 (95% CI 4.36, 22.33). Groups of patients who had been irregularly or never vaccinated reject vaccinations for the following reasons: fear of adverse events—29.2%, conviction that vaccination was ineffective—26.4%, and lack of information about vaccination—22.6%. Conclusion: Knowledge among HD patients about the benefits of vaccinations is poor. Therefore, educational activities are required. Active vaccination promotion and education of patients rejecting this method of prevention play a key role in improving standards of care for HD patients.

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Grabenstein, John D. « Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Vaccination : Usually Unrelated ». Hospital Pharmacy 35, n^o 2 (février 2000) : 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500214.

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With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunoprophylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you carry out proper immunologic drug use in your practice.

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Murdaca, Giuseppe, Giovanni Noberasco, Alberto Battaglini, Chiara Vassallo, Francesca Giusti, Monica Greco, Chiara Schiavi, Laura Sticchi, Giancarlo Icardi et Andrea Orsi. « Systemic Sclerosis and Vaccinations : A Register-Based Cohort Study about Seasonal Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination Rate and Uptake from Liguria Regional Center, Northwest Italy ». Vaccines 8, n^o 2 (28 avril 2020) : 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020204.

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Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the connective tissue disease with the highest mortality and patients with chronic inflammatory immune-mediated diseases are at high risk of acquiring infections as they are often treated with immunosuppressive or biological drugs. This study, conducted among the patients followed by our clinical immunology, part of the Internal Medicine Department in the Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, northwest Italy, has set itself the primary objective of analyzing the vaccine uptake and the vaccination coverage against both seasonal influenza and S. pneumoniae in a cohort of patients with SSc. We evaluated the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rate among various subgroups of patients and the source of the recommendation for vaccination. We evaluated the vaccination rate changes between the two years considered in our study. We also calculated a binomial logistic regression between vaccination acceptance and clinical and demographics characteristics of the patients to evaluate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of each factor on vaccination. The vaccination coverage that resulted was significantly higher than in other similar studies. Age over 65 years old, interstitial lung disease, and ongoing immunosuppressive therapy were significantly related with acceptance to both vaccinations using univariate analyses, but the multivariate logistic regression found a significant correlation only with the age and therapy factors.

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Costantino, Andrea, Marco Michelon, Daniele Noviello, Fabio Salvatore Macaluso, Salvo Leone, Nicole Bonaccorso, Claudio Costantino, Maurizio Vecchi et Flavio Caprioli. « Attitudes towards Vaccinations in a National Italian Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease ». Vaccines 11, n^o 10 (13 octobre 2023) : 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101591.

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Background: The vaccination status of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should be investigated before starting any treatment, and patients should eventually be vaccinated against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Patients with IBD may have suboptimal vaccination rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vaccination coverage, attitude towards vaccinations, and determinants among an Italian cohort of patients with IBD. Methods: AMICI, the Italian IBD patients’ association, sent an anonymous web-based questionnaire in February 2021. Previous vaccination status and patients’ attitudes towards vaccinations were recorded. We examined the factors influencing their attitudes using crude and adjusted odds ratios (adjORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among the 4039 patients invited, 1252 patients (including 729 women, median age 47.7 [37–58]) completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 25.3%. Respondents declared being vaccinated against tetanus (74.1%), flu (67.7%; last season), MMR (43.3%), HBV (37.1%), pneumococcus (29.1%), meningitis (20%), HAV (16%), VZV (15.3%), and HPV (7.6%). Complete vaccination history was not remembered by 20.7% of the patients. One thousand one hundred and twelve (88.8%) expressed a positive attitude towards vaccination, 91 (7.3%) were indifferent, and 49 (3.9%) reported being opposed to vaccinations. The belief of a possible return of VPDs with a decline in vaccination coverage rates was the factor most strongly related to a positive attitude towards vaccinations (adjOR 5.67, 95% CI 3.45–9.30, p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: A low vaccination rate against some VPDs was found among a national cohort of patients with IBD, despite a generally positive attitude towards vaccinations.

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Cassimos, Dimitrios C., Evgnosia Effraimidou, Snezana Medic, Theoharis Konstantinidis, Maria Theodoridou et Helena C. Maltezou. « Vaccination Programs for Adults in Europe, 2019 ». Vaccines 8, n^o 1 (20 janvier 2020) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010034.

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Background: While all European countries implement vaccination programs for children, there are gaps in terms of vaccination programs for adults. Methods: We studied the 2019 vaccination policies for adults in 42 European countries. Results: Vaccination programs for adults were in place in all countries. However, there were considerable differences between countries in terms of number of vaccinations, target populations and frame of implementation (recommended or mandatory vaccinations). In particular the following vaccination policies were in place: influenza (42 countries), tetanus (31), diphtheria (30), pneumococcus (29), hepatitis B (20), pertussis (18), measles (14), human papilloma virus (14), meningococcus tetravalent A,C,W,Y (14), rubella (13), hepatitis A (11), mumps (11), poliomyelitis (10), herpes zoster (9), varicella (8), tick-born encephalitis (8), meningococcus B (6), rabies (6), Haemophilus influenzae type b (5), tuberculosis (3), typhoid fever (3), meningococcus C (2), and yellow fever (1). Seventeen countries implement mandatory vaccinations, mainly against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B. Conclusions: There are significant differences in vaccination programs for adults in Europe. Routine vaccination programs for adults need to be strengthened. A consensus-based vaccination program is needed.

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Gauld, Natalie, Samuel Martin, Owen Sinclair, Helen Petousis-Harris, Felicity Dumble et Cameron C. Grant. « Influences on Pregnant Women’s and Health Care Professionals’ Behaviour Regarding Maternal Vaccinations : A Qualitative Interview Study ». Vaccines 10, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2022) : 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010076.

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The uptake of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccinations is often suboptimal. This study explores the factors influencing pregnant women’s and health care professionals’ (HCPs) behaviour regarding maternal vaccinations (MVs). Pregnant/recently pregnant women, midwives, pharmacists and general practice staff in Waikato, New Zealand, were interviewed. The analysis used the behaviour change wheel model. Interviews of 18 women and 35 HCPs revealed knowledge about MVs varied with knowledge deficiencies hindering the uptake, particularly for influenza vaccination. HCPs, especially midwives, were key in raising women’s awareness of MVs. Experience with vaccinating, hospital work (for midwives) and training increased HCPs’ knowledge and proactivity about MVs. A “woman’s choice” philosophy saw midwives typically encouraging women to seek information and make their own decision. Women’s decisions were generally based on knowledge, beliefs, HCPs’ emphasis and their perceived risk, with little apparent influence from friends, family, or online or promotional material. General practice’s concentration on children’s vaccination and minimal antenatal contact limited proactivity with MVs. Busyness and prioritisation appeared to affect HCPs’ proactivity. Multi-pronged interventions targeting HCPs and pregnant women and increasing MV access are needed. All HCPs seeing pregnant women should be well-informed about MVs, including how to identify and address women’s questions or concerns about MVs to optimise uptake.

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Rosamilia, Francesca, Giovanni Noberasco, Dario Olobardi, Andrea Orsi, Giancarlo Icardi, Francesca Lantieri et Giuseppe Murdaca. « Flu and Pneumococcal Vaccine Coverage in Scleroderma Patients Still Need to Be Prompted : A Systematic Review ». Vaccines 9, n^o 11 (15 novembre 2021) : 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111330.

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Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by excessive production of collagen and multiorgan involvement. Scleroderma patients are at increased risk of influenza complications and pneumonia; thus, vaccinations are recommended. This systematic review evaluated the influenza and pneumococcus vaccination coverage for SSc patients. We included all studies from Pubmed reporting on influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rate in Scleroderma patients up to May 2021. The 14 studies thus selected identified a suboptimal vaccination rate in autoimmune and SSc patients, ranging from 28 to 59% for the flu vaccine, and from 11 to 58% for the pneumo vaccine in absence of specific vaccination campaigns, variously considering also other variables such as age, gender, vaccination settings, and possible vaccination campaigns. We also considered the reasons for low coverage and the approaches that might increase the vaccination rates. A lack of knowledge about the importance of vaccination in these patients and their doctors underlined the need to increase the awareness for vaccination in this patients’ category. Current guidelines recommend vaccination in elderly people and people affected by particular conditions that widely overlap with SSc, yet autoimmune diseases are not always clearly mentioned. Improving this suboptimal vaccination rate with clear guidelines is crucial for SSc patients and for clinicians to immunize these categories based principally on the pathology, prior to the age. Recommendations by the immunologist and the direct link to the vaccine providers can highly improve the vaccine coverage.

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Luiten, Rosalie M., Esther W. M. Kueter, Wolter Mooi, Maarten P. W. Gallee, Elaine M. Rankin, Winald R. Gerritsen, Shirley M. Clift et al. « Immunogenicity, Including Vitiligo, and Feasibility of Vaccination With AutologousGM-CSF–Transduced Tumor Cells in Metastatic Melanoma Patients ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, n^o 35 (10 décembre 2005) : 8978–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.01.6816.

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PurposeTo determine the feasibility, toxicity, and immunologic effects of vaccination with autologous tumor cells retrovirally transduced with the GM-CSF gene, we performed a phase I/II vaccination study in stage IV metastatic melanoma patients.Patients and MethodsSixty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive three vaccinations of high-dose or low-dose tumor cells at 3-week intervals. Tumor cell vaccine preparation succeeded for 56 patients (88%), but because of progressive disease, the well-tolerated vaccination was completed in only 28 patients. We analyzed the priming of T cells against melanoma antigens, MART-1, tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A1, and MAGE-A3 using human leukocyte antigen/peptide tetramers and functional assays.ResultsThe high-dose vaccination induced the infiltration of T cells into the tumor tissue. Three of 14 patients receiving the high-dose vaccine showed an increase in MART-1– or gp100-specific T cells in the peripheral blood during vaccination. Six patients experienced disease-free survival for more than 5 years, and two of these patients developed vitiligo at multiple sites after vaccination. MART-1– and gp100-specific T cells were found infiltrating in vitiligo skin. Upon vaccination, the T cells acquired an effector phenotype and produced interferon-γ on specific antigenic stimulation.ConclusionWe conclude that vaccination with GM-CSF–transduced autologous tumor cells has limited toxicity and can enhance T-cell activation against melanocyte differentiation antigens, which can lead to vitiligo. Whether the induction of autoimmune vitiligo may prolong disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients who are surgically rendered as having no evidence of disease before vaccination is worthy of further investigation.

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Gallagher, Megan C., Sarah Haessler, Elizabeth Pecoy-Whitcomb et Jonathan Bayuk. « Monitored COVID-19 mRNA vaccine second doses for people with adverse reactions after the first dose ». Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 43, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2022.43.210100.

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Background: After Emergency Use Authorization of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, guidance was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that persons with an immediate allergic reaction to a messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine should be evaluated by an allergist/immunologist before receipt of the second dose. Methods: In vaccinating health-care personnel, we referred those with significant reactions to allergy/immunology specialists so that they could safely receive the second dose. Results: We found that many reactions after the first dose were nonallergic but could be debilitating and a barrier to the second dose. We created a protocol of premedications to allow health-care personnel to safely receive their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. Conclusion: This protocol is adaptable and can be used in settings where allergy/immunology referral is not immediately available.

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Kluczna, Agnieszka, Rafał Orzeł, Anna Bardowska et Tomasz Dzierżanowski. « The Degree of Acceptance of Cocoon Strategy of Vaccination against Influenza and COVID-19 in Palliative Home Care Professionals and Caregivers ». Vaccines 11, n^o 7 (12 juillet 2023) : 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071235.

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Palliative care patients are an immunocompromised population, so the cocooning strategy of vaccinating those around them is a suitable protective strategy against infections. This is especially significant for infectious diseases such as influenza and COVID-19, which pose a challenge to the healthcare system. In order to improve the patient’s quality of life, it is necessary to develop research-based, defined strategies. This questionnaire-based study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge about influenza and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus vaccination among the factual caregivers and medical staff in the palliative care setting. The survey revealed that the sources of knowledge about vaccination varied and depended on one’s role. Doctors and nurses used professional literature, while other medical professionals relied on the Internet, mass media, and information from family and friends. The study also showed that adherence to vaccination guidelines was not associated with COVID-19 incidence. The overall opinion on vaccination was positive, but the degree of acceptance varied by the role. Palliative care nurses and caregivers were the groups that were the least accepting of vaccination. To improve the acceptance of vaccinations, a remedial program based on professional education should be implemented using the sources declared by the respondents. It may help improve the quality of life for palliative care patients and prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

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Yagi, Asami, Yutaka Ueda, Mamoru Kakuda, Satoshi Nakagawa, Kosuke Hiramatsu, Ai Miyoshi, Eiji Kobayashi et al. « Cervical Cancer Protection in Japan : Where Are We ? » Vaccines 9, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2021) : 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111263.

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In Japan, government subsidies for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls aged 13–16 commenced in 2010. By early 2013, vaccination had become a widely accepted national immunization program. However, in June of 2013, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW), the government’s lead agency, suspended its recommendation for vaccination in response to reports of adverse vaccine events. The rate of HPV vaccination quickly dropped from 70% to almost zero, where it has lingered for eight years. In 2020, a new 9-valent HPV vaccine was licensed in Japan. The momentum seemed to be building for the resumption of HPV vaccinations, yet Japanese mothers remain widely hesitant about vaccinating their daughters, despite the well-proven safety and efficacy of the HPV vaccines. The Japanese government and our educational and medical institutions must work harder as a team to inform our parents and their children about the life-saving benefits of the HPV vaccine, and at the same time, we must respond to all their concerns and questions. The vaccine hesitancy of unvaccinated women born in 2000 and thereafter is a natural consequence of the suspension of the government‘s recommendation. We must also take every possible measure to reduce the significant risk for cervical cancer these women have.

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Malchrzak, Wojciech, Mateusz Babicki, Dagmara Pokorna-Kałwak et Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas. « The Influence of Introducing Free Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae on the Uptake of Recommended Vaccination in Poland ». Vaccines 11, n^o 12 (11 décembre 2023) : 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121838.

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Since 2017, pneumococcal vaccination has evolved from a recommended chargeable vaccination to a mandatory, and therefore free, vaccination for all children. While a 10-valent vaccine is commonly used, parents have the option to use a 13-valent vaccine for a fee. This study aimed to investigate whether and how the introduction of free pneumococcal vaccination affected the uptake of recommended vaccination and to assess the association of chargeable pneumococcal vaccination with recommended vaccination. Data from 1595 vaccination record cards kept by six primary care clinics in urban and rural areas of Poland were collected and analyzed for children born between 2015 and 2018. Belonging to the clinic and the year of birth were the only inclusion criteria. Following the introduction of free universal pneumococcal vaccination, more children were vaccinated with the recommended vaccination (61.2% vs. 66.6%, p = 0.026). The most significant change was in vaccination against rotavirus (48.5% vs. 54.4%, p = 0.018) and against meningococcal B bacteria (4.8% vs. 17.0%, p < 0.001). Children who received chargeable pneumococcal vaccination were also significantly more likely to be vaccinated with recommended vaccines (54.6% vs. 75.9%, p < 0.001). In particular, this was the case for multivalent vaccinations—against rotavirus, chickenpox, and meningococcal C bacteria. Reducing the impact of the economic factor, for example, by introducing free vaccinations, should have a positive impact on the uptake of other recommended vaccinations.

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Kohrt, Holbrook E., Antonia Müller, Jeanette Baker, Matthew J. Goldstein, Evan Newell, Suparna Dutt, Debra Czerwinski, Robert Lowsky et Samuel Strober. « Donor immunization with WT1 peptide augments antileukemic activity after MHC-matched bone marrow transplantation ». Blood 118, n^o 19 (10 novembre 2011) : 5319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-05-356238.

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Abstract The curative potential of MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is in part because of immunologic graft-versus-tumor (GvT) reactions mediated by donor T cells that recognize host minor histocompatibility antigens. Immunization with leukemia-associated antigens, such as Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) peptides, induces a T-cell population that is tumor antigen specific. We determined whether allogeneic BMT combined with immunotherapy using WT1 peptide vaccination of donors induced more potent antitumor activity than either therapy alone. WT1 peptide vaccinations of healthy donor mice induced CD8+ T cells that were specifically reactive to WT1-expressing FBL3 leukemia cells. We found that peptide immunization was effective as a prophylactic vaccination before tumor challenge, yet was ineffective as a therapeutic vaccination in tumor-bearing mice. BMT from vaccinated healthy MHC-matched donors, but not syngeneic donors, into recipient tumor-bearing mice was effective as a therapeutic maneuver and resulted in eradication of FBL3 leukemia. The transfer of total CD8+ T cells from immunized donors was more effective than the transfer of WT1-tetramer+CD8+ T cells and both required CD4+ T-cell help for maximal antitumor activity. These findings show that WT1 peptide vaccination of donor mice can dramatically enhance GvT activity after MHC-matched allogeneic BMT.

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Veronese, Nicola, Giusy Vassallo, Maria Armata, Laura Cilona, Salvatore Casalicchio, Roberta Masnata, Claudio Costantino et al. « Multidimensional Frailty and Vaccinations in Older People : A Cross-Sectional Study ». Vaccines 10, n^o 4 (3 avril 2022) : 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040555.

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It is known that influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and pertussis infections may increase morbidity and mortality in older people. Vaccinations against these pathogens are effective in older adults. Frailty seems to be an important determinant of vaccination rates, yet data supporting this association are still missing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of four recommended vaccinations (influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) and the association with multidimensional frailty assessed using a self-reported comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, i.e., the multidimensional prognostic index (SELFY-MPI). Older participants visiting the outpatient clinic of Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Palermo, Italy were included. The SELFY-MPI questionnaire score was calculated based on eight different domains, while the vaccination status was determined using self-reported information. We included 319 participants from the 500 initially considered (63.8%). Vaccination against influenza was observed in 70.5% of the cases, whilst only 1.3% received the vaccination against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis. Participants with higher SELFY-MPI scores were more likely to report vaccination against pneumococcus (45.6 vs. 28.3%, p = 0.01), whilst no significant differences were observed for the other vaccinations. In conclusion, the coverage of recommended vaccinations is low. Higher SELFY-MPI scores and vaccination status, particularly anti-pneumococcus, appear to be associated, but future studies are urgently needed for confirming that frailty is associated with vaccination status in older people.

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Bellanti, Joseph A. « Basic Immunologic Principles Underlying Vaccination Procedures ». Pediatric Clinics of North America 37, n^o 3 (juin 1990) : 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36902-4.

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Williams, Erin, Devin J. Kennedy, Michael Hoffer, Juan Manuel Carreño, Florian Krammer, Suresh Pallikkuth et Savita Pahwa. « Chronic False Positive Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Tests Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination ». COVID 3, n^o 9 (30 août 2023) : 1304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/covid3090090.

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False positive reactive plasmin reagin (RPR) reactivity following a COVID-19 vaccine has been reported, and it is therefore conceivable that individuals who receive frequent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations may exhibit durable RPR responses. Here, we sought to investigate the extent to which repeated mRNA COVID-19 vaccines can elicit chronic false RPR reactivity in a longitudinal cohort. Participants (n = 119) in an IRB-approved (#20201026), longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 cohort study were screened for RPR reactivity via manual RPR card assays. Samples with reactive results underwent additional testing, including follow-on RPR screening at additional timepoints, confirmatory fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS) testing and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) testing. Medical histories were collected. We observed (n = 2) screen-positive RPR results (1.7% [2/119]) following booster vaccination, for which two individuals exhibited chronic, vaccine-induced RPR reactivity for up to 9 months following booster vaccination. Both participants were ANA-negative. It is imperative for clinicians to be mindful of the potential immunologic interference of COVID-19 vaccines with standard infectious disease assays, including RPR testing. Detailed medical histories and clinical contexts, including recent vaccination, should be reviewed prior to proceeding with distressing and invasive workups.

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Shah, Javeed A., Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn, David J. Horne, Alessandro Sette et Thomas R. Hawn. « Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Heterologous Immunity to Tuberculosis ». Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, n^o 7 (4 juin 2019) : 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz285.

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AbstractDevelopment of an improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is a high worldwide public health priority. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, provides variable efficacy against adult pulmonary TB, but why this protection varies is unclear. Humans are regularly exposed to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that live in soil and water reservoirs and vary in different geographic regions around the world. Immunologic cross-reactivity may explain disparate outcomes of BCG vaccination and susceptibility to TB disease. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is increasing but challenging to obtain due to a lack of reliable research tools. In this review, we describe the progress and bottlenecks in research on NTM epidemiology, immunology and heterologous immunity to Mtb. With ongoing efforts to develop new vaccines for TB, understanding the effect of NTM on vaccine efficacy may be a critical determinant of success.

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Bugorkova, S. A., S. N. Klyueva, O. M. Kudryavtseva, V. P. Toporkov, T. N. Shchukovskaya, A. L. Kravtsov, N. I. Mikshis, M. A. Tarasov, S. A. Shcherbakova et V. V. Kutyrev. « Immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated against plague in caspian sand natural focus in order to assess and manage health risks ». Health Risk Analysis, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.4.14.eng.

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To provide better opportunities for managing both risks caused by vaccination and risks of epidemiological complications, immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated with live dried plague vaccine (LPV) due to epidemiologic indications was performed. Our research goal was to assess whether immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated against plague yielded informative results; it was done to substantiate activities aimed at improving procedures for LPV application. Immunologic monitoring was performed from 2016 to 2019 in the Caspian sand natural plague focus according to conventional procedures for assessing humoral and cellular components in immunity. We determined immunologic parameters in 217 volunteers vaccinated with LPV and 130 healthy donors (the reference group) prior to and 1 and 12 months after vaccination. We suggested a methodical approach based on aggregated analysis of the summated immune response predictors chosen for estimation in volunteers vaccinated with LPV and giving score values to them; it allows revealing people who react to plague microbe antigens predominantly as per cellular, humoral, or mixed type. Immunologic monitoring results proved that it was safe to apply LPV; they allowed characterizing trends occurring in immunological restructuring in vaccinated volunteers, determining limits of fluctuation in individual parameters of an immune response to the vaccine, and revealing people with both normal and changed (reduced or increased) immunologic reactivity to LPV. If monitoring data are taken into account, it provides an opportunity to predict vaccination results as per epidemiological parameters, to reveal groups with normal, high, or low immune reactivity to plague microbe antigens in order to determine people in them who need an individual approach when it comes down to anti-plague vaccination.

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Bugorkova, S. A., S. N. Klyueva, O. M. Kudryavtseva, V. P. Toporkov, T. N. Shchukovskaya, A. L. Kravtsov, N. I. Mikshis, M. A. Tarasov, S. A. Shcherbakova et V. V. Kutyrev. « Immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated against plague in caspian sand natural focus in order to assess and manage health risks ». Health Risk Analysis, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.4.14.

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To provide better opportunities for managing both risks caused by vaccination and risks of epidemiological complications, immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated with live dried plague vaccine (LPV) due to epidemiologic indications was performed. Our research goal was to assess whether immunologic monitoring over people vaccinated against plague yielded informative results; it was done to substantiate activities aimed at improving procedures for LPV application. Immunologic monitoring was performed from 2016 to 2019 in the Caspian sand natural plague focus according to conventional procedures for assessing humoral and cellular components in immunity. We determined immunologic parameters in 217 volunteers vaccinated with LPV and 130 healthy donors (the reference group) prior to and 1 and 12 months after vaccination. We suggested a methodical approach based on aggregated analysis of the summated immune response predictors chosen for estimation in volunteers vaccinated with LPV and giving score values to them; it allows revealing people who react to plague microbe antigens predominantly as per cellular, humoral, or mixed type. Immunologic monitoring results proved that it was safe to apply LPV; they allowed characterizing trends occurring in immunological restructuring in vaccinated volunteers, determining limits of fluctuation in individual parameters of an immune response to the vaccine, and revealing people with both normal and changed (reduced or increased) immunologic reactivity to LPV. If monitoring data are taken into account, it provides an opportunity to predict vaccination results as per epidemiological parameters, to reveal groups with normal, high, or low immune reactivity to plague microbe antigens in order to determine people in them who need an individual approach when it comes down to anti-plague vaccination.

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