Articles de revues : « Usage phase of buildings »

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Dudney, C. S., D. L. Wilson, R. B. Gammage et H. L. Scott. « The Department of Energy's Radon Testing Programme ». Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, n^o 1-4 (1 décembre 1994) : 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082463.

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Abstract The US Department of Energy (DOE) conducted an initial study of indoor radon in buildings under its control in response to Public Law 100-551, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, enacted by the US Congress in 1988. Other federal agencies have also conducted radon surveys. This paper presents an overview of the results from radon testing of several thousand buildings ranging from 100 m2 to over 10,000 m2 in size. In addition, results from groups of buildings have been examined, classified according to ventilation and usage characteristics. So far, there is no apparent difference among building classes. The paper also discusses a proposal for phased radon surveys. It is suggested that first-phase results can be used to identify facilities with radon problems. In the second phase, measurements can be made at a much higher sampling density at facilities with radon problems. The results of the second phase are expected to identify all buildings in need of mitigation.

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Volkov, Andrey, Artem Sedov et Pavel Chelyshkov. « Usage of Building Information Modelling for Evaluation of Energy Efficiency ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (septembre 2013) : 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.630.

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The article describes a specialized building information model implemented in a Matlab environment. It is designed to evaluate the energy efficiency of a building. It is supporting water, heat and electricity as resources consumed during the usage phase of a building. The danger of global warming, natural resources depletion and world ecosystem collapse currently is constantly increasing. When this happens 45% of world’s energy consumption, 65% of electric power, 40% of raw materials, building industry uses 14% of potable water supply. At the same time this industry provides 35% of all carbon dioxide emissions and almost half of all solid wastes. Therefore sustainability and energy efficiency development for buildings and structures is one of the main problems of modern building industry.

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Khakurel, Shreedhar, Trevor Z. Yeow, Frankie Chen, Zam Wang, Sandip K. Saha et Rajesh P. Dhakal. « Development of cladding contribution functions for seismic loss estimation ». Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, n^o 1 (31 mars 2019) : 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.1.23-43.

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One method to rapidly estimate seismic losses during the structural design phase is to use contribution functions. These are relationships between expected losses (e.g. damage repair costs, downtime, and injury) for a wide range of building components (e.g. cladding, partitions, and ceilings) and the building’s response. This study aims to develop contribution functions for common types of cladding used in different types of buildings considering damage repair costs. In the first part of this study, a building survey was performed to identify types and quantity of cladding used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand; where it was found that the most common cladding types are glazing, masonry veneer, monolithic cladding and precast panels. The data collected during the survey was also used to develop cladding distribution (i.e. density) functions. The second step involved identifying fragility functions from relevant literature which are applicable to the cladding detailing used in New Zealand. The third step involved surveying consultants, suppliers and builders on typical repair/replacement cost. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to combine the cladding density function with the fragility functions and the repair cost for each type of cladding to derive contribution functions for various types of cladding and building usage. An example (case study) is provided to demonstrate its usage.

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Anis Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Umer Zaheer, Sarosh Asghar et Syed Shujaa Safdar Gardezi. « Green Rating Assessment of a Residential Building in Pakistan Using LEED’s ». Open Journal of Science and Technology 3, n^o 2 (4 août 2020) : 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v3i2.1474.

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The paper presents the application of an International Green rating system LEED’s in a developing country. It focuses on significant environmental, energy, and water issues faced after construction. The rating conducted was on a multifamily residential building located in Askari 14, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The building's construction was complete; hence The LEED v4 for Building Operations and Maintenance manual was used for performing Green rating. The rating works on the bases of point allotment scheme for building’s operational and environmental features such as energy use efficiency, water use efficiency, sustainable material usage, and more. The selected structure is constructed by implementing standard building techniques to which Pakistan adheres, which never inculcate aspects of environment and energy reduction. The cumulative score of all LEED’s components after rating is 40 out of 110, which grants it the rank of certified. Where the building performs poorly can be attributed to the fact that there were no LEED’s Accredited Professionals involved in the design phase of the case study. From the results, possible solutions are discussed in the paper to integrate the concept of sustainability in constructed buildings.

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Litwin, Małgorzata, et Marcin Górecki. « Assembly mistakes of steel structures ». Budownictwo i Architektura 4, n^o 1 (11 juin 2009) : 063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2334.

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Steel structures have plenty of advantages, which decide on their usage in many buildings. At the same time require they great precision in the design stage as well as during the building phase. Indispensable precision is oft a reason for design and assembly mistakes. In the paper there are presented the assembly mistakes, which occur the most often during the realisation stage.

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Gavrilovic, Dragan, et Jasmina Stojic. « Usage of "smart" glass panels in commercial and residential buildings ». Facta universitatis - series : Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, n^o 2 (2011) : 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1102261g.

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This paper examines specific conceptual approach to the implementation of new "smart" materials having phase-changing own characteristics and maximum potential for their installation and exploitation of their performance in the commercial and residential buildings architecture. Such approach somewhat changes the usual traditional practice of installing "classical" materials, i.e. installable components into the architectural structure. The immeasurably superior performance of new elements installed in the architectural system is thus utilized, to the total energy benefit of the structural system. Using new "smart" components would result in energy cost-effective impact, reflected in the reduced the overall energy consumption of a given structure as well as in better effect sustainability of buildings in bioclimatic terms at the micro and macro levels in comparisonto the usual performance of traditionally constructed buildings.

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Váz Sá, A., R. M. S. F. Almeida, H. Sousa et J. M. P. Q. Delgado. « Numerical Analysis of the Energy Improvement of Plastering Mortars with Phase Change Materials ». Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/582536.

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Building components with incorporated phase change materials (PCMs) meant to increase heat storage capacity and enable stabilization of interior buildings surface temperatures, whereby influencing the thermal comfort sensation and the stabilization of the interior ambient temperatures. The potential of advanced simulation tools to evaluate and optimize the usage of PCM in the control of indoor temperature, allowing for an improvement in the comfort conditions and/or in the cooling energy demand, was explored. This paper presents a numerical and sensitivity analysis of the enthalpy and melting temperature effect on the inside building comfort sensation potential of the plastering PCM.

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FALTEJSEK, Michal, et Blanka CHUDIKOVA. « Facility management and building information modeling during operation and maintenance ». MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019) : 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927702022.

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BIM is a concept and also a method currently applied throughout the world in the modern building construction. The impact and benefits of the BIM method are clear across all stages of the life cycle of buildings (project, realization, operation, demolition). The longest and most expensive phase of buildings life is the operation and usage part. Many common aspects and linkage of processes between the BIM method and the facility management, i.e. a modern asset management method, can provide greater efficiency for these activities, help reduce the cost of required building operations and maintenance and save time for individual activities. The BIM can be understood as an information management of buildings. Many common elements can create a synergy of processes related to the management of buildings. The article discusses these aspects and emphasizes the listing of the basic data and processes that are necessary for mutual interconnectedness.

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Walsdorf-Maul, Manuela, Laura Dommack et Michael Schneider. « Investigation of the BNB Building Certification for the Further Development of the Energy Performance Certificate ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2069, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012233.

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Abstract In this study, a life cycle oriented planning of buildings is proposed to support future building developers and planners in making environmentally sound decisions on the basis of comprehensive information. The study, in which the building certification BNB (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen, or “Assessment System for Sustainable Building”) is carried out on the example of an office building, is applicable to German-speaking countries. In addition to meeting the requirements of the 2020 German Energy Act for Buildings (GebäudeEnergieGesetz, GEG), the aim is to optimize the building with regard to sustainability criteria of the BNB by revising and expanding the existing planning so that the “gold” quality label can eventually be achieved. The biggest influence on this optimization process is, among other things, the life cycle costs, the adaptability of the building, the primary energy demand as well as the technical quality. Based on these findings, this research paper details the further development of the energy performance certificate, before in a final step the building assessment can be graphically presented with regard to both aspects – energy efficiency (final energy) and sustainability (in terms of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, functional and technical quality, process quality and location characteristics) – from the production phase through the usage phase up to the disposal phase.

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Ma, Guofeng, Xue Song et Shanshan Shang. « BIM-BASED SPACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE IN EDUCATIONAL OFFICE BUILDING ». JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, n^o 1 (18 décembre 2019) : 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.11565.

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Lists and floor plans have been widely adopted as space management tools for educational office buildings. However, the two-dimensional floor plans fail to present the indoor complexity, which hinders users from intuitively observing the indoor equipment arrangements and adapting to the indoor environment within a short time. Meanwhile, insufficient research has been conducted on space management tools regarding building indoor navigation. A Building Information Modeling Space Management (BIMSM) system was proposed in this study based on BIM. This system is comprised of two components, i.e. indoor space allocation management and indoor path navigation. The real-time space usage can be queried and user demands may be matched with available space by applying the Space Usage Analysis (SUA) theory. After the establishment of indoor maps, an improved A* algorithm is used to provide smooth navigation paths, and the visualization of such paths can be provided in mobile terminals. The BIMSM system was applied in an office building in a university in Shanghai, China. In this case study, the overall user satisfaction reached 91.6% by greatly reducing space arrangement failures. The time indoor navigation took outperformed that based on the traditional A* algorithm, with the search efficiency increasing 5.28%.

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Kim, Jeong Tai, et Chuck Wah Francis Yu. « Sustainable development and requirements for energy efficiency in buildings – The Korean perspectives ». Indoor and Built Environment 27, n^o 6 (22 mars 2018) : 734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x18764618.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of developments in Korea in relation to its energy consumption and sustainable development policies and progress in achieving its energy targets as given by the Building Energy Codes. Building insulation and passive building technologies are also reviewed for achieving passive house standards by 2017 and zero-energy or near zero-energy buildings (nZEB) by 2025 in Korea, and to identify strategies to further reduce usage of primary energy and to achieve energy efficiency targets. A defining feature of a sustainable building is its ability to reduce significantly its environmental impacts and its embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions over its whole life, including use of natural resources and releases of pollutants, to promote reuse and recycling of materials and sustainable development of buildings whilst ensuring the building satisfy the indoor environmental quality requirements for occupants. Passive technologies include the use of natural ventilation, energy storage such as using phase change materials (PCM) and high thermal mass structure, high energy efficiency windows and lighting and maximizing daylighting and use of renewable energy technologies. Technologies for refurbishment of building envelopes, windows and ventilation systems are reviewed to improve and upgrade the energy efficiency of existing buildings as well as focusing on new builds. The various options for heating, ventilating, cooling and air-conditioning of buildings are also discussed. Green Buildings and Energy Efficiency Labels and Standards should have a pertinent role to affect energy efficiency measures in building developments.

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Xue, Yibing, et Ziye Song. « Nano-Efficient Photoelectric Conversion-Based Solar Photovoltaic System and Its Usage in Green Buildings ». Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, n^o 2 (1 février 2021) : 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2956.

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Solar energy is a world-recognized green and pollution-free energy source. Photovoltaic technology based on solar energy has become the focus of new energy development. On this basis, how to improve the energy efficiency of solar energy has become a research hotspot. In this study, the solution method was used, acety-lacetonate was used as the precursor, and the mixture of dodecyl mercaptan (DDT) and oleylamine (OLA) was used as the solvent to obtain CuInS2 nanocrystals with wurtzite structure. Then, the dispersion of organic synthesized CuInS2 nanocrystals was retained, and the organic macromolecules affecting electron transport in the nanocrystals were eliminated. This material was used for the counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. While analyzing the photoelectric characteristics of the nanoelectronic material, the hardware of the photovoltaic solar cell prepared based on the material should be designed, including the selection of the main control unit, the design of the peripheral circuit, the design of the charging and discharging circuit, so as to realize the management of the photovoltaic solar cell. In the test, OLA had an impact on the crystal structure, size, and dispersion of CuInS2 nanocrystals, thereby changing the photoelectric properties of the nanoelectronic materials, which were applied in photovoltaic panels for green buildings. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of CuInS2 nanocrystals after phase exchange in the green build-photovoltaic system was much higher than that of CuInS2 nanocrystals before phase exchange, and even higher than that of CuInS2 nanocrystals calcined at high temperature before phase exchange in the green build-photovoltaic system.

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Sari, Dany Perwita, et Pradhana Jati Budhi Laksana. « OPTIMIZATION BUILDING PERFORMANCE IN EARLY DESIGN STAGE USING INTEGRATED DYNAMIC MODEL ». MODUL 20, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2020) : 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mdl.20.2.2020.151-156.

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Considering the magnitude of energy loss in building, development of energy saving methods appears to be essential. Daylight plays a significant role in designing energy efficient buildings and improving visual comfort for the occupants. Many daylight analysis methods have been developed in this area. Most of these methods focus on opening maximization. These methods unfortunately might reduce comfort since it causes direct solar glare. There is a need for a reliable lighting simulation model to control the lighting strategy in early stage design. This study proposes a strategy for visualizing daylight analysis of buildings by using Integrated Dynamic Model (IDM). IDM is a combination of design tools used during the conceptual phase for holistic classroom that considers the building’s energy usage, daylight distribution, and thermal indoor environment. The optimization focus is related maximize the performance of the building envelope design. The purpose of this paper are; firstly, providing a new strategy for visualizing the predicting daylight while respecting architectural integrity. The second purpose is to facilitate the designer for choosing window and envelope design alternatives during early stages. The third is to maximize the positive impacts of daylight. Lastly, hopefully IDM could present a simplified simulation and analyze method with the timely, accurate and efficient process.

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Tareq Gaber, Farea, Kandar Mohd Zin, Baba-Girei Zulai Jarmai, Shamang Kasham Jummai, Lukman Lukman Muazu et Aliero Muhammad Saidu. « Building energy consumption assessment during and after lockdown : Case study of Malaysian housing ». Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences 8, n^o 1 (15 février 2022) : 004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-488x.000045.

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused devastation to society in 2020, forcing people all across the world to alter their lifestyles. During the pandemic, people spent more time at home, and this shift in occupancy can directly influence building energy usage. COVID-19 lockdowns hastened the transition to telework, which many predict will continue. Changes in energy usage during lockdown are thus a significant source for forecasting future energy consumption in buildings. This study aims to measure the effects of the COVID-19 lockout on home energy usage. The energy usage of a seven residential building complex in Johor Bahru, Malaysia before, during, and after the first lockdown phase was compared and analyzed. It was discovered that the initial two months in the lockdown period are the most severe energy consumption due to the tight lockdown measures implemented as reflected in energy consumption patterns. Overall energy consumption for all candidate appliances increased during and after lockdown. Still, the more significant change was that consumption occurred during the daytime rather than focused in the evening as before the lockdown. The findings provide insight into the effect of a lockdown on customer energy costs and how energy utilities may be approached during such an event.

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Crippa, Julianna, Aline M. F. Araujo, Diogo Bem, Cássia M. L. Ugaya et Sergio Scheer. « A systematic review of BIM usage for life cycle impact assessment ». Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, n^o 4 (22 juin 2020) : 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-03-2019-0028.

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PurposeThis paper searches for integration methods proposed by different authors that assess the life cycle of a building using models of building information modeling (BIM) and it also compares and discusses them.Design/methodology/approachSystematic literature review (SLR) is selected as the main research method of the present paper, aiming to collect and critically analyze multiple research studies. This paper is not only limited to studies where the whole life cycle has been assessed but also includes other papers which only integrated BIM to analyze carbon footprint, embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) or energy consumption.FindingsTaking into account the countries that have published articles about the subject, it is possible to deduce that it has been studied in all of the continents, except Africa. In comparison with other continents, Asia and Europe have developed more studies. Furthermore, 76% of the 34 selected articles were published in journals and only 24% in conferences proceedings, and the number of papers that relates life cycle assessment (LCA) methods using BIM has grown from 2013 to 2015, proving that the current theme is relevant. Several aspects of this literature review show the need to develop automated processes for LCA of buildings during the project's development phase. There is already a tendency to compare LCA results for buildings applied to BIM models, contributing to decision-making related to alternate projects, selection of materials, suppliers and components from an environmental perspective.Originality/valueIn the current global scenario, it is the notorious negative impact on the environment over the years caused by the architecture, engineering and construction industry (AEC). The integration of BIM–LCA can reduce time and improve the application of environmental analysis. Moreover, the proper application of a LCA method to evaluate the environmental impacts of the project can be hindered due to lack of information in the database about the materials or due to failures in the interoperability between BIM software and the LCA tool.

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Rajan D, Dr. M. Kranti Kumar et Dr. S. Ramesh. « Optimization of Material Recovery Strategies in the Demolition Phase of Buildings – A Case Study ». International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, n^o 2 (22 avril 2021) : 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.2.15.

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Globally, the construction industry is one of the most environmentally catastrophic industries, with a significant effect on the raw materials usage, their commitment of use throughout their whole life cycle, and the atmosphere in which they work. Between 1950 and 2010, global average material consumption rose from 5.0 t to 10.3 ton per capita per year, owing to population growth, industrialization, and increased socio-economic strength. Moreover, this industry uses 35% of produced energy and releases 40% of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere. One hundred fifty million tons of CDW is made in India according to the BMPTC, and less than 1% is reutilized properly added to that the 55% of total solid waste in India are from the construction industry. The waste produced during the demolition can be well utilized if managed and appropriately recovered, which directly reduces the virgin raw material usage in the new construction, decreasing the amount ending in the landfill. This study aims to understand the strategies and technology for material recovery after the building's life. The literature review will be taken up to list the different strategy in practice for material recovery. The techniques for material recovery are discussed to understand more in detail. This research helps find the other methods for material recovery and equipment and technology during the demolition and reconstruction of the RCC framed structure. The bottlenecks in the adoption of the various strategy are studied in this research.

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Rehman, Atiq Ur, Nouman Ghafoor, Shakil R. Sheikh, Zareena Kausar, Fawad Rauf, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Faizan Shah et Haseeb Yaqoob. « A Study of Hot Climate Low-Cost Low-Energy Eco-Friendly Building Envelope with Embedded Phase Change Material ». Energies 14, n^o 12 (14 juin 2021) : 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123544.

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The generation and use of energy are significant contributors to CO2 emissions. Globally, approximately 30% to 40% of all energy consumption can be directly or indirectly linked to buildings. Nearly half of energy usage in buildings is linked to maintaining the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. Therefore, finding solutions that are not only technically but also economically feasible is of utmost importance. Though much research has been conducted to address this issue, most solutions are still costly for developing countries to implement practically. This study endeavors to find a less expensive yet straightforward methodology to achieve thermal comfort while conserving energy. This study takes a broader view of multiple habitat-related CO2 emission issues in developing regions and describes a hybrid solution to address them. New technologies and innovative concepts are being globally examined to benefit from the considerable potential of PCMs and their role in thermal energy storage (TES) applications for buildings. The current study numerically investigates the thermal response of a hybrid building envelope consisting of PCM and local organic waste materials for low-cost low-energy buildings. The local organic waste materials used are those whose disposal is usually done by burning, resulting in an immense amount of greenhouse gases. In the first phase, different waste materials are characterized to determine their thermophysical properties. In the second phase, a low-cost, commonly available PCM calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl2.6H2O, is integrated with a brick and corn husk wall to enhance the thermal storage in the building envelope to minimize energy consumption. Temperature distribution plots are primarily used for analysis. The results show a marked improvement in thermal comfort by maintaining a maximum indoor temperature of 27 °C when construction is performed with a 6% corn husk composite material embedded with the PCM, while under similar conditions, the standard brick construction maintained a 31 °C indoor temperature. It is concluded that the integration of the PCM layer with the corn husk wall provides an adequate solution for low-cost and low-energy buildings.

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Fic, Stanisław, Maciej Szeląg et Andrzej Szewczak. « Operational phase problems of prefabricated residential buildings on the example of the objects in the Lublin region ». Budownictwo i Architektura 13, n^o 3 (11 septembre 2014) : 007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1726.

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Developed in Poland systems of prefabricated residential buildings provide an opportunity for an effective solution to the basic problem of the period of industrial development which was the lack of an adequate number of apartments. Unfortunately, the degree of realization of objectives due to numerous errors caused problems in the usage of made objects. The paper provides an overview of the basic causes of failures and defects in the prefabricated residential buildings, starting from the design stage, the conditions of transport, assembly of components and ending with negligence resulting from their improper use. The effects of neglect are shown in the examples of buildings from Lublin and the surrounding area as one of the most common technical problems. An analysis of the causes of the faults and their effects in the form of failure and damage of structural elements was shown.

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Buschka, Michael, Julian Bischof, Christina Meier-Dotzler et Werner Lang. « Developing non-residential building stock archetypes for LCI—a German case study of office and administration buildings ». International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, n^o 9 (septembre 2021) : 1735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01963-5.

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Abstract Purpose To accomplish the national and international climate goals, building renovation and optimisation of their energy and resource efficiency are essential. Thus, reliable information on the building stock (BS) is necessary. Most previous building typologies are focussing on residential buildings and the operational phase. This paper shows the development of a methodology for generating non-residential building (NRB) typologies for life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of building constructions. Hereby, archetypes of office, administration and department (OAD) buildings are developed, exemplarily for the German NRB stock. The methodology can further be utilised for quantity surveying of urban material stocks, related recycling scenarios and waste management. Furthermore, the exemplarily generated archetypes provide necessary information for the estimation of realistic refurbishment scenarios. Methods Approaches for the development of NRB archetypes, the descriptions of associated building materials and the LCI of BS were analysed and integrated into a methodology. It provides a clear path on the classification in building usage categories and determination of relevant building parameters for conducting LCI studies. Its aim is the creation of NRB typologies, presenting construction materials and building geometry in a useful way for life-cycle assessments (LCA). To demonstrate the methodology’s usability, it is applied to a case study with the sample of 161 OAD buildings, provided by the German NRB database ENOB:dataNWG. In combination with relevant literature on BS archetypes and materials, a sample OAD building typology has been created. Results and discussion Minimum data requirements for conducting simplified LCI calculation of BSs were identified by analysing existing LCA methods, like the German BNB system. Important clusters for developing NRB archetypes were determined: building usage category, building construction types and building age. These data gaps between required information for simplified LCA studies and available information in ENOB:dataNWG were identified, and solutions for closing these data gaps were proposed and tested. Since building archetypes must reflect the overall BS, uncertainties were discussed. The ENOB:dataNWG database was not completed at the time this paper was written, so comprehensive uncertainty analyses are important next steps. Conclusions This methodology development forms the groundwork for creating LCI building typologies for simplified LCA studies. It shows practically how to deal with a BS database and illustrates which typical values can be chosen for closing data gaps. The methodology was tested on an exemplary sample of OAD buildings. Based on this case study, the methodology concept was proven useful for the generation of a NRB typology.

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Efimov, Vladimir, Denis Pogodin et Myhammet Fakhratov. « Technological processes of reusing crushed concrete in the demolition of buildings in construction ». E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019) : 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001038.

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The paper is dedicated to waste processing management in waste processing technology. Processing of scrap concrete waste, similar in composition and condition to traditional raw materials, is economically and ecologically feasible. Secondary crushed stone obtained by crushing scrap of reinforced concrete panels in demolished five-storey apartment blocks of the first phase was studied. It is shown that concrete with scrap concrete waste shows strength properties similar to primary concrete and helps organize waste-free production. The methods of recycled waste usage, especially usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry, including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, is made. Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow. The use of industrial waste similar in terms of composition and condition of traditional raw materials unquestionable from economic and environmental point of view. This study showed that concrete using fine granulated blast furnace slag as cement additives has higher initial strength characteristics.

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Manzoor, Bilal, Idris Othman, Jong Man Kang et Zong Woo Geem. « Influence of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Implementation in High-Rise Buildings towards Sustainability ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 16 (19 août 2021) : 7626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167626.

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To secure full benefits without jeopardizing project feasibility, sustainability standards in high-rise building design should be included at all phases of the decision-making process. However, there are limited empirical studies on the influence of building information modeling (BIM) implementation in high-rise buildings. Implementing BIM is a viable technique to improve high-rise building sustainability performance. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the influence of BIM implementation in high-rise buildings by integrating the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) approaches. Following a detailed review of the literature to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for BIM implementation, empirical evidence was gathered through a questionnaire survey with 205 stakeholders in construction projects. The EFA revealed five components, namely, productivity, visualization, coordination, sustainability, and safety improvement, all of which have a significant impact on the long-term construction of high-rise buildings. Moreover, SEM was conducted to develop the model for high-rise buildings. However, it has been revealed that awareness and usage level of BIM technology in high-rise buildings still appears to be limited. This scenario paves the way for future researchers to develop more models in the domain of high-rise buildings in order to improve sustainable development.

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Lu, Shilei, Minchao Fan et Yiqun Zhao. « A System to Pre-Evaluate the Suitability of Energy-Saving Technology for Green Buildings ». Sustainability 10, n^o 10 (19 octobre 2018) : 3777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103777.

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Rating systems for green buildings often give assessments from the perspective of the overall performance of a single building or architecture complex but rarely target specific green building technologies. As some of the rating systems are scored according to whether the technologies are used or not, some developers tend to pile up energy-saving technologies blindly just for the sake of certifications without considering their suitability for the application. Such behavior may lead to the failure of achieving the energy goals for green buildings. To solve this problem, a system that pre-evaluates the suitability of green building energy-saving technologies is devised based on modified TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method, SA (simulated annealing) algorithm and unascertained theory-based data analysis method. By setting indices from technology performance, economy, human satisfaction aspects and by using the building prior information and measured database of technology usage, this system can make a quantifiable and multi-dimensional grading assessment for the target green building energy-saving technologies in the design stage. The system aims at helping the designer choose technologies in the design phase that best enhance the performance of the finished green building. It also helps prevent the sub-optimal performance of unsuitable technologies caused by the “pile up” behavior mentioned earlier. To verify this evaluation system, two building designs which use energy-recovery technology are evaluated, and the predicted performance for both designs matched the actual operation of the technology in the buildings themselves well.

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Gregory, Jeremy, Hessam AzariJafari, Ehsan Vahidi, Fengdi Guo, Franz-Josef Ulm et Randolph Kirchain. « The role of concrete in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of US buildings and pavements ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n^o 37 (7 septembre 2021) : e2021936118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118.

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Concrete is a critical component of deep decarbonization efforts because of both the scale of the industry and because of how its use impacts the building, transportation, and industrial sectors. We use a bottom-up model of current and future building and pavement stocks and construction in the United States to contextualize the role of concrete in greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions strategies under projected and ambitious scenarios, including embodied and use phases of the structures’ life cycle. We show that projected improvements in the building sector result in a reduction of 49% of GHG emissions in 2050 relative to 2016 levels, whereas ambitious improvements result in a 57% reduction in 2050, which is 22.5 Gt cumulative saving. The pavements sector shows a larger difference between the two scenarios with a 14% reduction of GHG emissions for projected improvements and a 65% reduction under the ambitious scenario, which is ∼1.35 Gt. This reduction occurs despite the fact that concrete usage in 2050 in the ambitious scenario is over three times that of the projected scenario because of the ways in which concrete lowers use phase emissions. Over 70% of future emissions from new construction are from the use phase.

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Oh, Jeongyoon, Taehoon Hong, Hakpyeong Kim, Jongbaek An, Kwangbok Jeong et Choongwan Koo. « Advanced Strategies for Net-Zero Energy Building : Focused on the Early Phase and Usage Phase of a Building’s Life Cycle ». Sustainability 9, n^o 12 (8 décembre 2017) : 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9122272.

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Bolteya, Ahmed M., Mohamed A. Elsayad, Ola D. El Monayeri et Adel M. Belal. « Impact of Phase Change Materials on Cooling Demand of an Educational Facility in Cairo, Egypt ». Sustainability 14, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2022) : 15956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315956.

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Heat gains and losses via building envelopes are impacted by varied characteristics such as geometry, orientation, properties of the building materials, and the type of construction and its interface with the exterior environment. Current studies are investigating the use of phase change materials (PCMs) characterized by high latent heat and low thermal conductivity that may cause temperature time lag and reduce amounts of heat transferred through building envelopes. The prime objectives of this research are evaluating zones’ energy consumption by type for an educational facility in a dry arid climate, examining the effects of a PCM (RT28HC) and polyurethane insulating material, comparing these effects to the existing situation with respect to cooling energy savings and CO2 emissions, and studying the effect of varying PCM thicknesses. The working methodology depended on gathering the real status and actual material of the building, constructing models of the building using Design Builder (DB) simulation software, and comparing the insulation effect of incorporating polyurethane and phase change insulating materials. A parametric study evaluated various PCM thicknesses (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 mm). Validation was performed primarily for a selected year’s energy usage; simulation results complied with field measurements. The results revealed that an 18 mm PCM had a high efficiency regarding thermal comfort attributes, which reduced cooling energy by 17.5% and CO2 emissions by 12.4%. Consequently, this study has shown the significant potential of PCM regarding improved energy utilization in buildings.

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Spigliantini, Giorgia, Valentina Fabi, Marcel Schweiker et Stefano Corgnati. « Historical buildings’ energy conservation potentialities ». International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 37, n^o 3 (10 juin 2019) : 306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2017-0062.

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Purpose Today, about 30 per cent of European existing buildings can be entitled as “historical buildings”. Nowadays, their energy retrofit is important to reach the ambitious European CO2 emissions’ reduction objectives. The purpose of this paper is to outline a methodology to investigate the potential energy savings and the enhancement of historical buildings’ liveability by acting only on their operation, so that the building fabric could be maintained as much as possible as the original evidence. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the framework’s theoretical phases and their application in two real case studies. The methodology was conceived with a pre-test and post-test design approach. Findings The research demonstrated that the elaborated methodology is flexible and allows the adoption of different energy retrofit strategies for the different cases. Research limitations/implications Limitations arise out of the circumstance that the methodology is based on occupants and technicians willingness to engage in the strategies, so it is not possible to quantify its efficacy ex ante. Practical implications Practical implications can be found in the way of addressing energy retrofit strategies through a user-centric approach with minimum impact on the building itself. Social implications At the same time, the methodology has a strong social aspect with its potential to change people’s attitudes towards energy usage and behaviour. Originality/value This study not only represents the first attempt of applying a systematic energy retrofit strategy based on occupants and technicians behavioural change in historic buildings, but also is one of the first studies dedicated to occupants’ comfort and behaviour assessment in this context.

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Hulínová, Zdenka, et Jana Madová. « BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AND OHAS ». Czech Journal of Civil Engineering 1, n^o 1 (30 juin 2015) : 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51704/cjce.2015.vol1.iss1.pp26-31.

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Civil engineering is considered to be the area with the highest occurrence of occupational injuries. Workers perform plenty of activities that endanger their health and put them at risk of occupational injuries and diseases. There are many convincing proves that dangerous risk situations appear already in the early stages of project proposals. On the basis of this fact we can estimate that one of the most effective methods of preventing and reducing occupational injuries is elimination of potential risk at the very beginning, i.e. already in the architectural design. Information models BIM enable us to simulate the overall situation of the project both structurally and visually. Thanks to this fact we can prevent multiple problems occurring not only during the realisation phase, but during the usage of buildings as well.

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Fajilla, Gianmarco, Emiliano Borri, Marilena De Simone, Luisa F. Cabeza et Luís Bragança. « Effect of Climate Change and Occupant Behaviour on the Environmental Impact of the Heating and Cooling Systems of a Real Apartment. A Parametric Study through Life Cycle Assessment ». Energies 14, n^o 24 (11 décembre 2021) : 8356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248356.

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Climate change has a strong influence on the energy consumption of buildings, affecting both the heating and cooling demand in the actual and future scenario. In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the influence of both the occupant behaviour and the climate change on the environmental impact of the heating and cooling systems of an apartment located in southern Italy. The analysis was conducted using IPCC GWP and ReCiPe indicators as well as the Ecoinvent database. The influence of occupant behaviour was included in the analysis considering different usage profiles during the operational phase, while the effect of climate change was considered by varying the weather file every thirty years. The adoption of the real usage profiles showed that the impact of the systems was highly influenced by the occupant behaviour. In particular, the environmental impact of the heating system appeared more influenced by the operation hours, while that of the cooling system was more affected by the natural ventilation schedules. Furthermore, the influence of climate change demonstrated that more attention has to be dedicated to the cooling demand that in the future years will play an ever-greater role in the energy consumption of buildings.

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Moloughney, Brent W., Gayle E. Bursey, Rebecca B. Fortin, Maria G. Morais et Khanh Thi Dang. « A Multicomponent Intervention to Encourage Stair Use in Municipal Buildings ». American Journal of Health Promotion 33, n^o 1 (17 mai 2018) : 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118776893.

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Purpose: Evaluate the incremental impact of environmental stairwell enhancements on stair usage in addition to prompts. Design: Phased, nonrandomized, quasi-experimental intervention. Setting: Two 6-story and one 8-story municipal government office buildings—each with 2 stairwells. Participants: Approximately 2800 municipal employees and 1000 daily visitors. Intervention: All stairwells received door wraps and point-of-decision and wayfinding prompts. Environmental enhancements were installed in 1 stairwell in each of the 2 buildings: wall paint, upgraded stair treads and handrails, artwork, light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, fire-rated glass doors, and removal of security locks on at least the ground floor. Measures: Staff surveys and focus groups, electronic and direct measures of stair and elevator use occurred at baseline and over 3 years of phased implementation and follow-up. Analysis: Change in the proportion of vertical movement by stairs using χ2 analysis. Results: The prompts were associated with a significant increase in stair use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-1.41), with an average absolute increase of 3.2%. Environmental enhancements were associated with an additional significant increase in stair use (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.25-1.37) beyond prompts alone with an average absolute increase of a further 3.5% that was sustained for 1 year. The initial increases in stair use with prompts alone were not sustained. Conclusion: Implementing environmental stairwell enhancements in office buildings increased stair usage in a sustained manner beyond that achieved by prompts alone.

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Eid, Salam, Marwan Brouche, Chawki Lahoud et Christy Lahoud. « Phase Change Materials Technologies Review and Future Application in Lebanon : Part 1 ». Key Engineering Materials 886 (mai 2021) : 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.228.

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Energy is the most precious resource in our daily life. Global energy consumption is increasing in constant rate, hence the environmental degradation caused by polluting fossil fuel usage as energy resources should be limited. These resources increase the quantity of greenhouse gases emissions, the global warming, and the climate change. The building sector and related activities is responsible of a large part of energy consumption. Therefore, to reduce the energy usage and to increase the dependency of the building, renewable energies are utilized such as solar energy. Noting that this energy is intermittent, a thermal energy storage system must be installed. Thus, phase change materials (PCM) with different ways of building integration are used as a solution. In this paper, a representation of different types of PCM and thermal energy storage applications in the building environment is highlighted.

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Notodipuro, Priyanka G. A. S. K. W., et Ariani Mandala. « The effect of building shape and orientation on energy use at sloped sites in tropical climates using sefaira ». ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7, n^o 1 (1 avril 2022) : 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i1.1397.

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One of the biggest contributors to energy usage are built infrastructures (up to 40%). Minimizing energy usage efficiently could reduce cost and give a better impact on the environment in terms of sustainability. As a tropical country that experiences sun exposure throughout the year, designing a building in Indonesia needs to respond to the impact of solar radiation inside the room for comfort and energy-saving effort. In addition, the topography of the site is considered throughout the process of designing a building, in which the site is located on sloped terrain (with a slant of 15 degrees celsius) and may influence the orientation and shape as it affects access to sunlight and view. This paper aims to identify which building orientation and shape of a project have the least energy usage during its preliminary phase on sloped terrains in tropical climate areas. 3 different building orientations (west-east, combination, North-east – South-west) and shapes are analyzed through experimental method by utilizing Sefaira as a plugin to Sketchup software using ASHRAE 90.1 - 2019 (ZONE 2) as material standard for the analysis. This research focuses on how a sloped site, as well as climate, affects building efficiency and how the orientation and shape of the building affect the building’s energy consumption. Difference in characteristics of the land, preferably regarding flat or sloped terrain lands, does not guarantee whether the energy usage will change, but it shows that sloped terrain sites could benefit on reducing the cooling load of a building as well as daylighting.

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Paulsen, Jacob H., et Mathias Borg. « A building sector related procedure to assess the relevance of the usage phase ». International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8, n^o 3 (mai 2003) : 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02978459.

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Greene, Mary-Catherine, Daniel Clarke-Hagan et Michael Curran. « Achieving Smarter Buildings and More Efficient Facilities Management ». International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment 9, n^o 2 (juillet 2020) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdibe.2020070101.

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As buildings become more complex, smarter, interconnected, and self-reporting, can technologies be used to the advantage of the end-user and society? This study looks to determine if implementing big data can improve sustainability and increase efficiency in facilities management. Big data, the internet of things (IoT), their application in the construction industry, connection to sustainability, and impact on facilities management are researched. The research employs a mixed-methods approach with critical literature review, primary qualitative research by interviews, and quantitative data research by questionnaire with assessment through mind mapping and SPSS statistical analysis. Key findings identify an industry concept of big data, the IoT, BIM as a primary data contributor on AEC projects, with technology being most assistive to inception and design phases and improving decision making. Implications for industry arise from unrelated usage and misunderstanding of terminology. The study identifies space for further research into the topic.

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Novikova, Aleksandra, Zsuzsa Szalay, Miklós Horváth, Johannes Becker, Gjergji Simaku et Tamás Csoknyai. « Assessment of energy-saving potential, associated costs and co-benefits of public buildings in Albania ». Energy Efficiency 13, n^o 7 (13 août 2020) : 1387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09883-3.

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Abstract The paper presents the public building typology, energy demand estimations and retrofit scenarios, as well as associated costs and benefits for energy-saving measures in the public building stock of Albania. First, representative building types were identified to estimate their energy performance, and define retrofit packages. Second, this information was used to analyse the costs and benefits of the different thermal efficiency retrofits. Apart from specific benefits due to cost savings in the use phase, co-benefits were estimated to understand their dimension and influence on decision-making. Finally, energy efficiency supply curves were developed to show the priority sequence of retrofits and building types. It was found that due to the growing wealth in Albania, user behaviour will change a lot in the future. Energy usage in the public building sector will increase and mitigate savings resulting from energy-saving measures making saved energy costs invisible. However, if other benefits beyond energy savings are considered, the cost efficiency of the measures remain obvious. The recommended approach can be used to assist decision-making and allocate funds.

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Arumugam, Pappu, Pandiyarajan Vellaichamy, Velraj Ramalingam, S. Arun Prakash et Antony Aroul Raj V. « A pathway towards healthy and naturally ventilated indoor built environment through phase change material and insulation techniques for office buildings in India ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A : Journal of Power and Energy 236, n^o 3 (24 novembre 2021) : 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09576509211056426.

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The thermal comfort of occupants is a necessary requirement for any building. The present pandemic demands us to opt for natural ventilation over air-conditioned spaces to reduce the spread of the infection. This work aims to prevent air-conditioner usage in a commercial building in India during daytime office hours while simultaneously enhancing the thermal comfort of the building occupants through natural ventilation/Phase Change Material (PCM)/insulation techniques. Four building configurations, such as Building A (conventional building with no PCM and no insulation), Building B (building-integrated with PCM), Building C (building-integrated with insulation) and Building D (building-integrated with PCM and insulation) were analysed for various locations using DesignBuilder software. From the results, it is understood that insulation integration is recommended for locations with average nighttime temperatures greater than 27°C, while PCM integration is recommended for locations with an average nighttime temperature less than 27°C during the summer season. Also, nighttime cooling of the building through an air-conditioner is necessary for all locations during summer to maintain adequate thermal comfort with natural ventilation in the daytime. Finally, an appropriate PCM/insulation technique is recommended for an office building located in each location that falls under each type of climate. Hence, the selection of PCM/insulation technique is to be made based on the specific site conditions.

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Sandoli, Antonio, Claudio D’Ambra, Carla Ceraldi, Bruno Calderoni et Andrea Prota. « Sustainable Cross-Laminated Timber Structures in a Seismic Area : Overview and Future Trends ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 5 (26 février 2021) : 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052078.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings are recognized as a robust alternative to heavyweight constructions, because beneficial for seismic resistance and environmental sustainability, more than other construction materials. The lightness of material and the satisfactory dissipative response of the mechanical connections provide an excellent seismic response to multi-story CLT buildings, in spite of permanent damage to timber panels in the connection zones. Basically, CLT constructions are highly sustainable structures from extraction of raw material, to manufacturing process, up to usage, disposal and recycling. With respect to other constructions, the potential of CLT buildings is that their environmental sustainability in the phases of disposal and/or recycling can be further enhanced if the seismic damage in structural timber components is reduced or nullified. This paper reports a state-of-the art overview on seismic performance and sustainability aspects of CLT buildings in seismic prone regions. Technological issues and modelling approaches for traditional CLT buildings currently proposed in literature are discussed, focusing the attention on some research advancements and future trends devoted to enhance seismic performance and environmental sustainability of CLT buildings in seismic prone regions.

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Locana Diwy, Ida Ayu Vadanti, Amien Rahardjo, Aji Nur Widyanto, Faiz Husnayain et Rudy Setiabudy. « Lockdown Impact due to Corona Pandemic on Electric Power Quality and Its Alternative Solutions for a University Office Building ». ELKHA 14, n^o 2 (20 octobre 2022) : 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v14i2.56226.

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The pandemic has changed the usage pattern of electrical appliances in buildings. This new pattern can create new problems in terms of power quality and thus affect the electrical system’s reliability. The purpose of this study is to determine the power quality of the Dean Office Building, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, and propose alternative solutions to its problems. To determine the quality of electric power, the related parameters such as voltage, current, power factor, and harmonics are measured first. The measurement results are compared with existing standards. If these standards cannot be met, damage to electrical equipment can occur. Out of eight parameters, three did not meet the criteria. First, overvoltage on average voltage with the range of 231.5-232.8 V. Second, IHDi nominal on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 15th harmonics for Thursday, April 7, 2022 on 06:11 with the value of 70.3%, 55.34%, 27.1%, and 8.07%. And third, the minimum power factor for the T phase with the value of 0.7219 is still less than 0.85. Possible solutions include checking and changing the supply transformer tap-changer, making an energy monitoring system and wiring diagram for understanding the load profile of the building, and using a single-tuned filter for harmonic currents.

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Kaur, Sandeep. « Internet Usage and Adolescents' Happiness ». Research in Social Change 13, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rsc-2021-0020.

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Abstract Adolescence, a phase of 'stress and strain', is a crucial period for building a strong sense of self, personality, social connections, and identity. Happiness is also a critical issue concerning adolescents’ development. Adolescents are happy when they are satisfied with their lives and relationships. During the last two decades, the internet has been incorporated into the daily lives of adolescents to such an extent that it has become a magic wand for satisfying their psychological needs and making them happy. The present review seeks to explore the factors of internet usage affecting the happiness of adolescents in order to make recommendations for mindful usage of the internet that would eventually result in a happier adolescent. The review has established that time spent online and the purpose of using the internet are the influential factors of internet usage that impact the happiness of adolescents. It has also been revealed that adolescents use the internet for four main purposes: retrieving information, knowledge, communication, entertainment, and commerce, of which communication predominates. Though there are mixed results regarding the relationship between time spent online, the purpose of its usage, and happiness, as well as a hazy understanding of the relationships that exist between the obtained factors of internet usage, the evidence of the negative effects of prolonged and purposeless internet usage necessitates diplomatic strategy implications by policymakers for its mindful usage in order to promote its positive effects and mitigate the potential harm.

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KAPUR, P. K., ANSHU GUPTA et P. C. JHA. « RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AND PRODUCT TYPE SOFTWARE IN OPERATIONAL PHASE INCORPORATING THE EFFECT OF FAULT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY ». International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 14, n^o 03 (juin 2007) : 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021853930700260x.

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Since the early 1970's numerous Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been proposed in the literature to estimate the software reliability measures such as the remaining number of faults, failure rate and reliability growth during the testing phase. These models are applied to the software testing data collected during the testing phase and then are often used to predict the software failures in operational phase. In practice simulating mirror image of the diverse testing environment representative of the operational environment is difficult in practice and hence the simulated testing environment during the testing phase may not be similar to the conditions that exist in the operational phase. During testing phase testing is performed under a controlled environment whereas during the operational phase failure phenomenon depends on the operational environment and usage of software. Therefore an SRGM developed for the testing phase is not suitable for estimating the reliability growth during the operational phase. In this paper, we propose a generalized Software Reliability Growth Model, which can be used to estimate number of faults during the testing phase and can be easily extended to the operation phase. In the testing phase, it is appropriate to estimate the reliability growth with respect to the amount of testing resources spent on testing whereas in the operational phase the amount of effort to be spent on removing a fault reported by a user is fixed by the developer. The number of failures detected and hence the reliability growth during the user phase depends on the usage of software. The proposed model appropriately incorporates these changes. Further we categorize the software into two-categories- (a) project and (b) product type software. Appropriate usage functions are linked to both project and product type software. To describe the fault removal phenomenon, imperfect debugging environment is incorporated into the model building. The paper highlights an interdisciplinary mathematical modeling approach in Software Reliability Engineering and Marketing. The proposed model is validated for both phases using the software failure data sets obtained from different sources. Model describes the failure phenomenon for these data sets fairly.

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Findik, Furkan, et Fehim Findik. « Civil engineering materials ». Heritage and Sustainable Development 3, n^o 2 (11 octobre 2021) : 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v3i2.74.

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For any construction project to prove satisfactory, it is essential to understand the properties of materials during both the design and construction phases. It is crucial to consider the economic viability and sociological and environmental impact of a project. During this initial design phase, possible alternative locations and a preliminary assessment of suitable construction materials are taken into account. The decision of which structural form and material choice is most appropriate depends on a number of factors including cost, physical properties, durability and availability of materials. Buildings can contain wood, metals, concrete, bituminous materials, polymers, and bricks and blocks. Some of these can only be used in non-structural elements, while others can be used alone or in combination with structural elements. The actual materials used in the structural members will depend on both the structural form and other factors mentioned earlier. In this study, various materials such as metal, timber, concrete floor and polymer used in civil engineering were examined, the properties and usage areas of these materials were examined.

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Skovajsa, Jan, et Martin Zalesak. « The Use of the Photovoltaic System in Combination With a Thermal Energy Storage for Heating and Thermoelectric Cooling ». Applied Sciences 8, n^o 10 (28 septembre 2018) : 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101750.

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The article is focused on the research of the usage of modern accumulation technology. The proposed system is able to improve the thermal comfort of building interiors. That text depicts the technology, which uses a photovoltaics and other renewable energy sources for active heating and cooling. The bases of the presented technology are the phase change material and thermal energy storages. So, it passively improves the thermal capacity of the constructions of the buildings. Moreover, there is a possibility to use it for active heating and cooling. The technology contains thermoelectric assemblies, so, there is a very interesting possibility to store thermal energy with use of renewable energy sources (such as photovoltaic system) and thermoelectric coolers side by side. In the manuscript, there are shown measurements and results of the active operating modes of proposed technology. It was found the technology is able to work in active heating and cooling modes. It works quite well in active heating mode. On the other hand, thermoelectric cooling mode had a problem with overheating. In the end, the problem was solved and the cooling mode works. The measurements and results are described in the text.

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Santos, Alexandre F., Pedro D. Gaspar et Heraldo J. L. de Souza. « New Data Center Performance Index : Perfect Design Data Center—PDD ». Climate 8, n^o 10 (4 octobre 2020) : 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8100110.

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Data Centers (DC) are specific buildings that require large infrastructures to store all the information needed by companies. All data transmitted over the network is stored on CDs. By the end of 2020, Data Centers will grow 53% worldwide. There are methodologies that measure the efficiency of energy consumption. The most used metric is the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) index, but it does not fully reflect efficiency. Three DC’s located at the cities of Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls (Brazil) with close PUE values, are evaluated in this article using the Energy Usage Effectiveness Design (EUED) index as an alternative to the current method. EUED uses energy as a comparative element in the design phase. Infrastructure consumption is the sum of energy with Heating, Ventilating and Air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, equipment, lighting and others. The EUED values obtained were 1.245 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr), 1.313 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) and 1.316 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) to Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls, respectively. The difference between the EUED and the PUE Constant External Air Temperature (COA) is 16.87% for Curitiba, 13.33% for Londrina and 13.30% for Iguaçu Falls. The new Perfect Design Data center (PDD) index prioritizes efficiency in increasing order is an easy index to interpret. It is a redefinition of EUED, given by a linear equation, which provides an approximate result and uses a classification table. It is a decision support index for the location of a Data Center in the project phase.

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Noppakant, Akeratana, et Boonyang Plangklang. « Improving Energy Management through Demand Response Programs for Low-Rise University Buildings ». Sustainability 14, n^o 21 (31 octobre 2022) : 14233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114233.

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Recently, energy costs have increased significantly, and energy savings have become more important, leading to the use of different patterns to align with the characteristics of demand-side load. This paper focused on the energy management of low-rise university buildings, examining the demand response related to air conditioning and lighting by measuring the main parameters and characteristics and collecting and managing the data from these parameters and characteristics. This system seeks to control and communicate with the aim of reducing the amount of peak energy using a digital power meter installed inside the main distribution unit, with an RS-485 communication port connected to a data converter and then displayed on a computer screen. The demand response and time response were managed by power management software and an optimization model control algorithm based on using a split type of air conditioning unit. This unit had the highest energy consumption in the building as it works to provide a comfortable environment based on the temperatures inside and outside the building. There was a renewable energy source that compensated for energy usage to decrease the peak load curve when the demand was highest, mostly during business hours. An external power source providing 20 kWh of solar power was connected to an inverter and feeds power into each phase of the main distribution. This was controlled by an energy power management program using a demand response algorithm. After applying real-time intelligent control demand-side management, the efficient system presented in this research could generate energy savings of 25% based on AC control of the lighting system. A comparison of the key system parameters shows the decrease in power energy due to the use of renewable energy and the room temperature control using a combination of split-type air conditioning.

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Veselka, J., J. Hájek, M. Volf, J. Růžička et V. Žd’ára. « BIM in Early Design Phase : Workflow for Preliminary Assessment with SBToolCZ ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2042, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012084.

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Abstract Early design phase provides the highest potential for saving emissions and energy. Building Information Modeling (BIM) in cooperation with environmental assessment can be efficient tools for various kinds of analysis. This paper shows a possible workflow of using data from BIM in an online form for an early building assessment. Different methods of data export are also described. Czech national methodology, SBToolCZ was used for this study. However, the described principles are applicable for any other commonly used method. Results show approximately 60% of precision compared to the full SBToolCZ assessment (depends on the building typology). As an outcome of the study, a free online tool for architects and public usage is being developed.

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El Menshawy, Adel, Walid Omar et Sherif El Adawy. « Preservation of heritage buildings in Alexandria, Egypt : an application of heritage digitisation process phases and new documentation methods ». F1000Research 11 (13 septembre 2022) : 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123158.1.

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Background: Throughout the history of the city, the architecture of Alexandria, Egypt, has been in contact with world cultures, especially those of the Mediterranean sphere. Alexandria is rich with cultural features dating back seven thousand years. In Alexandria, the heritage value of the city has decreased because there is no suitable documentation system for these more recent assets. The development of a new technique for preserving heritage buildings is required. For example, image- based techniques can gather data using photography, panoramic photography, and close-range photogrammetry. In this research, we primarily seek to implement Heritage Digitisation Process Phases (HDPP) and establish new documentation methods in architectural conservation and built-heritage preservation, i.e., Virtual Reality (VR) and Website Heritage Documentation (WHD). Methods: The methodology is designed to preserve and manage cultural heritage using HDPP for the promotion of heritage building preservation in Alexandria. Results: The results show that the application of HDPP has led to the creation of a digital database about the Société Immobilière building, which was chosen as a case study for this research. Conclusions: Implementation of HDPP and usage of new documentation methods i.e., VR and WHD create a digital path to help strengthen its image and connect the place to users, recreational areas are created to communicate and explore the city’s architectural history.

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Novel, Aymeric, Francis Allard et Patrice Joubert. « Metamodeling of building energy consumption focused on climate, operation, space use and users related factors ». E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019) : 04027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104027.

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Energy performance guarantee projects aim at achieving a given energy consumption in real life conditions. Building energy consumption monitoring during operation phase often reveals that energy consumption is sensitive to building spaces use and systems operation quality, especially for buildings with high energy performance characteristics [7]. Other investigations show the impact of building users’ behaviour on energy consumption [28]. These factors must be added to climate factors for energy consumption prediction during operation phase. Number of factors and possible combinations is very high. Building energy modeling is limited regarding this issue and metamodeling has been used to solve this problem [25]. We developed metamodels that are polynomial functions using D-optimal design of experiment (DOE) approach. Such metamodels can become operational tools to use in the IPMVP framework, associated with a M&V plan. This paper shows the application of the method on a cultural building that comprises numerous systems and usages. We obtain a reliable metamodel of the energy consumption as a function of climate, operation, and space use factors. which meets IPMVP [11] and ASHRAE Guideline 14 [3] modeling uncertainties criteria. We also determine the global uncertainty resulting from predictors’ uncertainties propagation and modelling uncertainty associated with the metamodel.

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Read, Lee, et Yusuf Arayici. « Can soap be a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based thermal insulation ? » Structural Survey 33, n^o 2 (11 mai 2015) : 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-01-2014-0003.

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Purpose – Thermal insulation is important to achieve energy efficiency in a buildings’ lifespan while maintaining comfort. Traditionally, the majority of insulation in buildings is man-made petroleum based products with limited or no-end life usage. However, from an environmental and economic sustainability perspective, they are not sustainable as natural resources are finite and in danger of run-out. Furthermore, they are also highly influenced by the increasing price and the ongoing scarcity of fossil fuel oils. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper introduces soap based insulation from recycled materials as a sustainable alternative to petroleum counterparts. The methodology is lab based experimentation and iterative tests. The phased based research process for the incremental development of the soap based thermal insulation is explained. Findings – Findings reveal that soap based insulation can be one possible way forward in the quest for natural and sustainable thermal insulation from recycled products to preserve and conserve the sustainable environment. Originality/value – Thus, the paper provides a unique environmentally friendly approach as an alternative to those existing petroleum counterparts for thermal insulation in buildings.

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Shakhova, Valeria, Irina Vitkalova, Anastasiya Torlova, Evgeniy Pikalov et Oleg Selivanov. « Development of composite ceramic material using cullet ». MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018) : 03032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303032.

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The research presents the results of the charge development for producing ceramic composite material, where ceramic particles of the crystalline structure serve as filler, and vitreous amorphous phase obtained by the introduction of the cullet and the flux into the charge at different firing temperatures serve as a binder. Herewith the cullet is used as a flux-strengthening additive, which is a source of vitreous phase, and the flux reduces the amount of the formed vitreous phase. Boric acid, feldspar, and dolomite separately have been used as fluxes in the current research. In the conducted experiments, the charge basic component was low-plasticity clay, which can be used for producing high quality products only with the introduction of functional additives. Basing on the obtained data, it has been stated that higher values of strength and lower values of water absorption for the developed material can be achieved at the introduction of 30 wt. % of the cullet and 2.5 wt.% of boric acid as a flux at the highest firing temperature of 1050oC. The developed charge composition facilitates broadening the construction materials production resource base due to the usage of low-demand low-plasticity clay and glass works waste. The material produced on the basis of this charge corresponds to the requirements for the construction materials used for indoor and outdoor facing of facades, socles of the buildings and facilities.

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Umerenkov, E. V., E. V. Umerenkova, N. E. Semicheva, A. A. Nasonova et A. A. Sazonova. « The Study of Buildings' Thermal Mode with the Development of Actions for Power Efficiency Increase (on the Example of "Southwest State University") ». Proceedings of the Southwest State University 23, n^o 2 (9 juillet 2019) : 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2019-23-2-85-96.

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Purpose of research. The purpose of the study is to carry out an applied research of buildings' thermal mode of Southwest state university on the basis of energy audit results and development of scientific and technical actions of thermal sanitation including search of expedient options of enclosing structures' warming and increase of heat supply system by thermal energy accumulation.Methods. Heat power indicators of research objects and their comparison with standards were defined on the basis of energy audit results. It was done for the research objective achievement. Possible options of bringing thermal resistance of enclosing structures to required values were analysed taking into account minimization of capital expenditure. Inclusion of warmth accumulators on transition phase in the system of heat consumption is offered. It is used for removal of heat superfluous at night from heating system and its rational use for economy consumption of thermal energy. Saved thermal energy is supposed to be used for hot water supply (HWS) in the afternoon. Integration of thermal accumulators allows to smooth unevenness of HWS loadings for decentralized heat supply system. Shutdown of the main source (heat generator) on usage time of accumulated warmth gives positive ecological effect, i.e. provides reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Ways in efficiency increase of warmth faze changing accumulator of housing type is offered to use.Results. Development of technical actions for ensuring power efficiency and increase in consumer's quality of research objects is a result of the carried-out research.Conclusion. Implementation of developed actions for thermal protection and the use of energy efficient engineering actions allows to achieve the following results: to increase consumer quality of buildings, to bring parameters of an internal microclimate to standards; to prolong service life of enclosing structures considerably, to provide consumption economy of energy resources on heat supply due to decrease in transmission and filtration heat losses and rational heat expenses with the use of thermal storage devices; to reduce the volume of harmful emissions of combustion products due to shutdown of heat source by usage time of accumulated warmth.

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Bijeljić, Jelena, Nenad Stojković et Jovan Mišić. « USAGE OF RED MUD IN GEOPOLYMER MORTAR MIXTURES ». KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 54, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij5403541b.

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Popular techniques of waste treatment are often very expensive and often difficult to access.Nowadays, billions of tons of valuable waste material are deposited in landfills without using potential. The factthat five to ten percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions coming from civil engineering, actually from theproduction of cement, means that it is necessary to find some alternative materials. Alkali-activated materials -geopolymers are created in order to prevent carbon dioxide emission and to use waste materials. Geopolymersare the result of a chemical process called geopolymerization. They were developed in order to promote fireprotection, but their numerous benefits were observed during the laboratory tests. Materials such as industrialby-products might be used as a binder material because their chemical structure is rich in aluminosilicatecompounds. As in well-known building materials, as it is here, the application of different binder materialsmakes a difference in the material structure. During the process of geopolymer mixtures production, binders andalkali activators required more steps than traditional building materials: like blending the binder materials,dissolving the liquid phase, etc., but in the end, the carbon emission is a few times lower when compared toothers mixtures. It is clear that the greatest benefit of geopolymer is their ecological aspects.The paper presents the results of testing the physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics of geopolymermixtures. Fly ash was used as the primary material, while its partial replacement was made with the addition ofred mud. All geopolymer mortar mixes meet the basic requirements in terms of compressive and flexuralstrengths.The testing was continued on frost and thaw up to twenty-five cycles. It can be concluded that the coefficient ofresistance, in terms of flexural strength is greater than seventy-five percent only in the mixtures made withfifteen percent red mud and on the etalon sample. By calculating the compressive strength resistance parameter,it was concluded that all samples of geopolymer mortar that are made of fly ash and with the addition of redmud are freezing and thawing resistant up to twenty-five cycles.

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