Bibliographies thématiques / Usage phase of buildings

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Usage phase of buildings »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Dudney, C. S., D. L. Wilson, R. B. Gammage et H. L. Scott. « The Department of Energy's Radon Testing Programme ». Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no 1-4 (1 décembre 1994) : 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082463.

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Abstract The US Department of Energy (DOE) conducted an initial study of indoor radon in buildings under its control in response to Public Law 100-551, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, enacted by the US Congress in 1988. Other federal agencies have also conducted radon surveys. This paper presents an overview of the results from radon testing of several thousand buildings ranging from 100 m2 to over 10,000 m2 in size. In addition, results from groups of buildings have been examined, classified according to ventilation and usage characteristics. So far, there is no apparent difference among building classes. The paper also discusses a proposal for phased radon surveys. It is suggested that first-phase results can be used to identify facilities with radon problems. In the second phase, measurements can be made at a much higher sampling density at facilities with radon problems. The results of the second phase are expected to identify all buildings in need of mitigation.
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Volkov, Andrey, Artem Sedov et Pavel Chelyshkov. « Usage of Building Information Modelling for Evaluation of Energy Efficiency ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (septembre 2013) : 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.630.

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The article describes a specialized building information model implemented in a Matlab environment. It is designed to evaluate the energy efficiency of a building. It is supporting water, heat and electricity as resources consumed during the usage phase of a building. The danger of global warming, natural resources depletion and world ecosystem collapse currently is constantly increasing. When this happens 45% of world’s energy consumption, 65% of electric power, 40% of raw materials, building industry uses 14% of potable water supply. At the same time this industry provides 35% of all carbon dioxide emissions and almost half of all solid wastes. Therefore sustainability and energy efficiency development for buildings and structures is one of the main problems of modern building industry.
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Khakurel, Shreedhar, Trevor Z. Yeow, Frankie Chen, Zam Wang, Sandip K. Saha et Rajesh P. Dhakal. « Development of cladding contribution functions for seismic loss estimation ». Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, no 1 (31 mars 2019) : 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.1.23-43.

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One method to rapidly estimate seismic losses during the structural design phase is to use contribution functions. These are relationships between expected losses (e.g. damage repair costs, downtime, and injury) for a wide range of building components (e.g. cladding, partitions, and ceilings) and the building’s response. This study aims to develop contribution functions for common types of cladding used in different types of buildings considering damage repair costs. In the first part of this study, a building survey was performed to identify types and quantity of cladding used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand; where it was found that the most common cladding types are glazing, masonry veneer, monolithic cladding and precast panels. The data collected during the survey was also used to develop cladding distribution (i.e. density) functions. The second step involved identifying fragility functions from relevant literature which are applicable to the cladding detailing used in New Zealand. The third step involved surveying consultants, suppliers and builders on typical repair/replacement cost. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to combine the cladding density function with the fragility functions and the repair cost for each type of cladding to derive contribution functions for various types of cladding and building usage. An example (case study) is provided to demonstrate its usage.
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Anis Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Umer Zaheer, Sarosh Asghar et Syed Shujaa Safdar Gardezi. « Green Rating Assessment of a Residential Building in Pakistan Using LEED’s ». Open Journal of Science and Technology 3, no 2 (4 août 2020) : 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v3i2.1474.

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The paper presents the application of an International Green rating system LEED’s in a developing country. It focuses on significant environmental, energy, and water issues faced after construction. The rating conducted was on a multifamily residential building located in Askari 14, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The building's construction was complete; hence The LEED v4 for Building Operations and Maintenance manual was used for performing Green rating. The rating works on the bases of point allotment scheme for building’s operational and environmental features such as energy use efficiency, water use efficiency, sustainable material usage, and more. The selected structure is constructed by implementing standard building techniques to which Pakistan adheres, which never inculcate aspects of environment and energy reduction. The cumulative score of all LEED’s components after rating is 40 out of 110, which grants it the rank of certified. Where the building performs poorly can be attributed to the fact that there were no LEED’s Accredited Professionals involved in the design phase of the case study. From the results, possible solutions are discussed in the paper to integrate the concept of sustainability in constructed buildings.
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Litwin, Małgorzata, et Marcin Górecki. « Assembly mistakes of steel structures ». Budownictwo i Architektura 4, no 1 (11 juin 2009) : 063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2334.

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Steel structures have plenty of advantages, which decide on their usage in many buildings. At the same time require they great precision in the design stage as well as during the building phase. Indispensable precision is oft a reason for design and assembly mistakes. In the paper there are presented the assembly mistakes, which occur the most often during the realisation stage.
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Gavrilovic, Dragan, et Jasmina Stojic. « Usage of "smart" glass panels in commercial and residential buildings ». Facta universitatis - series : Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no 2 (2011) : 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1102261g.

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This paper examines specific conceptual approach to the implementation of new "smart" materials having phase-changing own characteristics and maximum potential for their installation and exploitation of their performance in the commercial and residential buildings architecture. Such approach somewhat changes the usual traditional practice of installing "classical" materials, i.e. installable components into the architectural structure. The immeasurably superior performance of new elements installed in the architectural system is thus utilized, to the total energy benefit of the structural system. Using new "smart" components would result in energy cost-effective impact, reflected in the reduced the overall energy consumption of a given structure as well as in better effect sustainability of buildings in bioclimatic terms at the micro and macro levels in comparisonto the usual performance of traditionally constructed buildings.
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Váz Sá, A., R. M. S. F. Almeida, H. Sousa et J. M. P. Q. Delgado. « Numerical Analysis of the Energy Improvement of Plastering Mortars with Phase Change Materials ». Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/582536.

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Building components with incorporated phase change materials (PCMs) meant to increase heat storage capacity and enable stabilization of interior buildings surface temperatures, whereby influencing the thermal comfort sensation and the stabilization of the interior ambient temperatures. The potential of advanced simulation tools to evaluate and optimize the usage of PCM in the control of indoor temperature, allowing for an improvement in the comfort conditions and/or in the cooling energy demand, was explored. This paper presents a numerical and sensitivity analysis of the enthalpy and melting temperature effect on the inside building comfort sensation potential of the plastering PCM.
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FALTEJSEK, Michal, et Blanka CHUDIKOVA. « Facility management and building information modeling during operation and maintenance ». MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019) : 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927702022.

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BIM is a concept and also a method currently applied throughout the world in the modern building construction. The impact and benefits of the BIM method are clear across all stages of the life cycle of buildings (project, realization, operation, demolition). The longest and most expensive phase of buildings life is the operation and usage part. Many common aspects and linkage of processes between the BIM method and the facility management, i.e. a modern asset management method, can provide greater efficiency for these activities, help reduce the cost of required building operations and maintenance and save time for individual activities. The BIM can be understood as an information management of buildings. Many common elements can create a synergy of processes related to the management of buildings. The article discusses these aspects and emphasizes the listing of the basic data and processes that are necessary for mutual interconnectedness.
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Walsdorf-Maul, Manuela, Laura Dommack et Michael Schneider. « Investigation of the BNB Building Certification for the Further Development of the Energy Performance Certificate ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2069, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012233.

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Abstract In this study, a life cycle oriented planning of buildings is proposed to support future building developers and planners in making environmentally sound decisions on the basis of comprehensive information. The study, in which the building certification BNB (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen, or “Assessment System for Sustainable Building”) is carried out on the example of an office building, is applicable to German-speaking countries. In addition to meeting the requirements of the 2020 German Energy Act for Buildings (GebäudeEnergieGesetz, GEG), the aim is to optimize the building with regard to sustainability criteria of the BNB by revising and expanding the existing planning so that the “gold” quality label can eventually be achieved. The biggest influence on this optimization process is, among other things, the life cycle costs, the adaptability of the building, the primary energy demand as well as the technical quality. Based on these findings, this research paper details the further development of the energy performance certificate, before in a final step the building assessment can be graphically presented with regard to both aspects – energy efficiency (final energy) and sustainability (in terms of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, functional and technical quality, process quality and location characteristics) – from the production phase through the usage phase up to the disposal phase.
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Ma, Guofeng, Xue Song et Shanshan Shang. « BIM-BASED SPACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE IN EDUCATIONAL OFFICE BUILDING ». JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no 1 (18 décembre 2019) : 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.11565.

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Lists and floor plans have been widely adopted as space management tools for educational office buildings. However, the two-dimensional floor plans fail to present the indoor complexity, which hinders users from intuitively observing the indoor equipment arrangements and adapting to the indoor environment within a short time. Meanwhile, insufficient research has been conducted on space management tools regarding building indoor navigation. A Building Information Modeling Space Management (BIMSM) system was proposed in this study based on BIM. This system is comprised of two components, i.e. indoor space allocation management and indoor path navigation. The real-time space usage can be queried and user demands may be matched with available space by applying the Space Usage Analysis (SUA) theory. After the establishment of indoor maps, an improved A* algorithm is used to provide smooth navigation paths, and the visualization of such paths can be provided in mobile terminals. The BIMSM system was applied in an office building in a university in Shanghai, China. In this case study, the overall user satisfaction reached 91.6% by greatly reducing space arrangement failures. The time indoor navigation took outperformed that based on the traditional A* algorithm, with the search efficiency increasing 5.28%.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Borg, Mathias. « Environmental Assessment of Materials, Components and Buildings Building Specific Considerations, Open-loop Recycling, Variations in Assessment Results and the Usage Phase of Buildings ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3232.

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Paulsen, Jacob. « Life Cycle Assessment for Building Products - The significanse of the usage phase ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Building Sciences and Engineering, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3159.

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Paulsen, Jacob. « Life cycle assessment for building products : the significance of the usage phase / ». Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3159.

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Susman, Gideon. « The application of phase change materials to cool buildings ». Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7639.

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Five projects improve understanding of how to use PCM to reduce building cooling energy. Firstly, a post-installation energy-audit of an active cooling system with PCM tank revealed an energy cost of 10.6% of total cooling energy, as compared to an identical tankless system, because PCM under%cooling prevented heat rejection at night. Secondly, development of a new taxonomy for PCM cooling systems allowed reclassification of all systems and identified under-exploited types. Novel concept designs were generated that employ movable PCM units and insulation. Thirdly, aspects of the generated designs were tested in a passive PCM sail design, installed in an occupied office. Radiant heat transfer, external heat discharge and narrow phase transition zone all improved performance. Fourthly, passive PCM product tests were conducted in a 4.2 m3 thermal test cell in which two types of ceiling tile, with 50 and 70% microencapsulated PCM content, and paraffin/copolymer composite wallboards yielded peak temperature reductions of 3.8, 4.4 and 5.2 °C, respectively, and peak temperature reductions per unit PCM mass of 0.28, 0.34 and 0.14 °C/kg, respectively. Heat discharge of RACUS tiles was more effective due to their non-integration into the building fabric. Conclusions of preceding chapters informed the design of a new system composed of an array of finned aluminium tubes, containing paraffin (melt temperature 19.79 °C, latent heat 159.75 kJ/kg) located below the ceiling. Passive cooling and heat discharge is prioritised but a chilled water loop ensures temperature control on hotter days (water circulated at 13 °C) and heat discharge on hotter nights (water circulated at 10 °C). Test cell results showed similar passive performance to the ceiling tiles and wallboards, effective active temperature control (constant 24.6˚C air temperature) and successful passive and active heat discharge. A dynamic heat balance model with an IES% generated UK office’s annual cooling load and PCM temperature%enthalpy functions predicted annual energy savings of 34%.
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Ozdenefe, Murat. « Phase change materials and thermal performance of buildings in Cyprus ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/phase-change-materials-and-thermal-performance-of-buildings-in-cyprus(a7b37f53-22de-47d4-ad19-2596ee75a558).html.

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This work investigates the thermal performance of buildings in Cyprus and application of a particular passive technology; Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for the ultimate aim of reducing indoor air temperatures and energy supplied for the cooling season.PCMs for passive building applications are emerging technology and have not been tested for the buildings of Cyprus neither by computer simulations nor by practical applications. In this work, particular PCM end product; wallboard, having phase change temperature of 26 oC is employed together with various construction materials and simulated for buildings of Cyprus. Description of the current state in Cyprus has been carried out in terms of low energy building studies, widely used building fabric and building statistics. There is a huge gap in Cyprus in the field of energy performance and thermal comfort of buildings, which creates big room for research. Climatic design of buildings has been abandoned resulting in poor thermal comfort and increased energy consumption. There is still no regulation in place regarding the thermal performance of buildings in North Cyprus.Recent weather data of different Cyprus locations has been investigated and compared with the simulation weather data files that are employed in this work. The author has demonstrated that Finkelstein-Schafer statistics between recent weather data of Cyprus and simulation weather data files are close enough to obtain accurate results.Dynamic thermal simulations has been carried out by using Energy Plus, which is a strong and validated thermal simulation program that can model PCMs. Simulations are done for two different building geometry; “simple building” and “typical building” by employing different construction materials. Simple building is a small size box shaped building and typical building is a real existing building and selected by investigation of the building statistics.Simulation results showed that with this particular PCM product, indoor air temperatures and cooling energies supplied to simple building is reduced up to 1.2 oC and 18.64 % when heavier construction materials are used and up to 1.6 oC and 44.12 % when lighter construction materials are used. These values for typical building are found to be 0.7 oC, 3.24 % when heavier construction materials are used and 1.2 oC, 3.64 % when lighter construction materials are used. It is also found that, if thinner walls and slabs are used in the buildings the effectiveness of the PCM lining increases in significant amount.
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Dyball, Dianne L. « An innovative wall-lining for buildings incorporating phase change materials ». Thesis, University of Brighton, 2013. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/efdce4e8-dbb0-407b-9d57-ac45820e6743.

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The use of thermal energy storage in buildings is well understood but contemporary buildings with highly insulated, lightweight construction have low thermal inertia. This causes them to respond rapidly to external temperature changes, which results in significant internal temperature fluctuations and overheating. This research addresses this problem by developing a thermal interactive wall-lining through the inclusion of phase change materials. Phase change materials (PCMs) not only absorb sensible heat but also absorb and release latent heat during phase transition. This research set out to determine if it is possible to locate phase change materials on the surface of a room and if they can effectively improve the thermal performance of a room. Using the scientific method the suitability of different types of PCMs was investigated for inclusion within a vinyl matrix. Experiments evaluated the maximum quantity of PCM loading and thermal analysis identified the largest potential heat storage capacity for the phase change wall-lining. Following successful laboratory experiments a pilot scale prototype phase change wall-lining was manufactured and tested. The test involved an experiment comprising two thermally matched chambers to evaluate the thermal performance of the phase change wall-lining in a controlled environment. The results demonstrated the phase change wall-lining can reduce internal temperatures by more than 2°C and delay the time taken to reach extreme temperatures. The effect of different air flow rates on the ability to charge and discharge the phase change wall-lining have been evaluated to identify the required operating criteria for use in buildings. This research has developed an innovative phase change wall-lining that reduces internal peak temperatures, minimises diurnal temperature fluctuations by storing excess heat and improves the thermal comfort. The outcomes provide a greater understanding of the interaction between air and PCMs when located on the surface of a room, and indicate that such materials have the potential to improve thermal performance of new and existing buildings.
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Javed, Khalid. « Non linear seismic response of asymmetric buildings ». Thesis, University of East London, 1999. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1260/.

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The study presented in this thesis is an attempt towards a better understanding of the coupled lateral-torsional response of buildings subject to seismic ground motion. Some of the problems identified in the past studies are thoroughly investigated and some new areas of study are explored. Some of these problems encountered in the literature include (a) the existence of several definitions of uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency ratio (b) an arbitrary selection of structural parameters in a parametric analysis resulting in a physically inadmissible structure and (c) the effect of nonlinearity. Because of the simplified models with either eccentricity in one direction or the ground motion applied in only one direction, the effects of a bi-directional loading have not been investigated in detail. These effects may include the relative differences in the amplitude or phase components of the individual accelerograms and their orientation with respect to the building. The phase properties of accelerograms are of particular interest and these have not received much attention in the past. Using analytical methods such as Chasle's[16] and Gerschgorin's[39] theorems, the equation of motion of a bi-eccentric system is derived and all of the existing problems regarding the definition of structural parameters and their bounds are studied in depth. To facilitate nonlinear parametric study, a paraboloid non-linear elastic stiffness model is proposed. Fourier spectral methods are used to study the frequency domain characteristics of the accelerogram pair. The difference in phase and amplitude of the component frequencies in each direction are studied for their effects on the response. For phase difference, cross-correlation function is used as a comparative statistical indicator. USA earthquake records obtained from US National Geophysical Data Centre are grouped into four soil types and the analysis is performed for each group in order to explore the soil-dependency of the aforementioned effects on the response. Computer programs are written in FORTRAN for both parametric and numerical model analyses. The latter can handle any number and orientation of columns with the assumed nonlinear stiffness properties. Newmark's and Runge-Kutta methods of numerical integration with adaptive step size control have been used to calculate parametric and the hysteretic responses of the system. The response to harmonic ground acceleration is used as a preliminary investigation into the response to actual accelerogram frequency components. The study has developed relationships for different definitions of the uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency ratio. Detailed derivation of the Equation of Motion has clarified the confusion that produced different definitions in the past studies. Graphical descriptions of the admissibility bounds on system parameters are produced. The variation in the response quantities is studied for a range of amplitude and phase contents of the applied ground acceleration. The difference in phase and amplitude in x and y ground accelerations have been found to affect the response quite significantly. More generally, the relationship of these differences to the torsional mode amplification has been observed. The effects of structural frequency and eccentricity parameters are also studied. Graphs showing the relationship between, the angle of incidence of the accelerogram with respect to the principal axis of the building, and the phase difference in the accelerogram pair, have been produced. The proposed analysis involving the bi-directional ground acceleration on a bi-eccentric system is an improvement on the current methods employed in design practice. Further work is, however, required before simplified design recommendations can be made and some proposals for future research are given at the end of this thesis.
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Höglund, Philip. « Impact of future usage patterns on the insulation demand for office buildings in Stockholm ». Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194369.

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The environmental impact from our energy production and use today is a central concern for every major decision maker regardless of interest area. Together with transport and industry, housing and services is a major contributor to our energy consumption. In 2013 housing and services accounted for 38% of the energy consumption in Sweden Therefore, energy consumption in buildings has become an area of great importance with many technological solutions developing to meet the demands from investors and legislation. However, present solutions primarily aim to solve current problems, while ongoing technological and social development is setting new conditions for future buildings. This study investigates the future of office buildings heading towards a more flexible work environment. Advancement of technology accompanied with new emerging economic and social practices is facilitating the flexibility, as well as remote work and more out-of-office time, with possible decrease of the thermal energy produced by humans and equipment. In addition, desktop computers will be replaced by energy efficient thin clients, tablets, and phones while other equipment is also becoming more energy efficient, resulting in reduced secondary heat production and thus lower internal gains. This scenario supposes reduced internal gains, resulting in decreased cooling requirements but also increased heating requirements. However, an alternative scenario with increased internal gains is also likely, due to activity-based workplaces. Activity-based offices dispose of personal desks, instead utilising activity-based areas where employees choose an area or desk where to work, depending on their current task. Disposing of personal desks supports higher occupancy, as employees working elsewhere don’t occupy workplaces at the office. Thus, the amount of desks can be matched to the actual amount of employees working at the office during peak loads. These scenarios are developed, quantified, and used as a basis for the building simulation models. These models are then optimised to meet these new conditions, utilising simulation and multi objective optimisation. The key finding is that office buildings are resilient to changing conditions, and that a state-of-theart office from today meet the demands of tomorrow.
Miljöpåverkan från vår produktion och energianvändning är idag är en central fråga för varje större beslutsfattare oavsett intresse i området. Tillsammans med transport och industri, är bostäder och service en viktig bidragande orsak till vår energiförbrukning. År 2013 bostäder och service stod för 38% av energiförbrukningen i Sverige. Därför har energiförbrukningen i byggnader kommit att få stor betydelse, vilket driver utvecklingen mot nya tekniska lösningar för att möta kraven från investerare och lagstiftning. De nuvarande lösningarna syftar dock främst till att lösa nuvarande problem, samtidigt som teknisk och social utveckling skapar nya förutsättningar för framtida byggnader. Detta projekt undersöker framtiden för kontorsbyggnader, där utvecklingen verkar vara på väg mot distansarbete, outsourcing, och mer arbetstid spenderad utanför kontoret, vilket minskar mängden interna laster som värmer upp kontoret. Samtidigt utvecklas stationära datorer och annan utrustning som ersättas med energieffektiva tunna klienter, tablets, och smarta telefoner, vilket minskar de interna lasterna ytterligare. Ett alternativt scenario är aktivitetsbaserade kontor, där de anställda inte har sin egen arbetsyta, utan istället använder aktivitetsbaserade områden beroende på arbetsuppgift. Detta scenario kan tänkas leda till ökade interna laster då ytan kan användas mer effektivt, som kan kompensera för användning av mer energieffektiv kontorsutrustning. Projektet undersöker tänkbara framtida scenarier och hur framtida kontor kan anpassas för att möta dessa nya förutsättningar med hjälp av klimat- och energisimuleringsmjukvara. Resultaten tyder på flera tydliga trender i användningen av kontorsbyggnader, men effekterna av dessa trender kan resultera i flera scenarier. Därför projektet omfattar flera scenarier för att utvärdera spannet av möjligheter. Simuleringarna tyder på att kontorsbyggnader är motståndskraftiga mot förändrade villkor, och att ett modernt kontor från idag kan möta morgondagens behov.
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Rawls, Sandra K. « Restroom usage in selected public buildings and facilities : a comparison of females and males ». Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53598.

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Women often experience having to stand in line in order to use public restrooms. The primary purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the number and types of activities performed in the restroom, along with the amount of time spent in the restroom, as these factors might influence the revision of plumbing codes and the design of public restrooms. Data were collected by a self administered questionnaire at four sites--an airport, highway rest area, sports arena, and conference center. The subjects were also timed. The sample consisted of 230 male and 224 female respondents. Males and females were similar in the types of activities performed in the restroom. Urination, washing hands, and checking appearance were the three activities performed most frequently by both genders. Females were more likely to have to stand in line to use the restroom than males, though the wait was usually fewer than five minutes. At two of the sites, airport and sports arena, females, on an average, performed more activities than males. At all four sites, females spent a significantly greater amount of time in the restroom than did males. For female respondents the mean time ranged from 152.5 seconds (sports arena) to 180.6 seconds (rest area). For male respondents the mean time ranged from 83.6 seconds (sports arena) to 112.5 seconds (airport). There was no significant relationship between age and the amount of time spent in the restroom, for either gender at any of the four sites. The results from two sites, however, showed a slight trend toward older people spending more time in the restroom. There was no clear pattern with regard to explaining the relationship between the amount of time spent in the restroom and the number of activities performed. For males only, there were significant differences among the four sites and the amount of time spent in the restroom. For both males and females, there were significant differences between number of activities performed and site. This research indicates that females need a greater number of elimination fixtures than do males, and that revision of plumbing codes, based on further research, is needed.
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Unéus, Viktor. « Energy efficiency trends in large clusters of residential buildings ». Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34559.

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The aim of this thesis work is to analyse the trends in heat use among Borlänge Energis district heating customer over the last 20 years. Several reports show that in general the buildings stock get more and more efficient, both in Sweden and other European countries, but will the same trend be seen among Borlänge Energis customer? Data of delivered heat to 324 customers, both single-family houses and multifamily houses, for the period of 1998-2018 is used in this study. The heating that is assumed for domestic hot water is calculated and the heat used for heating is temperature corrected so the heat needed for a normal year could be calculated. The investigated customers are divided into different groups representing various types of buildings with different building years. From this data it’s possible to see trends in heat usage in kWh/building, and year for various types of buildings over the period. Other studies on how trends for heating usage in buildings have report heating usage in kWh/(m2,year). It wasn’t possible in this work to get data of the size of each building, which means that it’s not possible to compare the result from this study with other studies. However, assuming that the building area have been the same and that no extensions of the buildings have been done during the period, the trend in changed heat use should be the same, unless the result is presented in kWh/m2, year and kWh/building, year. The overall results show that there is a reduction in energy use in the buildings in Borlänge during the period 1998-2018. The decrease in heat use are in the order of 0.3 – 0.4 %/year, with larger decrease in multi-family houses. This is considerably less than the decrease of heat use in the buildings stock of 0.9 – 1.2 %/year reported for the entire building stock in Sweden during approximately the same period.
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Livres sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Blom, Inge. Environmental impacts during the operational phase of residential buildings. Amsterdam : IOS Press, 2010.

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(Canada), Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission. Space inventory audit - Phase II study of the condition of buildings. Halifax : Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission, 1991.

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Canada. Public Works Canada. Technology, Architectural & Engineering Services, dir. Durable buildings phase II : Performance and durability of building materials. [Ottawa] : Public Works Canada, 1992.

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Anderson, Robert Bruce. Tarrant County historic resources survey : Phase III, Fort Worth's southside. Fort Worth : Historic Preservation Council for Tarrant County, 1986.

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Nebraska State Historical Society. State Historic Preservation Office., Nebraska. Dept. of Aeronautics. et Mead & Hunt (Firm), dir. Nebraska historic buildings survey : General aviation development in Nebraska : phase II. Madison, WI : Mead & Hunt, 2001.

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Nebraska State Historical Society. State Historic Preservation Office., Nebraska. Dept. of Aeronautics. et Mead & Hunt (Firm), dir. Nebraska historic buildings survey : General aviation development in Nebraska : phase II. Madison, WI : Mead & Hunt, 2001.

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Inc, MEL Consultants, Peat Marwick and Partners et Task Force on Energy Management in Health Care Facilities in Canada., dir. Energy survey of long term health care facilities : Phase 2, energy usage and savings potential. Ottawa : The Task Force, 1987.

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Karagiozis, Achilles. Building enclosure hygrothermal performance study phase I. Oak Ridge, Tenn : The Laboratory, 2002.

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Andrzej, Mackiewicz, Kushner Irving 1929- et Baumann Heinz 1947-, dir. Acute phase proteins : Molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical applications. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1993.

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Crawley, Drury B. Development of whole-building energy design targets for commercial buildings, phase 1 planning. Richland, WA : Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Niemann, Jörg, et Adrian Pisla. « Life Cycle Usage Phase ». Dans Life-Cycle Management of Machines and Mechanisms, 27–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56449-0_3.

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Shah, Yatish T. « Modular Systems for Energy Usage in Buildings ». Dans Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 129–70. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series : Sustainable energy : CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367822392-3.

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Davarifar, Mehrdad, Abdelhamid Rabhi, Ahmed EL Hajjaji, Jerome Bosche et Xavier Pierre. « Improved Real Time Amorphous PV Model for Fault Diagnostic Usage ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 179–88. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_17.

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Kramers, Anna. « ICT Applications to Lower Energy Usage in the Already Built Environment ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 127–35. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_12.

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Arshad, Naveed, Fahad Javed et Muhammad Dawood Liaqat. « Towards a Self-managing Tool for Optimizing Energy Usage in Buildings ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 425–34. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_40.

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Ashraf, Jamshaid, Omar K. Hussain, Farookh Khadeer Hussain et Elizabeth J. Chang. « Representation Phase : Ontology Usage Ontology (U Ontology) ». Dans Measuring and Analysing the Use of Ontologies, 171–203. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75681-3_7.

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Eray, Ekin, Benjamin Sanchez, Seokyoung Kang et Carl Haas. « Usage of Interface Management in Adaptive Reuse of Buildings ». Dans Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering, 725–31. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_87.

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Guionneau, Edward J., Hoda Akbari et Sarah J. McCormack. « Use of Phase Change Materials for Solar Systems Applications ». Dans Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings, 847–58. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_70.

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Chan, K. C., et Christopher Y. H. Chao. « Calcium Ion-Exchanged Zeolite 13X : Properties Measurement and Potential Usage in Solar Adsorption Cooling Systems ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 569–79. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27509-8_47.

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Fetfatzis, P., P. Kofinas, M. Kallousis, C. Alafodimos et C. Stergiou. « Transformerless 3-Phase PV Inverter Simulation for Efficient Building Installations ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 517–24. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27509-8_43.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Lin, Sean, Bahaa Albarhami, Salvador Mayoral et Joseph Piacenza. « Understanding the Impact of Climate Zones for Occupancy Trends in Sustainable Housing Designs ». Dans ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67897.

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The purpose of the paper is to provide a model prediction to capture how energy usage in sustainable buildings on college campuses is affected by different climate zones. A case study focus is on the California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) Student Housing Phase III which received a Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for the Building Design and Construction category. In a previous CSUF study, the energy usage and cost data for the 2014–2015 academic year was compared to the predicted data from the LEED NC 2.2. The comparison revealed there was a small discrepancy, 10%, between the values for predicted electrical consumption versus actual consumption; however, a greater difference, 135%, between the gas consumption exists. Using LEED approved simulation software, the ASHRAE 90.1 and LEED California Nonresidential Title 24 (NRT 24) compliant energy simulation models is compared; the results will provide input over which variables within student dormitory life affect the energy usage of the building. Some solutions may update the LEED project certification as well as reduce student energy usage.
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Zwanzig, Stephen D., Yongsheng Lian et Ellen G. Brehob. « Numerical Simulation of Phase Change Material Composite Wallboard in a Multi-Layered Building Envelope ». Dans ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89526.

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Residential buildings account for a large portion of total energy consumption in the United States. Residential energy usage can be dramatically reduced by improving the efficiency of building envelope systems. One such method is to incorporate thermally massive construction materials into the building envelope. This benefits building operation by reducing the energy requirement for maintaining thermal comfort, downsizing the AC/heating equipment, and shifting the peak load from the electrical grid. When impregnated or encapsulated into wallboard or concrete systems, phase change materials (PCMs) can greatly enhance their thermal energy storage capacity and effective thermal mass. In this work we numerically study the potential of PCM on energy saving for residential homes. For that purpose we solve the one-dimensional, transient heat equation through the multi-layered building envelope using the Crank-Nicolson discretization scheme. The latent heat storage of the PCM was accounted for with a phase fraction in a latent heat source term. Using this code we examine a PCM composite wallboard incorporated into the walls and roof of a typical residential building across various climate zones. The PCM performance was studied under all seasonal conditions using the latest typical meteorological year (TMY3) data for exterior boundary conditions. Comparisons were made between different PCM wallboard locations. Our work shows that there is an optimized location for PCM placement within building envelope surfaces dependent upon the resistance values between the PCM layer and the exterior boundary conditions. We further identified the energy savings potential by comparing the performance of the PCM wallboard against the performance of a building envelope without PCM. Our study shows that PCM composite wallboard can reduce the energy consumption in summer and winter and can shift the peak electricity load in the summer.
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Engel, R. J., P. J. Tyler, L. R. Wood et D. T. Entenmann. « Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Usage in the Development of the 501F Combustion Turbine and Auxiliaries ». Dans ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-366.

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Westinghouse has been a strong supporter of Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) principles during product design and development. This is exemplified by the actions taken during the design of the 501F engine to ensure that high reliability and availability was achieved. By building upon past designs, utilizing those features most beneficial, and improving other areas, a highly reliable product was developed. A full range of RAM tools and techniques were utilized to achieve this result, including reliability allocations, modelling, and effective redesign of critical components. These activities began during the conceptual design phase and will continue throughout the life cycle of these engines until they are decommissioned.
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Lo Iacono Ferreira, Vanesa Gladys, Juan Ignacio Torregrosa López et José Vicente Colomer Ferrándiz. « Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles for e-sharing and home care. Two cases developed at Valencian region ». Dans CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3430.

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Assessing the environmental impact of transport has been an issue over the last decade. The general framework is established and the followings factors must be considered to obtain results as accurate as possible. Among others (a) the study should considered the entire life cycle if possible: building & materials, usage phase and waste treatment and (b) usage phase assessment must be developed under real conditions in addition to lab tests. When the object of study is urban private transport, some extra lines can be taken into account considering the high impact that environmental initiatives makes in society. The information that local authorities and community receives about the initiative is as relevant as the environmental benefits obtain of the implementation of the project. In this paper, we present the methodology developed to assess CO2 emissions of electric vehicles intendent to car-sharing and home care; two projects developed at Valencian region. We deepen in the relevance and type of information obtain and manage for both studies with a life cycle vision. As a result of usage phase assessment, field test proves to be revealing giving a more realistic vision of the benefits of the project. Theoretical assessments were useful to consider the implementation of a certain project and the necessary support complementing the entity of the study. Resources needed to develop field test might skew results by biasing the study. Attention need to be paid in order to manage resources to set up field tests and avoid setting up field tests due to available resources. Bibliographic studies have shown building, materials and waste treatment depends on available data. Life cycle assessment seems to be the most adequate tool to obtain accurate results although the cost of the assessment is high and might not show significant differences between cars of similar characteristics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3430
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Lyon, Geoff, Amip Shah et Alan McReynolds. « Developing Resource Consumption Insights From Campus-Scale Water Monitoring Infrastructures ». Dans ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88688.

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Water consumption at many commercial campuses is a significant portion of resource expenditure, often with limited or no visibility into the individual branch or point of use locations, all of which summate to provide utility based reporting and invoicing, mostly on a monthly basis. In this paper, we present a case study where a commercial campus’ water distribution system is being instrumented to obtain a more granular measure of water usage. Measurement granularity is improved both in the time domain, transitioning from monthly to hourly or more frequent reporting, and in the spatial domain with all major end loads and significant branch loads being classified or monitored. Specifically, additional instrumentation is deployed in two distinct phases. The first phase added wireless transducers to the existing utility installed mechanical meters, enabling them to transmit consumption data every quarter hour. The second phase will instrument existing branch flow meters and also insert new flow meters to certain end-point loads and sub-branches. This will enable point or clustered data polling on the order of every few seconds. We also obtain additional information by polling an existing HVAC building management system for water related points of interest. We find that the collection and storage of granular water consumption information has the potential to create a detailed demand-side mapping of water usage on campus; providing data with significantly shortened time periods compared to the use of utility billing alone. We use this information to obtain hourly and daily consumption summaries at the site level and for specific end-load devices. From these results, we have created a hybrid consumption estimation of water consumption at the campus level, which contains a mixture of surveyed estimations and dynamic readings. This model provides improved accuracy and insights when compared to static site survey estimations. Due to the age and complexity of the site, primarily a result of numerous engineering changes over the site’s 60 year lifespan and a lack of detailed historical documentation, further work is ongoing to determine which additional endpoint loads or branched sub-sections we will instrument. We plan to use these additional data points to refine our water distribution model; hoping to accurately map individual buildings, floors and functional areas over time. At present, our site level instrumentation has been beneficial in revealing a number of insights regarding unexpected consumption events, most of which were attributed to scheduled maintenance activities. The ongoing monitoring of individual end-point loads has also highlighted areas of significant demand, which could be prioritized for conservation initiatives, and has shown where systemic adjustments could reduce demand peaking and flatten the flow requirements our campus places on the supplying utility.
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Vazquez, Felix Iglesias, et Wolfgang Kastner. « Usage profiles for sustainable buildings ». Dans Factory Automation (ETFA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2010.5641214.

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Lin, Sean, Bahaa Albarhami, Salvador Mayoral et Joseph Piacenza. « Understanding the Importance of Capturing Climate and Occupancy Trends During Concept-Stage Sustainable Building Design ». Dans ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85329.

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This paper presents a comparison of concept stage computational model predictions to capture how building energy consumption is affected by different climate zones. The California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) Student Housing Phase III, which received a Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for the Building Design and Construction category, and its performance in a LEED California Nonresidential Title 24 (NRT24) and ASHRAE 90.1 climate zones is used as a case study to illustrate the method. Through LEED approved simulation software, the standard compliant energy simulation models are compared to the occupancy scheduled models along with the actual energy consumption in different climate zones. The results provide insight to how variables within student dormitory life affect total building energy usage. Total amount of energy consumed per area is one new factor providing understanding into occupancy trends. This new data set reveals more understanding regarding how and where the energy is consumed to maintain a comfortable learning environment.
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Sokolova, Alice, et Baris Aksanli. « Demographical Energy Usage Analysis of Residential Buildings ». Dans ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7327.

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Residential energy consumption constitutes a significant portion of the overall energy consumption. There are significant amount of studies that target to reduce this consumption, and these studies mainly create mathematical models to represent and regenerate the energy consumption of individual houses. Most of these models assume that the residential energy consumption can be classified and then predicted based on the household size. As a result, most of the previous studies suggest that household size can be treated as an independent variable which can be used to predict energy consumption. In this work, we test this hypothesis on a large residential energy consumption dataset that also includes demographic information. Our results show that other variables like income, geographic location, house type, and personal preferences strongly impact energy consumption and decrease the importance of household size because the household size can explain only 26.55% of the electricity consumption variation across the houses.
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Salam, M. A., M. G. Yazdani, Fushuan Wen, Q. M. Rahman, M. R. Uddin, A. J. Christina et Amir. « Investigation of energy usage in the university buildings ». Dans 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018 (BICET 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1593.

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Aldoss, Taha Khalil. « Maximizing the Usage of PCM Materials in Buildings ». Dans ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54029.

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The fundamentals of how PCM materials works need more consideration. It has been reported that using PCM materials may reduce the cooling/heating loads in buildings. PCM can only affect the fluctuation of the load and not the magnitude of the load. Thus PCM materials should be considered as an energy management tool only. For PCM to operate effectively the cycle of charging and discharging of PCM material should be completed over the period of the day, i.e. PCM must be melted and solidified over the 24 hrs of the day. Using the appropriate amount of the PCM will maximize its usage. Fewer amounts will show more fluctuation in the load and larger amount will be a waste without benefit. The appropriate amount for an application is found to be function of PCM properties, k, Cp, density and melting temperature. For PCM to complete the whole cycle in a day period melting temperature need to be near the average between the indoor and outdoor design temperature of the conditioned space. In this investigations a one dimensional model were investigated and solved numerically using finite difference technique. The effect of the amount of PCM material on load fluctuation is calculated and presented. Packing capsulated PCM material of linearly varying melting temperatures is found to maximize the effectiveness of the technique.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Usage phase of buildings"

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Baker, Nicholas, Rafaella Belmonte Monteiro, Alessia Boccalatte, Karine Bouty, Johannes Brozovsky, Cyril Caliot, Rafael Campamà Pizarro et al. Identification of existing tools and workflows for solar neighborhood planning. Sous la direction de Jouri, Kanters. IEA SHC Task 63, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task63-2022-0001.

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Planning for sustainable neighborhoods is a high priority for many cities. It is therefore important to take the right decisions during the planning phase to ensure that important aspects are considered. One of these important aspects is to consider the harvesting of solar energy in the best possible way. It is however difficult to define the best ways to exploit the incoming solar energy. Solar energy can be used by means of active solar energy production, passively by means of daylighting buildings or outside buildings on the ground for direct solar access or thermal comfort. This different usage can sometimes be conflicting (for example at a building level, in order to maximize the photovoltaic production, it may be necessary to use all the surfaces, therefore preventing the access to daylight). The access to daylight in the street is appreciated during cold days, but shading is preferred during the hotter days.
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Persily, Andrew, Cynthia Howard Reed, Stephanie S. Watson, Nicos Martys, Edward J. Garboczi et Heather Davis. Standards development for gas phase air cleaning equipment in buildings. Gaithersburg, MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7525.

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Moheisen, Ragab M., Keith A. Kozlowski, Aly H. Shaaban, Christian D. Rasmussen, Abdelfatah M. Yacout et Miriam V. Keith. Utilization of Phase Change Materials (PCM) to Reduce Energy Consumption in Buildings. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada554348.

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Linda Stetzenbach, Lauren Nemnich et Davor Novosel. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Building Characterization, Indoor Environmental Quality Monitoring and Energy Usage Data from Office Buildings and Classrooms in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004553.

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Salyer, I. O., A. K. Sircar et S. Dantiki. Advanced phase change materials and systems for solar passive heating and cooling of residential buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5246122.

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Dentz, Jordan, et Hugh Henderson. Hydronic Heating Retrofits for Low-Rise Multifamily Buildings - Phase 1 : Boiler Control Replacement and Monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1045082.

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Crawley, D. B., R. S. Briggs, J. W. Jones, W. W. Seaton, J. E. Kaufman, J. J. Deringer et E. W. Kennett. Development of whole-building energy design targets for commercial buildings : Phase 1, Planning : Volume 2, Technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6094699.

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Crawley, D. B., R. S. Briggs, J. W. Jones, W. W. Seaton, J. E. Kaufman, J. J. Deringer et E. W. Kennett. Development of whole-building energy design targets for commercial buildings : Phase 1, Planning : Volume 1, Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6533426.

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Jones, J. W., J. J. Deringer et H. N. McKay. Development of a methodology for defining whole-building energy design targets for commercial buildings : Phase 2, Development concept stage report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septembre 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6432043.

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McKay, H. N., J. J. Deringer, J. W. Jones et J. D. Hall. Development of a methodology for defining whole-building energy design targets for commercial buildings : Phase 2, Development Concept Stage Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septembre 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6581112.

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