Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Urbanization – Austria – Vienna »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Urbanization – Austria – Vienna"
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Vuckovic, Loibl, Tötzer et Stollnberger. « Potential of Urban Densification to Mitigate the Effects of Heat Island in Vienna, Austria ». Environments 6, no 7 (10 juillet 2019) : 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6070082.
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Global increase of urban population has brought about a growing demand for more dwelling space, resulting in various negative impacts, such as accelerated urbanization, urban sprawl and higher carbon footprints. To cope with these growth dynamics, city authorities are urged to consider alternative planning strategies aiming at mitigating the negative implications of urbanization. In this context, the present contribution investigates the potential of urban densification to mitigate the heat island effects and to improve outdoor thermal conditions. Focusing on a quite densely urbanized district in Vienna, Austria, we carried out a set of simulations of urban microclimate for pre- and post-densification scenarios using the parametric modelling environment Rhinoceros 3D and a set of built-in algorithms in the Rhino’s plug-in Grasshopper. The study was conducted for a hot summer period. The results revealed a notable solar shielding effect of newly introduced vertical extensions of existing buildings, promoting temperature decrease and improved thermal conditions within more shaded urban canyons and courtyards. However, a slight warming effect was noted during the night-time due to the higher thermal storage and lower sky view factor.
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Hammerberg, Kristopher, Milena Vuckovic et Ardeshir Mahdavi. « Approaches to Urban Weather Modeling : A Vienna Case Study ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (janvier 2019) : 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.344.
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Given the adverse implications of both urbanization and global climate change for cities, specifically regarding issues such as human health and comfort, local air quality, and increased summertime energy use in buildings, it is becoming imperative to develop models that can accurately predict the complex and nonlinear interactions between the surrounding urban fabric and local climatic context. Over the past years, a number of comprehensive tools have been widely applied for the generation of near-surface urban climatic information. In this paper, we report on the potential of two alternative approaches to urban climate modeling. Specifically, we compare the climatic output generated with Urban Weather Generator (UWG) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF model has been widely applied due to its capability of downscaling global weather data to finer resolutions, thus representing the location-specific microclimatic information, while considering the interactions with the surrounding urban and regional context. However, this approach is computationally intensive. The UWG was recently introduced as a simpler alternative to such complex models. The tool morphs rural weather data to represent urban conditions given a set of location-specific morphological parameters. In the present paper, WRF and UWG methods were compared based on empirical data pertaining to air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, collected from 12 locations in the city of Vienna, Austria, over 5 distinct time periods. In general, our results suggest that, as compared to the WRF model, the UWG model results are closer to monitored data. However, during the extreme conditions in summer, the WRF model was found to perform better. It was further noted that the discrepancy between the two models increases with decreasing temperatures, thus revealing a higher offset between UWG and WRF output during the winter period.
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Salonen, Tarja, Jutta Hollands, Eldira Sesto et Azra Korjenic. « Thermal Effects of Vertical Greening in Summer : An Investigation on Evapotranspiration and Shading of Façade Greening in Vienna ». Buildings 12, no 10 (17 octobre 2022) : 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101705.
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Global urbanization is advancing, and with it, the densification of cities. Due to increased sealing of open spaces and the re-densification of existing urban settings, green spaces in the city are becoming scarcer. At the same time, greening within the urban fabric is known for its positive effects on the environment and decisively counteracts the urban heat effect. This study deals with the benefits of green façades for the environment as a cooling measure. Two façade greening systems, one trough and one cassette system, consisting of curtain wall elements with a basic metal structure, installed at a south-facing outdoor wall of a school building in Vienna, Austria, were taken under metrological examination. In order to evaluate the cooling effect caused by evapotranspiration, the amount of water evaporated was calculated using the difference of inflow and outflow. Furthermore, the surface temperatures of the greened and non-greened walls were measured to display the influence of the interaction of shading and evapotranspiration on the surrounding microclimate. The investigated vertical greening system with an area of 58 m2 has an average evaporation capacity of 101.38 L per day in the summer. The maximum surface temperature difference was measured to be 11.6 °C.
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Feoktistova, Natalia Yu, Alexey V. Surov, Nikolay N. Tovpinetz, M. V. Kropotkina, Pavel L. Bogomolov, Carina Siutz, Werner Haberl et Ilse E. Hoffmann. « The common hamster as a synurbist : a history of settlement in european cities ». Zoologica Poloniae 58, no 3-4 (1 décembre 2013) : 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zoop-2013-0009.
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Abstract Following the expansion of agriculture in the Neolithic period, the common hamster has spread throughout Europe, and occurred abundantly until the recent past. However, in the last 45 years, populations declined markedly, partly attributable to urbanization and to major changes in agricultural practices. As a result, the species has been considered endangered at international levels as well as in most European countries. At the same time, the species has established populations in large Central and Eastern-European cities such as Vienna (Austria), Simferopol (Ukraine) and Nalchik (Russia), where it inhabits green spaces such as parks, gardens, embankments and buffer strips. In an attempt to reveal factors enabling hamsters to cope with urban environments, we reviewed historical data and habitat conditions of several urban hamster populations. We suggest that supplemental food resources and reduced predation pressure were the main factors promoting urban occurrence of common hamsters in the last 30 years. Its notable adaptability may be associated with higher stress resilience, ecological opportunism, polyphagy and higher fertility compared to species relying on non-urban habitats. The phenomenon of synurbization implies coexistence of wildlife and our urban civilization, but at the same time conflicting interests in conservation and urban development. Thus, the common hamster might serve as a model species for efficient mitigation and compensation concepts in urbanism and spatial planning.
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Pilkevych, Viktoriia. « Cultural and Natural Sites of Europe According to UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger ». European Historical Studies, no 12 (2019) : 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.125-135.
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The author studies UNESCO’s activities in the cultural sphere, especially the protection and preservation of cultural heritage around the world. There is World Heritage List. Sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet the special criteria to be included on this List. Countries are trying to include their cultural objects for protection. Cultural heritage is architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature groups of buildings which are of outstanding universal value. The World Heritage Committee is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention («Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage»,1972), gives financial assistance and decides on the listing or deletion of properties in the List of World Heritage in Danger. The List of World Heritage in Danger informs the international community of threat and to encourage corrective action. Special attention was given to European cultural and natural sites which are in this list. These are sites in Serbia (Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (2006)), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City (2012)), Austria (Historic Centre of Vienna (2017)). This article focuses on the reasons for listing in the List of World Heritage in Danger (different conflicts, war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization, tourist development etc.). Author outlines problems of protection world cultural heritage that need to be solved in the future. International community can help in this problem because each site in World Heritage List has outstanding universal value in our life. The author emphasizes on high importance of cultural sphere of the UNESCO’s activities.
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Bezarov, Oleksandr. « The Phenomenon of Interethnic Tolerance in Bukovyna (1861-1914) : the History of the Bukovynian Jews ». Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, no 46 (20 décembre 2017) : 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2017.46.67-75.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of interethnic tolerance in Bukovyna during the period of 1861-1914 on the example from the history of the Bukovynian Jews. The importance of the concept of «Bukovynism», by which modern scholars consider the phenomenon of interethnic and interconfessional tolerance in Bukovyna, is mentioned. It is proved that mutual understanding in the political and socio-cultural space of Bukovyna was achieved due to the efforts of the Austrian administration during 1861-1914. Among the factors contributing to the establishment of political consensus here, the author names such as the reform of the political system of the Austrian empire in the 1960s of the XIXth century, high intensity of the ethno-cultural communications in Bukovyna (interlingual interference) and the migration policy of the central authorities, as a result of which there was formed the German-Jewish political symbiosis with the «new socio-economic ideology»of the «Middle European economic people».
The Jews, who in the second half of the XIXth century reached a marked level of political influence on the processes of socio-economic life of Bukovyna, at the beginning of the XXth century, found themselves, according to the author, in a unique situation, in which they almost did not feel the manifestations of the policy of anti-Semitism, which became noticeable in other provinces of Austria-Hungary, as well as in Vienna; the Bukovyna Jews proved to be more bearers of imperial loyalty than the Germans themselves; they managed to preserve their traditional culture, focused, first of all, in shtetls (the Jewish towns) and at the same time remained a “demographic reserve” in the production of the cultural values in Bukovyna.
Instead, during the given historical period the Bukovynian Jews did not avoid the negative phenomena in their political life, which were connected, first of all, with the processes of modernization of the Habsburg Empire (urbanization, nationalism of imperial ethnic groups) and strengthening of the Viennese anti-Semitism at the beginning of the XXth century. The Austrian administration in Bukovyna stubbornly denied the Jews as an independent ethno-group, and in the economic life of the region gradually introduced the principles of segregation of the Jews. But such negative phenomena almost did not affect the situation of the Jews of Bukovyna, which, until the beginning of the World War, remained generally satisfactory, and showed, on the one hand, that the general-imperial economic crisis of the 1870s in Bukovyna did not acquire such sharpness, as in other regions of the country, and on the other hand, that alternatives to tolerant relations in the processes of harmonious development of multinational societies do not exist.
Key words: Bukovynism, tolerance, identity, Jews, Bukovуna
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Papp, Dalma, Szabolcs Mizser, Leila Nagy, Andreas Vidic, Edina Simon et Béla Tóthmérész. « Changes in Morphometric Traits of Ground Beetles Along Urbanization Gradients ». Journal of Insect Science 20, no 1 (1 janvier 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez127.
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Abstract Urbanization has a significant impact on abiotic and biotic factors in nature. We examined the morphometric characters of four carabid species (Abax parallelepipedus, Carabus scheidleri, Carabus violaceus, and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus) along urbanization gradients in and around the cities of Vienna (Austria) and Debrecen (Hungary). We found significant differences among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, and the length of the tibia and the elytra of the carabids studied. We also found significant differences between males and females based on the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, the femur, and the elytra. An interaction between urbanization and sex was found in the case of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, the femur, and the elytra. Our findings suggested that in the cases of species from Carabini tribus the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, and the elytra could be useful for assessing the effects of urbanization because these morphometric characters responded sensitively to the environmental stress, whereas the most useful parameters are those of antennomers and the tibia for the species of Pterostichini tribus. Our findings also revealed that females are more sensitive to environmental stress than males.
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Kirchengast, Sylvia, et Dominik Hagmann. « "Obesity in the City" – urbanization, health risks and rising obesity rates from the viewpoint of human biology and public health ». Human Biology and Public Health 2 (22 décembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v2.11.
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In 2007, for the first time worldwide, more people lived in urban conurbations than in rural settlement structures. This advancing urbanization has dramatically altered the living situation, the use of space, as well as human behavior along with the health situation and disease burden. This process began in Europe as early as the 19th century, while developing and emerging countries in particular are currently exposed to increasing urbanization. The burden of disease is clearly altered by living in a confined space, by environmental pollution in urban areas, the impossibility of producing food oneself, and being lost in an anonymous crowd. While city air made people “free” in medieval times, it often makes them “sick” today. Obesogenic environments represent a special problem in urban areas. A lack of physical activity, adverse dietary habits, and stressful and unsafe neighborhoods increase the risk of becoming overweight and obese in urban centers. Recently, modernization in rural areas and an adaptation to urban habits there increase the obesity rates in rural areas in high-income as well as low- and middle-income countries, too. Within cities, marked spatial differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity occur. In Vienna, Austria, overweight and obesity rates during childhood and adolescence differ markedly between the individual Viennese districts. Highest overweight and obesity rates occur in districts characterized by a low socioeconomic status.
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Vuckovic, M., T. Tötzer, R. Stollnberger et W. Loibl. « Urban transformation and heat island : Potential of urban design alternatives to mitigate the effects of urban overheating in Austrian cities ». Journal of Urban Environment, 30 mars 2020, 03–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-jue-0101-03-14/euraass.
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Ongoing urbanization worldwide present a big challenge for the quality of urban life. This development poses great challengesfor cities due to the growing demand for more living space and supporting infrastructure, resulting in environmental pollution, higher anthropogenic waste heat and poor outdoor thermal comfort. To accommodate this rapid expansion of urban areas, the city authorities need to adopt a more climate-sensitive approach to urban transformation. In this regard, the present contribution investigates the potential of specific planning and adaptation strategies to attenuate the urban overheating for distinct urban locations in Vienna and Linz, Austria, over a hotsummer period. For this purpose, we applied the parametric modelling environment Rhinoceros 3D and a number of built-in algorithms in the Rhino’s plug-in Grasshopper for dynamic simulation of urban microclimate. The results were compared based on the meanradiant temperature (MRT) averaged over a 24-hour cycle and differentiated into day-and night-time shares. The results reveal a notable potential of selected greening measures to positively influence outdoor thermal conditions. The effectiveness of thesemeasures, however, seem to be time-dependent, whereby a more pronounced cooling effect was noted during the daytime, attributed to the solar shielding effect.
Thèses sur le sujet "Urbanization – Austria – Vienna"
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DE, FRANTZ Monika. « Capital City Cultures : Reconstructing the state in its urban centers. Multi-level governance and the discursive mobilization of urban collective action for the cultural regeneration of the 'Museumsquartier' in Vienna and the 'Palast der republik/ Schlossplatz' in Berlin ». Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5165.
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Defence date: 27 October 2004Examining board: Prof. Peter Marcuse (Columbia University) ; Prof. PAtrick Le Galés (CEVIPOF, Science Po Paris) ; Prof. Peter Wagner (European University Institute) ; Prof. Michael Keating (European University Institute, Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Global market competition and the political responses to globalization transform urban societies and states, and thus the cultures of capital cities in contemporary Europe. Vienna's cultural district Museumsquartier and the planned Humboldt Forum on Berlin's Schlossplatz illustrate two of the most controversial sites of urban reconstruction in Central Eastern Europe since the 1990s. Tracing the processes of their political emergence through more than a decade of heated public debates, this book narrates the metaphor-rich and engaging stories about these old European capitals facing change. It compares the reconstruction of political legitimacy and its cultural symbols from two different local perspectives of European state transformation. This enquiry into urban culture highlights the diversity of contemporary cities and their political potential for change.
Livres sur le sujet "Urbanization – Austria – Vienna"
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Vienna : Bridge between cultures. London : Belhaven Press, 1993.
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1944-, Brunner Karl, et Schneider Petra, dir. Umwelt Stadt : Geschichte des Natur- und Lebensraumes Wien. Wien : Böhlau, 2005.
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Lichtenberger, Elisabeth. Vienna : Bridge Between Cultures (World Cities Series). John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
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Comical Modernity : Popular Humour and the Transformation of Urban Space in Late Nineteenth Century Vienna. Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 2019.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Urbanization – Austria – Vienna"
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Eigner, Peter, et Maximilian Martsch. « Ungleiche Geschwister. Wien und die Städte Niederösterreichs ». Dans Niederösterreich im 19. Jahrhundert, Band 2 : Gesellschaft und Gemeinschaft. Eine Regionalgeschichte der Moderne, 415–50. NÖ Institut für Landeskunde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52035/noil.2021.19jh02.16.
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Unequal Siblings. Vienna and the Cities of Lower Austria. This chapter discusses the development of Lower Austrian cities in the 19th century. Based on typological distinctions and case studies, it investigates the intertwinement of urbanization and industrialization. These processes brought about the transformation of urban living and the formation of new hierarchies within and between cities. The dominance of the metropolis of Vienna impeded the emergence of a multipolar urban landscape and led to the deepening of structural and regional inequalities in the long run. In the shadow of the metropolis, small and medium-sized towns established specific forms of “modernity” and “urbanity”, which had a tangible influence on infrastructural expansion and urban redevelopment.
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Steidl, Annemarie. « Vielfältige Wege. Regionale und überregionale Migrationen ». Dans Niederösterreich im 19. Jahrhundert, Band 2 : Gesellschaft und Gemeinschaft. Eine Regionalgeschichte der Moderne, 47–75. NÖ Institut für Landeskunde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52035/noil.2021.19jh02.03.
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Manifold Paths. Regional and Superregional Migrations. People of Lower Austria, whether living in an urban area, in small towns or in the capital Vienna, moved over shorter and longer distances, crossing administrative, geographic, and cultural borders. New people from other provinces or from other nations settled in Lower Austria, while few left the Habsburg province. Many migrations were characterized by seasonal moves. Processes of industrialization and urbanization intensified spatial mobility. During the nineteenth century, social life in Lower Austria was characterized by various and highly flexible migration patterns.