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1
Wang, Haomian. « Visualization techniques for 3D urban environments / ». View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CSED%202009%20WANGH.
Texte intégral
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CATTANEO, DANIELE. « Machine Learning Techniques for Urban Vehicle Localization ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/263540.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In questa tesi presento il mio lavoro di dottorato, che ha riguardato la localizzazione di un veicolo stradale in ambito urbano. In particolare, ho fatto uso di tecniche di Machine Learning per l'elaborazione delle immagini provenienti dalle camere a bordo di un veicolo. I sistemi sviluppati hanno lo scopo di produrre una stima della posa del veicolo e quindi, nel caso di deep neural networks, si tratta di reti che effettuano una pose regression. Al meglio della mia conoscenza, alcuni dei miei sviluppi sono i primi in letteratura in grado di effettuare visual pose regression basandosi su mappe tridimensionali. Queste mappe tridimensionali sono usualmente ottenute mediante dispositivi LIDAR da parte di grosse aziende specializzate che costituiscono il mondo delle aziende che producono mappe (HERE, TOM-TOM, etc.). Questo consente di attendersi uno sviluppo commerciale delle mappe ad altissima definizione, che risulteranno quindi utilizzabili per la localizzazione da parte del veicolo. Da nostri contatti con produttori industriali di sistemi di guida autonoma per veicoli stradali, ci risulta che la presenza di LIDAR a bordo dei veicoli sia a tutt'oggi osteggiata, in quanto non sono oggi disponibili LIDAR privi di apparati di scansione meccanica che risultano quindi inusabili a causa delle accelerazioni e vibrazioni presenti su un veicolo stradale. Per questo motivo, essendo inoltre i veicoli usualmente attrezzati di diverse camere già oggi, il fatto di riuscire a svolgere una localizzazione visuale su mappe ad alta definizione costituisce una prospettiva molto significativa, non solo sul piano della ricerca ma anche dell'applicazione.
La localizzazione è un aspetto essenziale per ogni robot mobile, specialmente per veicoli stradali a guida autonoma, dove una cattiva stima di posizione può a portare ad incidenti anche fatali di utenti della strada. Non si può fare affidamento solo sui Global Navigation Satellite Systems, come il GPS, a causa della accuratezza e affidabilità di questi sistemi. che spesso non è adeguata per l'applicazione di guida autonoma. Questo è ancora più vero in ambiente urbano dove gli edifici possono bloccare o deflettere i segnali dei satelliti portando così a localizzazioni errate.
In questa tesi proponiamo diversi approcci per superare le limitazioni dei sistemi GNNSs sfruttando Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) e altre tecniche di machine Learning
Inizialmente proponiamo un approccio probabilistico per la stima della corsia in cui si trova il veicolo.
Successivamente proponiamo un approccio che integra DNNs stato dell'arte, sia per la segmentazione semantica a livello di pixel che per la ricostruzione geometrica, all'interno di una pipeline di localizzazione. Il veicolo viene localizzato associando features di alto livello come la geometria della strada e gli edifici ottenute da camere stereoscopiche a bordo veicolo con le loro controparti in un sistema di mapping come Open Street Map. Abbiamo gestito le incertezze in modo probabilistico utilizzando particle filtering.
Abbiamo anche proposto una nuova DNN end-to-end per la localizzazione visuale del veicolo in mappe LIDAR ad altissima definizione.
Infine, abbiamo proposto una nuova tecnica, sempre basata su DNN, per la localizzazione del veicolo in mappe LIDAR ad altissima definizione che non richiede alcuna informazione a priori sulla sua posizione.
Tutti gli approcci che sono stati proposti in questa tesi sono stati validati utilizzando ben noti dataset per la guida autonoma stradale, come KITTI e RobotCar.In this thesis, we present different approaches which dealt with the localization of a road vehicle in urban settings. In particular, we made use of machine learning techniques to process the images coming from onboard cameras of a vehicle. The developed systems aim at computing a pose and therefore in case of deep neural networks, they are referred to as pose regression networks. To the best of our knowledge, some of the developed approaches are the first deep neural networks in the literature capable of computing visual pose regression basing on 3D maps. Such 3D maps are usually built by means of LIDAR devices, and this is done from large specialized companies, which make the world of commercial map makers. It is therefore likely to expect a commercial development of very high definition maps, which will make it possible to use them for the localization of vehicles. From our contacts with industrial makers of autonomous driving systems for road vehicles, we know that LIDARs onboard the vehicles, as for today, are not well accepted, mainly because of the state-of-the-art of LIDARs, which are based on mechanical scanning systems and therefore are not capable of sustaining the accelerations and vibrations of a road vehicle. For this reason, as today's vehicles already include many cameras, to be able to visually localize a vehicle on high-definition maps is a very significant perspective, not only under a research point of view, but also for real applications. The localization is an essential task for any mobile robot, especially for self-driving cars, where a wrong position estimate might lead to accidents and even fatal injuries for other road users. We cannot rely only on Global Navigation Satellites Systems, such as the Global Positioning System, because the accuracy and reliability of these systems are often inadequate for autonomous driving applications. This is even truer in urban environments, where buildings may block or deflect the satellites' signals, leading to wrong localization. In this thesis, we propose different approaches to overcome the GNSSs limitations, exploiting state-of-the-art Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and machine learning techniques. First, we propose a probabilistic approach for estimating in which lane the vehicle is driving. Secondly, we integrate state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks for pixel-level semantic segmentation and geometric reconstruction within a localization pipeline. We localize the vehicle by matching high-level features (road geometry and buildings) from an onboard stereo camera rig, with their counterparts in the OpenStreetMap service. We handled the uncertainties in a probabilistic fashion using particle filtering. Afterward, we propose a novel end-to-end DNNs for vehicle localization in LiDAR-maps. Finally, we propose a novel DNN-based technique for localizing a vehicle in LiDAR-maps without any prior information about its position. All the approaches proposed in this thesis have been validated using well-known autonomous driving datasets, such as KITTI and RobotCar.
3
Oines, Asa (Asa J. ). « Data visualization and optimization techniques for urban planning ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100646.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-71).
In this thesis we describe a number of data visualization and optimization techniques for urban planning. Many of these techniques originate from contributions to the Social Computing Group's "You Are Here" project, which publishes maps intended to be viewed as a blend between art and urban planning tools. In particular these maps and this thesis focus on the topics of education and transportation. Eventually we hope to evolve these maps into social technologies that make it easier for communities to create the change they seek.
by Asa Oines.
M. Eng.
4
Kecir, Abd-El-Karim. « Performance evaluation of urban rail traffic management techniques ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S026/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le trafic ferroviaire urbain est quotidiennement sujet à des perturbations qui le dévient de son comportement nominal. Afin de minimiser l'impact de ces perturbations, les opérateurs ferroviaires usent de diverses techniques. Nonobstant leur efficacité, les performances de ces techniques ne sont généralement pas bien étudiées ni sont-elles optimales, car élaborées empiriquement. C'est dans ce cadre-ci que vient cet ouvrage fournir des solutions qui permettent d'évaluer ces techniques de régulation et d'en comparer les performances dans des contextes variés. L’approche proposée se base sur des variantes de réseaux de Petri comme modèles et sur la méthode de Monte-Carlo pour en simuler l’exécution. Cette combinaison a donné naissance à SIMSTORS, un outil de simulation pour les systèmes ferroviaires urbains, et plus généralement, pour les systèmes stochastiques régulés. Additionnellement, nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la problématique de la réalisabilité des tables horaires qui pilotent le trafic ferroviaire. Ces tables décrivent le comportement temporel désiré des systèmes pour lesquels elles sont conçues. Or, la construction de ces tables ne garantit pas toujours sa réalisabilité, notamment dans un contexte stochastique. Ainsi, nous proposons ici une méthode permettant de vérifier si une table horaire est bien réalisable avec une probabilité strictement positiveUrban rail traffic is subject to numerous disrupting events that drift it from its nominal behavior. In order to minimize the impact of these disturbances, rail operators rely on a set of techniques. Despite their efficiency, performances of theses techniques are rarely well studied, nor are they of proven optimality; a direct consequence of them being empirically built. It is in this particular context that comes our work to provide solutions that allow for the evaluation of such techniques and for the comparison of their relative performances in various scenarios. The proposed approach is based on variants of Petri nets as models, and on the Monte-Carlo method for the simulation of their execution. This combination has led to the development of SIMSTORS, a tool for the simulation of urban rail systems, and more generally, stochastic systems under dynamic rescheduling. Additionally, this thesis addresses the question of timetable realizability; that is whether or not a given timetable is indeed realizable by a system for which it was built. Indeed, a timetable is meant to drive the behavior of a system but there is no guarantee as to its realizability. We therefore propose a method for the verification of the realizability of timetables with a strictly positive probability
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Poh, Seng Cheong Telly. « Simulations of diversity techniques for urban UAV data links ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FPoh.pdf.
Texte intégral
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Mendes, Frederico Coli. « Diretrizes ao planejamento urbano da bacia do córrego Suçuapara (Palmas-TO) com base em sua resposta hidrológico-hidráulica à diferentes cenários de ocupação ». Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1057.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O crescimento populacional das últimas décadas, cada vez mais concentrado no ambiente urbano, tem pressionado as cidades a aliar a absorção desse contingente à proteção e convívio com seus recursos naturais. A cidade de Palmas não se furta a esse cenário, embora tenha a característica peculiar de possuir planos diretores urbanísticos desde a sua concepção. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou oferecer diretrizes para o planejamento urbano municipal, com base na resposta hidrológico-hidráulica a diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Suçuapara. Esta bacia localiza-se na região central da cidade, com alto potencial de impermeabilização, e começa a apresentar eventos de transbordamento em uma de suas estruturas hidráulicas. A resposta da bacia aos cenários modelados fora analisada com o auxílio de um modelo construído no software SWMM. Além disso, avaliou-se a utilização de valas, trincheiras e poços de infiltração. Os resultados apontaram que os transbordamentos da estrutura hidráulica advêm da insuficiência de sua capacidade frente à inserção de novas redes de drenagem a montante, embora a sua expansão não comprometa os trechos à jusante. Os demais trechos da rede de drenagem, incluindo o curso d’água principal, são plenamente capazes de escoar as vazões, mesmo nos cenários com maior impermeabilidade da bacia. Também fora observado que, ainda com a utilização de todo o potencial construtivo da bacia, mantendo-se a atual taxa de habitantes/m², os valores de densidades atingidos são aquém dos preconizados pelos planos urbanísticos municipais. Para a potencialização de sua ocupação, sem grandes impactos ao sistema de drenagem da bacia, fora recomendado o possível aumento do potencial construtivo concedido pela Outorga Onerosa do Diretor de Construir, a concepção de uma Operação Urbana Consorciada para a implantação completa do Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacente ao Córrego Suçuapara, e a possível alteração de uso do solo de algumas áreas verdes das quadras.The population growth of the last decades, increasingly concentrated in the urban environment, has pressed the cities to combine the absorption of this contingent to living together and protect its natural resources. The city of Palmas does not escape this scenario, although it has the peculiar characteristic of owning urbanistic master plans from its conception. In this sense, this study sought to offer guidelines for municipal urban planning, based on the hydrological-hydraulic response to different scenarios of land use and occupation of the Córrego Suçuapra catchment. This catchment is located in the central region of the city, with high potential for increasing its impervious area, and begins to show events of overflow in one of its hydraulic structures. The response of the catchment to the modeled scenarios was analyzed with the aid of a SWMM software model. In addition, the use of swales, infiltration trenches and infiltration wells was evaluated. The results indicated that the overflow of the hydraulic structure comes from the insufficiency of its capacity in front of the insertion of new drainage networks upstream, although its expansion does not compromise the downstream sections. The other stretches of the drainage network, including the main river, are fully capable of convey the discharge, even in the scenarios with greater impervious areas on the catchment. It was also observed that, even with the use of all the constructive potential of the catchment, maintaining the current inhabitants/m² rate, the densities reached are lower than those recommended by the municipal urban plans. In order to enhance its occupation without major impacts to the drainage system of the catchment, it was recommended the possible increase in the constructive potential granted by the Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, the design of an Operação Urbana Consorciada for the complete implementation of the Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacent to the Córrego Suçuapara catchment, and the possible alteration of the land use of some green areas of the blocks.
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Sayers, William Keith Paul. « Artificial intelligence techniques for flood risk management in urban environments ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21030.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Flooding is an important concern for the UK, as evidenced by the many extreme flooding events in the last decade. Improved flood risk intervention strategies are therefore highly desirable. The application of hydroinformatics tools, and optimisation algorithms in particular, which could provide guidance towards improved intervention strategies, is hindered by the necessity of performing flood modelling in the process of evaluating solutions. Flood modelling is a computationally demanding task; reducing its impact upon the optimisation process would therefore be a significant achievement and of considerable benefit to this research area. In this thesis sophisticated multi-objective optimisation algorithms have been utilised in combination with cutting-edge flood-risk assessment models to identify least-cost and most-benefit flood risk interventions that can be made on a drainage network. Software analysis and optimisation has improved the flood risk model performance. Additionally, artificial neural networks used as feature detectors have been employed as part of a novel development of an optimisation algorithm. This has alleviated the computational time-demands caused by using extremely complex models. The results from testing indicate that the developed algorithm with feature detectors outperforms (given limited computational resources available) a base multi-objective genetic algorithm. It does so in terms of both dominated hypervolume and a modified convergence metric, at each iteration. This indicates both that a shorter run of the algorithm produces a more optimal result than a similar length run of a chosen base algorithm, and also that a full run to complete convergence takes fewer iterations (and therefore less time) with the new algorithm.
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Huang, Yong. « VIrginia Urban Dynamics Study Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Imagery ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104235.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Urban dynamics at regional scales has been increasingly important for economics, policies, and land use planning, and monitoring regional scale urban dynamics has become an urgent need in recent years. This study illustrated the use of time series nighttime light (NTL) data from the United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellites Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) to delineate urban boundaries and tracked three key urban changes: land cover change, population growth and GDP growth within Virginia. NTL data from different years were inter-calibrated to be comparable by using linear regression model and Pseudo Invariant Features (PIFs) method. Urban patches were delineated by applying thresholding techniques based on digital number (DN) values extracted from DMSP/OLS imagery. Compounded Night Light Index (CNLI) values were calculated to help estimate GDP, and these processes were applied in a time series from 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of DN change and the variation of CNLI indicate that human activities were increasing during the 10 years in Virginia. Accuracy of the results was confirmed using ancillary data sources from the U.S. Census and NLCD imagery.Master of Science
Urban areas concentrate built environment, population, and economic activities, therefore, generating urban sprawl is a simultaneous result of land-use change, economic growth, population growth and so on. Remote sensing has been used to map urban sprawl within individual cities for a long time, while there has been less research focused on regional scale urban dynamics. However, the regional scale urban dynamics for economics, formulating policies, and land use planning has been increasingly important, and monitoring regional scale urban dynamics has become an urgent need in recent years. Here, we illustrated the use of multi-temporal United States Air Force Satellites data to help monitor urban sprawls by delineating urban patches and we measured a variety of urban changes, such as urban population growth and land cover change within Virginia based on the delineation. For doing so, digital number values, which measures the brightness of satellite imagery, were extracted and other relative index values were calculated based on digital number values, and these processes were applied in a time series from 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of digital number values change and the variation of another light index values indicate that human activities were increasing during the 10 years in Virginia.
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Semerdjian, Yoann. « Les techniques juridiques de préservation de l’environnement urbain ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0107/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La préservation de l’environnement urbain est aujourd’hui une préoccupation récurrente dans notre société. La lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et la protection de la biodiversité représentent des enjeux majeurs pour les villes. Des enjeux, qui incitent à une évolution de nos modes de vie. Face à l’urgence d’une réponse aux menaces qui pèsent sur l’environnement, le Droit peut offrir un cadre aux mutations attendues. Mais jusqu’à présent, le Droit de l’environnement n’apporte que des réponses partielles, timorées et souvent complexes. L’étude des techniques juridiques de préservation de l’environnement urbain révèle que la protection de la nature s’est longtemps cantonnée à des pratiques et des usages plutôt qu’à des dispositifs juridiques. Toutefois, la jurisprudence de la Cour européennes des Droits de l’Homme portant sur l’environnement ainsi que l’émergence en France d’une législation visant à protéger la biodiversité ouvre la voie à une meilleure conservation de la nature en ville.Le lien, aujourd’hui avéré, entre la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et la protection de la biodiversité plaide en faveur de l’avènement d’un corpus juridique garant de la protection de l’environnement urbain. Les difficultés à faire émerger ce cadre juridique doivent être dépassées au nom de la préservation de la vie sur la terreToday, the preservation of the urban environment is a recurring source of concern in our society. Fighting global warming and protecting biodiversity are major issues for the cities or (even) challenges that will imply an evolution in our lifestyle. Faced to the emergency of a response to the threats hanging over the environment, Law may offer a framework for the expected changes. However, up to now, environmental law only provides partial, timid and often complex answers. Technical studies on legal proposals for the preservation of the city / cities show that conservation has been limited to practices and customs rather than legal arrangements. Nevertheless, the jurisprudence of the European Courts of Human Rights relating to the environment and French emerging legislation to protect biodiversity points the way to better nature conservation in cities.The connection, today proven, between the fight against global warming and the conservation of biodiversity urges in the coming of a single legal corpus safeguarding the conservation / preservatiion of the urban environment. The difficulties in emerging this legal framework should be discarded in favour of preservation of life on earth
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Ardeshiri, Ali. « Evaluating urban services using economic valuation techniques : towards better urban environmental quality and promotion of sustainable development ». Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2750.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This PhD thesis examines and evaluates the importance of urban services in environmental quality using economic evaluation techniques. It is a consensus that one of the features of countries that are under development is the rapid growth of urbanization. Rapid urbanization is followed by an intense demand for qualitative and quantitative development in physical dimensions and urban systems. An efficient urban management system is required to tackle and solve the problems of urbanization, using appropriate policies, methods and data to ensure that not only has the urban population got access to the labour market, housing and urban services, but also urban environments are organized to enhance the quality of life for its citizens. Consequently, this research seeks to assess and define a method to help local authorities and policy makers in affective decision making and efficient city management. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to establish a non-market benefits valuation models for use in current and future policy applications with the aim of better built environment quality and promoting sustainable development. This research shows that allocating appropriate urban services plays a key role in promoting urban environmental quality, and fostering essential amenities such as comfort, safety, aesthetic, attractiveness etc. to citizens. Distribution and accessibility of urban services plays an important role in people’s movements, forming the city size, shape, and density, and importantly living quality in the city. This research reveals how economic valuation techniques can be used to define the market and the value of the urban services and assesses public preferences by determining willingness to pay for better access to preferred urban services. By employing the perspective of welfare economics to identify the structure of public preferences, including preference differences between socioeconomic groups, this study provides valuable information which should help to inform public policy deliberations over city management and land use planning objectives of promoting sustainable development and increasing quality of life and environment.
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Strollo, Angelo. « Development of techniques for earthquake microzonation studies in different urban environment ». Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5380/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The proliferation of megacities in many developing countries, and their location in areas where they are exposed to a high risk from large earthquakes, coupled with a lack of preparation, demonstrates the requirement for improved capabilities in hazard assessment, as well as the rapid adjustment and development of land-use planning. In particular, within the context of seismic hazard assessment, the evaluation of local site effects and their influence on the spatial distribution of ground shaking generated by an earthquake plays an important role. It follows that the carrying out of earthquake microzonation studies, which aim at identify areas within the urban environment that are expected to respond in a similar way to a seismic event, are essential to the reliable risk assessment of large urban areas. Considering the rate at which many large towns in developing countries that are prone to large earthquakes are growing, their seismic microzonation has become mandatory. Such activities are challenging and techniques suitable for identifying site effects within such contexts are needed.
In this dissertation, I develop techniques for investigating large-scale urban environments that aim at being non-invasive, cost-effective and quickly deployable. These peculiarities allow one to investigate large areas over a relative short time frame, with a spatial sampling resolution sufficient to provide reliable microzonation. Although there is a negative trade-off between the completeness of available information and extent of the investigated area, I attempt to mitigate this limitation by combining two, what I term layers, of information: in the first layer, the site effects at a few calibration points are well constrained by analyzing earthquake data or using other geophysical information (e.g., shear-wave velocity profiles); in the second layer, the site effects over a larger areal coverage are estimated by means of single-station noise measurements. The microzonation is performed in terms of problem-dependent quantities, by considering a proxy suitable to link information from the first layer to the second one. In order to define the microzonation approach proposed in this work, different methods for estimating site effects have been combined and tested in Potenza (Italy), where a considerable amount of data was available. In particular, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio computed for seismic noise recorded at different sites has been used as a proxy to combine the two levels of information together and to create a microzonation map in terms of spectral intensity ratio (SIR).
In the next step, I applied this two-layer approach to Istanbul (Turkey) and Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan). A similar hybrid approach, i.e., combining earthquake and noise data, has been used for the microzonation of these two different urban environments. For both cities, after having calibrated the fundamental frequencies of resonance estimated from seismic noise with those obtained by analysing earthquakes (first layer), a fundamental frequency map has been computed using the noise measurements carried out within the town (second layer). By applying this new approach, maps of the fundamental frequency of resonance for Istanbul and Bishkek have been published for the first time. In parallel, a microzonation map in terms of SIR has been incorporated into a risk scenario for the Potenza test site by means of a dedicated regression between spectral intensity (SI) and macroseismic intensity (EMS). The scenario study confirms the importance of site effects within the risk chain. In fact, their introduction into the scenario led to an increase of about 50% in estimates of the number of buildings that would be partially or totally collapsed.
Last, but not least, considering that the approach developed and applied in this work is based on measurements of seismic noise, their reliability has been assessed. A theoretical model describing the self-noise curves of different instruments usually adopted in microzonation studies (e.g., those used in Potenza, Istanbul and Bishkek) have been considered and compared with empirical data recorded in Cologne (Germany) and Gubbio (Italy). The results show that, depending on the geological and environmental conditions, the instrumental noise could severely bias the results obtained by recording and analysing ambient noise. Therefore, in this work I also provide some guidelines for measuring seismic noise.Aufgrund des enormen Wachstums neuer Megastädte und deren Vordringen in gefährdete Gebiete auf der einen Seite sowie der mangelnden Erdbebenvorsorge in vielen Entwicklungsländern auf der anderen Seite sind verbesserte Verfahren für die Beurteilung der Gefährdung sowie eine rasche Umsetzung bei der Raumplanung erforderlich. Im Rahmen der seismischen Gefährdungsabschätzung spielt insbesondere die Beurteilung lokaler Standorteffekte und deren Einfluss auf die durch ein Erdbeben verursachte räumliche Verteilung der Bodenerschütterung eine wichtige Rolle. Es ist daher unabdingbar, mittels seismischer Mikrozonierungsstudien diejenigen Bereiche innerhalb dicht besiedelter Gebiete zu ermitteln, in denen ein ähnliches Verhalten im Falle seismischer Anregung erwartet wird, um daraus eine zuverlässige Basis bei der Risikoabschätzung großer städtischer Gebiete zu erhalten. Aufgrund des schnellen Wachstums vieler Großstädte in Entwicklungsländern ist eine seismische Mikrozonierung zwingend erforderlich, stellt aber auch eine große Herausforderung dar; insbesondere müssen Verfahren verfügbar sein, mit deren Hilfe rasch eine Abschätzung der Standorteffekte durchgeführt werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickle ich daher Verfahren für die Untersuchung in Großstädten, die darauf abzielen, nicht-invasiv, kostengünstig und schnell durchführbar zu sein. Damit lassen sich innerhalb eines relativ kurzen Zeitraums große Gebiete untersuchen, falls der räumlichen Abstand zwischen den Messpunkten klein genug ist, um eine zuverlässige Mikrozonierung zu gewährleisten. Obwohl es eine gegenläufige Tendenz zwischen der Vollständigkeit aller Informationen und der Größe des untersuchten Gebiets gibt, versuche ich, diese Einschränkung durch Verknüpfung zweier Informationsebenen zu umgehen: In der ersten Ebene werden die Standorteffekte für einige Kalibrierungspunkte durch die Analyse von Erdbeben oder mittels anderer geophysikalischer Datensätze (z.B. Scherwellengeschwindigkeitsprofile) bestmöglich abgeschätzt, in der zweiten Ebene werden die Standorteffekte durch Einzelstationsmessungen des seismischen Rauschens für ein größeres Gebiet bestimmt. Die Mikrozonierung erfolgt hierbei mittels spezifischer, fallabhängiger Parameter unter Berücksichtigung eines geeigneten Anknüpfungspunktes zwischen den beiden Informationensebenen. Um diesen Ansatz der Mikrozonierung, der in dieser Arbeit verfolgt wurde, zu präzisieren, wurden in Potenza (Italien), wo eine beträchtliche Menge an Daten verfügbar war, verschiedene Verfahren untersucht. Insbesondere kann das Spektralverhältnis zwischen den horizontalen und vertikalen Seismometerkomponenten, welche für das seismische Rauschen an mehreren Orten aufgenommen wurde, als eine erste Näherung für die relative Verstärkung der Bodenbewegung verwendet werden, um darauf aufbauend die beiden Informationsebenen zu verknüpfen und eine Mikrozonierung hinsichtlich des Verhältnisses der spektralen Intensität durchzuführen. Anschließend führte ich diesen Zwei-Ebenen-Ansatz auch für Istanbul (Türkei) und Bischkek (Kirgisistan) durch. Für die Mikrozonierung dieser beiden Städte habe ich denselben Hybridansatz, der Daten von Erdbeben und von seismischem Rauschen verbindet, verwendet. Für beide Städte wurde nach Gegenüberstellung der Resonanzfrequenz des Untergrunds, die zum einen mit Hilfe des seismischen Rauschens, zum anderen durch Analyse von Erdbebendaten bestimmt worden ist (erste Ebene), eine Karte der Resonanzfrequenz unter Verwendung weiterer Messungen des seismischen Rauschens innerhalb des Stadtgebiets erstellt (zweite Ebene). Durch die Anwendung dieses neuen Ansatzes sind vor kurzem zum ersten Mal auch Karten für die Resonanzfrequenz des Untergrunds für Istanbul und Bischkek veröffentlicht worden. Parallel dazu wurde für das Testgebiet in Potenza eine auf dem spektralen Intensitätsverhältnis (SIR) basierende Mikrozonierungskarte in ein Risikoszenario mittels der Regression zwischen SIR und makroseismischer Intensität (EMS) integriert. Diese Szenariostudie bestätigt die Bedeutung von Standorteffekten innerhalb der Risikokette; insbesondere führt deren Einbeziehung in das Szenario zu einem Anstieg von etwa 50% bei der Zahl der Gebäude, für die ein teilweiser oder gar vollständiger Zusammenbruch erwartet werden kann. Abschließend wurde der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte und angewandte Ansatz auf seine Zuverlässigkeit geprüft. Ein theoretisches Modell, das zur Beschreibung des Eigenrauschens verschiedener Instrumente, die in der Regel in Mikrozonierungsstudien (z. B. in Potenza, Istanbul und Bischkek) zum Einsatz kommen, wurde untersucht, und die Ergebnisse wurden mit Daten verglichen, die vorher bereits in Köln (Deutschland) und Gubbio (Italien) aufgenommen worden waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass abhängig von den geologischen und umgebenden Bedingungen das Eigenrauschen der Geräte die Ergebnisse bei der Analyse des seismischen Rauschens stark verzerren kann. Deshalb liefere ich in dieser Arbeit auch einige Leitlinien für die Durchführung von Messungen des seismischen Rauschens.
12
Javaheri, Hamed. « Automatic calibration of urban run-off models using global optimization techniques ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0028/MQ50625.pdf.
Texte intégral
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Javaheri, Hamed. « Automatic calibration of urban run-off models using global optimization techniques ». Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21305.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Conceptual urban runoff (CUR) models are commonly used in the Planning and design of urban drainage systems. These models often require a large number of variables and parameters in order to accurately describe, the complex relationships between rainfall, runoff and watershed characteristics. This requirement has often become a barrier to the use of such models, because of the difficulties involved in the estimation of these parameters. Hence, there is a great need to develop a robust and reliable automatic calibration procedure to assist in the identification of the best set of optimal parameters for a CUR model. The present study is therefore concerned with the automatic calibration of a typical and well-known CUR model, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model, or SWMM.In this study, two automatic calibration methods were considered based an two different optimization algorithms: the Downhill Simplex (DHS), a popular local optimization technique, and the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), a global optimization procedure. The consistency of SCE in estimating the SWMM model parameters was assessed under two different scenarios: (1) using "error-free" synthetic data, and (2) using observed data available an the Upper Bukit Timah catchment in Singapore. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
14
Palm, Fredrik. « Urban Vegetation Mapping Using Remote Sensing Techniques : A Comparison of Methods ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-117108.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this study is to compare remote sensing methods in the context of a vegetation mapping of an urban environment. The methods used was (1) a traditional per-pixel based method; maximum likelihood supervised classification (ENVI), (2) a standard object based method; example based feature extraction (ENVI) and (3) a newly developed method; Window Independent Contextual Segmentation (WICS) (Choros Cognition). A four-band SPOT5 image with a pixel size of 10x10m was used for the classifications. A validation data-set was created using a ortho corrected aerial image with a pixel size of 1x1m. Error matrices was created by cross-tabulating the classified images with the validation data-set. From the error matrices, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient was calculated. The object-based method performed best with a overall accuracy of 80% and a kappa value of 0.6, followed by the WICS method with an overall accuracy of 77% and a kappa value of 0.53, placing the supervised classification last with an overall accuracy of 71% and a kappa value of 0.38. The results of this study suggests object-based method and WICS to perform better than the supervised classification in an urban environment.
15
Mesina, Justin E. « Urban Classification Techniques Using the Fusion of LiDAR and Spectral Data ». Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17420.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedCombining different types of data from varying sensors has the potential to be more accurate than a single sensor. This research fused airborne LiDAR data and WorldView-2 (WV-2) multispectral imagery (MSI) data to create an improved classification image of urban San Francisco, California. A decision tree scenario was created by extracting features from the LiDAR, as well as NDVI from the multispectral data. Raster masks were created using these features and were processed as decision tree nodes resulting in seven classifications. Twelve regions of interest were created, then categorized and applied to the previous seven classifications via the maximum likelihood classification. The resulting classification images were then combined. A multispectral classification image using the same ROIs was also created for comparison. The fused classification image did a better job of preserving urban geometries than MSI data alone and suffered less from shadow anomalies. The fused results however, were not as accurate in differentiating trees from grasses as using only spectral results. Overall the fused LiDAR and MSI classification performed better than the MSI classification alone but further refinements to the decision tree scheme could probably be made to improve final results.
16
Frisch, Michael. « The application of environmental auditing techniques to cities and regions ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66371.
Texte intégral
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Kennedy, Stephen James M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Transforming big data into knowledge : experimental techniques in dynamic visualization ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73818.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-124).
Information visualizations, especially those utilizing web-based platforms, are becoming an increasingly common medium for exchanging ideas. This emergent class of tools enabling web-based, interactive platforms for visualizing data should be considered by urban planners and designers as an opportunity to create new modes of disseminating and communicating information. This thesis provides an overview of new visualization tools: how they are being developed and combined, their applications, and their potential future uses. It also explores the implications of such tools in contexts where technology is not yet mainstream. This is illustrated through a case study of using mobile phones to gather data on the bus system in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The research draws from literature written on critical cartography, visualization, and visual culture in urban design and planning. The work first develops a best practices workflow of existing and emerging visualization tools and platforms. It then constructs prototypes of products for various audiences that illustrate the outputs of data collected on Dhaka's bus system, showcasing the potentials of these new tools and platforms.
by Stephen James Kennedy.
M.C.P.
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Cruz, Gilson Campos Ferreira da. « Clima urbano em Ponta Grossa - PR : uma abordagem da dinâmica climática em cidade média subtropical brasileira ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-05022010-141629/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O ser humano vem provocando mudanças no clima, por meio da transformação da natureza, seja para sua ocupação do espaço, sejam para desenvolver suas atividades. Na medida em que o homem se concentra em determinadas áreas, a pressão sobre os condicionantes naturais aumenta. As cidades constituem um dos melhores exemplos da concentração de pessoas e atividades em um mesmo lugar e também da intensa interferência do homem no ambiente. As mudanças ambientais provocadas pelas ações antrópicas geram consequências a ponto de criar um clima especial, o Clima Urbano. Ao detalhar este clima verifica-se que no contexto da cidade ocorrem diversos microclimas diretamente relacionados com a presença dos elementos que compreende o ambiente produzido pelo processo de urbanização - a área urbana. A intensidade com que o Clima Urbano se faz perceber depende do tamanho da cidade, do modelo de ocupação, das atividades desenvolvidas, número de habitantes e do grau de alterações provocadas no meio ambiente. A área urbana de Ponta Grossa, no estado do Paraná, uma cidade subtropical de 310 mil habitantes, possui relevo irregular, com muitos fundos de vale, com extensa ocupação horizontal que se estende para todas as direções e vertical principalmente no centro, constitui a área de estudo do presente trabalho. Na busca de identificar o clima da cidade de Ponta Grossa, foi desenvolvido trabalho de campo para a produção de dados sobre o clima local, os quais foram tratados através de técnicas estatísticas e com programas de geoprocessamento, que resultou em um vasto material cartográfico, que permitiu fazer algumas inferências importantes sobre o Clima Urbano. As conclusões mostram que o Clima Urbano de Ponta Grossa, como em outras áreas urbanas é condicionado pelas construções, pela circulação de veículos, pela ausência ou presença da arborização urbana e pelos condicionantes naturais, como altitude e a exposição de vertentes. Além disso, as condições climáticas regionais também atuam de forma contundente na cidade, como no caso do avanço das frentes frias, quando da entrada de massas de ar e da ação dos ventos que predominantemente sopram de leste, nordeste e sudeste. Por fim concluiu-se também que ocorre a formação da ilha de calor no centro da cidade, porém com deslocamentos para o sul da cidade, até onde se verifica um processo mais intenso de urbanização, assim como para oeste onde a combinação da urbanização, intensa presença de fundos de vale com a exposição de vertentes de forma predominante para o quadrante norte, favorecem as temperaturas mais elevadas. Por fim, os resultados apontam para o fato de que o estudo do clima urbano de Ponta Grossa pode ser utilizado para o planejamento urbano e revisão do plano diretor, pois há indicativos de que é possível melhorar a qualidade de vida da população de algumas áreas da cidade com um planejamento que leve em consideração as características do clima local.The human being has led to changes in climate through the transformation of nature, whether for its occupation of space, is to develop its activities. To the extent that the man is concentrated in certain áreas, pressure on the natural conditions increases. The city is one of the best examples of the concentration of people and activities in one place and also the intense human interference in the environment. Environmental changes caused by human actions generate consequences as to create a special climate, the urban climate. By describing this climate it appears that in the context of the city different microclimates occur directly related to the presence of the elements comprising the environment produced by the process of urbanization - the urban área. The intensity with which the urban climate makes them perceive depends on the size of the city, the model of occupation, the activities developed, number of inhabitants and the degree of induced changes in the environment. The urban área of Ponta Grossa, Parana state, a subtropical city of 310 thousand inhabitants, has irregular relief, with many of the valleys, with extensive occupation horizontal stretching in all directions and especially in the vertical center, is the área study of this work. In seeking to identify the climate of the city of Ponta Grossa, was developed fieldwork for the production of data on local climate, which were treated by statistical techniques and GIS programs, which resulted in an extensive map material, which allowed to make some important inferences about the urban climate. The findings show that the urban climate of Ponta Grossa, as in other urban áreas is affected by the construction, the movement of vehicles, the absence or presence of urban tree planting and by natural conditions such as altitude and exposure of slopes. Moreover, the regional climate conditions also act forcefully in the city, as in the advance of cold fronts, when the entry of air masses and the action of the winds predominantly blow from the east, northeast and southeast. Finally it was felt that there is the formation of heat islands in the city center, but with shifts to the south of the city, even where there is a more intense process of urbanization, and to the west where the combination of urbanization, intensive presence of the valleys with exposure to áreas of predominantly North quadrant to favor the higher temperatures. Finally, the results point to the fact that the study of urban climate of Ponta Grossa can be used for planning and review of the master plan, as there are indications that it is possible to improve the quality of life of the population in some áreas of city with a plan that takes into account the characteristics of the local climate.
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Graziuso, Gabriella. « The design of urban quality : innovative community facilites in support of strategies of urban renewal a methodological proposal ». Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2609.
Texte intégralRésumé :
2015 - 2016Currently, urban planning theory and practice is focusing on the renewal and enhancement of the existing urban settlements and no longer on enlargement and expansion of the city. Generally, cities are looking for the sustainable use of resources, paying particular attention to environmental and social aspects. The urban quality and collective well-being cannot be separated from the identification of a network, structuring of the city, of infrastructures and services that are not resolved in the themes provided by legislation. In fact, the characteristics, that transform a place into a liveable area, derive from a set of tangible and intangible urban endowments, that evolve continuously according to their type. Without a balance between the built environment and the consequent urban facilities and services, which are named as Standard Urbanistici (Urban Standards) by the Italian legislation, a town can go into crisis. In Italy, almost fifty years on from the issue of the Decree on the Urban Standards (DI no.1444/1968), currently in force, the problems relating to their planning are unresolved and, moreover, exacerbated: application methods, criteria for the users computing, land acquisition processes, raising funding to move from planning to implementation and management of the infrastructures. Noting the failure of attempts to define, a priori, a quantity of universally valid services, it is necessary to rethink the strategies and criteria for the provision of infrastructure. In order to meet the real needs of local communities, which are continuously changing, elastic and flexible facilities must be coupled also with a change in the method for their determination and verification. Consequently, a need for the redefinition of tools to interpret the social dynamics and to ensure and assess a changed concept of urban and environmental quality can be revealed, through the identification of innovative equipment and services. “The Urban Standards are and will be those specific services and facilities which the local community, over time, recognizes as basic and essential for the balanced structuring of the territory, and that are standard, i.e. constant, for its management” (Lr Lombardia no.01/2001). From an initial analysis of the current situation, on the basis of technical references, and from the best practices on services planning, a methodology was developed to evaluate the system of urban standards quantitatively and qualitatively, in order to fully understand what the priorities are and the benefits they can bring. The intent of the methodology is to define an innovative tool to support land use decisions and to implement the planning of services (Piano dei Servizi). From the application to the planning of services of different techniques, tools and models belonging to different disciplines, the methodology has been defined and integrated into the practice of traditional urban planning, thus becoming also a regeneration tool of the urban system. The methodology has been tested in various municipal systems, producing significant results, reflecting the identity of the places and their morphological, social, cultural and economic features. The conclusion of the work also tracks possible future developments, which can turn to an operational simplification of the methodology in order to guide the definition of legislation for new services planning. [edited by author]
Attualmente, le teorie e le pratiche di pianificazione urbana pongono l’attenzione alla riqualificazione e valorizzazione dell’esistente e non più sull’ampliamento e lo sviluppo delle città. In generale, esse sono rivolte all’uso sostenibile delle risorse, ponendo particolare attenzione agli aspetti sociali e ambientali. La qualità urbana e il benessere collettivo non possono prescindere dall’individuazione di una rete, strutturante per la città, di infrastrutture e servizi che non si risolvono nei temi previsti dalla norma. Infatti, le caratteristiche che rendono un luogo in un buon posto per vivere, derivano da una serie di dotazioni materiali e immateriali, che si evolvono in continuazione per tipologia. In mancanza di un bilanciamento tra l’ambiente costruito e le attrezzature e i sevizi che ne derivano (quelli che vengono definiti “standard urbanistici”), la città va in crisi. In Italia, a distanza di quasi cinquant’anni dall’emanazione del Decreto sugli Standard Urbanistici (D.I. no.1444/1968), attualmente ancora vigente, i problemi in materia di standard sono, nonché irrisolti, aumentati di numero: modalità applicative, criteri di calcolo dell’utenza, procedura di acquisizione delle aree occorrenti, reperimento delle risorse finanziarie per passare dalla programmazione all’attuazione ed alla gestione delle opere. Appurati i tentativi di fallimento di definire, a priori, una quantità universalmente valida dei servizi, è necessario ripensare alle modalità e ai criteri da considerare nella definizione della maggior parte delle attrezzature. Con l’intento di incontrare i bisogni reali delle comunità locali, che hanno cambiato il loro aspetto, attrezzature elastiche e flessibili devono essere combinate anche attraverso il cambiamento nel metodo della loro definizione e verifica. Di conseguenza, può essere rilevata la necessità di ridefinire strumenti in grado di interpretare le dinamiche sociali e di assicurare e valutare un diverso concetto di qualità urbana e ambientale, attraverso attrezzature e servizi innovativi. “Gli standard urbanistici sono e saranno quelle attrezzature e quei servizi specifici che a comunità locale, nel tempo, riconosce come basilari ed essenziali per la strutturazione bilanciata del territorio, e che, sono standard, costanti, per la sua gestione” (Legge regionale lombarda, 2001). Da una prima analisi dello stato dell’arte, sulla base della consultazione tecnica nazionale ed internazionale, e le esperienze di pianificazione dei servizi, è tato possibile delineare, a partire dalle diverse sue componenti, un percorso di ricerca che mira alla definizione di una metodologia di localizzazione dei servizi, intesi in un’ottica innovativa rispetto a quella tradizionale. Lo scopo della metodologia è quello di definire uno strumento innovativo di supporto alle decisioni dell’uso del suolo e capace di implementare la pianificazione dei servizi (Piano dei Servizi). Attraverso l’applicazione alla pianificazione dei servizi di diverse tecniche, strumenti e modelli appartenenti a diverse discipline, la metodologia è stata definita e integrata alla prassi di pianificazione urbana tradizionale, diventando quindi anche strumento di rigenerazione del sistema urbano. La metodologia è stata testata in diversi ambiti comunali, producendo dei risultati significativi, che possono rispecchiano l’identità dei luoghi e le loro caratteristiche fisiche, sociali, culturali ed economiche. La conclusione del lavoro traccia anche possibili sviluppi futuri, che possono rivolgersi a una semplificazione operativa della metodologia per poter orientare la definizione normativa di pianificazione dei servizi. [a cura dell'autore]
XV n.s
20
Rockwell, Sarah M. « Alternative techniques for resolving land use disputes : two case studies in Denver, Colorado ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77514.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaf 90.
by Sarah M. Rockwell.
M.C.P.
21
Ferrand, Nicolas A. (Nicolas Alexandre) 1972. « Emerging visualization techniques to support public participation in urban mass transit planning context ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66391.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-104).
With the post-modern turn in planning theory, the public's input is now required in a wider variety of areas. Nevertheless, the discourse about planning has remained too technically oriented, depriving the general public from a real understanding of the issues at stake. The development of multi-media, web-based tools could provide the public with common concepts and a common vocabulary to discuss and elaborate a shared vision on planning-related issues. This thesis develops such a tool to educate the public about urban transportation auditory impacts. By combining movies, sounds and simulations, we offer multiple representations of sound in an interactive and interpretative way which could augment the social knowledge about those issues. Furthermore, the same framework could easily be expanded to encompass other technical elements. This tool prefigures one of the multiple ways by which information technologies will impact the planning practice. This thesis will also suggest some of the possible evolutions in the planner's role within this new technology-enhanced environment.
by Nicolas A. Ferrand.
M.C.P.
22
PICCININI, FABIO. « Advanced Geomatic Techniques in support of Monitoring and Management in Thematic GIS ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/299741.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nel campo della Geomatica, numerosi strumenti e tecniche, presentano diversi tipi di dati da diverse fonti.
I GIS (Geographical Information Systems) consentono di integrare questi dati in un geo-database e di relazionarli tra loro per ulteriori elaborazioni.
In questa tesi di dottorato è stato introdotto l'uso dei GIS in due flussi di lavoro riguardanti due diversi domini: le ispezioni termografiche aeree da UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) di impianti fotovoltaici (PV) e i rilievi di edifici, quartieri o interi territori, combinando Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) e fotogrammetria aerea da UAV.
Nel settore del fotovoltaico per mantenere gli impianti nella loro massima efficienza durante il loro ciclo di vita, la comunità dei ricercatori si sta concentrando principalmente sul rilevamento automatico dei guasti negli impianti fotovoltaici attraverso l'uso di sistemi di intelligenza artificiale e, per facilitare la gestione, è necessario introdurre un sistema informativo nella filiera, in grado di raccogliere e organizzare tutte le informazioni sugli impianti PV e sulle loro ispezioni.
Nel campo della gestione dei dati urbani ed edilizi, l'uso di software di modellazione tridimensionale (3D) e di piattaforme open-source è diventato sempre più frequente negli ultimi anni.
Un GIS 3D può essere utilizzato per qualsiasi attività di pianificazione urbana, ad esempio per l’emergenza sismica.
Per quanto riguarda le ispezioni termografiche da UAV di impianti PV l'obiettivo è quello di definire una pipeline dall'acquisizione dei dati alla creazione di report, e di proporre una struttura dati per qualsiasi impianto.
Relativamente ai rilievi urbani, l'obiettivo è integrare i dati dalle varie fonti in un GIS permettendo ulteriori elaborazioni, come l'estrazione di informazioni relative a caratteristiche geometriche specifiche degli edifici, frequentemente utilizzate per una valutazione speditiva della vulnerabilità sismica.In the field of Geomatics, numerous tools and techniques, presents data types from different sources. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) allow to integrate these data in a geo-database and to relate them to each other for further processing. In this PhD thesis the use of GIS has been introduced in two workflows concerning two different domains: the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) thermographic inspections of photovoltaic (PV) plants and the urban surveys of buildings, districts, or entire villages, combining Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and aerial photogrammetry using UAV. In the PV sector, to maintain the plants in their maximum efficiency during their lifecycle, the research community is mainly focusing on the automatic detection of faults through the use of artificial intelligence systems and, to facilitate management, it is necessary to introduce an information system in the pipeline, able to collect and organize the whole information about the PV plants and their inspections. In the field of urban and building data management, the use of three-dimensional (3D) modelling software and open-source platforms has become increasingly frequent in recent years. A 3D GIS can be used for any urban planning activities, e.g. seismic emergency. Regarding UAV thermographic inspections of PV plants the aim is to define a pipeline from data acquisition to report creation, and to propose a data structure for any system. Concerning the urban surveys, the objective is to integrate the data from the various sources in a GIS allowing further processing, as the extraction of information related to specific geometrical characteristics of the buildings, frequently used for a preliminary assessment of the seismic vulnerability.
23
Chuasomboon, Sasit. « A comparison of ranging and localization techniques in indoor, urban, and tunnel environments ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikationssystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94517.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Localization in wireless network sensors is an attractive research area nowadays. It is widely used in many applications e.g., indoor/outdoor asset tracking, intrusion detection, search-and-rescue, road traffic monitoring, and water quality monitoring. An accuracy and robustness to noise are important issues for localization which is needed to study and research to find the best solution. This thesis compares a ranging and localization techniques in indoor, urban and tunnel through a high performance ray-tracing simulator, Wireless InSiteR . Ranging techniques are based on two standard distance related measurement schemes e.g., RSS and TOA. A linearized least squares technique with reference node selection approach is chosen to estimate unknown nodes positions. Indoor and urban area are built-in floor plan and terrain available in simulator program, while tunnel is designed. In general, localization accuracy suffers from multipath and NLOS condition. This thesis also observes characteristic of them from ray-tracing method perspective. Firstly, important simulation parameters such as number ofreflections/diffractions, types of waveform, and types of antenna are analyzed oneach environments. Then, the models for distance estimation based on RSS and TOA measurements are created using measurements in simulated environments. The thesis proposes four scenarios for distance estimation model. They are line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), combination of LOS and NLOS, and NLOS with obstacle. All four scenarios models are derived along with model error distribution to observe characteristic of noise due to multipath and NLOS condition. Finally, the localization using only LOS condition measurements, is tested on each environment and compared results in term of accuracy.
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Wong, Ming-hong Daniel, et 黃明康. « A study of passive sampling and modelling techniques for urban air pollution determination ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30252325.
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Vankipuram, Muralidharan Geetha. « Contemporary design techniques for urban design : an inquiry into digital generative diagrammatic thinking ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42931496.
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Yang, Lisa S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Application of high resolution remote sensing and GIS techniques for evaluating urban infrastructure ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120199.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-76).
City planners use information about a city's vegetation, urban morphology, and land-use to make decisions. The availability of high-resolution imagery is now expanding the type of information that can be used for planning as well as for understanding urbanization dynamics. This research uses very high resolution orthoimagery with three bands to obtain information about specific urban structures, such as roads and pavement, buildings, and solar panels, as well as non-impervious surface areas of vegetation and water. The maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was used for the analysis of the images, and geographical information system (GIS) techniques were used to extract features. Two case studies were done for the cities of Phoenix, Arizona for the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2012 and for Seattle, Washington for 2002, 2005, and 2009. Results indicate that the area of buildings and the number buildings with solar panels have increased while the area of vegetation has increased for both Phoenix.and Seattle. The area of water has decreased for Seattle while the increase in water for Phoenix could suggest that more people are installing pools. The length of roads increases slightly for Seattle but decreases for Phoenix, a potential result of parking lots being converted into parking garages. The quantitative trends in the infrastructure were then compared to power law relationships between population and urban growing and scaling indicators.
by Lisa Yang.
S.M.
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Vankipuram, Muralidharan Geetha. « Contemporary design techniques for urban design an inquiry into digital generative diagrammatic thinking / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42931496.
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Wong, Ming-hong Daniel. « A study of passive sampling and modelling techniques for urban air pollution determination / ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2093385X.
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Mehta, Suman. « Development of RMT techniques for urban infrastructure planning : Stockholm Bypass (Förbifart) case study ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328398.
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The tensor radio-magnetotelluric (RMT) method has extensively been used in near-surface investigations to obtain resistivity models of the subsurface. The main objective of this thesis is to further develop the RMT survey technique for a less paid attention and challenging environment namely on shallow water bodies and in the urban environment. The other objective is to develop a new processing technique to enhance the resolution and sensitivity of the tensor RMT method. For the first time a data acquisition system called ‘boat-towed RMT’ is introduced that has the capability to measure tensor RMT data on water bodies like lakes and rivers. A RMT survey carried out on Lake Mälaren near the city of Stockholm shows the capability and efficiency of the boat-towed RMT system. The resistivity models obtained from the RMT data are consistent from one line to another and show good correlation with the existing geological and drill core data. In general, a three-layer resistivity model was obtained that has a conductive layer interpreted as lake sediments, which is sandwiched between high resistive bedrock and resistive water column. A coherent discontinuity of low resistivity zone was observed in bedrock across all the lines. It was interpreted to originate from a major fracture zone striking in the direction of water bodies. However, due to the lack of penetration, RMT method alone was insufficient to provide a conclusive interpretation of this. Synthetic analysis was performed and showed that lower frequencies using controlled-sources are required to obtain the desired penetration depth. We took the advantage of the Swedish winters and carried out controlled-source RMT measurements on frozen lake at the same location. The new controlled-source models have enough depth penetration to delineate fractured bedrock. Furthermore, in order to improve the resolution and sensitivity of tensor RMT data, a new processing technique was developed that preserves the identity of each transmitter and allows improved resistivity model of the subsurface. These new acquisition and processing techniques should be useful in many different applications for urban infrastructure planning projects especially in Scandinavia where 7% of the land is covered by fresh water bodies and is poorly explored for these purposes.
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Tsenoglou, Theocharis. « Intelligent pattern recognition techniques for photo-realistic 3D modeling of urban planning objects ». Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0075.
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Modélisation 3D réaliste des bâtiments et d'autres objets de planification urbaine est un domaine de recherche actif dans le domaine de la modélisation 3D de la ville, la documentation du patrimoine, tourisme virtuel, la planification urbaine, la conception architecturale et les jeux d'ordinateur. La création de ces modèles, très souvent, nécessite la fusion des données provenant de diverses sources telles que les images optiques et de numérisation de nuages de points laser. Pour imiter de façon aussi réaliste que possible les mises en page, les activités et les fonctionnalités d'un environnement du monde réel, ces modèles doivent atteindre de haute qualité et la précision de photo-réaliste en termes de la texture de surface (par exemple pierre ou de brique des murs) et de la morphologie (par exemple, les fenêtres et les portes) des objets réels. Rendu à base d'images est une alternative pour répondre à ces exigences. Il utilise des photos, prises soit au niveau du sol ou de l'air, à ajouter de la texture au modèle 3D ajoutant ainsi photo-réalisme.Pour revêtement de texture pleine de grandes façades des modèles de blocs 3D, des images qui dépeignent la même façade doivent être correctement combinée et correctement aligné avec le côté du bloc. Les photos doivent être fusionnés de manière appropriée afin que le résultat ne présente pas de discontinuités, de brusques variations de l'éclairage ou des lacunes. Parce que ces images ont été prises, en général, dans différentes conditions de visualisation (angles de vision, des facteurs de zoom, etc.) ils sont sous différentes distorsions de perspective, mise à l'échelle, de luminosité, de contraste et de couleur nuances, ils doivent être corrigés ou ajustés. Ce processus nécessite l'extraction de caractéristiques clés de leur contenu visuel d'images.Le but du travail proposé est de développer des méthodes basées sur la vision par ordinateur et les techniques de reconnaissance des formes, afin d'aider ce processus. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode pour extraire les lignes implicites à partir d'images de mauvaise qualité des bâtiments, y compris les vues de nuit où seules quelques fenêtres éclairées sont visibles, afin de préciser des faisceaux de lignes parallèles 3D et leurs points de fuite correspondants. Puis, sur la base de ces informations, on peut parvenir à une meilleure fusion des images et un meilleur alignement des images aux façades de blocsRealistic 3D modeling of buildings and other urban planning objects is an active research area in the field of 3D city modeling, heritage documentation, virtual touring, urban planning, architectural design and computer gaming. The creation of such models, very often, requires merging of data from diverse sources such as optical images and laser scan point clouds. To imitate as realistically as possible the layouts, activities and functionalities of a real-world environment, these models need to attain high photo-realistic quality and accuracy in terms of the surface texture (e.g. stone or brick walls) and morphology (e.g. windows and doors) of the actual objects. Image-based rendering is an alternative for meeting these requirements. It uses photos, taken either from ground level or from the air, to add texture to the 3D model thus adding photo-realism. For full texture covering of large facades of 3D block models, images picturing the same façade need to be properly combined and correctly aligned with the side of the block. The pictures need to be merged appropriately so that the result does not present discontinuities, abrupt variations in lighting or gaps. Because these images were taken, in general, under various viewing conditions (viewing angles, zoom factors etc) they are under different perspective distortions, scaling, brightness, contrast and color shadings, they need to be corrected or adjusted. This process requires the extraction of key features from their visual content of images. The aim of the proposed work is to develop methods based on computer vision and pattern recognition techniques in order to assist this process. In particular, we propose a method for extracting implicit lines from poor quality images of buildings, including night views where only some lit windows are visible, in order to specify bundles of 3D parallel lines and their corresponding vanishing points. Then, based on this information, one can achieve better merging of the images and better alignment of the images to the block façades. Another important application dealt in this thesis is that of 3D modeling. We propose an edge preserving interpolation, based on the mean shift algorithm, that operates jointly on the optical and the elevation data. It succeeds in increasing the resolution of the elevation data (LiDAR) while improving the quality (i.e. straightness) of their edges. At the same time, the color homogeneity of the corresponding imagery is also improved. The reduction of color artifacts in the optical data and the improvement in the spatial resolution of elevation data results in more accurate 3D building models. Finally, in the problem of building detection, the application of the proposed mean shift-based edge preserving smoothing for increasing the quality of aerial/color images improves the performance of binary building vs non-building pixel classification
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Taejung, Kim. « Automated 3D modelling of buildings from aerial and space imagery using image understanding techniques ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362778.
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Rourke, Antony. « Applications of image processing techniques to data collection and monitoring in transport ». Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262454.
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McCormick, Angela D. (Angela Dorothy). « Selected growth management techniques for use in mitigating traffic congestion in Masssachusetts [sic] suburban corridors ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75990.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1987.Title as it appeared in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Graduate List, June 1987: Selected growth management techniques to mitigate traffic congestion in suburban corridors.
Bibliography: leaves 65-67.
by Angela D. McCormick.
M.C.P.
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Almeida, Maria de Fátima. « Aplicação de técnicas compensatórias na drenagem urbana, sob a ótica dos usuários do espaço : estudo de caso em São Carlos - SP ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4388.
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Previous issue date: 2014-04-15Brazil, in the past decades, has experienced an accelerated urban growth. IBGE s (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics) census data from 2010 showed that about 84% of Brazilian population lives in urban spaces. Tied to this growth, the classical system of urban drainage has proven itself to be insufficient and ineffective when it comes to flood control, water quality, the population´s quality of life and environmental sustainability. One alternative for this issue is the application of the low-impact development (LID) concept in the urban planning process through the Integrated Management Practices (IMPs), with the use of compensatory techniques in the management of urban pluvial water, seeking to compensate the alterations in the natural hydrological cycle caused by urbanization. Considering this context, this research has analyzed, under the perspective of public and private spaces users, the application of compensatory techniques (TCs) on urban drainage, considering legal, environmental, landscape, project, constructive, usage and space maintenance aspects. The research consisted of an application of a questionnaire to those users, according to the sample design of a case study, composed by two object areas, located in São Carlos (São Paulo State, Brazil), that use compensatory techniques on drainage. The Study Area I UFSCar, consists of a university campus, with the sample of 90 students, 19 employees and 40 professors; Study Area II, Montreal condominium, a residential space with the sample of 50 residents. The development of the questionnaires was based seeking to answer doubts and questions that arose during the process of implementation of compensatory techniques on UFSCar campus Study Area I, together with issues debated on Research Group G-Hidro. Results showed good acceptance of the existent legislation and, consequently, of the techniques, indicating that the lack of information is the main obstacle to their appliance. It is expected that the obtained results contribute to subsidize actions of straightening and enlargement of sustainable practices on urban drainage.
O Brasil, nas últimas décadas, tem experimentado um crescimento urbano acelerado. Dados do IBGE- 2010 demonstram que 84% da população brasileira já vive na área urbana. Aliado a esse crescimento, o sistema clássico de drenagem urbana gradualmente tem se mostrado insuficiente e ineficiente quanto à questão de controle de enchentes, qualidade da água, qualidade de vida da população e sustentabilidade ambiental. Uma alternativa para essa questão é a aplicação do conceito de desenvolvimento de baixo impacto (LID) no processo de planejamento urbano, através de Práticas de Gestão Integrada (IMPs) com a utilização de técnicas compensatórias (TCs) para o manejo das águas pluviais urbanas, buscando compensar as alterações no ciclo hidrológico natural, provocadas pela urbanização. Neste contexto, esse trabalho analisou sob a ótica dos usuários de espaços urbanos público e privado, a aplicação de Técnicas Compensatórias (TCs) na drenagem urbana, considerando os aspectos legais, ambientais e paisagísticos, de projeto, de construção, de uso e manutenção. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de questionário junto aos usuários dos espaços, de acordo com o planejamento amostral de um Estudo de Caso composto por duas áreas de estudo localizadas no município de São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo, que utilizam técnicas compensatórias (TCs) na drenagem. A Área de estudo I UFSCar, trata-se de um campus de uma instituição pública de ensino superior, com uma amostragem de 90 alunos, 19 funcionários e 40 docentes; a Área de estudo II Residencial Montreal, um condomínio residencial, com uma amostragem de 50 moradores. A elaboração dos questionários foi fundamentada buscando responder dúvidas e indagações surgidas no decorrer do processo de implantação das técnicas compensatórias no campus da UFSCar Área de estudo I, associadas às questões debatidas no Grupo de Pesquisa G-Hidro. Os resultados demonstraram boa aceitação da legislação existente e consequentemente das técnicas, evidenciando-se que a falta de informação é o principal empecilho para ampliação da prática das técnicas. Esperase que os resultados obtidos contribuam para subsidiar ações de fortalecimento e ampliação de práticas sustentáveis na drenagem urbana.
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Yang, Ao. « Artificial Intelligent Techniques in Residential Water End-use Studies for Optimized Urban Water Management ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/382672.
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In the urban water planning and management industry, end-use water consumption monitoring is a primary tool for water demand management and source substitution. Numerous residential end-use consumption studies have been carried out worldwide in the last two decades. With the rapid development of intelligent technology, the traditional time-consuming process for water flow data disaggregation has been replaced by a smart water metering system with advanced analysis. However, the existing water flow trace analysis system cannot accurately disaggregate all categories of residential water end-use events. In response to this issue, this research focused on developing new techniques, which can improve the autonomous categorisation accuracy of the residential water flow disaggregation process. A rigorous research method was adopted to achieve the above-mentioned research objectives and included the following two stages: (1) review and testing of pattern recognition techniques; and (2) software development. This study employed the extensive South-east Queensland (SEQ) Residential Water End Use Study dataset to undertake the development of the intelligent and autonomous water end-use recognition technique.
Due to the array of objectives, methods, and results, this thesis has been structured around two refereed journal publications produced during the MPhil study. Two themes emerged from the research, namely: (1) development of hybrid intelligent model for mechanised water end-use analysis; and (2) optimising water end-use analysis process with Self-organising maps and K-Means clustering.
The application of many sophisticated intelligent techniques has been attempted in order to tackle this complex problem. In the first stage, the original application of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm was found to be ineffective due to settings of the threshold value. Through further investigation into the existing database, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and K-Medoids algorithm were selected. In this stage, this technique was applied to assist in finding toilet events in an artificially mixed data. 95.71% accuracy for correctly classified mechanical events was achieved when tested on 136 mixed events from different categories. The performance of the selected algorithms have been compared against previously reported approaches, with the technique and accuracy comparisons presented in a refereed journal paper. While the ABC and K-Medoids approach to clustering flow data into water end-use categories was suitable for mechanical end-use categories, it was less effective for other behaviourally influenced categories. Further exploration of various water flow data clustering techniques was required in order to discover a more suitable approach for the preliminary clustering of flow data into all of the water end-use categories. This prompted the undertaking of the research activities for the second journal paper described as follows.
The study continued with the development of a hybrid technique in the second stage. Self-organising maps (SOM) and K-means algorithms were applied to the existing software Autoflow through pre-grouping of water end-use events in order to improve the accuracy. The verification on two datasets (i.e., (1) over 100,000 single events, and (2) 30 independent homes), resulted in an improvement in water end-use categorisation accuracy, when compared to the original technique employed in Autoflow, for each residential end-use category. Accuracy improvements were particularly noticeable for the mechanical water end-use event categories (i.e., washing machine, toilet, and evaporative cooler).
The research outcomes have implications for researchers and the water industry. For researchers, the revised Autoflow v3.1 developed in this study is more accurate than previous versions reported in the literature. The novel hybrid pattern recognition approach and the associated algorithms employed in this latest Autoflow v3.1 version can be adapted for a range of pattern recognition problems. For the water industry, an accurate and autonomous water end-use analysis software tool has a range of implications, including, providing bottom-up data for demand forecasting and infrastructure planning, evidence-based water demand management, and end-use level customer feedback phone and web-based applications.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Liu, Nairui. « Novel applications of modelling techniques to understand and predict global urban air quality trends ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208434/1/Nairui_Liu_Thesis.pdf.
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The aim of this study was to explore novel applications of modelling techniques to advance analytical methods towards addressing urban atmospheric environment problems and possible solutions. Four selected models known as SVR, STL, WRF, and LSTM were used to investigate: the correlation between social development and air quality, the trend of severe air pollution episodes on a global scale, urban heat island effect mitigation measures, and how to extend the use of air quality monitoring data. This study led to improved analysis of global urban atmospheric environment problems and the formulation of more effective urban air quality management policies.
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Wang, Carter (Carter Robert Ren-Deh). « Urban transportation networks : analytical modeling of spatial dependencies and calibration techniques for stochastic traffic simulators ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82859.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-82).
Exact numerical evaluation of the stationary joint queue-length distribution of a Markovian finite capacity network with arbitrary size and topology can be obtained numerically. Nonetheless, the main challenge to such an approach remains the dimensionality of the joint distribution, which is exponential in the number of queues. This thesis proposes an analytical approximation of the joint distribution with a dimension that is linear in the number of queues. The method decomposes the network into overlapping subnetworks. The state of each subnetwork is described aggregately, i.e. in terms of a reduced state space, while ensuring consistency with the disaggregate, i.e., full state space, distribution. This aggregation-disaggregation technique is proposed for the analysis of Markovian tandem finite capacity queueing networks. The model is validated. We present its use to address an urban traffic control problem, and show the added value of accounting for higher-order spatial between-queue dependency information in the control of congested networks. A second, distinct goal of this thesis is to examine the calibration of route choice parameters in microscopic traffic simulators. Automatically calibrating simulators using traffic counts requires describing the relationship between route choice and traffic flows. This thesis proposes an analytical finite capacity queueing model that accounts for the relationship between route choice and traffic flows. The method is embedded in a simulation-based optimization framework and applied to a calibration problem.
by Carter Wang.
S.M.in Transportation
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Anderson, James. « A comparison of four change detection techniques for two urban areas in the United States ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2371.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 61 p. : col. ill., col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).
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Ibrahim, Kamarulzaman Bin. « Bayesian techniques for the evaluation of road traffic safety measures : an application to small roundabouts ». Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480602.
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Strollo, Angelo [Verfasser], et Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Zschau. « Development of techniques for earthquake microzonation studies in different urban environment / Angelo Strollo. Betreuer : Jochen Zschau ». Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015259790/34.
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Miller, Andrew Paul. « The York archaeological assessment : an investigation of techniques for urban deposit modelling utilising Geographic Information Systems ». Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2462/.
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Canavan, Shane. « Performance modelling of urban metro rail systems : an application of frontiers, regression, and causal inference techniques ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/27051.
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Metro rail provides a vital role towards facilitating the travel needs of major urban economies, and has contributed substantially in transporting the population within cities. However, implementing a safe service to meet with the statutory requirements of operation is fraught with difficulties. Due to high capital expenditures and need for public money, metros are politically sensitive and are subject to scrutiny. Consequently, understanding variation in metro performance continues to be a major research objective. This has proven to be far from straightforward due to the complex nature of the industry and that metro operators are generally monopolistic in nature, with no source of performance comparisons in the same region. This emphasises the need for an international comparison. This thesis focuses on technical efficiency, which concerns the use of input factors (such as capital and labour) to produce metro services. The study is bolstered by using a high quality panel dataset, consisting of 27 metro systems for the period 2004 to 2012. Additional insight into the variation of metro performance is provided as shortcomings in the literature include the lack of appropriate data and insufficient application of statistical techniques. Three empirical contributions are provided. Firstly, by assessing the relative performance of a group of metro systems by calculating technical efficiency scores using Stochastic Frontier Analysis, the study reveals a number of drivers of performance that affect output efficiency. Secondly, the study identifies reliability to be a key influence, and this is subsequently investigated further. Count data regression models are estimated to reveal determinants of incidents which cause a delay to service and provide a means for carrying out future forecasting of incident rates. Finally, given the growing capacity restrictions experienced by metros, the study investigates the causal impact of introducing a technological treatment (in this case, moving block signalling) on technical efficiency using a Propensity Score Matching approach.
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Shatnawi, Ibrahem Mahmoud. « Automated Vehicle Delay and Travel Time Estimation Techniques for Improved Performance Measures of Urban Network System ». University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1446473677.
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Almutairi, Abdullah. « Monitoring land-cover change detection in an arid urban environment a comparison of change detection techniques / ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1410.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 77 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).
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Al-Wajeeh, Taha. « Efficient radio channel modeling for urban wireless sensors networks ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2314.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le canal de propagation est un élément important pour la fiabilité des simulations et la conception des systèmes sans fil. Les modèles déterministes offrent un bon niveau de précision au prix d'une complexité croissante de calcul, ce qui les rend prohibitifs pour les simulateurs de réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RdC) car ils impliquent de nombreux nœuds distribués à l'échelle d’une ville. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes déterministes rapides et précises pour modéliser le comportement des ondes électromagnétiques en garantissant le juste compromis entre la précision et le temps de calcul. L’étude a d’abord été subdivisée en deux modes selon le mécanisme dominant de propagation. Dans une configuration microcellule, l'approche proposée est basée sur un modèle de lancer de rayons reposant sur la technique de la visibilité qui adopte un ensemble de techniques d'accélération pour réduire la complexité sans perte significative de la précision. Dans le même objectif, la propagation verticale a été abordée en incluant les contributions les plus significatives. Enfin, ces modèles ont été intégrés dans un simulateur de RdC pour fournir des résultats réalistes dans le contexte d'une ‘smart city’. L'impact des modèles précis dans les simulateurs est illustré par certains paramètres du réseauModeling the radio channel in an accurate way is a key element of any wireless systems. Deterministic models offer a good degree of precision at the cost of high computational complexity, which is prohibitive for wireless sensor network (WSN) simulators because they involve many sensor nodes in a city-wide scale. Within this context, the objective of this thesis is to propose efficient, fast, and accurate deterministic methods for modeling electromagnetic waves by finding the best time-accuracy trade-offs that guarantee accuracy under tight time constraints. The study was first subdivided into two modes according to the dominant propagation mechanism. In microcell configurations, the proposed approach is a ray-tracing model based on the visibility technique. It adopts a set of acceleration techniques to reduce the complexity with a minimal loss of precision. With the same objective, the vertical propagation was addressed to include the most significant contributions. Finally, these models were integrated into a WSN simulator to provide realistic and accurate results for smart city applications. The importance of using accurate models in WSN simulators is illustrated in terms of some network parameters
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Hwang, Seong-Nam. « Environmental amenities and disamenities, and housing prices using GIS techniques / ». Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/195.
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Roudier, Marion. « Définition de signaux et de techniques de traitement innovants pour les futurs systèmes GNSS ». Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0044/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les systèmes de navigation par satellites sont de plus en plus présents dans notre vie quotidienne. De nouveaux besoins émergent, majoritairement en environnement urbain. Dans ce type d'environnement très obstrué, le signal reçu par l'utilisateur a subit des atténuations ainsi que des réfractions/diffractions, ce qui rend difficile la démodulation des données et le calcul de position de l'utilisateur. Les signaux de navigation par satellites étant initialement conçus dans un contexte d'environnement dégagé, leurs performances de démodulation sont donc généralement étudiées dans le modèle de canal de propagation AWGN associé. Or aujourd'hui ils sont utilisés aussi en environnements dégradés. Il est donc indispensable de fournir et d'étudier leurs performances de démodulation dans des modèles de canal de propagation urbain. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit cette thèse, le but final étant d'améliorer les performances de démodulation des signaux GNSS en milieux urbains, en proposant un nouveau signal. Afin de pouvoir fournir et analyser les performances de démodulation des signaux de navigation par satellite en milieux urbains, un outil de simulation a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse : SiGMeP pour « Simulator for GNSS Message Performance ». Il permet de simuler la chaine entière d'émission/réception d'un signal de navigation par satellites et de calculer ses performances de démodulation en milieu urbain. Les performances de démodulation des signaux existants et modernisés ont donc été calculées avec SiGMeP en environnement urbain. Afin de représenter au mieux ces performances pour qu'elles soient le plus réalistes possibles, une nouvelle méthode adaptée au cas urbain est proposée dans ce manuscrit. Ensuite, pour améliorer ces performances de démodulation, l'axe de recherche s'est essentiellement porté sur le « codage canal ». Pour décoder l'information utile transmise, le récepteur calcule une fonction de détection à l'entrée du décodeur. Or la fonction de détection utilisée dans les récepteurs classiques correspond à un modèle de canal AWGN. Ce manuscrit propose donc une fonction de détection avancée, qui s'adapte au canal de propagation dans lequel l'utilisateur évolue, ce qui améliore considérablement les performances de démodulation, en ne modifiant que la partie récepteur du système. Enfin, dans le but de concevoir un nouveau signal avec de meilleures performances de démodulation en environnement urbain que celles des signaux existants ou futurs, un nouveau codage canal de type LDPC a été optimisé pour une modulation CSK. En effet, la modulation CSK est une modulation prometteuse dans le monde des signaux de type spectre étalé, qui permet de se débarrasser des limitations en termes de débit de données qu'impliquent les modulations actuelles des signaux de navigation par satellitesGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly present in our everyday life. Further operational needs are emerging, mainly in urban environments. In these obstructed environments, the signal emitted by the satellite is severely degraded due to the many obstacles. Consequently, the data demodulation and the user position calculation are difficult. GNSS signals being initially designed in an open environment context, their demodulation performance is thus generally studied in the associated AWGN propagation channel model. But nowadays, GNSS signals are also used in degraded environments. It is thus essential to provide and study their demodulation performance in urban propagation channel models. It is in this context that this PhD thesis is related, the final goal being to improve GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban areas, proposing a new signal. In order to be able to provide and study GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban environments, a simulation tool has been developed in this PhD thesis context: SiGMeP for ‘Simulator for GNSS Message Performance'. It allows simulating the entire emission/reception GNSS signal chain in urban environment. Existing and modernized signals demodulation performance has thus been computed with SiGMeP in urban environments. In order to represent this demodulation performance faithfully to reality, a new methodology adapted to urban channels is proposed in this dissertation. Then, to improve GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban environments, the research axis of this thesis has focused on the ‘Channel Coding' aspect. In order to decode the transmitted useful information, the receiver computes a detection function at the decoder input. But the detection function used in classic receivers corresponds to an AWGN propagation channel. This dissertation thus proposes an advanced detection function which is adapting to the propagation channel where the user is moving. This advanced detection function computation considerably improves demodulation performance, just in modifying the receiver part of the system. Finally, in order to design a new signal with better demodulation performance in urban environments than one of existing and future signals, a new LDPC channel code has been optimized for a CSK modulation. Indeed, the CSK modulation is a promising modulation in the spread spectrum signals world, which permits to free from limitation sin terms of data rate implied by current GNSS signals modulations
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Anneroth, Emelie. « Gender Renovation : A case study analysis of the feminist urban development project #UrbanGirlsMovement discussing gender-transformative urban planning techniques as a means for more equal cities ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170180.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis is a case study analysis of the feminist urban development project #UrbanGirlsMovement discussing how gender-transformative urban planning techniques impact local girls in the Million Dwellings Program area Fittja south of Stockholm. The thesis draws on a theoretical framework of feminist geography, intersectionality, and territorial stigmatization to analyze narratives from eleven girls participating in #UrbanGirlsMovement. The girls’ narratives reveal that it has been an empowering experience to be part of an urban development process as it has enabled them to recognize their own abilities. By re-evaluating the role of the planner to take on a more facilitating role, the girls shouldered the role of experts. It legitimized the girls’ ideas and designs, enabling them both to recognize and to use their own agency. Additionally, the process of redesigning a familiar place enabled the girls to regenerate the meaning of the urban public space around Fittja to mirror their own subjective spatial identities. The thesis shows that intersectional planning tools that transform, rather than inform, power and spatial oppression are crucial when renewing the Million Dwellings Program of Swedish suburbs. #UrbanGirlsMovement shows that a planning process is more than physical designs, it is as much a tool for enhanced democracy, equality, and justice in cities.
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Barnett, Sarah Anne Louise. « An application of multilevel modelling techniques to the study of geographical variations in health outcome measures ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327258.
Texte intégral
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Shackelford, Aaron K. « Development of urban area geospatial information products from high resolution satellite imagery using advanced image analysis techniques ». Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4094.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (June 29, 2005) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.