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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Urban techniques »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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S., Srnivas. « Language Teaching Techniques at Primary Level in Urban and Rural Areas ». International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no 5 (20 avril 2020) : 2435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201941.

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Lo, Hong K., et S. C. Wong. « Emerging Techniques for Urban Transportation Planning ». Journal of Urban Planning and Development 130, no 1 (mars 2004) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(2004)130:1(1).

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Al-Saaidy, Haider Jasim Essa. « Urban Morphological Studies (Concepts, Techniques, and Methods) ». Journal of Engineering 26, no 8 (1 août 2020) : 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.08.08.

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Urban morphological approach (concepts and practices) plays a significant role in forming our cities not only in terms of theoretical perspective but also in how to practice and experience the urban form structures over time. Urban morphology has been focused on studying the processes of formation and transformation of urban form based on its historical development. The main purpose of this study is to explore and describe the existing literature of this approach and thus aiming to summarize the most important studies that put into understanding the city form. In this regard, there were three schools of urban morphological studies, namely: the British, the Italian, and the French School. A reflective comparison between the three schools has been conducted in order to recognize the main critical points among them. Therefore, a theoretical framework is derived.
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Kelley, M. « Collaborative Digital Techniques and Urban Neighborhood Revitalization ». Social Work 56, no 2 (1 avril 2011) : 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.2.185.

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Allen, Julian, Michael Browne et Tom Cherrett. « Survey Techniques in Urban Freight Transport Studies ». Transport Reviews 32, no 3 (mai 2012) : 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.665949.

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Bielli, Maurizio, Giorgio Ambrosino, Marco Boero et Marco Mastretta. « Artificial intelligence techniques for urban traffic control ». Transportation Research Part A : General 25, no 5 (septembre 1991) : 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(91)90147-i.

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Bridges, Christopher A. « Applying Spatial Analysis Techniques to Assess Tennessee Urban Forests ». Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, no 4 (1 novembre 2008) : 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.4.184.

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Abstract Although the social, economic, and ecological benefits of urban forests have been well-documented, fewer efforts have been made to conduct landscape level assessments of urban forest canopy. This technical note describes how spatial analysis techniques were used to evaluate urban forest canopy cover in 133 municipal urban areas across Tennessee. Municipalities were compared based on participation in the Tree City USA program. Although urban forests vary greatly, results indicated that cities participating in this community forestry initiative exhibit higher levels of urban forest canopy cover. The integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing data presents new opportunities for community foresters to efficiently and effectively monitor urban ecosystems and formulate appropriate policy responses that can help to ensure forest sustainability across the urban–rural interface.
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Jiang, Boyu. « Analysis of urban waterlogging causes and LID techniques ». Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (7 juillet 2022) : 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.749.

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Global climate has been changing a lot in the past decades. Also extreme weather is more frequent. It results that severe urban waterlogging events happened in more and more region around the world in resent years. It killed so much people and caused tremendous poverty damage on different countries. More attention was paid on causes of urban waterlogging by many researchers. Urban waterlogging is caused by two main factors, meteorological and geological factor and urbanization factors. This review firstly analyzes the factors caused urban waterlogging, which contains meteorological and geological factor and urbanization factor. For meteorological and geological factor, global climate change have been causing more extreme precipitation events. It becomes a great challenge for urban drainage system. Also, people ignored the state of underlying surface, river portion and water storage capacity in urbanization. Those factors caused surface infiltration reducing, runoff increasing and water storage capacity reduction. Therefore, it exacerbates urban waterlogging. In order to solve urban waterlogging, many researches figured out a variety of Low Impact Development techniques (LID). Those techniques were divided into two types: infiltration-based technique and retention-based technique. For the infiltration-based technique, it aims to help city recharging subsurface flow and groundwater. For the retention-based technique, it is an approach that retain rainwater to reduce outflow. Comparing to retention-based technique, infiltration-based technique requires more fund and combination of techniques, but it is more sustainable than retention-based technique. Moreover, the review believe the implementation of the combination with two techniques would solve urban waterlogging more effectively in future. However, there still are some challenges people need to overcome, which contains requirement of substantial funding and unknown costs of maintenance, lack of performance data, and lack of understanding and close cooperation. This review also expects to reduce loss and damage loss of urban waterlogging as far as possible and to achieve combination a variety of those techniques to solve urban waterlogging in future.
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Bakaeva, Natalia, Maria Suvorova, Roman Sheps et Alexandra Kormina. « Adaptation techniques of an urban planning due to climate change ». E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021) : 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126305013.

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In this paper there is reviewed a concept of adaptation of an urban planning to the changing climate conditions. The statements of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN FCCC, which are actively discussed these days in conditions of new challenges, determine a necessity of applying scientifically reasoned approaches to the landscape development and city transformation considering the climate change in the urban environment. There are discussed statements of climate change adapted concept of the urban planning and are reviewed examples of urban solutions corresponding to these statements. The authors are convinced that problem solving of the climate change adapted urban planning requires an interdisciplinary approach, embracing multiple scientific directions such as ecological, urban, social, technical and technological. In this aspect the concept of adaptation the urban planning to volatile climate conditions represent a long-term strategy of the urban development, which is, first of all, requires a preparation of a roadmap and then decision making, which would conduce to forming a fully comfortable and safe urban environment.
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D. Dorathi Jayaseeli, J., D. Malathi, Sarvesh Karandikar, Aditi Singh et Gopika S. « Road Extraction using Connected Component Techniques ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, no 4.10 (2 octobre 2018) : 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10.26126.

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Extraction of Roads, Rivers and other map objects is an important step in many military and civilian applications. In this process the information is extracted which possess high efficiency and accuracy and is fed into GIS (Geographical Information System). In this paper, we have explored different algorithms with better efficiency and accuracy. Road extraction can take place for two kinds of roads namely: urban and non-urban roads. Urban roads are more complex to analyze because of their architectural complexity, occlusions created by trees, heavy traffic and extensive network, whereas non-urban roads are easier to analyze because of less structural complexity. The proposed algorithm exploits the properties of road segments to develop customized operators to accurately derive the road segments. The customized operators include directional morphological enhancement, directional segmentation and thinning. The proposed algorithm is systematically evaluated on the basis of variety of images and compared with other algorithms (Canny, Sobel, Roberts, and Morphological Segmentation). The results demonstrate that the algorithm proposed is both accurate and efficient. The data and performance measures such as completeness and correctness are calculated together with other parameters which are Peak Signal to Noise ratio, Normalized Cross Correlation, Structural Content and a statistical analysis of the comparison is presented.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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Wang, Haomian. « Visualization techniques for 3D urban environments / ». View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CSED%202009%20WANGH.

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CATTANEO, DANIELE. « Machine Learning Techniques for Urban Vehicle Localization ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/263540.

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In questa tesi presento il mio lavoro di dottorato, che ha riguardato la localizzazione di un veicolo stradale in ambito urbano. In particolare, ho fatto uso di tecniche di Machine Learning per l'elaborazione delle immagini provenienti dalle camere a bordo di un veicolo. I sistemi sviluppati hanno lo scopo di produrre una stima della posa del veicolo e quindi, nel caso di deep neural networks, si tratta di reti che effettuano una pose regression. Al meglio della mia conoscenza, alcuni dei miei sviluppi sono i primi in letteratura in grado di effettuare visual pose regression basandosi su mappe tridimensionali. Queste mappe tridimensionali sono usualmente ottenute mediante dispositivi LIDAR da parte di grosse aziende specializzate che costituiscono il mondo delle aziende che producono mappe (HERE, TOM-TOM, etc.). Questo consente di attendersi uno sviluppo commerciale delle mappe ad altissima definizione, che risulteranno quindi utilizzabili per la localizzazione da parte del veicolo. Da nostri contatti con produttori industriali di sistemi di guida autonoma per veicoli stradali, ci risulta che la presenza di LIDAR a bordo dei veicoli sia a tutt'oggi osteggiata, in quanto non sono oggi disponibili LIDAR privi di apparati di scansione meccanica che risultano quindi inusabili a causa delle accelerazioni e vibrazioni presenti su un veicolo stradale. Per questo motivo, essendo inoltre i veicoli usualmente attrezzati di diverse camere già oggi, il fatto di riuscire a svolgere una localizzazione visuale su mappe ad alta definizione costituisce una prospettiva molto significativa, non solo sul piano della ricerca ma anche dell'applicazione. La localizzazione è un aspetto essenziale per ogni robot mobile, specialmente per veicoli stradali a guida autonoma, dove una cattiva stima di posizione può a portare ad incidenti anche fatali di utenti della strada. Non si può fare affidamento solo sui Global Navigation Satellite Systems, come il GPS, a causa della accuratezza e affidabilità di questi sistemi. che spesso non è adeguata per l'applicazione di guida autonoma. Questo è ancora più vero in ambiente urbano dove gli edifici possono bloccare o deflettere i segnali dei satelliti portando così a localizzazioni errate. In questa tesi proponiamo diversi approcci per superare le limitazioni dei sistemi GNNSs sfruttando Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) e altre tecniche di machine Learning Inizialmente proponiamo un approccio probabilistico per la stima della corsia in cui si trova il veicolo. Successivamente proponiamo un approccio che integra DNNs stato dell'arte, sia per la segmentazione semantica a livello di pixel che per la ricostruzione geometrica, all'interno di una pipeline di localizzazione. Il veicolo viene localizzato associando features di alto livello come la geometria della strada e gli edifici ottenute da camere stereoscopiche a bordo veicolo con le loro controparti in un sistema di mapping come Open Street Map. Abbiamo gestito le incertezze in modo probabilistico utilizzando particle filtering. Abbiamo anche proposto una nuova DNN end-to-end per la localizzazione visuale del veicolo in mappe LIDAR ad altissima definizione. Infine, abbiamo proposto una nuova tecnica, sempre basata su DNN, per la localizzazione del veicolo in mappe LIDAR ad altissima definizione che non richiede alcuna informazione a priori sulla sua posizione. Tutti gli approcci che sono stati proposti in questa tesi sono stati validati utilizzando ben noti dataset per la guida autonoma stradale, come KITTI e RobotCar.
In this thesis, we present different approaches which dealt with the localization of a road vehicle in urban settings. In particular, we made use of machine learning techniques to process the images coming from onboard cameras of a vehicle. The developed systems aim at computing a pose and therefore in case of deep neural networks, they are referred to as pose regression networks. To the best of our knowledge, some of the developed approaches are the first deep neural networks in the literature capable of computing visual pose regression basing on 3D maps. Such 3D maps are usually built by means of LIDAR devices, and this is done from large specialized companies, which make the world of commercial map makers. It is therefore likely to expect a commercial development of very high definition maps, which will make it possible to use them for the localization of vehicles. From our contacts with industrial makers of autonomous driving systems for road vehicles, we know that LIDARs onboard the vehicles, as for today, are not well accepted, mainly because of the state-of-the-art of LIDARs, which are based on mechanical scanning systems and therefore are not capable of sustaining the accelerations and vibrations of a road vehicle. For this reason, as today's vehicles already include many cameras, to be able to visually localize a vehicle on high-definition maps is a very significant perspective, not only under a research point of view, but also for real applications. The localization is an essential task for any mobile robot, especially for self-driving cars, where a wrong position estimate might lead to accidents and even fatal injuries for other road users. We cannot rely only on Global Navigation Satellites Systems, such as the Global Positioning System, because the accuracy and reliability of these systems are often inadequate for autonomous driving applications. This is even truer in urban environments, where buildings may block or deflect the satellites' signals, leading to wrong localization. In this thesis, we propose different approaches to overcome the GNSSs limitations, exploiting state-of-the-art Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and machine learning techniques. First, we propose a probabilistic approach for estimating in which lane the vehicle is driving. Secondly, we integrate state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks for pixel-level semantic segmentation and geometric reconstruction within a localization pipeline. We localize the vehicle by matching high-level features (road geometry and buildings) from an onboard stereo camera rig, with their counterparts in the OpenStreetMap service. We handled the uncertainties in a probabilistic fashion using particle filtering. Afterward, we propose a novel end-to-end DNNs for vehicle localization in LiDAR-maps. Finally, we propose a novel DNN-based technique for localizing a vehicle in LiDAR-maps without any prior information about its position. All the approaches proposed in this thesis have been validated using well-known autonomous driving datasets, such as KITTI and RobotCar.
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Oines, Asa (Asa J. ). « Data visualization and optimization techniques for urban planning ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100646.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-71).
In this thesis we describe a number of data visualization and optimization techniques for urban planning. Many of these techniques originate from contributions to the Social Computing Group's "You Are Here" project, which publishes maps intended to be viewed as a blend between art and urban planning tools. In particular these maps and this thesis focus on the topics of education and transportation. Eventually we hope to evolve these maps into social technologies that make it easier for communities to create the change they seek.
by Asa Oines.
M. Eng.
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Kecir, Abd-El-Karim. « Performance evaluation of urban rail traffic management techniques ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S026/document.

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Le trafic ferroviaire urbain est quotidiennement sujet à des perturbations qui le dévient de son comportement nominal. Afin de minimiser l'impact de ces perturbations, les opérateurs ferroviaires usent de diverses techniques. Nonobstant leur efficacité, les performances de ces techniques ne sont généralement pas bien étudiées ni sont-elles optimales, car élaborées empiriquement. C'est dans ce cadre-ci que vient cet ouvrage fournir des solutions qui permettent d'évaluer ces techniques de régulation et d'en comparer les performances dans des contextes variés. L’approche proposée se base sur des variantes de réseaux de Petri comme modèles et sur la méthode de Monte-Carlo pour en simuler l’exécution. Cette combinaison a donné naissance à SIMSTORS, un outil de simulation pour les systèmes ferroviaires urbains, et plus généralement, pour les systèmes stochastiques régulés. Additionnellement, nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la problématique de la réalisabilité des tables horaires qui pilotent le trafic ferroviaire. Ces tables décrivent le comportement temporel désiré des systèmes pour lesquels elles sont conçues. Or, la construction de ces tables ne garantit pas toujours sa réalisabilité, notamment dans un contexte stochastique. Ainsi, nous proposons ici une méthode permettant de vérifier si une table horaire est bien réalisable avec une probabilité strictement positive
Urban rail traffic is subject to numerous disrupting events that drift it from its nominal behavior. In order to minimize the impact of these disturbances, rail operators rely on a set of techniques. Despite their efficiency, performances of theses techniques are rarely well studied, nor are they of proven optimality; a direct consequence of them being empirically built. It is in this particular context that comes our work to provide solutions that allow for the evaluation of such techniques and for the comparison of their relative performances in various scenarios. The proposed approach is based on variants of Petri nets as models, and on the Monte-Carlo method for the simulation of their execution. This combination has led to the development of SIMSTORS, a tool for the simulation of urban rail systems, and more generally, stochastic systems under dynamic rescheduling. Additionally, this thesis addresses the question of timetable realizability; that is whether or not a given timetable is indeed realizable by a system for which it was built. Indeed, a timetable is meant to drive the behavior of a system but there is no guarantee as to its realizability. We therefore propose a method for the verification of the realizability of timetables with a strictly positive probability
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Poh, Seng Cheong Telly. « Simulations of diversity techniques for urban UAV data links ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FPoh.pdf.

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Mendes, Frederico Coli. « Diretrizes ao planejamento urbano da bacia do córrego Suçuapara (Palmas-TO) com base em sua resposta hidrológico-hidráulica à diferentes cenários de ocupação ». Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1057.

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O crescimento populacional das últimas décadas, cada vez mais concentrado no ambiente urbano, tem pressionado as cidades a aliar a absorção desse contingente à proteção e convívio com seus recursos naturais. A cidade de Palmas não se furta a esse cenário, embora tenha a característica peculiar de possuir planos diretores urbanísticos desde a sua concepção. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou oferecer diretrizes para o planejamento urbano municipal, com base na resposta hidrológico-hidráulica a diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Suçuapara. Esta bacia localiza-se na região central da cidade, com alto potencial de impermeabilização, e começa a apresentar eventos de transbordamento em uma de suas estruturas hidráulicas. A resposta da bacia aos cenários modelados fora analisada com o auxílio de um modelo construído no software SWMM. Além disso, avaliou-se a utilização de valas, trincheiras e poços de infiltração. Os resultados apontaram que os transbordamentos da estrutura hidráulica advêm da insuficiência de sua capacidade frente à inserção de novas redes de drenagem a montante, embora a sua expansão não comprometa os trechos à jusante. Os demais trechos da rede de drenagem, incluindo o curso d’água principal, são plenamente capazes de escoar as vazões, mesmo nos cenários com maior impermeabilidade da bacia. Também fora observado que, ainda com a utilização de todo o potencial construtivo da bacia, mantendo-se a atual taxa de habitantes/m², os valores de densidades atingidos são aquém dos preconizados pelos planos urbanísticos municipais. Para a potencialização de sua ocupação, sem grandes impactos ao sistema de drenagem da bacia, fora recomendado o possível aumento do potencial construtivo concedido pela Outorga Onerosa do Diretor de Construir, a concepção de uma Operação Urbana Consorciada para a implantação completa do Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacente ao Córrego Suçuapara, e a possível alteração de uso do solo de algumas áreas verdes das quadras.
The population growth of the last decades, increasingly concentrated in the urban environment, has pressed the cities to combine the absorption of this contingent to living together and protect its natural resources. The city of Palmas does not escape this scenario, although it has the peculiar characteristic of owning urbanistic master plans from its conception. In this sense, this study sought to offer guidelines for municipal urban planning, based on the hydrological-hydraulic response to different scenarios of land use and occupation of the Córrego Suçuapra catchment. This catchment is located in the central region of the city, with high potential for increasing its impervious area, and begins to show events of overflow in one of its hydraulic structures. The response of the catchment to the modeled scenarios was analyzed with the aid of a SWMM software model. In addition, the use of swales, infiltration trenches and infiltration wells was evaluated. The results indicated that the overflow of the hydraulic structure comes from the insufficiency of its capacity in front of the insertion of new drainage networks upstream, although its expansion does not compromise the downstream sections. The other stretches of the drainage network, including the main river, are fully capable of convey the discharge, even in the scenarios with greater impervious areas on the catchment. It was also observed that, even with the use of all the constructive potential of the catchment, maintaining the current inhabitants/m² rate, the densities reached are lower than those recommended by the municipal urban plans. In order to enhance its occupation without major impacts to the drainage system of the catchment, it was recommended the possible increase in the constructive potential granted by the Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, the design of an Operação Urbana Consorciada for the complete implementation of the Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacent to the Córrego Suçuapara catchment, and the possible alteration of the land use of some green areas of the blocks.
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Sayers, William Keith Paul. « Artificial intelligence techniques for flood risk management in urban environments ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21030.

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Flooding is an important concern for the UK, as evidenced by the many extreme flooding events in the last decade. Improved flood risk intervention strategies are therefore highly desirable. The application of hydroinformatics tools, and optimisation algorithms in particular, which could provide guidance towards improved intervention strategies, is hindered by the necessity of performing flood modelling in the process of evaluating solutions. Flood modelling is a computationally demanding task; reducing its impact upon the optimisation process would therefore be a significant achievement and of considerable benefit to this research area. In this thesis sophisticated multi-objective optimisation algorithms have been utilised in combination with cutting-edge flood-risk assessment models to identify least-cost and most-benefit flood risk interventions that can be made on a drainage network. Software analysis and optimisation has improved the flood risk model performance. Additionally, artificial neural networks used as feature detectors have been employed as part of a novel development of an optimisation algorithm. This has alleviated the computational time-demands caused by using extremely complex models. The results from testing indicate that the developed algorithm with feature detectors outperforms (given limited computational resources available) a base multi-objective genetic algorithm. It does so in terms of both dominated hypervolume and a modified convergence metric, at each iteration. This indicates both that a shorter run of the algorithm produces a more optimal result than a similar length run of a chosen base algorithm, and also that a full run to complete convergence takes fewer iterations (and therefore less time) with the new algorithm.
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Huang, Yong. « VIrginia Urban Dynamics Study Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Imagery ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104235.

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Urban dynamics at regional scales has been increasingly important for economics, policies, and land use planning, and monitoring regional scale urban dynamics has become an urgent need in recent years. This study illustrated the use of time series nighttime light (NTL) data from the United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellites Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) to delineate urban boundaries and tracked three key urban changes: land cover change, population growth and GDP growth within Virginia. NTL data from different years were inter-calibrated to be comparable by using linear regression model and Pseudo Invariant Features (PIFs) method. Urban patches were delineated by applying thresholding techniques based on digital number (DN) values extracted from DMSP/OLS imagery. Compounded Night Light Index (CNLI) values were calculated to help estimate GDP, and these processes were applied in a time series from 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of DN change and the variation of CNLI indicate that human activities were increasing during the 10 years in Virginia. Accuracy of the results was confirmed using ancillary data sources from the U.S. Census and NLCD imagery.
Master of Science
Urban areas concentrate built environment, population, and economic activities, therefore, generating urban sprawl is a simultaneous result of land-use change, economic growth, population growth and so on. Remote sensing has been used to map urban sprawl within individual cities for a long time, while there has been less research focused on regional scale urban dynamics. However, the regional scale urban dynamics for economics, formulating policies, and land use planning has been increasingly important, and monitoring regional scale urban dynamics has become an urgent need in recent years. Here, we illustrated the use of multi-temporal United States Air Force Satellites data to help monitor urban sprawls by delineating urban patches and we measured a variety of urban changes, such as urban population growth and land cover change within Virginia based on the delineation. For doing so, digital number values, which measures the brightness of satellite imagery, were extracted and other relative index values were calculated based on digital number values, and these processes were applied in a time series from 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of digital number values change and the variation of another light index values indicate that human activities were increasing during the 10 years in Virginia.
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Semerdjian, Yoann. « Les techniques juridiques de préservation de l’environnement urbain ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0107/document.

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La préservation de l’environnement urbain est aujourd’hui une préoccupation récurrente dans notre société. La lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et la protection de la biodiversité représentent des enjeux majeurs pour les villes. Des enjeux, qui incitent à une évolution de nos modes de vie. Face à l’urgence d’une réponse aux menaces qui pèsent sur l’environnement, le Droit peut offrir un cadre aux mutations attendues. Mais jusqu’à présent, le Droit de l’environnement n’apporte que des réponses partielles, timorées et souvent complexes. L’étude des techniques juridiques de préservation de l’environnement urbain révèle que la protection de la nature s’est longtemps cantonnée à des pratiques et des usages plutôt qu’à des dispositifs juridiques. Toutefois, la jurisprudence de la Cour européennes des Droits de l’Homme portant sur l’environnement ainsi que l’émergence en France d’une législation visant à protéger la biodiversité ouvre la voie à une meilleure conservation de la nature en ville.Le lien, aujourd’hui avéré, entre la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et la protection de la biodiversité plaide en faveur de l’avènement d’un corpus juridique garant de la protection de l’environnement urbain. Les difficultés à faire émerger ce cadre juridique doivent être dépassées au nom de la préservation de la vie sur la terre
Today, the preservation of the urban environment is a recurring source of concern in our society. Fighting global warming and protecting biodiversity are major issues for the cities or (even) challenges that will imply an evolution in our lifestyle. Faced to the emergency of a response to the threats hanging over the environment, Law may offer a framework for the expected changes. However, up to now, environmental law only provides partial, timid and often complex answers. Technical studies on legal proposals for the preservation of the city / cities show that conservation has been limited to practices and customs rather than legal arrangements. Nevertheless, the jurisprudence of the European Courts of Human Rights relating to the environment and French emerging legislation to protect biodiversity points the way to better nature conservation in cities.The connection, today proven, between the fight against global warming and the conservation of biodiversity urges in the coming of a single legal corpus safeguarding the conservation / preservatiion of the urban environment. The difficulties in emerging this legal framework should be discarded in favour of preservation of life on earth
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Ardeshiri, Ali. « Evaluating urban services using economic valuation techniques : towards better urban environmental quality and promotion of sustainable development ». Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2750.

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This PhD thesis examines and evaluates the importance of urban services in environmental quality using economic evaluation techniques. It is a consensus that one of the features of countries that are under development is the rapid growth of urbanization. Rapid urbanization is followed by an intense demand for qualitative and quantitative development in physical dimensions and urban systems. An efficient urban management system is required to tackle and solve the problems of urbanization, using appropriate policies, methods and data to ensure that not only has the urban population got access to the labour market, housing and urban services, but also urban environments are organized to enhance the quality of life for its citizens. Consequently, this research seeks to assess and define a method to help local authorities and policy makers in affective decision making and efficient city management. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to establish a non-market benefits valuation models for use in current and future policy applications with the aim of better built environment quality and promoting sustainable development. This research shows that allocating appropriate urban services plays a key role in promoting urban environmental quality, and fostering essential amenities such as comfort, safety, aesthetic, attractiveness etc. to citizens. Distribution and accessibility of urban services plays an important role in people’s movements, forming the city size, shape, and density, and importantly living quality in the city. This research reveals how economic valuation techniques can be used to define the market and the value of the urban services and assesses public preferences by determining willingness to pay for better access to preferred urban services. By employing the perspective of welfare economics to identify the structure of public preferences, including preference differences between socioeconomic groups, this study provides valuable information which should help to inform public policy deliberations over city management and land use planning objectives of promoting sustainable development and increasing quality of life and environment.
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Livres sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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Wilson, Patrick. Urban survival techniques. Broomall, PA : Mason Crest Publishers, 2003.

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Cliff, Moughtin, dir. Urban design : Method and techniques. 2e éd. Oxford : Architectural Press, 2003.

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Shen, Zhenjiang. Geospatial Techniques in Urban Planning. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13559-0.

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Shen, Zhenjiang. Geospatial Techniques in Urban Planning. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Perry, Stewart E. Tools & techniques for community recovery & renewal. Port Alberni, BC : Centre for Community Enterprise, 2000.

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A, Martin William. Travel estimation techniques for urban planning. Washington, D.C : National Academy Press, 1998.

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H, Ludlow Nicholas, International Mass Transit Association et Development Bank Associates, dir. Financing urban transport : Sources and techniques. Washington, D.C : The Associates, 1987.

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D, MacGregor Bryan, dir. Forecasting techniques for urban and regional planning. London : Hutchinson, 1987.

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Field, Brian G. Forecasting techniques for urban and regional planning. London : Hutchinson, 1987.

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D, MacGregor Bryan, dir. Forecasting techniques for urban and regional planning. London : UCL Press, 1992.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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O'Brien, Daniel T. « Advanced Analytic Techniques ». Dans Urban Informatics, 287–302. Boca Raton : Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003292951-20.

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O'Brien, Daniel T. « Advanced Visual Techniques ». Dans Urban Informatics, 191–210. Boca Raton : Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003292951-12.

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Allegrini, Ivo. « Measuring Techniques ». Dans Urban Air Pollution — European Aspects, 279–96. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9080-8_15.

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Garton, H. W. « The Need for Improved Techniques ». Dans Urban Water Infrastructure, 215. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0559-7_20.

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Caputo, Silvio. « History, Techniques and Technologies of Soil-Less Cultivation ». Dans Urban Agriculture, 45–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99962-9_4.

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Bignami, Daniele Fabrizio, Renzo Rosso et Umberto Sanfilippo. « Temporary Flood Proofing Techniques Planning ». Dans Flood Proofing in Urban Areas, 109–40. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05934-7_8.

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Magidi, James, Luxon Nhamo, Webster Gumindoga, Paidamwoyo Mhangara, Walter Musakwa, Sylvester Mpandeli et Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. « Geospatial Techniques to Quantify Urban Change ». Dans Re-envisioning Advances in Remote Sensing, 167–83. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003224624-13.

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Banzhaf, Ellen, et Maik Netzband. « Monitoring Urban Land use Changes with Remote Sensing Techniques ». Dans Applied Urban Ecology, 18–32. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345025.ch3.

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Skowronski, Nicholas S., et Michael R. Gallagher. « Fuels Characterization Techniques ». Dans Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–10. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_84-1.

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Skowronski, Nicholas S., et Michael R. Gallagher. « Fuel Characterization Techniques ». Dans Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 504–13. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_84.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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Vorraa, T. « Accessibility analysis of multimodal transport systems using advanced GIS techniques ». Dans URBAN TRANSPORT 2007. Southampton, UK : WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut070621.

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Karri, G., et M. K. Jha. « A new method for 3-dimensional roadway design using visualization techniques ». Dans URBAN TRANSPORT 2007. Southampton, UK : WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut070131.

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He, R. R., T. Z. Qiu et B. Ran. « Comparative study on GPS and cellular probe techniques for freeway travel speed estimations ». Dans URBAN TRANSPORT 2008. Southampton, UK : WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut080471.

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MARSEGLIA, GUIDO, CARLO MARIA MEDAGLIA, FRANCISCO ALONSO ORTEGA, JUAN A. MESA et DAVID CANCA. « EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND NUMERICAL MODELS TO DETECT POLLUTANT EMISSION IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ». Dans URBAN TRANSPORT 2019. Southampton UK : WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut190041.

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Bonano, M., G. Fornaro, R. Lanari, M. Manunta, D. Reale et F. Serafino. « Advanced interferometric techniques for monitoring urban areas ». Dans 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/urs.2009.5137569.

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Tomaras, Dimitrios. « Crowdsourcing techniques for smart urban mobility ». Dans 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percomw.2018.8480244.

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Nguyen, Duc Thien, Hoong Chuin Lau et Akshat Kumar. « Decomposition techniques for urban consolidation problems ». Dans 2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2015.7294041.

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Funayama, Y., M. Shinkawa, K. Takagi et O. Ishizuka. « Stormwater Control Using Storage and Networking Techniques ». Dans Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)5.

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Ling, Alexander, et Clarence Liu. « Considerations for satellite QKD in an urban environment ». Dans Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XVI, sous la direction de Mark A. Itzler, K. Alex McIntosh et Joshua C. Bienfang. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2622849.

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Aschwanden, Gideon, Jan Halatsch et Gerhard Schmitt. « Crowd Simulation for Urban Planning ». Dans eCAADe 2008 : Architecture "in computro" - Integrating methods and techniques. eCAADe, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.493.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Urban techniques"

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Amin, Moeness, Fauzia Ahmad, Yimin Zhang, Batu Chalise, Pawan Setlur et Christian Debes. Improved Target Detection in Urban Structures Using Distributed Sensing and Fast Data Acquisition Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, avril 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614157.

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Chhipi-Shrestha, Gyan, Vipul Moudgil, Rachid Ouche, Hirushie Karunathilake, Kh Nahiduzzaman, Kasun Hewage, Boris Faybishenko, Lavanya Ramakrishnan et Rehan Sadiq. Enhancing Resilience of Urban Systems Against Climate-Induced Floods Using Advanced Data-Driven and Computing Techniques : A Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769705.

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Janaswamy, Ramakrishna. Development of Vector Parabolic Equation Technique for Propagation in Urban and Tunnel Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533349.

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George, Linda. Development of a Direct, Low Pressure, Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurement Technique for NO2., Ambient Measurements and Urban NOx Chemistry. Portland State University Library, janvier 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1143.

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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries : An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.

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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Roth, Emmanuelle. Key Considerations : 2021 Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, the Context of N’Zérékoré. SSHAP, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.016.

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This brief summarises key considerations about the social, political and economic context shaping the outbreak of Ebola in the N’Zérékoré prefecture, Guinea, as of March 2021. The outbreak was declared on 14 February 2021, two weeks after the death of the first known case, a health agent (Agent Technique de Santé) from Gouécké. Gouécké is located 40km north of N’Zérékoré via the paved Route Nationale 2. The nurse sought care at a health centre in Gouécké, a clinic and then a traditional healer in N’Zérékoré. She died in N’Zérékoré on 28 January. When they became sick, the relatives of the first known case referred themselves to N’Zérékoré regional hospital, where the disease was transmitted to healthcare workers. Although the potential for transmission in rural areas of the Gouécké subprefecture was high, to date, most cases have been reported in the urban setting of N’Zérékoré, which is the focus of this brief. At the time of writing (22 March), the total number of cases was 18 (14 confirmed, four probable), with nine deaths and six recoveries. The last new case was reported on 4 March.
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Roth, Emmanuelle. Considérations clés : Flambée épidémique de virus Ébola en Guinée en 2021, le contexte de N’Zérékoré Synthèse. SSHAP, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.018.

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Cette note stratégique résume les considérations clés, en mars 2021, inhérentes au contexte social, politique et économique de la flambée épidémique de maladie à virus Ébola (MVE) survenue dans la préfecture de N’Zérékoré, en Guinée. La flambée épidémique a été déclarée le 14 février 2021, deux semaines après le décès du premier cas connu, une agente technique de santé (ATS) originaire de Gouécké. La ville de Gouécké est située à 40 km au nord de N’Zérékoré par la Route Nationale 2 goudronnée. L’agente de santé avait reçu des soins dans un centre de santé à Gouécké, ainsi que dans une clinique et auprès d'un guérisseur traditionnel à N’Zérékoré. Elle est décédée à N’Zérékoré le 28 janvier. Lorsqu’ils sont tombés malades, les proches du premier cas connu se sont rendus à l’hôpital régional de N’Zérékoré, où ils ont transmis la MVE à des membres du personnel soignant. Bien que le risque de transmission dans les zones rurales de la souspréfecture de Gouécké soit élevé, jusqu'à présent, la majorité des cas ont été signalés dans le milieu urbain de N’Zérékoré, qui fait l'objet de cette note stratégique. À la date de la rédaction (22 mars), le nombre total de cas s'élève à 18 (14 cas confirmés, 4 cas potentiels), avec 9 décès et 6 guérisons. Le dernier nouveau cas a été signalé le 4 mars.
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Techniques for estimating flood-peak discharges from urban basins in Missouri. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri864322.

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Urban stormwater runoff ; selected background information and techniques for problem assessment, with a Baltimore, Maryland case study. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2347.

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Techniques for estimating the quantity and quality of storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri944023.

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