Articles de revues : « Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union »

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Myeshkov, Dmytro. « Urban-rural migration in post-WWII Soviet Union : the example of the North Caucasus and Ural (1947–1979) ». Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski 38 (2016) : 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/pdp.2016.1.38-05.

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TIMOSHENKO, A. I. « DYNAMICS OF THE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULLATION AND CHANGESIN MIGRATION PROCESSES AT THE TERRITORY OF THE SIBERIAN REGION IN THE 1950-S AND 1970-S ». Territory Development, n^o 3(21) (2020) : 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32324/2412-8945-2020-3-22-26.

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Population growth in the Siberian region began at the end of the XIX century, during the construction of the Transsiberian railway, which passed through all of Siberia and the far East. Many rural people came to the region from the European part of the Russian Empire. Some settlements to which they arrived became urban settlements in Soviet times. The formation of the urban population continued during the Soviet period, where were significant changes in the dynamics of growth of the urban population of the Siberian region and its social structure. By 1950, in Siberia, the consequences of the Great Patriotic War were largely eliminated. In the Eastern regions of the Soviet Union, the creation of new for the Siberian region industrial sectors continued. As a result of these actions, there was a significant increase in the urban population, which was accompanied by the development of the social processes that was new and important for the State. In Siberia, new cities and workers settlements were built, which later became cities. At new buildings of the Siberian region, at the All-Union Komsomol call, arrived, as a rule, young people, who then had building new enterprises and cities in the region. The autor believes that the migration processes took place due to the development of industrial sectors which was necessary for the region, the construction of completely new for Siberia military-defense enterprises, and the construction of new industrial production facilities. The article uses both General scientific and historical methods, including dialectical, chronological, comparative, as well as other methods and approaches.

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Salmorbekova, Rita B. « CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC ». Society and Security Insights 5, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2022)2-12.

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The article is devoted to the problem of internal and external migration in the Kyrgyz Republic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz Republic had experienced mass out-migration of the population. The people were forced to migrate during the period chaos to improve their quality of life. Basically, in the early 1990s, the Slavic people from Kyrgyzstan left for Russia and Kazakhstan. Strong internal migration began in 1994, when rural Kyrgyz arrived from regions to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyz Republic. Migration outside the former Soviet Union began in 2000. The vast majority of Kyrgyz went to Turkey, Germany or the USA. Thus, the problem of migration in the Kyrgyz Republic is not new. This article analyses the results of a 2019 focus group study. Field research was necessary to assess the effects of population migration and 14 focus groups were conducted in rural areas in the north of Kyrgyzstan. The results of the research revealed the positive and negative consequences of the migration process, reflecting the current migration situation in the north of Kyrgyzstan. In general, the growth of migration has led to new problems in society: families suffer, children are left without parental care and there is a drain (brain drain) of the working age population.

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Zotova, Natalia, et Jeffrey H. Cohen. « Remittances and their social meaning in Tajikistan ». Remittances Review 1, n^o 1 (4 septembre 2016) : 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v1i1.440.

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In this paper we investigate the growth and use of social remittances in Tajikistan. Russia became the destination country of choice for labor migrants from former Soviet states following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Tajik migrants also seek new destinations including settlement in the US. International migration to Russia and the US continues to shape economic realities for Tajik communities and migrants. In this paper, we use ethnographic evidence from rural communities in Tajikistan and from Tajik migrants who are settled in major Russian cities as well as New York City, NY to address the role migration plays for families and household and the meaning of social remittances for local communities. We explore the role that remittances play in the changing social landscape of Tajikistan and its local communities.

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Baranova, Elena V., et Vitaliy N. Maslov. « Problems of post-war peasant migration in the acts on the arrival of resettlement echelons in the Kaliningrad Region ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, n^o 190 (2021) : 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-200-211.

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The relevance of the research is determined by the necessity for study of the set of documents related to the migration of the rural population in the Soviet country after the World War II. The movement of the Soviet peasantry was an important part of the resettlement process on a national scale. An array of primary data from the echelon lists of migrants stored in a number of regional archives has not yet been introduced into scientific circulation. It is in them that informa-tion is concentrated on the composition of the migrant’s families, their nationality, education, pro-fession, labor activity, property and places of exit, up to village councils. We analyze the content of acts on the arrival of migrants to the Kaliningrad Region. Its agricultural workforce was formed primarily through migration organized by the authorities. The materials of the acts reflect impor-tant aspects of the organization and conditions of the controlled movement of the peasantry across the Soviet Union. Acts on the acceptance of resettlement echelons, along with statistical sources, memoirs and administrative and managerial documentation, allow you to reconstruct an objective picture of the Soviet resettlement campaign in the post-war period.

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Vietti, Francesco. « Euro-stil. Storia di una famiglia transnazionale moldava ». MONDI MIGRANTI, n^o 1 (juin 2009) : 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2009-001009.

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- This study analyses the impact of migration on the family roles in Moldova and the changing dynamics within transnational families. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the economic collapse of the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Moldovans have left their country over the past decade to seek opportunities abroad. The mass migration has become the dominant socio-economic phenomenon of the country and has prompted the redefinition of family structure and ideology.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, RemittancesThe migration of a large number of women leads to a reorganization of the division of labour and the gender roles within the transnational family. These changes can influence communities as well as families. Taking a closer look at the transnational experience of a family in the rural context of Pîrlita, a village near the Romanian border, the study explores the migrants' consumption desires and practices as reflective not only of commodified exchange but also of affection and sentiment.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, Remittances

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Amirkhanova, Madina M. « RURAL POPULATION OF DAGESTAN. 1920–1930s : (HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT) ». History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, n^o 3 (10 octobre 2022) : 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch183664-678.

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The article is devoted to the demographic processes in the Dagestan village in one of the most dramatic periods of its history. The purpose of the study is to study the number, age and sex composition of the rural population, ethnic structure, migration. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that a comparative analysis of demographic processes in rural areas was carried out based on the materials of the three All-Union population censuses of 1926, 1937 and 1939. Attention is drawn to the negative consequences of the Civil War for the population of Dagestan. The results of a comparative analysis of the sex composition of the villagers are presented; a constant predominance of the female population over the male population is revealed. Attention is paid to the uneven territorial distribution of the villagers. The changes observed in the national composition of the republic are revealed. According to the All-Union Population Census of 1939, small people were not singled out, they were included in the main nationalities. The author comes to the conclusion that during the period under study in the Dagestan village, the demographic situation gradually improved. The number of villagers grew mainly due to natural increases. When writing the work, official documents of the republican Soviet and party bodies, survey materials of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and the works of Russian social scientists were used.

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Khan, Asghar, Irfan Khan et Noor Ullah Khan. « War, refugees and regional implications : The impact of Afghan refugees on local society of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan ». Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, n^o 1 (15 septembre 2021) : 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.11.

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The migration of Afghan refugees into Pakistan started in the wake of Saur (Red) Revolution in 1978, as a result of reforms introduced by the communist regime in Kabul, Afghanistan. However the large influx of refugees to Pakistan took place soon after the invasion of Soviet Union in 1979. Pakistan provided asylum for the approximately 4.2 million refugees. They were settled in 386 camps mostly in rural as well as in urban areas of the country. But the most populous province that has large number of Afghan refugees was Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (that time N.W.F.P), which has long border (Durand line) with Afghanistan, and also has cultural, religious, and linguistics ties. This large number of immigrants generated grave consequences for Pakistan, especially for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They have affected the socio-economic and political life of the province. The main objective of the study was to find out the socio-economic impact of Afghan Refugees living for more than three decades in the host society of KP. An empirical and analytical methodological approach was adopted for this study. To conclude the findings, the research reveals that that Afghan Refugees have not only affected the social set-up but also the economy of the local host society by introducing various type of social evils like begging, drugs culture, Kalashnikov culture (AK-47), Galemjum culture (prostitution) and corruption.

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Li, Zehong, Yang Ren, Jingnan Li, Yu Li, Pavel Rykov, Feng Chen et Wenbiao Zhang. « Land-Use/Cover Change and Driving Mechanism on the West Bank of Lake Baikal from 2005 to 2015—A Case Study of Irkutsk City ». Sustainability 10, n^o 8 (16 août 2018) : 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082904.

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Lake Baikal is located on the southern tableland of East Siberian Russia. The west coast of the lake has vast forest resources and excellent ecological conditions, and this area and the Mongolian Plateau constitute an important ecological security barrier in northern China. Land-use/cover change is an important manifestation of regional human activities and ecosystem evolution. This paper uses Irkutsk city, a typical city on the West Bank of Lake Baikal, as a case study area. Based on three phases of Landsat remote-sensing image data, the land-use/cover change pattern and change process are analyzed and the natural factors and socioeconomic factors are combined to reveal driving forces through the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The results show the following: (1) From 2005 to 2015, construction land expanded, and forestland was converted into construction land and woodland. In addition, grass land, bare land, and cultivated land were converted into construction land, and the woodland area increased. The annual changes in land use from 2005 to 2010 were dramatic and then slowed down from 2010 to 2015. (2) The main reasons for the change in land-use types were urban expansion and nonagricultural development caused by population migration. The process of urbanization from external populations to urban agglomeration and the process of reverse urbanization from a central urban population to urban suburbs jointly expanded urban construction land area. As a result, forestland, grass land and bare land areas on the outskirts of cities were continuously reduced. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, land privatization led to a decline in the farm economy, the emergence of agricultural land reclamation and urban expansion; in addition, the implementation of the “one-hectare land policy” intensified development in suburban areas, resulting in a reduction of forestland and grass land areas. The process of constructing the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor has intensified human activities in the region, and the prevention of drastic changes in land cover, coordination of human-land relations, and green development are necessary.

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Matisovs, Ivars. « URBANIZATION PROCESSES AND ITS SPECIFICS IN LATGALE ». Via Latgalica, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2010) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1679.

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Urbanization is an important demo-geographical process and a complex social phenomenon under impact of which changes are made not only to the global, regional or national settlement systems, but all socio-economic processes are also substantially transformed. Changes caused by urbanization have an impact on traditional way of life, cultural particularity, community and individual psychology and other aspects of spiritual life, therefore expressions and regularities of this process might be of interest not only for demographers, geographers and economists, but also for representatives of the field of humanities.Paper presents the progress of urbanization processes in Latgale, by covering the period from establishment of the first urban-type settlements in the Eastern Latvia until today, when under impact of the depopulation processes number of inhabitants in all cities of the region decreases dramatically. Particular attention is paid to the course of formation and evolution of the Latgale urban network, successively looking at characteristics of the course of urbanization process during all major stages of the historical process.Towns and cities constitute the basis for the Latvian population system, characterized by historically formed relatively dense urban network. Like elsewhere in the country, also in modern Latgale towns and cities are distributed evenly throughout the region area, but historically it has not always been so. Urban spatial and landscape model in Latgale has been developed within the long historical process of gradual accumulation of changes in the landscape space; however the balance of this process is destroyed by sudden transformations of political, economic and socio-cultural conditions the region and its people have had to survive in more than one occasion.The article particularly deals with characteristics of the urbanization processes during post-Soviet period, outlines the present urban development trends in Latgale, and highlights major urban demo-geographical problems, among which the emphasis has to be placed on the rapid depopulation, an ageing population and the deepening of territorial inequalities, also intra-regionally.Structural economical changes and increasing mobility of population during the post- Soviet period have changed the urban development perspective. Activities based on new knowledge are concentrated in large agglomerations, while individual regions, including Latgale, with less competitive urban centers are noticeably lagging behind in their development.Therefore, exactly in these areas and localities it is necessary to strengthen the urban functions to impede also interregional migration of population, since it substantially restricts the functionality of the most remote and underdeveloped areas and hinders provision of services to population at an appropriate level. This is even more important since implementation of the cohesion principles has been proclaimed to be one of the cornerstones of the European Union regional policy.Unfortunately, at least for the time being situation in urban areas of Latgale is far from encouraging - negative net migration and negative natural growth factor, persistently high level of unemployment is observed there, social exclusion and apathy prevailing. Admittedly, in recent years urban development in Latgale represents also several positive trends. Urban environmental quality has improved significantly, which is generally associated with transition to environmentally more friendly fuels and implementation of various environmental projects, based on funding from the EU budget, such as municipal waste management, improving of water supply and sewerage systems.Encouragingly, facilities of regional higher education institutions improve, and the capacity of scientific work increases, important interdisciplinary research has been launched. In the nearest future significant educational and scientific infrastructure improvement projects at the University of Daugavpils and Rezekne Higher Education Institution are planned to be made, which will certainly increase competitiveness of the Latgale region in the science and technology area.Article is based on review of comprehensive scientific literature and analysis of available statistical information. The author does not claim to provide all-inclusive and in-depth analysis of the urbanization processes in Latgale, since this task would be performed in course of further studies, but summarizes the results obtained at an early stage of research of urban areas and population demo-geographical development, as well as of the quality of urban environment.

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Gusakov, T. Yu. « Rural-urban migration on the Crimean Peninsula ». RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-279-295.

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Despite the wide popularity of the Crimean region, its scientific descriptions are full of gaps. In the Soviet period, the research was limited by the unspoken prohibitions on the study of social processes and by the absence of a strong scientific school. After the collapse of the USSR, the Crimean region was considered only in the works on social aspects of migration and on artificial transformations of the ethnic-confessional composition of the population. The change in the status of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 made this region interesting for the Russian science: there are many recent articles on the features of the social-economic development of the peninsula, but a number of issues in the life of Crimea are still poorly understood. One of them is the migration on the peninsula: the historical ethnic migrations are sufficiently described but not the contemporary population movements. Historically, migration processes have played an important role in the social-economic development of Crimea. However, until recently, external migrations were the driver of this development, while since the beginning of the 21st century, migration movements within the peninsula have played this role, and their features should be taken into account in planning and financing the rural development. Rural areas of Crimea remain agrarian-overpopulated; therefore, it is necessary to identify areas promising for capital investment and areas that soon will be depopulated due to the lack of opportunities for human and social capital. The author considers the population exchange between urban and rural areas as an important factor for the demographic situation, and focuses on the reasons and features of the spatial mobility and migration of the Crimean population based on the analysis of statistical data and transport links between the city and the countryside.

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Flynn, Moya, et Natalya Kosmarskaya. « Exploring “North” and “South” in post-Soviet Bishkek : Discourses and perceptions of rural-urban migration ». Nationalities Papers 40, n^o 3 (mai 2012) : 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.685061.

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In this paper we explore, through the narratives and perspectives of “old residents” in post-Soviet Bishkek, the dominant discourse which has emerged towards rural migrants arriving to the city from other areas of Kyrgyzstan from the late Soviet period onwards. We investigate the existence of a primarily “antagonistic” discourse in relation to the migrants and analyze this in detail to understand how it illuminates wider concerns amongst residents about what is occurring in their city, and about wider processes of social change in Kyrgyzstan. The paper provides a revealing insight into the processes of urban change in post-Soviet Central Asia, and demonstrates the ways in which confrontation with the everyday harsh realities of post-Soviet transformation can lead to the negative “othering” of one group of urban residents by another. We also demonstrate how the “old residents”’ perceptions of migrants reveal important insights into emerging notions and constructions of identity in the post-Soviet period, related in this case to understandings of “North” and “South'1 and related concepts of what is “urban” and what is “Kyrgyz”.

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De Lima, Cicero Francisco, Edward Martins Costa, Francisca Zilania Mariano, Wellington Ribeiro Justo et Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. « Migration of labor : differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil ». Journal of Economic Studies 47, n^o 4 (25 avril 2020) : 939–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0047.

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PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.

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Kulu, Hill, et Francesco C. Billari. « Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia : A Multilevel Event-History Analysis ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 38, n^o 4 (avril 2006) : 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37367.

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Researchers are divided on the trends and causes of internal migration in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. Theories run in opposite directions: some scholars argue that increasing similarities with Western market economies are explaining the migration processes, whereas others claim that specific developments during the postsocialist socioeconomic restructuring are playing a major role. In this paper we contribute to the existing discussion by providing an analysis of personal and contextual determinants of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. We base our study on the data of the Estonian Labour Force Survey from 1995. Our research population consists of 8480 people aged 15 years to 68 years in early 1989. We analyze the intensity of urban-bound and rural-bound migration from January 1989 to December 1994, using the techniques of multilevel event-history analysis. We show that personal characteristics (age, marital status, employment status, education, and ethnicity) and contextual factors (unemployment level and the share of ethnic minorities) are both important in shaping the intensity of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. Although the differences in migration behaviour by demographic characteristics in Estonia are in line with universalistic explanations, the regionally varying effect of socioeconomic status on migration is specific to developments in postsocialist countries, as a result of general economic hardship during the socioeconomic transition.

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Stickley, Andrew, Ai Koyanagi, Bayard Roberts et Martin McKee. « Urban–rural differences in psychological distress in nine countries of the former Soviet Union ». Journal of Affective Disorders 178 (juin 2015) : 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.020.

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Semenova, E. I., et V. G. Novikov. « Migrants of the post-soviet space as a resource of the Russian rural labor market ». Normirovanie i oplata truda v sel'skom hozyajstve (Rationing and remuneration of labor in agriculture), n^o 1 (2022) : 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-06-2201-01.

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Human resources are the most important factor in the socio-economic development of the economy, including the economy of the agricultural sphere (meaning the organic unity of agricultural production and rural areas). In this regard, the authors of the study pay special attention to the analysis of the situation of its staffing, primarily in terms of studying the processes occurring in the human resources potential of mass professions, specialists and managers of agricultural organizations in Russia. The analysis was carried out according to the departmental reports of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The article shows the dependence of the agricultural labor market, characterized by a shortage of personnel, both mass professions and specialists, on the internal factor (training of personnel) and external (attraction of migrants), examines the modern agricultural labor market, describes the multidirectional trends in the supply of labor both at the expense of migrants and at the expense of the domestic system of professionalization of personnel. It is determined that the outflow of rural population within and between the regions of Russia is more extensive than the inflow due to migration exchange with foreign countries, this disparity increases during the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and related social distancing measures. At the same time, despite the constantly observed decline in the number of workers in mass professions in the agro-industrial complex, the availability of jobs is almost at the same level of 93–95 %. It is shown that the income of migrants and the transfer of part of the funds to the countries of emigration have a positive effect on GDP growth and poverty reduction in these countries, and the quality of exported labor also improves. The relationship between rural migration and agricultural production is revealed. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the state migration policy should stimulate the consolidation of the rural population and the return migration of the urban population to the rural area, and increase the attractiveness of rural areas for resettlement through the formation of unified rural-urban labor markets and rural-urban agglomerations.

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Zhukova, Oksana, et Simon Bell. « The krushchkevka and the dom kultura : urban lifestyles in a rural setting ». SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019) : 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196308001.

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Collectivisation in the Soviet Union, including the Baltic States, involved many aspects related to living conditions and architecture. One of the dominant images of village centres in Estonia and Latvia is that of the standardised urban forms of blocks of flats and other buildings such as schools and administrative buildings. On collectivisation, new village centres arose, promising “Urban lifestyles in a rural setting”. There are very few designs for blocks of flats – standardisation came in with Krushchev and the first generation of flats built of white brick became known as Krushchevki. Alongside these were buildings to serve as places where the new Soviet cultural activities could take place – the Dom Kultura which, in contrast to the standard flats, was often of a special one-off design. These can often be found to be abandoned and derelict nowadays, since they have no function and represented the Soviet regime. The objective of this study was to examine the plans and initial proposals for several kolkhoz centres and, using computer aided-design, to recreate 3D models of the building ensemble as it was originally planned, to compare this to what was actually built and to what remains now and the extent to which they are still used. We found that while the standard flats were built according to plan, external landscape features were often omitted. The unique designs of the culture houses often contained many interesting Modernist or even post-modernist features but changed during construction and were often built of poor materials and finishes. They were vandalised, robbed of materials and are now abandoned in many cases. Their architects often went on to make a post-Soviet career and there is considerable interest in their designs. They represent a lost legacy of the period.

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Bohn, T. M., S. Yu Malysheva et A. A. Salnikova. « Difficulties of Soviet Urbanization and Construction of the “Socialist City” in the Multicultural Periphery : Kazan in the 1920s ». Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, n^o 3 (2021) : 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.3.226-240.

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Based on the example of Kazan in the 1920s, the difficulties and problems of implementing the Soviet policy of urbanization and “socialist city” construction in cities with a nationally and religiously heterogeneous population are shown. This policy and the related processes of rural-urban migration, “indigenization”, “apartment redistribution”, and development of the urban outskirts at the expense of the former “bourgeois” center destroyed, deliberately and purposefully, the urban culture that had previously prevailed here and changed the social and national composition of the urban population. Therefore, they can be regarded as the tools of “positive discrimination”. The “positive discrimination” of the formerly dominant urban Russian culture in favor of the developing Tatar culture, mostly in its rural variant, manifested itself very clearly in education, namely in the content and design of the Soviet Tatar alphabet (alifba). However, the practice of granting preferences to the previously discriminated strata turned out to be short-term, tooled for the tasks of immediate strengthening of the social base of the Soviet power, and designed to destroy the former society and culture. These practices of dealing with multiculturalism became less popular by the late 1920s–early 1930s, as the Bolshevik power stabilized and “state-oriented” and unifying tendencies in the power policy increased.

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Ivanov, Ivan Yu, et Sergey G. Kosaretsky. « Inequality of children’s opportunities in extracurricular education in post-Soviet countries ». Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, n^o 4 (16 décembre 2021) : 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2021-4-58-68.

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The article considers the problem of inequality of opportunities for children’s participation in extracurricular education in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The differences in the general coverage of extracurricular education and the peculiarities of participation due to the territory of children’s residence (urban and rural) are presented and analysed. There is also a discussion of the trends and causes of changes in extracurricular education’s availability in the post-Soviet period. The article analyses the legislative regulation of the issues of extracurricular education’s accessibility and the content of national policies to ensure the fair and inclusive nature of extracurricular education. An attempt is made to correlate the level of institutionalisation of national regulation of extracurricular education with the participation rate. The article is based on quantitative and qualitative data collected during a two-year study of the institutional transformation of the extracurricular education sector in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

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Averkieva, K. V. « Nothing But Depopulation ? Lateral Rural Migration In The Old-Developed Forest Non-Chernozem Territories ». Regional Research of Russia 11, n^o 4 (octobre 2021) : 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970521040201.

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Abstract— In the article, the author poses the question of what migration processes took place in the post-Soviet period at the intraregional level against depopulation and spatial polarization inherent to areas of the old-developed Non-Chernozem Region, and how this influenced the current state of populated areas and the overall rural settlement pattern. Totemsky district of Vologda Oblast was chosen as the research site for the study. Field research materials and analysis of local-level statistics made it possible to trace the rural population dynamics and identify the resettlement of rural residents within the district. The territorial units considered by the author were administrative rural units (sel’sovets) within the old borders, before the municipal reform and consolidation of the 2010s, which corresponded to individual rural clusters or large logging centers. Territories with different geographic positions and economic conditions were selected. Depopulation in the post-Soviet period proceeded unevenly, but its territorial projection did not just obey the center–periphery logic. The rural population grew in size both in district center and village near gas compressor stations, as well as in a number of other settlements with different characteristics. The post-Soviet dynamics of population numbers and transformation of the economy of the settlements were influenced by the peculiarities of their microlocation, buildings development, neighborhoods, and other local and almost nonparameterizable factors. They also often affect the attractiveness of rural settlements for the seasonal population, which fosters temporary support of the historical settlement network and generates some small potential for the redevelopment of certain territories.

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Spoor, Max. « 25 Years of Rural Development in post-Soviet Central Asia : Sustaining Inequalities ». Eastern European Countryside 24, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2018) : 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2018-0004.

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Abstract To show that post-Soviet rural development in Central Asia has been confronted with sustained inequalities, three particular factors are analysed in this paper have being viewed as fundamental in influencing national and rural development. Firstly, most countries have based their growth models on economic nationalism (not only creating borders and national institutions, but also choosing inward-looking strategies), while leaning one-sidedly on their natural resource wealth (carbohydrates such as oil, natural gas and minerals, but also industrial crops like cotton). Secondly, and related to the first explanatory factor, the region has been struck by hidden and open resource-based conflicts, in particular on land and water. Inter-state tensions have emerged, in particular between downstream (irrigation water dependent) countries, such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and the upstream (hydropower energy dependent, and carbohydrate-poor) ones, such as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Thirdly, all the countries analysed here have followed a rather unequal capital city-centric growth model, using the proceeds of exports of mineral wealth (or cotton) for rapid urbanisation with little or no investment in rural development, resulting in a growing urban-rural divide and increasing rural-urban and cross-border migration. While it is recognised that this region is indeed a bridge between West and East (also re-emphasised by the Chinese ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative), it is argued in this paper that there is a need to reduce these inequalities and unbalanced growth, being that they will be an obstacle to the sustainable growth and development of rural areas.

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Yakshibaeva, G. V. « Trends of labor migration in the towns and villages of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the modern period ». Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 32, n^o 3 (20 septembre 2017) : 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2017-32-3-89-93.

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The paper examines the trends, magnitude, direction of migration flows of the working population, whose movement is associated with finding work in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Comparative characteristics and examines labour migration in the region the Soviet period and the present modern state. Analysis of the results of migration on rural districts and urban districts for 2015 showed that almost all municipalities observed migration loss, except in a few districts of the Republic and Ufa, due to the differentiation of territorial development, the adverse socio-economic situation in areas and small cities, lack of jobs, infrastructure, minimize agro-industrial complexes and business entities, «optimization» of medical, educational and cultural institutions in the village. Conclusions and proposed appropriate measures to improve the migration situation.

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Edele, Mark. « The Soviet Culture of Victory ». Journal of Contemporary History 54, n^o 4 (27 février 2019) : 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418817821.

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The Soviet Union after the Second World War can serve as a prime example of how victory ’locks in’ a political system. In a mirror image of Wolfgang Schivelbusch’s argument of how ‘cultures of defeat’ encourage social and political innovation, the Soviet ‘culture of victory’ reaffirmed a dictatorial system of government and a command economy based on collectivized agriculture and centrally planned industry. At the same time, however, the war also engendered changes, which played themselves out somewhat subterraneously at first. They include a complex system of veterans’ privileges, a growing welfare state, a more routinized administration, and an economy where individual and family farming played a major role in the provisioning not only of the rural, but also of the urban population. Moreover, counter-narratives and counter-memories of this war could never be completely silenced by the bombastic war cult and would break forth at the end of the Soviet century. Finally, the economic and human costs of this victory were such that they formed a constant dark underbelly to the celebration of the ‘Great Victory’. This article surveys these contradictory legacies of the war and the ways in which they helped shape late Soviet society.

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Kárpáti, László, Zsolt Csapó et Georgina Árváné Ványi. « Current situation and development of the bee-keeping sector in Hungary ». Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, n^o 1-2 (30 juillet 2010) : 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/1-2/10.

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Rural development has become more and more important issue in Hungary since rural areas also contribute to the efficiency of the national economy. Development of rural areas also very important issue in the European Union, which could contribute to the improvement of profitability of small family businesses, higher employment rate in rural areas as well as slow down the migration of people from rural into urban areas. Nowadays the bee-keeping– as one of the activities can provide alternative income for small businesses in rural areas– has become more and more important topic in Hungary. Bee-keeping sector provides income roughly 15 thousands families in Hungary. At the same time it takes important role in the preservation of rural landscape, traditions and their regional values. However, the sector has serious problems, as well (for instance quality issues, competitors on the market, etc.). It can be stated that the market position of Hungarian honey can be preserved through the improvement of quality assurance and product development. These developments can be carried out by the utilization of national and European Union funds.

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Golubeva, Natallia, Kris Naudts, Ayana Gibbs, Roman Evsegneev et Siarhei Holubeu. « Psychiatry in the Republic of Belarus ». International Psychiatry 3, n^o 3 (juillet 2006) : 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004811.

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The Republic of Belarus (ROB) covers 207 600 km2 and has a population of about 10 million (Ministry of Statistics and Analysis, 2005). It was a member state of the former Soviet Union until it gained independence in 1991. Belarus is located between Poland, Lithuania and Latvia in the west, Russia in the east, and Ukraine in the south. Seventy-two per cent of the population live in an urban environment and 28% in rural areas. The average life span for men is 63 years and for women 75 years (Ministry of Public Health, 2005).

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Bruisch, Katja, et Timur Mukhamatulin. « Coming to Terms With the Village : Stalin’s Death and the Reassessment of Rural- Urban Relations in the Soviet Union ». Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 65, n^o 3 (2017) : 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2017-0017.

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ZBIERSKI-SALAMEH, SUAVA. « Post-Socialist Peasant ? Rural and Urban Constructions of Identity in Eastern Europe, East Asia and the Former Soviet Union ». American Anthropologist 107, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.1.154.

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Buechler, Hans. « Post-Socialist Peasant ? Rural and Urban Constructions of Identity in Eastern Europe, East Asia, and the Former Soviet Union ». American Ethnologist 30, n^o 3 (août 2003) : 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2003.30.3.468.

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Bogdanov, Sergey V., Vladimir G. Ostapyuk et Natalya A. Zhukova. « Public Sentiment among the Population of the City of Leningrad and the Leningrad Region in June - August 1941 : From Situation Reports of the NKGB of the USSR ». Herald of an archivist, n^o 4 (2018) : 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1051-1059.

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The article considers one aspect of everyday life of the population of Leningrad and the Leningrad region in the first months of the Great Patriotic War, which had been carefully concealed by official Soviet propaganda. Throughout all postwar decades up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian historical science continued to reproduce the myth of absolute unity of the Soviet society and mass patriotic enthusiasm of the working class, kolkhoz peasants and intelligentsia in the face of enemy aggression. And yet archival documents of the state security agencies reveal numerous facts and distinctive features of anti-Soviet manifestations among various socio-professional groups of the population of Leningrad and the Leningrad region in the first months following the German invasion in the Soviet territory. These facts show that the imminent war had a serious impact on the inner world of the inhabitants of the Northern capital of the Soviet Union, exacerbating numerous problems that had accumulated in the Soviet society in the decades before the war. The article mostly draws on the recently declassified situation reports of the People's Commissariat of State Security for the city of Leningrad and the Leningrad region from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense. It deals with such occurrences of anti-state sentiment as panic rumors, anti-Soviet agitation, listening to the radio-broadcasts of hostile states, distribution of anti-Soviet leaflets, planning pogroms of local party and state leaders. It analyses key features of anti-Soviet manifestations among urban and rural population. It contains information on the first manifestations of collaboration among those inhabitants of the Leningrad region, who had ended up in the territory occupied by the German troops. It studies mechanics of repressive activities of state security bodies caused by restructuring of Soviet society, while the military operations began.

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Argatu, Ruxandra, et Florina Răzvanţă. « Sustainable societal development perspectives for rural Romania in light of Horizon 2020 ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, n^o 1 (1 août 2022) : 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0048.

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Abstract Developmental gaps between urban and rural areas are a trademark of nowadays times, accelerated by economic models that ensure advancement chances mostly to urban hubs, rather than being focused on rural life. The Sustainable Development Goals issued by the United Nations and their desired implementation by 2030 is a first guarantee for an equitable and inclusive societal and economic framework. Currently, Romania lacks rural investments and a forward-looking attitude is much needed to reach the sustainability objectives. In addition, smart rural development, which fosters knowledge, innovation and R&D at village level is a viable tool in laying the groundwork for rural welfare, in response to issues such as migration from rural to urban, demographic ageing and poverty. Despite the multitude of programs tackling rural development at EU scale, Romania appears to perform poorly, even if its population is highly ruralized. In light of these matters, the paper conducts literature review analysis on smart rural development and sustainable development in Romania, to highlight the current performance of Romanian villages in this concern. Using literature and document analysis of Horizon 2020 programs on rural development conducted in the European Union, the aim is to identify the specific points to be addressed by decision makers in order for sustainable advancement of Romanian villages to be further enhanced.

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Simonov, Maxim A. « Development of the Social Sphere of the Soviet Union based on the Materials of the General Economic Plan of the USSR for 1951–1970 ». Economic History 16, n^o 3 (30 novembre 2020) : 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.050.016.202003.333-350.

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Introduction. The research considers the planned trajectory of development of the social sphere of the Soviet Union in the General economic plan which was developed after the end of the World War II for the period from 1951 to 1970. Materials and Methods. The Research is based on materials from the archives of the USSR state planning Committee, the Central statistical office of the USSR, Congresses and Plenums of the Communist party. Results. The main part of the document was devoted to the creation of new heavy industries. However, to a large extent, the plan also describes building the social foundations of a Communist society: increasing the production of consumer goods, improving educational and medical services. Based on this, the General economic plan assumed the implementation of fundamental social changes that would lead to the disappearance of differences between mental and physical labor, as well as between urban and rural areas. According to the statements of the plan, the elimination of differences between mental and physical work was supposed to be achieved by further improving the level of education in society, which would eventually lead to an increase in productivity. The disappearance of the difference between urban and rural areas was considered as a gradual increase in the standard of living in the rural area to urban one, although certain differences between them should have remained at the time of the supposed victory of communism. Discussion and Conclusions. An obvious disadvantage of the General plan was that it did not take into consideration the changing needs of society in the long term and the emergence of new technologies. The analyzed General economic plan was not adopted for implementation during the life of I. V. Stalin, but this document influenced the main directions and guidelines of social policy in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s.

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Semenov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. « Medical Activity of Health Care in Rural Areas of the Rear Areas of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. » Genesis : исторические исследования, n^o 12 (décembre 2022) : 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.12.39532.

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The subject of the article is the study of the main characteristics of the medical activity of medical institutions in rural areas of the rear areas of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The research is based on consolidated statistical materials of health authorities stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE). Based on archival materials, the article analyzes the dynamics of quantitative indicators of the provision of medical care to rural residents by medical inpatient and outpatient polyclinic institutions. Based on the comparison of a number of indicators, the author examines in detail the changes in the effectiveness of therapeutic activities. Much attention is paid to the disclosure of the territorial features of medical care in individual Union republics. For the first time, the article presents summary indicators characterizing medical activity in rural areas for the entire war period on the scale of the Soviet Union and the rear Union republics. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made about the reduction in the number of patients admitted by healthcare institutions. At the same time, taking into account the reduction of the rural population, an increase in the relative indicators of providing the population with medical care has been proven. Based on the comparison of the duration of the patient's stay in a medical inpatient facility and mortality, the conclusion is made about the increase in the effectiveness of treatment of patients. The significant influence of evacuation and re-evacuation processes on rural medicine of the Central Asian republics has been established. The priority orientation of the Turkmen SSR and the republics of Transcaucasia to the service of the rural population by urban medical institutions is shown.

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Chemchieva, A. P. « Urbanization Processes in the Indigenous Population of the Altai Republic : Stages, Factors, Prospects ». Archaeology, Ethnology & ; Anthropology of Eurasia 49, n^o 3 (27 octobre 2021) : 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.3.119-126.

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This article explores the specifi city of the urbanization process in the native population of the Altai Republic and assesses its principal trends over the course of the years 1926–2020. The focus is on quantitative aspects such as the growth of urban settlements and their population. I look at the ways the urban network has developed in the Altai Mountains. The only urban administrative center shows a potential for agglomerative growth and continues to accumulate the rural population. Townships that had emerged during the Soviet period were unattractive for natives. Three stages in the urbanization process are described: 1926–1950s, 1960–1980s, and 1990 to the present. Over the entire period in question, urbanization was extensive, i.e. caused by migration from rural areas. At the fi rst stage, the key factor was political (collectivization). In the second stage, the factors were socio-cultural (attractiveness of urban lifestyle), economic (higher income and greater availability of jobs), and political (the abolition of “futureless” villages). The main factor at the third stage was socio-economic crisis. A conclusion is made that the potential for extensive urbanization in the native population of the Altai Republic has not yet been exhausted. The most attractive places to migrate are still the region’s capital and its suburbs. However, migration to other cities of Russia is likely to rise. A prediction is made that the role of intensive factors of urbanization in the indigenous population of the Altai Republic will increase.

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Alekseyenko, Alexandr, Zhanna Aubakirova, Eleonora Stolyarova et Tamerlan Omyrzak. « Urban Population of Modern Kazakhstan : Features of Formation and Development ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, n^o 10-2 (1 octobre 2021) : 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202110statyi53.

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The article deals with the process of forming the modern urban population of Kazakhstan on an autochthonous basis. Conventional stages of development of the phenomenon are designated. In the 1930s and 1970s, as a result of the migration inflow, an ethnically differentiated settlement system developed in the Republic. The majority of the urban population were the Russians, meanwhile the majority of the Kazakhs lived in rural area. In the 1970s and 1980s, the process of urbanization of Kazakhs became more active, losing the foundations of ethnic culture in the Russified city. The formation of Kazakhstan’s statehood actualizes the problem of creating an urban Kazakh nation capable of solving the problems of modernization development. Currently, the urban population majority of the Republic are Kazakhs. It is important that the generation born and socialized in the post-Soviet time gradually enters the socially active age. It is this generation that will form various options for the further development of Kazakhstan’s urban space.

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Rygaard, Niels Peter. « Climate Change, Migration, Urbanization, and the Mental Health of Children at Risk in the European Union ». European Psychologist 26, n^o 3 (juillet 2021) : 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000441.

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Abstract. Psychologists face a growing mental health challenge, calling for innovative large-scale interventions. World population growth and industrialization are causing climate change, forcing families to migrate into rapidly expanding cities, and suffer in refugee camps. European in-country migration from rural villages adds to urban growth. This rapid shift in adaptation between uprooted families and their new environments tends to increase the risk of family system disorganization, poor child attachment, and child abandonment. The paper presents demographic data and projections concerning the effects of urban life on childbirth frequency, marital constancy, how early in life children are cared for outside the home, and the placement of children in Alternative Care. European Federation of Psychologist’s Association initiatives addresses new questions. How can research recommendations be applied in cross-professional interventions? Can e-learning open new channels for dissemination? The author presents how a European Union Lifelong Learning grant project in 10 member countries later developed into the Fairstart Foundation’s partnerships with world NGOs and government agencies. Five hundred twelve partner staff in 26 countries have been educated in 6-month online classrooms and trained the foster parents and group home staff of some 40,000 children in attachment-based care. Lessons learned for interventions are discussed, to inspire further developments.

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Cash, Jennifer R. « Risking Debt for Honor ». Journal of Family History 43, n^o 1 (13 novembre 2017) : 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199017738200.

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Research on godparenthood has traditionally emphasized its stabilizing effect on social structure. This article, however, focuses attention on how the practices and discourses associated with marital sponsorship in the Republic of Moldova ascribe value to the risks and uncertainties of social life. Moldova has experienced substantial economic, social, and political upheaval during the past two decades of postsocialism, following a longer period of Soviet-era modernization, secularization, and rural–urban migration. In this context, godparenthood has not contributed to the long-term stability of class structure or social relations, but people continue to seek honor and social respect by taking the social and economic risks involved in sponsoring new marriages.

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Nwalusi, Dickson M., Francis O. Okeke, Christopher M. Anierobi, Rosemary C. Nnaemeka-Okeke et Kelechi I. Nwosu. « A Study of the Impact of Rural-Urban Migration and Urbanization on Public Housing Delivery in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2022) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p59.

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Globally, urbanization is now like a tidal wave sweeping the entire world and its impact is felt more in developing countries like Nigeria, where urban growth is marked by a dramatic shift with emphasis from rural to urban centers. Rural-urban migration which is one of the effects of urbanization has had grievous implications for urban housing delivery in Nigerian cities. Thus, the steady increase in her population over the years and its effect on the housing sector have become a problem of serious concern. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of urbanization and migration from rural areas on housing delivery in the city of Enugu in order to develop sustainable measures that will address the issue. It utilized a qualitative research method of direct observation and review of literature in which primary and secondary data were collected. The research results highlight some of the effects of Urbanization in the study area to include; gross housing shortage, increase housing rent and high land value in the city resulting to the emergence and expansion of many squatter settlements at the periphery of the city, incidence of haphazard situation of developments, change in land uses, violation of planning guidelines, suboptimal amenities and inadequate infrastructure as well as slum conditions. The study also identified 14 peri-urban squatter settlements with an estimated total population of 62,733 people; an indication of about 5.5% unaccounted spill over population with over 11,082 households in the city. Furthermore, it was observed that the current public housing provision in the city of Enugu over the period 1999-2020 is skewed away from low-income earners, who constitute a significant portion of the city's population. Conclusions and recommendations in the report include a call for strategic and comprehensive government intervention in the housing sector, as well as a demand for local building materials and a better use of union housing cooperatives with single digit interest loan for housing finance to ensure adequate provision of affordable housing to the growing population in the city.

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Battle, Dolores E. « Healthcare and Education in the Republic of Cuba ». Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 5, n^o 2 (octobre 2015) : 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics5.2.75.

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Cuba has had many challenges to healthcare and education, particularly for its urban poor and rural citizens. The healthcare and education programs were restructured following the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959. The United States imposed an embargo on the country and ceased diplomatic relations in 1961. With the support of the Soviet Union, Cuba established programs that provide free healthcare and free education to all from preschool through university. The literacy rate in Cuba exceeds 99%. Its programs in health diplomacy and literacy promotion have worldwide recognition. With the end of the Cold War, Cuba was able to continue its programs of healthcare and education without Soviet support. In July 2015 a group of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and hearing specialists visited Cuba to gain an understanding of the Cuban health diplomacy and education systems for persons with communication disorders. This article will look at healthcare services, health diplomacy, services for the deaf, and education in Cuba. With brief review of Cuba pre-and post-revolution it will present a review of Cuba healthcare and education today and a look at the future as the United States moves toward normalization of relations with Cuba.

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Morozova, T. I. « Ways and Tools of Channeling the Official Image of Soviet Authorities to the Population of Siberia during the Period of the New Economic Policy ». Vestnik NSU. Series : History and Philology 21, n^o 8 (25 octobre 2022) : 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-8-119-131.

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The article analyzes one of the key aspects of the representation of authorities, i. e. channeling their official image to the population. Based on the achievements of Russian historiography and information from published and newly found archival sources, it identifies ways and tools used by the Soviet Authorities to deliberately and purposefully construct the idea about itself in the minds of Soviet citizens in Siberia and effectively channel it during 1921–1929. Among the main translators of the official image of the Soviet authorities were such institutions as the Communist Party, Soviets, trade unions, the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol), various public organizations, media press, cultural and political educational institutions. The article shows that these translators used tools that generally can be divided into three groups. The first one is traditional or universal tools, including congresses, conferences, meetings, elections, theaters, museums, clubs, libraries, books, newspapers, and magazines. The second group – tools established by the Soviet regime, including illiteracy elimination organizations, Izba Chitalnya (“village reading rooms”), Soviet party schools, Peasant Club, and “red” corners. The third group – unique or innovative tools: “nomination”, patronage of the city over the village. The article concludes by arguing that in the early years of the New economic policy (NEP) the efficiency of the majority translators and tools of the representation of the Soviet authorities were limited. However, as the Central committee of the RCP(b) abandoned the emergency policy in Siberia and the economic situation in the country and in the region had been improved, their work and influence were gradually restored. Because of this, the authorities got back their abilities of self-presentation in different forms, in different languages, among urban and rural residents, men and women, Russians and national minorities, and literate and illiterate citizens.

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Diamant, Neil J. « Veterans, Organization, and the Politics of Martial Citizenship in China ». Journal of East Asian Studies 8, n^o 1 (avril 2008) : 119–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800005117.

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This article examines the organizational origins of political vulnerability among Chinese military veterans between 1949 and 2006. Recently declassified sources from urban and rural archives show that many veterans, even as they were officially considered core members of the ruling elite and hailed as the “flesh and blood of the revolution,” nevertheless experienced frequent humiliation and discrimination; few citizens sympathized with their plight. The argument here is that much of this mistreatment can be traced to the failure of the state to provide veterans with the opportunity to organize in the context of either fraternal organizations or quasi-autonomous federations. In this respect, their predicament is notably different from their counterparts in democratic, fascist, or corporatist systems, or in other Leninist regimes. Why have veterans in Taiwan, Vietnam, and the former Soviet Union been allowed to form veterans organizations but veterans in the PRC—to their misfortune—have not? This article explains this anomaly.

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KOROL, VITALIY M. « Activities of the state labour reserves system as an urbanization factor in after-war Ukraine (1945 – the early 1950s). » SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, n^o 38 (2022) : 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.57.

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The article is devoted to analyzing the role, scale of influence and significance of the Labour Reserves system for the post-war urbanization processes in Ukraine. The State Labour Reserves (SLR) was a Soviet centralized structure that mobilized young people, trained skilled workers, and accumulated and distributed this new personnel among enterprises in strategic industries and infrastructure. The activity of the State Labour Reserves system of the USSR became a rather specific factor that played a significant role in the urban development of Ukraine during the period of Late Stalinism. The real impact of the Labour Reserves on urbanization processes was: – the mechanical movement of a significant number of young people from rural areas to cities; – the transformation of potential workers in the agricultural sector into industrial workers, increasing the share of the working class compared to the collective and state farm peasantry; – the creating conditions for inculcating the urban way of life to young people mobilized from the countryside, their incorporation into urban society. The real reasons for the establishment of forced conscription into SLR facilities were the general militarization of the economy and society at the time, as well as the unpopularity of the hard-working jobs to which conscripts were sent, effectively using non-economic coercion. It was assumed that a significant mass of young people had to move centrally from rural areas to industrial centres (that is, urban settlements). Youth appeals to SLR facilities during the post-war reconstruction led to the organized migration of about three-quarters of a million young people from rural areas to cities. The cities of Eastern Ukraine (mostly Donbas) were the most significant areas of such centralized movement under the auspices of the Labour Reserves. Soviet labour laws of the 1940s were analyzed. It was found that fleeing Labour Reserves and illegally leaving the workplace was considered a criminal offence and punishable by imprisonment. The USSR State Labour Reserves system became one of the tools to control and regulate urbanization processes in the country for the Stalinist totalitarian regime. Mobilized boys and girls were involved in non-agricultural sectors of the economy. They were forced to quickly get used to anonymous transactions among the large population of Ukrainian cities and inevitably changed their way of life, becoming part of a new generation of urban society. The research is based on materials from the Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine and the State Archives of Sumy region.

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Gailienė, Danutė. « UŽBURTAME RATE : SAVIŽUDYBIŲ PAPLITIMAS LIETUVOJE PO NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS ATKŪRIMO ». Psichologija 31 (1 janvier 2005) : 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2005..4341.

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Lietuvos savižudybių rodiklis jau dešimti metai (nuo 1996 m.) yra didžiausias pasaulyje. Straipsnyje pateikiami duomenys apie savižudybių rodiklių dinamiką Lietuvoje 1990–2002 m. ir, pasiremiant naujausiais tyrimų duomenimis, aptariami veiksniai, kurie gali lemti ilgalaikius aukštus savižudybių rodiklius. Lietuvoje iki šiol vyrauja „sovietinis“ mirtingumo modelis (jam būdingas labai aukštas priešlaikinio mirtingumo lygis bei miesto ir kaimo gyventojų mirtingumo skirtumų didėjimas), o psichikos sveikatos pagalbos sistema nepakankama. Susidaro užburtas ratas: savižudybių labai daug, jokių racionalių priemonių jų sumažinti valstybėje nėra, stiprėja ne tik pasyvi, bet ir savižudybėms palanki nuostata, o tai savo ruožtu didina suicidinę riziką. VICIOUS CIRCLE: SUICIDES IN LITHUANIA AFTER THE INDEPENDENCEDanutė Gailienė SummaryDuring the last 80 years suicide mortality in Lithuania has shown great variation. Nowadays Lithuania has the highest registered suicide rate in the world besides the other Baltic countries and Russia. After the sharp decrease in the mid-80’s, since 1991 the suicide rates start to rise again. In 2002 1551 suicide occurred in Lithuania (44.7 per 100.000 persons). The ratio of male to female rates was 4.5–6.1 in 1990–2002, in the young and middle age it reached 8–10. The suicides are more widespread in rural areas. Among rural men they occur twice as often as among the urban and among women – 1.4 times. By age the highest suicide risk is for middle-aged men. Among the males aged 45–54 years suicide rate reaches 154.6. The most common method of suicide remains hanging, both for males and females.The dramatic increase in suicide rates of the early 1990s corresponds to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regaining of the independence of Lithuania and other Baltic states. Heavy transition from the system based on communist ideology to the open society and market economy was ensuing. However analysis of the trends of suicide mortality in Eastern Europe and in the „newly independent states“ of the former Soviet Union showed that rapid transformations of society do not per se necessarily produce more suicides. Neither the absolute economic changes, nor the level of prosperity in itself correlates significantly with the changes in suicide rates. Intermediate role of culture should be also taken into consideration.The undercurrent reasons of the incredible suicide spread in Lithuania lie in the long lasting effects of the 50 years under the communist regime on the ability of individuals and groups to manage psychosocial stress and changes. „Soviet“ mortality pattern, which is characterized by very high level of premature mortality and growth of urban-rural mortality differences, has not changed during transition period. This leads to vicious circle when the spread of suicides and helpless, indifferent attitude towards suicide prevention, causes the suicide approving attitudes, which increases the risk of suicidal behaviour. The approving attitude towards suicide among Lithuanian schoolchildren increased almost twice over the last decade. The media also „contributes“ to this process, but attempts to change the presentation of suicide in the mass media in 1996–2000 were rather unsuccessful.The national plan of suicide prevention is required to break off the vicious circle.

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Duda, A. M. « Addressing Nonpoint Sources of Water Pollution Must Become an International Priority ». Water Science and Technology 28, n^o 3-5 (1 août 1993) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0398.

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The nature and significance of nonpoint sources of surface and groundwater pollution are examined in this review. Examples are given from across the globe illustrating extensive economic, environmental, and human health damage from these diffuse sources. Agricultural sources, both subsistence farming and irrigated cropland, were found to cause the most widespread water quality problems worldwide. In the least developed nations, areawide releases of human sewage – especially near rural groundwater wells and in burgeoning urban areas – cause the most serious damage with an estimated one billion people suffering from waterborne diseases at any one time. In Europe, the former Soviet Union, and North America, leaking hazardous waste sites, contaminated sediments, and atmospheric deposition of acidifying and toxic substances pose complex challenges in addition to the agricultural pollution sources; and transboundary pollution abatement to restore large waterbodies is becoming a priority for foreign aid assistance. Institutional and cultural barriers to pollution abatement can be overcome by including interventions as integral parts of sustainable economic development initiatives. Through a comprehensive, ecosystem-based approach to water resources management, progress in controlling nonpoint source pollution can be made.

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Holleran, Max. « The ‘lost generation’ of the 2008 crisis : Generational memory and conflict in Spain ». Journal of Sociology 55, n^o 3 (7 décembre 2018) : 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318817907.

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Since the 2008 crisis, youth unemployment in Southern Europe has hindered a return to social and economic stability: in Spain, the young and unemployed are sometimes referred to as a ‘lost generation’. This article investigates how rampant youth unemployment in Spain has darkened expectations for the country’s future inside the European Union (EU) as well as altered views of the past. Using interviews with jobless young people, the article argues that the severity and duration of the 2008 crisis has prompted historical revisionism. Age cohorts often organise around pivotal events and the article shows how young people have questioned the success of democratisation (1980s) and European integration (1990s), causing a growing rift with their parents’ generation. Finally, it explores generational conflict in Spain through three interconnected experiences of unemployment: returning to live with parents, urban to rural migration for a lower cost of living, and emigration to Northern Europe for employment.

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Ilina, Olga V., et Denis N. Konyshev. « Labor Resources of the Northern Village in 1939-1959 (Based on the Materials of Vologda and Kirov Oblasts) ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n^o 470 (2021) : 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/470/17.

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The article attempts to show changes in the number and composition of the rural population of Vologda and Kirov Oblasts during the period of history crucial for the village, the key event of which was the Great Patriotic War. To analyze the demographic processes that took place in Vologda and Vyatka villages, a wide range of sources were used, based on published and archived statistical materials. The published data include the all-Union population censuses of 1939 and 1959, which contain information about the total number of inhabitants of the regions and show the rate of urban and rural population. Information about the number of citizens mobilized to the front and those who died during the war years is taken from the federal and regional memorial books. Data from reports of civil registry offices and resettlement departments allowed characterizing changes in the natural migration of the rural population from the village to the city. The annual reports of the collective farms helped to form an idea of transformations of the working-age population and the gender and age composition of the villagers. The analysis of the presented sources allowed drawing the following conclusions. By the early 1940s, in the majority of the country's regions, including the areas under study, the rural population dominated, and their agricultural specialization determined their belonging to the collective farm system. The usual way of life was disrupted by the war, most of the citizens mobilized to the front were called up from rural areas. This situation had a negative impact on the village labor resources. In the village, there was a shortage of male workers, which was compensated by increasing the burden on women, children, and the elderly to meet the state agricultural indicators. The reduction of labour force affected the quality of work leading to delays in its timely completion. The end of the war and the Red Army demobilization could not fill the village labor resources as many men perished on the war fronts. The state policy in the post-war emergency period did not change in relation to the village, which continued to be used as a labor and raw material resource for urban reconstruction and development. The rural residents' active migration in the post-war period led to a further reduction in the population of rural settlements. The reduction of rural labor and the state policy of enlarging collective farms contributed to the formation of a new settlement pattern, demonstrating the decay of small villages. Disintegration of the peasantry in villages, which collectivization had started, entered the final straight in the 1940s-1950s.

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Abilova, Ramina O., et Tatiana P. Krasheninnikova. « “Scenes in the Soviet Russia. Summer of 1930” : Frank Fetter`s Film about His Soviet Trip in 1930 ». Herald of an archivist, n^o 4 (2022) : 1025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1025-1041.

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The article presents results of studying the amateur film “Scenes in the Soviet Russia. Summer of 1930” by the American economist Frank Whitson Fetter (1899–1991) filmed in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1930. Firstly, it reviews historiography of amateur cinema and notes methods used in the research on Fetter's film. The section “Context of creation” reconstructs conditions of filming the movie in the USSR and circumstances of its currency. Fetter came to the country with intention of becoming expert in Soviet economics. He came well prepared: he had a Leica camera, a 16 mm Bell & Howell movie camera, and large supply of films. Fetter spent six days in Moscow and six weeks in Kazan, voyaged on the Volga and the Caspian Sea, visited the Caucasus, and then returned to Moscow for three days and went back to the United States. During his trip, he took about 300 photographs and made a 40-minute movie. While photographs have already been introduced into scientific use, the film remains unknown to scholars and wide audience. The section “Movie content and aesthetics” considers plot and film techniques and elements. The movie consists of three parts: his stay in Moscow, his visit to the Autonomous Tatar Republic (ATSSR), cruise on the Volga and the Caspian Sea. The starting point for the analysis was Pierre Bourdieu's research on amateur photography. According to his conclusions, each group of people chooses a certain range of objects, genres, and compositions for shooting, and thus, the image is socially constructed. Fetter's cinematic area was determined by his research interests and experience. His draft notes confirm that his focus during filming was on the economic sphere. The movie aesthetics direct the viewer's eye to these plots. While observing everyday life, Fetter captured urban and rural transport infrastructure, trade relations, purchase and sale process and range of goods, queues. When visiting the countryside, Fetter observed the harvest and filmed various stages of the process. The film focuses on production and material base of individual and collective farms, organization and conditions of peasants work, residential and farm buildings, details of everyday life. The Volga-Caspian voyage permitted to capture the state of water transport, conditions of passenger and goods transportation. He devoted particular attention to filming propaganda materials. Thus, the film represents his professional interests and highlights socio-economic situation during the New Economic Policy dismantlement and transition to forced industrialization and collectivization.

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Piskunov, Sergey. « Soviet Resettlement Policy in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s : The Experience of the RSFSR ». DEMIS. Demographic Research 1, n^o 4 (19 novembre 2021) : 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.4.2.

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The article examines the problem of the formation of the Soviet resettlement policy in the context of a decrease in the rural population of donor regions in the second half of the 40s - 80s. XX century on the example of the RSFSR. To achieve this goal, many historical documents were analyzed and summarized, which are contained mainly in the central archives of the Russian Federation. Such changes were caused, on the one hand, by a decrease in natural growth in the regions that were traditionally places of departure for new settlers, on the other hand, by a change in the settlement structure. Despite the demographic processes negative for the implementation of the resettlement policy, the country's leadership did not abandon this method of redistributing residents of some regions of the state in favor of others. It is noted that, while preserving the planned agricultural resettlement as a tool for increasing the demographic potential in certain regions and mitigating the shortage of labor in the enterprises of the agricultural sector, the Center inevitably faced the problem of finding sources for the formation of resettlement flows. From the beginning of the 1980s the solution to this problem in the USSR was ensured by several factors: firstly, the spread of the practice of intraregional resettlement; secondly, the inclusion of urban residents in the number of planned migrants, and not just villagers, as it was before; thirdly, the involvement of the inhabitants of Central Asia and the Transcaucasus in the organized migration. It is important to note that the article provides the information on the geography of the places of exodus for the second half of the 1940s – 1980s. indicating the most significant (by the number of people sent). Reflection of statistical data with a wide temporal and geographical coverage makes it possible to trace changes, on the one hand, in the intensity of migration ties between donor and recipient regions, and on the other, in the state policy of resettlement. The article is addressed to representatives of the scientific community (historians and demographers) and state institutions responsible for the development of modern migration policy.

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Adesipo, Adegbite, Oluwaseun Fadeyi, Kamil Kuca, Ondrej Krejcar, Petra Maresova, Ali Selamat et Mayowa Adenola. « Smart and Climate-Smart Agricultural Trends as Core Aspects of Smart Village Functions ». Sensors 20, n^o 21 (22 octobre 2020) : 5977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20215977.

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Attention has shifted to the development of villages in Europe and other parts of the world with the goal of combating rural–urban migration, and moving toward self-sufficiency in rural areas. This situation has birthed the smart village idea. Smart village initiatives such as those of the European Union is motivating global efforts aimed at improving the live and livelihood of rural dwellers. These initiatives are focused on improving agricultural productivity, among other things, since most of the food we eat are grown in rural areas around the world. Nevertheless, a major challenge faced by proponents of the smart village concept is how to provide a framework for the development of the term, so that this development is tailored towards sustainability. The current work examines the level of progress of climate smart agriculture, and tries to borrow from its ideals, to develop a framework for smart village development. Given the advances in technology, agricultural development that encompasses reduction of farming losses, optimization of agricultural processes for increased yield, as well as prevention, monitoring, and early detection of plant and animal diseases, has now embraced varieties of smart sensor technologies. The implication is that the studies and results generated around the concept of climate smart agriculture can be adopted in planning of villages, and transforming them into smart villages. Hence, we argue that for effective development of the smart village framework, smart agricultural techniques must be prioritized, viz-a-viz other developmental practicalities.

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Urozhaeva, Tatyana Petrovna. « Demographic problems of the industrial cities of Irkutsk Region in the 1990s ». Samara Journal of Science 5, n^o 1 (1 mars 2016) : 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161210.

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The author analyzes the problems of demographic development of industrial cities of the Angara area (Priangarye) in the 1990s. In particular, it focuses on the negative trends in the natural movement and migration of the urban population, which, in turn, led to depopulation. Distribution of municipal formations of the Irkutsk region in the total value of the mortality rate allows you to detect only the most general trends. The minimum level of total mortality was recorded in the south-eastern and central parts of the region, as well as in most large and medium cities. The highest values of total mortality rates were observed in the northern areas of the region and a number of rural and single-industry towns in central and eastern part of the region. Mostly, it's economically depressed municipalities with single-industry economy. According to the author, the causes of demographic instability in many industrial cities were laid during the Soviet period and were associated with the practice of attracting population and populating areas of new industrial development. The economic crisis and the aggravation of social problems in the 1990s seriously complicated demographic development of the urban population in the region. The demographic crisis of the 1990s could have been significantly smoothed over, if the federal and regional authorities had taken steps to stop the steady depopulation. In the context of the collapse of the political system demographic policy for many years had been pushed into the background. As a result, the demographic crisis, which takes root in the 1980s, fully manifested itself at the regional level in the first post-soviet decade.

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Tkacheva, Galina. « Contribution of the Far Eastern Region to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War and the End of World War II ». ISTORIYA, E21 (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017328-9.

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In 1941—1945. The inviolability of the Far Eastern borders with limited human resources, a poorly developed system of communication links and a lack of financial resources was maintained using the country's socio-political and military-economic capabilities. The demographic situation determined the mobilization capabilities of the region, the imbalance between the number of urban and rural residents, the personnel potential of military-industrial and civilian enterprises has increased, the problem of labor resources has become aggravated. The deployment of a military contingent in the Far East was, on the one hand, an incentive for the development of life-supporting industries, and on the other, an additional burden for limited regional resources. The introduction of a rationed supply of food and basic necessities to the population guaranteed a minimum of material benefits for the majority of the population. In the most difficult conditions, it was possible to preserve the social infrastructure at a level that ensures the reproduction of the labor force. The movement “Everything for the front, everything for the victory!” became a symbol of Soviet patriotism, citizenship and sacrifice. The war of the Soviet Union against Japan received the support of the world community. The Tokyo and Khabarovsk military tribunals established that the main Japanese criminals violated international law, treaties and agreements, unleashing aggressive wars against other countries, and committed a grave crime against humanity. The signed international agreements provided not only for the defeat of fascist Germany, Italy, militarist Japan and their allies, but also for the preservation of peace and the settlement of contradictions. The commonality of goals, the just nature of the war helped the Soviet people endure an incredibly difficult and prolonged test and win the Great Patriotic War, and bring the end of World War II closer.

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