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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union »

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Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union"

Myeshkov, Dmytro. « Urban-rural migration in post-WWII Soviet Union : the example of the North Caucasus and Ural (1947–1979) ». Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski 38 (2016) : 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/pdp.2016.1.38-05.

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TIMOSHENKO, A. I. « DYNAMICS OF THE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULLATION AND CHANGESIN MIGRATION PROCESSES AT THE TERRITORY OF THE SIBERIAN REGION IN THE 1950-S AND 1970-S ». Territory Development, n^o 3(21) (2020) : 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32324/2412-8945-2020-3-22-26.

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Population growth in the Siberian region began at the end of the XIX century, during the construction of the Transsiberian railway, which passed through all of Siberia and the far East. Many rural people came to the region from the European part of the Russian Empire. Some settlements to which they arrived became urban settlements in Soviet times. The formation of the urban population continued during the Soviet period, where were significant changes in the dynamics of growth of the urban population of the Siberian region and its social structure. By 1950, in Siberia, the consequences of the Great Patriotic War were largely eliminated. In the Eastern regions of the Soviet Union, the creation of new for the Siberian region industrial sectors continued. As a result of these actions, there was a significant increase in the urban population, which was accompanied by the development of the social processes that was new and important for the State. In Siberia, new cities and workers settlements were built, which later became cities. At new buildings of the Siberian region, at the All-Union Komsomol call, arrived, as a rule, young people, who then had building new enterprises and cities in the region. The autor believes that the migration processes took place due to the development of industrial sectors which was necessary for the region, the construction of completely new for Siberia military-defense enterprises, and the construction of new industrial production facilities. The article uses both General scientific and historical methods, including dialectical, chronological, comparative, as well as other methods and approaches.

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Salmorbekova, Rita B. « CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC ». Society and Security Insights 5, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2022)2-12.

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The article is devoted to the problem of internal and external migration in the Kyrgyz Republic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz Republic had experienced mass out-migration of the population. The people were forced to migrate during the period chaos to improve their quality of life. Basically, in the early 1990s, the Slavic people from Kyrgyzstan left for Russia and Kazakhstan. Strong internal migration began in 1994, when rural Kyrgyz arrived from regions to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyz Republic. Migration outside the former Soviet Union began in 2000. The vast majority of Kyrgyz went to Turkey, Germany or the USA. Thus, the problem of migration in the Kyrgyz Republic is not new. This article analyses the results of a 2019 focus group study. Field research was necessary to assess the effects of population migration and 14 focus groups were conducted in rural areas in the north of Kyrgyzstan. The results of the research revealed the positive and negative consequences of the migration process, reflecting the current migration situation in the north of Kyrgyzstan. In general, the growth of migration has led to new problems in society: families suffer, children are left without parental care and there is a drain (brain drain) of the working age population.

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Zotova, Natalia, et Jeffrey H. Cohen. « Remittances and their social meaning in Tajikistan ». Remittances Review 1, n^o 1 (4 septembre 2016) : 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v1i1.440.

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In this paper we investigate the growth and use of social remittances in Tajikistan. Russia became the destination country of choice for labor migrants from former Soviet states following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Tajik migrants also seek new destinations including settlement in the US. International migration to Russia and the US continues to shape economic realities for Tajik communities and migrants. In this paper, we use ethnographic evidence from rural communities in Tajikistan and from Tajik migrants who are settled in major Russian cities as well as New York City, NY to address the role migration plays for families and household and the meaning of social remittances for local communities. We explore the role that remittances play in the changing social landscape of Tajikistan and its local communities.

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Baranova, Elena V., et Vitaliy N. Maslov. « Problems of post-war peasant migration in the acts on the arrival of resettlement echelons in the Kaliningrad Region ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, n^o 190 (2021) : 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-200-211.

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The relevance of the research is determined by the necessity for study of the set of documents related to the migration of the rural population in the Soviet country after the World War II. The movement of the Soviet peasantry was an important part of the resettlement process on a national scale. An array of primary data from the echelon lists of migrants stored in a number of regional archives has not yet been introduced into scientific circulation. It is in them that informa-tion is concentrated on the composition of the migrant’s families, their nationality, education, pro-fession, labor activity, property and places of exit, up to village councils. We analyze the content of acts on the arrival of migrants to the Kaliningrad Region. Its agricultural workforce was formed primarily through migration organized by the authorities. The materials of the acts reflect impor-tant aspects of the organization and conditions of the controlled movement of the peasantry across the Soviet Union. Acts on the acceptance of resettlement echelons, along with statistical sources, memoirs and administrative and managerial documentation, allow you to reconstruct an objective picture of the Soviet resettlement campaign in the post-war period.

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Vietti, Francesco. « Euro-stil. Storia di una famiglia transnazionale moldava ». MONDI MIGRANTI, n^o 1 (juin 2009) : 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2009-001009.

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- This study analyses the impact of migration on the family roles in Moldova and the changing dynamics within transnational families. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the economic collapse of the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Moldovans have left their country over the past decade to seek opportunities abroad. The mass migration has become the dominant socio-economic phenomenon of the country and has prompted the redefinition of family structure and ideology.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, RemittancesThe migration of a large number of women leads to a reorganization of the division of labour and the gender roles within the transnational family. These changes can influence communities as well as families. Taking a closer look at the transnational experience of a family in the rural context of Pîrlita, a village near the Romanian border, the study explores the migrants' consumption desires and practices as reflective not only of commodified exchange but also of affection and sentiment.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, Remittances

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Amirkhanova, Madina M. « RURAL POPULATION OF DAGESTAN. 1920–1930s : (HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT) ». History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, n^o 3 (10 octobre 2022) : 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch183664-678.

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The article is devoted to the demographic processes in the Dagestan village in one of the most dramatic periods of its history. The purpose of the study is to study the number, age and sex composition of the rural population, ethnic structure, migration. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that a comparative analysis of demographic processes in rural areas was carried out based on the materials of the three All-Union population censuses of 1926, 1937 and 1939. Attention is drawn to the negative consequences of the Civil War for the population of Dagestan. The results of a comparative analysis of the sex composition of the villagers are presented; a constant predominance of the female population over the male population is revealed. Attention is paid to the uneven territorial distribution of the villagers. The changes observed in the national composition of the republic are revealed. According to the All-Union Population Census of 1939, small people were not singled out, they were included in the main nationalities. The author comes to the conclusion that during the period under study in the Dagestan village, the demographic situation gradually improved. The number of villagers grew mainly due to natural increases. When writing the work, official documents of the republican Soviet and party bodies, survey materials of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and the works of Russian social scientists were used.

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Khan, Asghar, Irfan Khan et Noor Ullah Khan. « War, refugees and regional implications : The impact of Afghan refugees on local society of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan ». Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, n^o 1 (15 septembre 2021) : 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.11.

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The migration of Afghan refugees into Pakistan started in the wake of Saur (Red) Revolution in 1978, as a result of reforms introduced by the communist regime in Kabul, Afghanistan. However the large influx of refugees to Pakistan took place soon after the invasion of Soviet Union in 1979. Pakistan provided asylum for the approximately 4.2 million refugees. They were settled in 386 camps mostly in rural as well as in urban areas of the country. But the most populous province that has large number of Afghan refugees was Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (that time N.W.F.P), which has long border (Durand line) with Afghanistan, and also has cultural, religious, and linguistics ties. This large number of immigrants generated grave consequences for Pakistan, especially for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They have affected the socio-economic and political life of the province. The main objective of the study was to find out the socio-economic impact of Afghan Refugees living for more than three decades in the host society of KP. An empirical and analytical methodological approach was adopted for this study. To conclude the findings, the research reveals that that Afghan Refugees have not only affected the social set-up but also the economy of the local host society by introducing various type of social evils like begging, drugs culture, Kalashnikov culture (AK-47), Galemjum culture (prostitution) and corruption.

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Li, Zehong, Yang Ren, Jingnan Li, Yu Li, Pavel Rykov, Feng Chen et Wenbiao Zhang. « Land-Use/Cover Change and Driving Mechanism on the West Bank of Lake Baikal from 2005 to 2015—A Case Study of Irkutsk City ». Sustainability 10, n^o 8 (16 août 2018) : 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082904.

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Lake Baikal is located on the southern tableland of East Siberian Russia. The west coast of the lake has vast forest resources and excellent ecological conditions, and this area and the Mongolian Plateau constitute an important ecological security barrier in northern China. Land-use/cover change is an important manifestation of regional human activities and ecosystem evolution. This paper uses Irkutsk city, a typical city on the West Bank of Lake Baikal, as a case study area. Based on three phases of Landsat remote-sensing image data, the land-use/cover change pattern and change process are analyzed and the natural factors and socioeconomic factors are combined to reveal driving forces through the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The results show the following: (1) From 2005 to 2015, construction land expanded, and forestland was converted into construction land and woodland. In addition, grass land, bare land, and cultivated land were converted into construction land, and the woodland area increased. The annual changes in land use from 2005 to 2010 were dramatic and then slowed down from 2010 to 2015. (2) The main reasons for the change in land-use types were urban expansion and nonagricultural development caused by population migration. The process of urbanization from external populations to urban agglomeration and the process of reverse urbanization from a central urban population to urban suburbs jointly expanded urban construction land area. As a result, forestland, grass land and bare land areas on the outskirts of cities were continuously reduced. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, land privatization led to a decline in the farm economy, the emergence of agricultural land reclamation and urban expansion; in addition, the implementation of the “one-hectare land policy” intensified development in suburban areas, resulting in a reduction of forestland and grass land areas. The process of constructing the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor has intensified human activities in the region, and the prevention of drastic changes in land cover, coordination of human-land relations, and green development are necessary.

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Matisovs, Ivars. « URBANIZATION PROCESSES AND ITS SPECIFICS IN LATGALE ». Via Latgalica, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2010) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1679.

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Urbanization is an important demo-geographical process and a complex social phenomenon under impact of which changes are made not only to the global, regional or national settlement systems, but all socio-economic processes are also substantially transformed. Changes caused by urbanization have an impact on traditional way of life, cultural particularity, community and individual psychology and other aspects of spiritual life, therefore expressions and regularities of this process might be of interest not only for demographers, geographers and economists, but also for representatives of the field of humanities.Paper presents the progress of urbanization processes in Latgale, by covering the period from establishment of the first urban-type settlements in the Eastern Latvia until today, when under impact of the depopulation processes number of inhabitants in all cities of the region decreases dramatically. Particular attention is paid to the course of formation and evolution of the Latgale urban network, successively looking at characteristics of the course of urbanization process during all major stages of the historical process.Towns and cities constitute the basis for the Latvian population system, characterized by historically formed relatively dense urban network. Like elsewhere in the country, also in modern Latgale towns and cities are distributed evenly throughout the region area, but historically it has not always been so. Urban spatial and landscape model in Latgale has been developed within the long historical process of gradual accumulation of changes in the landscape space; however the balance of this process is destroyed by sudden transformations of political, economic and socio-cultural conditions the region and its people have had to survive in more than one occasion.The article particularly deals with characteristics of the urbanization processes during post-Soviet period, outlines the present urban development trends in Latgale, and highlights major urban demo-geographical problems, among which the emphasis has to be placed on the rapid depopulation, an ageing population and the deepening of territorial inequalities, also intra-regionally.Structural economical changes and increasing mobility of population during the post- Soviet period have changed the urban development perspective. Activities based on new knowledge are concentrated in large agglomerations, while individual regions, including Latgale, with less competitive urban centers are noticeably lagging behind in their development.Therefore, exactly in these areas and localities it is necessary to strengthen the urban functions to impede also interregional migration of population, since it substantially restricts the functionality of the most remote and underdeveloped areas and hinders provision of services to population at an appropriate level. This is even more important since implementation of the cohesion principles has been proclaimed to be one of the cornerstones of the European Union regional policy.Unfortunately, at least for the time being situation in urban areas of Latgale is far from encouraging - negative net migration and negative natural growth factor, persistently high level of unemployment is observed there, social exclusion and apathy prevailing. Admittedly, in recent years urban development in Latgale represents also several positive trends. Urban environmental quality has improved significantly, which is generally associated with transition to environmentally more friendly fuels and implementation of various environmental projects, based on funding from the EU budget, such as municipal waste management, improving of water supply and sewerage systems.Encouragingly, facilities of regional higher education institutions improve, and the capacity of scientific work increases, important interdisciplinary research has been launched. In the nearest future significant educational and scientific infrastructure improvement projects at the University of Daugavpils and Rezekne Higher Education Institution are planned to be made, which will certainly increase competitiveness of the Latgale region in the science and technology area.Article is based on review of comprehensive scientific literature and analysis of available statistical information. The author does not claim to provide all-inclusive and in-depth analysis of the urbanization processes in Latgale, since this task would be performed in course of further studies, but summarizes the results obtained at an early stage of research of urban areas and population demo-geographical development, as well as of the quality of urban environment.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union"

Gentile, Michael. « Studies in the Transformation of Post-Soviet Cities : Case Studies from Kazakhstan ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Dept. of Social and Economic Geography [Kulturgeografiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4306.

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KESSLER, Gijs. « The peasant and the town : rural-urban migration in the Soviet Union, 1929-1940 ». Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5855.

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Defence date: 14 December 2001
Examining board: Prof. Andrea Graziosi, Università Federico II, Napoli ; Prof. Terry Martin, Harvard University ; Prof. Arfon Rees, EUI ; Prof. Jaime Reis, University of Lisbon (supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union"

Peasant dreams & market politics : Labor migration and the Russian village, 1861-1905. Pittsburgh, Pa : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.

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Muzhik and Muscovite : Urbanization in late imperial Russia. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1985.

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Economakis, Evel G. From peasant to Petersburger. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Viola, Lynne. The role of the OGPU in dekulakization, mass deportations, and special resettlement in 1930. Pittsburgh, [Pa.] : Center for Russian & East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2000.

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S, Salamatova M., et Ushakova S. N, dir. Korni ili shchepki : Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ semʹi︠a︡ na spet︠s︡poselenii v Zapadnoĭ Sibiri v 1930-kh--nachale 1950-kh gg. Moskva : ROSSPĖN (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ politicheskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡), 2010.

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Hoffmann, David L. Peasant metropolis : Social identities in Moscow, 1929-1941. Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1994.

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Linnastumine ja linnade kasv Eestis nõukogude aastatel : Urbanisation and urban growth in Estonia during the Soviet period. Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2001.

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1963-, Leonard Pamela, et Kaneff Deema 1962-, dir. Post-socialist peasant ? : Rural and urban constructions of identity in Eastern Europe, East Asia and the former Soviet Union. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave, 2002.

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R, Grossman James, Boehm Randolph et Schipper Martin Paul, dir. Black workers in the era of the great migration : [microfilm guide]. Frederick, MD : University Publications of America, 1985.

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Cottage country in transition : A social geography of change and contention in the rural-recreational countryside. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Urban-rural migration – Soviet Union"

« Russian, Central Eurasian, and East European Geography ». Dans Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century, sous la direction de Gary L. Gaile et Cort J. Willmott. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0058.

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Over the past decade, the societies that encompass Russia, Central Eurasia, and East Europe have experienced profound and radical change. Today, the region is making uneven progress toward democratic modes of government and market-oriented economies. The fluid dynamics of change within the region make it one of the most exciting and rewarding areas of research within geography. Across Russia, Central Eurasia, and East Europe vital lessons can be learned about the contextual nature of political and economic transition. At the same time, crucial insights can be obtained into the more universal process of regional transformation and the social reconstruction of place identity. This region is a laboratory for testing the relevancy of geographic research and theory for a post-socialist world. This chapter reviews the major changes in the practice and orientation of geographic research in the region since the collapse of state-socialism (see Ch. 39, Asian Geography, for further information on the Central Asian countries). This chapter comments on the methodological, conceptual, and topical evolution of this area-specialty over the last decade. It concludes by contemplating the possible directions of future geographic research in the region. Prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991, the societies of Russia, Central Eurasia, and East Europe were typically defined in political and economic terms as a unified region, known as the Soviet bloc. While national and cultural differences across the Soviet bloc were not ignored, they were treated as less significant than the uniform pattern of planned economies and communist regimes that governed the region. The region was further unified through the political and economic primacy of Moscow, where decisions were made that directly impacted the states throughout Russia, Central Eurasia, and East Europe. In the Soviet era, geographic research in the region focused largely on strategic questions relating to the efficiency, efficacy, and future trajectory of the state-socialist model of economic and political development. The topics explored by geographers ranged from issues of agricultural production to urban structure to regional economic investment to domestic and international migration.

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Tarskaia, Larissa, A. G. Egorova, A. S. Barashkova, S. A. Sukneva et W. Leonard. « Migration Patterns in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) ». Dans Human Migration, 115–21. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190945961.003.0010.

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This chapter examines migration patterns and other demographic changes within the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Northeastern Siberia. The republic as one of the administrative sub-divisions of Russia went through dramatic demographic changes that occurred as a reflection of economic changes in Russia. Industrial development of the northern regions of the Russian Federation that mainly started in 1950s led to the population growth both as by natural growth and as a positive net migration as well. During this period, the republic’s population distribution has shifted from primarily rural to increasingly urban. Thus, in 1980s, population size in the republic reached over one million people. However, population size drastically decreased especially during post-Soviet period due to economic and political changes that have been occurred in Russia when migratory out-flow from the republic has exceeded natural growth. Improvement of socio-economic situation is the key for a positive demographic development of the republic in the future.

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Bank, Leslie, et Nelly Sharpley. « Conclusion ». Dans Covid and Custom in Rural South Africa, 207–24. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197659618.003.0008.

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Abstract The Conclusion explores how the cultural crisis of Covid and the associated threat to rural social reproduction in South Africa ignited nostalgia and a return to cultural politics and ethno-nationalism. A comparison is drawn here between post-apartheid and post-Soviet experiences, especially as they relate to neoliberalism and the rise of ethno-national populism. The chapter then reflects on possible scenarios for post-Covid recovery and reconstruction. One key question is whether the culture of migration and persistent doubled rootedness (urban and rural belonging) will survive into the future, or whether the urban- and rural-based segments of post-apartheid households will increasingly disconnect over time as many post-apartheid theorists anticipated. Will the stubborn and intertwined trans-localism of the past persist or will something new emerge from these landscapes that will mark a return to agrarianism and family farming amidst the hunger, poverty, and precarity of post-Covid recovery.

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Kligman, Gail, et Katherine Verdery. « Conclusion ». Dans Peasants under Siege. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0010.

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This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet Union exported the revolutionary technology of collectivization to its satellites, providing the blueprint along with Soviet advisors to guide them. This blueprint set out the parameters for establishing collectives: new methods to improve agricultural production, a new institutional infrastructure, and an arsenal of pedagogical techniques with which cadres were to enlighten peasants and discipline dissenters. However, collectivization was not carried out in a uniform manner anywhere. Blueprints may provide a plan, but social practices are not so easily hammered or welded into place. Romania's small and weak Communist Party, dependent on the Soviet Union, faced a largely agrarian population that offered heavy resistance. Complicating their task was the ongoing strength of the country's interwar fascist movement in both rural and urban areas, among all social strata.

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Spector, Regine A. « Becoming Trading Elders and Local Authorities ». Dans Order at the Bazaar. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709326.003.0007.

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This chapter continues the analysis of order at Osh bazaar from the perspective of traders working at the bazaar. While many did not disapprove of the removal of “illegal” traders, as discussed in the previous chapter, they resented the selective enforcement of “legality,” and criticized the city for not imposing curtailing the power and authority of the bazaar owners. This chapter also reveals that Osh bazaar did not have a similar all-encompassing trade union the way that Dordoi bazaar did. Instead, in order to solve problems and create order at the bazaar, a subset of traders self-identified as bazaar elders, or aksakals. The chapter explores how older traders narrated their experiences, became aksakals, and practiced this role at the bazaar, thus showing how a pre-Soviet, rural village institution became reappropriated in a new urban market context.

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Kononenko, Natalie. « Ukrainian Wedding Rituals ». Dans The Oxford Handbook of Slavic and East European Folklore, C2.P1—C2.N8. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190080778.013.2.

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Abstract Traditional Ukrainian village weddings are rites of passage that affect the young couple, their families, and the entire village. Rural Ukrainians live in close proximity to one another with fields fanning out from the occupied center, a pattern that produces involvement in neighbors’ lives. Traditional weddings begin with rites of courtship that involve all unmarried young women and men. The marriage ceremony itself lasts several days and has songs, gift exchanges, and processions aimed at cementing the union of the couple and easing tensions between the family that surrenders their daughter to a different household and the groom’s home that takes in a stranger. The entire village is invited to the wedding, and once the wedding is complete, villagers continue celebrating by staging a carnival. Modern urban weddings are more private affairs with a limited number of guests. Elements of Soviet civil weddings have been incorporated in cities and villages.

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Drwal, Małgorzata. « The Hybridity of South African Working-Class Literature ». Dans Working-Class Literature(s) Volume II. Historical and International Perspectives, 165–208. Stockholm University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16993/bbf.g.

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In this chapter I present an overview of the most prominent trends in South African working-class literature from the beginning of the 20th century until 1994. Since its emergence, South African working class was a heterogeneous formation which encompassed diverse ethnicities, both of European and non-European origin. Each of them created its own literature and culture, using various languages, incorporating traditional elements and means of expression, and merging them with borrowed foreign discourses and literary devices belonging to the repertoire of socialist literature that had been created mostly in the Soviet Union, the USA and other European countries. Consequently, South African working-class literature can be conceived of as conglomerate of heteroglot hybrid forms and manifestations of a subversive counter-discourse of protest literature. The forms presented here include writings of European socialists commenting on South African situation, novels utilizing the Jim goes to Joburg plot pattern, drama incorporating the Soviet socialist realism and references to the Afrikaans farm novel, Afrikaans folk tunes functioning as protest songs, and black workers praise poetry based on tribal oral conventions. As a carrier of a new working-class identity, this literature promoted a modern urban model which, nevertheless, relied on the continuity with local rural traditions.

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