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1
Wołek, Marcin. « Sustainable mobility planning in Poland ». Transport Economics and Logistics 76 (4 décembre 2018) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.76.01.
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For some time, sustainable urban mobility planning has been in the centre of attention of various cities and municipalities in Poland. Its substance involves integrating the urban transport and spatial policy. While the transport policy is well established in the functioning of Polish cities, its impact on their spatial sphere regarding balancing the mobility is extremely insufficient. The situation is even more difficult in metropolitan areas combining various territorial, functional and spatial subsystems. The article presents the idea and scope of sustainable urban mobility planning, the process of making the mobility in the Polish cities more sustainable, review of strategic documents on the national level referring to the said issue and the process of space metropolization as a challenge for developing mobility in a sustainable manner.
2
Lityński, Piotr, et Artur Hołuj. « Urban Sprawl Risk Delimitation : The Concept for Spatial Planning Policy in Poland ». Sustainability 12, no 7 (26 mars 2020) : 2637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072637.
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Urban sprawl is a process shaping the space of contemporary urban areas. The costs generated by this phenomenon force central and local authorities to adopt and implement a spatial policy limiting those costs. However, there is no method in Polish spatial policy that determines the extent of this phenomenon around cities, and thus identifies the area of intervention. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to propose a method of delimitation of urban areas at risk of urban sprawl. The proposed method of delimitation honors the characteristics of urban sprawl relating to spatial structure, socio-economic processes and efficiency of spatial policy. The method can be useful for conducting spatial policy aimed at reducing costs due to urban sprawl. It particularly pertains to the policy implemented at the central and regional level. Research results indicate that, in most Polish urban areas, delimitations used thus far designate too little of the area around core cities. Although the goals of reducing the negative consequences of urban sprawl are formulated at the level of national spatial policy, the methods of delimitation used thus far do not take into account the specificity of this phenomenon. Underestimating the extent of urban sprawl results in a lack of effectiveness of spatial policy due to the omission of specific areas in public intervention. This particularity is related to the fact that these are usually external areas—the most distant from the core city. These areas have the highest costs for urban sprawl. At the same time, these are areas in the early stages of spatial growth, in which a consistent spatial structure can still be kept while implementing proper spatial policy.
3
Idczak, Piotr, et Ida Musiałkowska. « Urban Regeneration as a Specific Type of Public Policy Response to Urban Decline. The Case of Poland ». Open Political Science 4, no 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0019.
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Abstract The paper examines the issue of whether the process of policy formulation and implementation on urban regeneration in Poland is done pursuant to the rules of a cycle of public policy-making. This is carried out through the use of the functioning cycle of public policy in Poland proposed by Zybała (2015) that stresses the specificities of Polish conditions in the public policy-making. Hence, the aim of the study is to provide an overview of public policy-making on urban regeneration in the context of legislative and institutional-administrative practices. In the light of increasingly complex challenges faced by cities, there is a need for the necessary counter-balancing regeneration measures taking a form of state sponsored public policy. Therefore, the Act on Regeneration was adopted in 2015. The paper concludes that the adoption of this Act was dominated by the legislator which, with relatively little contribution from other stakeholders, resulted in a rather unambitious set of legal provisions on regeneration that have not substantially changed the instrumental approach of local authorities to urban regeneration.
4
Aleksandra, Jadach-Sepioło, et Wojciech Jarczewski. « Housing Policy as a Part of Urban Regeneration Policy — The Case of Poland ». Journal of Business and Economics 6, no 2 (20 février 2015) : 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/02.06.2015/016.
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Felis, Paweł, Henryk Rosłaniec et Joanna Szlęzak-Matusewicz. « PROPERTY TAX POLICY OF RURAL AND URBAN-RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no 4 (30 décembre 2019) : 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.42.
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The article presents research on the local property tax policy of rural and urban-rural municipalities in Poland. Various methods were used to investigate the data interdependencies of mathematical statistics (Pearson’s correlation test, Spearman’s correlation test and Pearson’s independence test). For direct data and coefficients, Pearson’s classic correlation was used. With regard to the processed, dichotomic and enumerated data (including the contingency tables), Spearman’s rank correlation was used. The study showed that the tax policy of the analysed municipalities was differentiated and could, under certain conditions, give rise to a positive upward tendency of incomes generated in property tax – which should be seen as an original contribution of work from the authors of this article.
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Kaczmarek, Tomasz. « Functional Urban Areas as the Focus of Development Policy in Poland ». Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, no 29 (20 mars 2015) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2015.29.02.
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Lityński, Piotr, et Artur Hołuj. « Macroeconomic Perspective on Urban Sprawl : A Multidimensional Approach in Poland ». Land 10, no 2 (26 janvier 2021) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020116.
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There are important relationships between the urban sprawl process and economic growth. They are usually expressed through spatial relations and changes taking place in the local, regional and national economy. The temporal and spatial dimension, including dispersed location, are the determinants of development and economic growth. Therefore, the urban sprawl phenomenon and the related location, hypothetically conditioning economic growth, should be subject to macroeconomic research. The article examines how urban sprawl affects the national budget and national economic growth. Unlike many studies where urban sprawl is studied by scattering the population around cities, we undertake more complex examination using buildings’ location. Urban sprawl, as we understand it, is a spontaneous spread of buildings around cities. To assess the spontaneity, we use a grid of squares with a side of 500 m. The squares are used to calculate the morphological indicators of urban sprawl. Therefore, quantified urban sprawl is one side of the equation; on the other side are macroeconomic variables. In this way, we examine the relationship between urban sprawl and the national budget and economic growth of Poland. The conclusions obtained are, e.g., urban sprawl does not have a negative effect on the national economy and the budget. This is a different conclusion from those thus far. There are also different conclusions on the regional level. Based on the research results, we formulate recommendations for national economic policy and spatial policy.
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Runge, Anna, Jerzy Runge, Iwona Kantor-Pietraga et Robert Krzysztofik. « Does urban shrinkage require urban policy ? The case of a post-industrial region in Poland ». Regional Studies, Regional Science 7, no 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 476–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1831947.
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Śmiechowski, Kamil. « How to govern the city ? Polish debates about urban policy during the First World War ». Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 20, no 2 (30 décembre 2021) : 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1644-857x.20.02.03.
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The subject of the article are Polish debates on urban policy during the First World War. This four-year period of time was, on the one hand, a huge economic and humanitarian crisis in the cities of the Kingdom of Poland. On the other hand, society achieved the possibility of self-organization through the organization of civic committees, but later also by taking part in municipal elections to councils established in the areas occupied by Central Powers and political campaigns in Warsaw or Łódź – two biggest and the most important cities in the Kingdom of Poland. Author analyzes the most representative aspects of an urban discourse from that period (including press and specialist literature published in Warsaw and Łódź), with particular emphasis on the issue of the dispute about the optimal shape of urban policy, scope of the self-government and the proper direction of urban development on the eve of Poland’s regaining independence and other Central and Eastern European countries. although the issue of municipal self-government appeared in almost every newspaper at that time, the new framework for city politics in Poland emerged in discussions between specialists and authors with the biggest knowledge and longtime experience in writing about this subject.
10
Koźlak, Aleksandra, et Dagmara Wach. « Causes of traffic congestion in urban areas. Case of Poland ». SHS Web of Conferences 57 (2018) : 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185701019.
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The dynamic development of urban areas poses increasingly more challenges for the provision of transport services for the population. The concentration of the economic potential and population in the metropolitan areas results in the occurrence of large transport needs, and when these needs are met at the same time, the phenomenon of congestion occurs. The purpose of the article is to research the relationship between various factors contributing to congestion in urban traffic and the level of congestion in Polish cities. The authors have used statistical methods such as correlation and regression analysis. The research has shown that the most statistically significant relationships have occurred in the case of the number of business entities and the number of passenger cars. It can be concluded that the demand side factors are more important in Polish cities than the supply side factors or perhaps the current transport policy is ineffective. When effectively applied, transport policy instruments can play a special role. These instruments can contribute to reducing congestion in various ways, i.e. by implementing various sub-objectives, which include reducing the need to travel, reducing the use of passenger cars, improving the functioning of public transport and use of the infrastructure. The results of this study can be useful for transport policy makers at central, regional and local levels.
11
Czech, Artur, Anna Biezdudnaja, Jerzy Lewczuk et Władimir Razumowskij. « Quantitative assessment of urban transport development – a spatial approach ». Engineering Management in Production and Services 10, no 1 (1 mars 2018) : 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2018-0003.
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Abstract Urban transport is considered the basis of properly functioning cities and their development. The main aim of the paper is to attempt the assessment of urban transport development in selected voivodeships (provinces) as a crucial factor of macro logistics. The research also aimed to identify the underdeveloped areas of urban transport in Poland as the basis for the implementation of support policy. The source of information in the investigation process was data drawn from the Central Statistical Office in Poland for 2013–2016. In the scope of dealing with the research problem, chosen classical and order multivariate statistical measures were implemented into the research process. Next, the taxonomic measures for the years of interest served as the basis for the construction of the total (general) synthetic measure applicable to the entire period. The main results and findings of the research indicate that the level of urban transport development is correlated with the whole transportation system which affects the socio-economic development of some regions of Poland. The research can lead to a better understanding of Polish urban transportation development in selected regions. Hence, the results can be helpful in the investment process and for shaping the right transportation policy to improve the use of financial resources.
12
Strzelecka, Elżbieta. « Urban development versus sustainable development in Poland ». Management of Environmental Quality : An International Journal 19, no 2 (29 février 2008) : 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830810856627.
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Blazyca, George, Krystian Heffner et Ewa Helinska-Hughes. « POLAND - CAN REGIONAL POLICY MEET THE CHALLENGE OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS ? » European Urban and Regional Studies 9, no 3 (1 juillet 2002) : 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967642002009003037.
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Dukaczewski, Dariusz, et Anna Markowska. « Urban Policy Observatory Programme for Sustainable Cities and Communities Mapping in Poland ». Abstracts of the ICA 3 (13 décembre 2021) : 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-72-2021.
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Ciesiółka, Przemysław. « Urban Regeneration as a New Trend in the Development Policy in Poland ». Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no 2 (26 avril 2018) : 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0015.
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Abstract Regeneration of degraded areas takes an important position in the Polish development policy. It is included in the legal framework resulting from the Regeneration Act and the Physical Planning and Spatial Development Act. It constitutes a significant element in the programming of socio-economic and spatial development. This is largely thanks to the EU funds which are the basis for financing the projects and programmes for regeneration. In the country’s development policy a complex approach to regeneration is promoted, manifested by the concentration of activities in the most neglected areas, integrated activities carried out with a broad social participation which will be continuously monitored and evaluated on this basis. The Polish model of regeneration, formulated in such a way, gives hope for the elimination of critical situations in cities and communes.
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Polanska, Dominika V. « Urban policy and the rise of gated housing in post-socialist Poland ». GeoJournal 79, no 4 (5 février 2014) : 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9532-3.
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Jaroszewska, Emilia, et Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz. « Drivers, Scale, and Geography of Urban Shrinkage in Poland and Policy Responses ». Journal of Urban Planning and Development 146, no 4 (décembre 2020) : 05020021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000601.
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Gorgoń, Justyna. « Regeneration of urban and post-industrial areas within the context of adaptation to climate change – the Polish perspective ». Urban Development Issues 53, no 1 (20 janvier 2018) : 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/udi-2017-0002.
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AbstractAdaptation to climate change has become an important element of urban policy development in the member states of the European Union. These issues are dealt with in EU documents, as well as in national and local strategies and city adaptation plans. In Poland, the challenge of preparing for climate change has been presented in the Strategic Adaptation Plan for Sectors and Areas Sensitive to Climate Change in Poland within the Perspective of 2030 referring to sectors and areas sensitive to the impact of climate change. Adaptation to climate change is a key element in creating spatial policy for cities and urbanised areas at different levels. One of the most important issues of this policy is the quality of the renovated urban areas and its role in connecting-up and strengthening adaptation capacity. Among the strategic areas indicated in the above-mentioned document, there is also urban policy taking climate change into consideration. One of the selected problem areas relating to the development of urban policy is the renewal and strengthening of the development potential of towns and cities via the regeneration of degraded urban areas and post-industrial land in cities. Both local authorities, entities whose professional role is to deal with urban issues, and the inhabitants of urbanised areas face a twofold challenge. This consists of enhancing the quality of urban areas via regeneration and strengthening the city’s potential for adaptation. That is why it is extremely important to notice the interconnections and opportunities provided by urban renewal and regeneration programmes and projects in the context of adaptation to climate change. Synergy of activities in those two areas of urban policy may bring about very measurable benefits and may enable a cohesive solution to be adopted with regard to many crucial environmental, social, and economic problems.
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Kwartnik-Pruc, Anita, et Anna Trembecka. « Public Green Space Policy Implementation : A Case Study of Krakow, Poland ». Sustainability 13, no 2 (8 janvier 2021) : 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020538.
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Green space is essential for the implementation of the idea of sustainable urban development. This paper contains original research on the implementation of local government tasks in the development of public green space. The aim of this research was to analyse the actions taken by the municipal authorities regarding the development of public green space, including the acquisition of real properties, the regulation of their legal status, as well as the adoption of planning and programme documents. The Polish Central Statistical Office data on the public green space of the largest cities in Poland were analysed in order to determine the dynamics of changes. Then, the focus was placed on Krakow, where the authors analysed in detail the distribution and type of urban green space as well as the actions taken by the Municipality to both extend it and to protect it against building development. The criterion of green space accessibility to city residents was indicated as a necessary aspect to be considered in the overall assessment of the existing greenery. The conclusions include the assessment of the actions of the Krakow authorities and the observed trends in the development of public green space.
20
Kwartnik-Pruc, Anita, et Anna Trembecka. « Public Green Space Policy Implementation : A Case Study of Krakow, Poland ». Sustainability 13, no 2 (8 janvier 2021) : 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020538.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Green space is essential for the implementation of the idea of sustainable urban development. This paper contains original research on the implementation of local government tasks in the development of public green space. The aim of this research was to analyse the actions taken by the municipal authorities regarding the development of public green space, including the acquisition of real properties, the regulation of their legal status, as well as the adoption of planning and programme documents. The Polish Central Statistical Office data on the public green space of the largest cities in Poland were analysed in order to determine the dynamics of changes. Then, the focus was placed on Krakow, where the authors analysed in detail the distribution and type of urban green space as well as the actions taken by the Municipality to both extend it and to protect it against building development. The criterion of green space accessibility to city residents was indicated as a necessary aspect to be considered in the overall assessment of the existing greenery. The conclusions include the assessment of the actions of the Krakow authorities and the observed trends in the development of public green space.
21
PUTKOWSKA-SMOTER, RENATA, et JAN FRANKOWSKI. « RIGHT TO THE MAP ? COUNTER-MAPPING PRACTICES OF SMOG ALERTS AND URBAN GREENERY MOVEMENTS IN POLAND ». Society Register 4, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.4.06.
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Data production is becoming an emerging trend in critical urban activism. Precise and reliable public information, including spatial and environmental information, serves individual and collective ‘right to the city’ beliefs. One of the common strategies adopted by contemporary urban movements to ensure the accuracy and inclusiveness of urban data production processes are various forms of counter-mapping, which we introduce in this paper as a perspective aimed in critical evaluation of urban environmental conditions in Polish cities. By process tracing of smog alerts and urban greenery movements, we investigate the main strategies of using such tools and their effects for both particular social actors, and general urban environmental policy. We argue that the core idea of a citizen-driven collection of geographical data is strongly supported by its other features – social involvement and collective production of visualizations illustrating the scale and dynamics of particular environmental problems. In this sense, counter-mapping is aimed rather at repoliticizing urban environmental data in order to critically evaluate existing urban policy, than just to ensure greater citizen involvement in environmental decision-making.
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Grosse, Tomasz Grzegorz. « Euro-Commentary : An Evaluation of the Regional Policy System in Poland ». European Urban and Regional Studies 13, no 2 (avril 2006) : 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776406058965.
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Salamon, Jeremiasz. « Instrumenty programowania wymiaru miejskiego polityki spójności Unii Europejskiej na lata 2021–2027 na przykładzie Polski ». Zarządzanie Publiczne, no 3 (55) (2021) : 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843968zp.21.009.16514.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie instrumentów programowania wymiaru miejskiego polityki spójności oraz zasad i warunków ich wdrażania w Polsce w ramach perspektywy finansowej UE na lata 2021–2027. Dotyczy to w szczególności wykorzystywanych w ramach tej polityki zintegrowanych inwestycji terytorialnych oraz tzw. innych instrumentów terytorialnych. W ocenie autora instrumentarium przygotowane na szczeblach UE oraz krajowym (Polski) w związku z kolejną unijną perspektywą finansową będzie przyczyniać się do dalszej terytorializacji polityki spójności, w tym zwłaszcza poprzez umacnianie jej wymiaru miejskiego. Wykorzystując metodę desk research, autor poddał analizie europejskie, krajowe oraz regionalne dokumenty strategiczno-programowe oraz akty powszechnie obowiązującego prawa stanowiące formalną podstawę wspierania przez UE zrównoważonego rozwoju miast w latach 2021–2027. Instruments for programming of the urban dimension of the EU Cohesion Policy 2021–2027 on the example of Poland This article aims to present the instruments for programming of the urban dimension of the Cohesion Policy as well as the principles and conditions for their implementation in Poland within the EU financial perspective for 2021–2027. This applies in particular to integrated territorial investments and the so-called other territorial tools. In the author’s opinion, the instruments prepared at the EU and national (Poland) level in connection with the next EU financial perspective will contribute to the territorialisation of the Cohesion Policy, including by strengthening its urban dimension. Using the desk research method, the author analysed European, national and regional strategic and program documents and acts of generally applicable law constituting the formal basis for EU support for sustainable urban development in the programming period for 2021–2027.
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Masierek, Edyta. « Urban regeneration programming in Poland in the years 2014–2020 ». European Spatial Research and Policy 28, no 1 (30 juin 2021) : 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.28.1.12.
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In 2015, the National Urban Policy, The Urban Regeneration Law, and the Guidelines regarding urban regeneration in operational programmes for the years 2014–2020 were adopted in Poland. These documents marked a new direction for developing and implementing these difficult processes. Simultaneously, communes received support which was supposed to help them plan urban regeneration properly on the basis of reliable diagnoses of the initial state, considering their endogenous features and potentials, with active participation of local communities. The aim of the article is to present the Polish approach to regeneration programming. Its background is the analysis of the definitions of urban regeneration which have functioned in Polish literature since the 1990s followed by a presentation of Western European stages of the evolution of this subject. The analysis offered in the article as well as the resulting conclusions show that the Polish approach to regeneration follows the integrated model prevalent in Europe. It fits the discussions between the academics and practitioners regarding the designation of degraded areas in cities, the principles of regeneration programming, and active involvement of different stakeholders in the aforementioned processes.
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Murzyn, Dorota. « Urban development under EU cohesion policy – an example of major cities in Poland ». Urban Development Issues 53, no 1 (20 janvier 2018) : 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/udi-2017-0003.
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Abstract One of the objectives of Poland’s accession to the European Union was to accelerate modernisation and development processes both nationally and locally. Cohesion policy measures provide a way to support these modernisation processes, and cities, especially large ones, play a particular role in this regard. The study aims to assess the role of EU cohesion policy funds in urban development in Poland (with the example of major cities – cities with poviat status). The expenditure on the implementation of projects financed with EU funds accounts for more than half of the investment expenditure of cities with poviat status. Placing it in the context of the full spectrum of public intervention, as well as investments by businesses and other actors on the territories of cities, those cities are the largest beneficiaries of EU cohesion funds in Poland. In the light of the results of quantitative research it can be said that the implementation of cohesion policy is important for large cities and has had an impact on the improvement of their economic situation. By analysing the thematic structure of the projects that have been carried out and co-financed with EU funds we can see that they have contributed to smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, but the scale of this impact should be the subject of further research.
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Badach, Joanna, Małgorzata Dymnicka et Andrzej Baranowski. « Urban Vegetation in Air Quality Management : A Review and Policy Framework ». Sustainability 12, no 3 (10 février 2020) : 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031258.
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Recent episodes of high air pollution concentration levels in many Polish cities indicate the urgent need for policy change and for the integration of various aspects of urban development into a common platform for local air quality management. In this article, the focus was placed on the prospects of improving urban air quality through proper design and protection of vegetation systems within local spatial planning strategies. Recent studies regarding the mitigation of air pollution by urban greenery due to deposition and aerodynamic effects were reviewed, with special attention given to the design guidelines resulting from these studies and their applicability in the process of urban planning. The conclusions drawn from the review were used to conduct three case studies: in Gdańsk, Warsaw, and Poznań, Poland. The existing local urban planning regulations for the management of urban greenery were critically evaluated in relation to the findings of the review. The results indicate that the current knowledge regarding the improvement of urban air quality by vegetation is not applied in the process of urban planning to a sufficient degree. Some recommendations for alternative provisions were discussed.
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Zalech, Mirosław. « The Place of Tourism in Promotional Policy of Communes from Eastern Poland ». Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 21, no 1 (1 mars 2014) : 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0006.
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Abstract Introduction. Promotion in managing local government units constitutes a significant element of communication with various groups of stakeholders, mainly with inhabitants and tourists. This instrument is playing a more and more significant role in the competition for limited resources. Therefore, its significance for territorial marketing is growing. The aim of the study was to identify the directions and range of promotional activity undertaken by communes taking into account their type and financial resources devoted to fulfilling tasks within this area and to define their competitive position. Material and methods. The research was conducted in compliance with the principles of indirect measurement method and data were collected with the use of a questionnaire. Additionally, statistical methods and the author's own method of “assessing promotional position” of local government units were used. The analysis included results obtained from 50 communes from eastern Poland (27 rural, 10 urban and 13 urban-rural communes). Results and conclusions. The research made it possible to identify the competitive position of a commune concerning its promotional activity aimed at inhabitants and tourists, taking into account its territorial range. Additionally, differences in using particular promotional tools were revealed and differences concerning the territorial range and segments which the activities undertaken by the communes are aimed at were noted. The calculations showed the correlation between money spent on promotion by the examined units and their general revenue.
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Kusiak, Joanna. « Revitalizing urban revitalization in Poland : Towards a new agenda for research and practice ». Urban Development Issues 63, no 1 (10 octobre 2019) : 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0013.
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Abstract As a starting point, this paper recognizes the key role of the notion of ‘revitalization’ in the development of the multi-sectoral approach to urban renewal in Poland over the last 15 years. Thus, while acknowledging the important limitations of revitalization programs to date, it aims not so much to reject or criticize the current model revitalization, but rather to ‘revitalize’ the notion of revitalization itself. Based both on interviews with engaged practitioners of revitalization in Poland and on a review of practices existing elsewhere, this paper seeks to infuse the Polish imaginary of revitalization with transformative policy agendas.
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Kantor-Pietraga, Iwona. « Does One Decade of Urban Policy for the Shrinking City Make Visible Progress in Urban Re-Urbanization ? A Case Study of Bytom, Poland ». Sustainability 13, no 8 (15 avril 2021) : 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084408.
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Planning and managing the declining fortunes of shrinking cities are essential in shaping urban policy in post-industrial urban societies, especially in Central and Eastern European states. Many studies emphasize city management and redevelopment as important policy constituencies for driving revitalization. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about policy-making and the underlying political and socio-economic disagreements that impact successful measures to reverse urbanization and regenerate post-industrial cities. This paper provides a case of urban policy-making for Bytom—a severely shrinking city in southern Poland. This article aims to clarify the mismatch between the city’s policy and the socio-economic situation Bytom after 2010. This discrepancy could have weakened effective policy to address shrinkage and revitalization. Statistical and cartographic methods (choropleth maps) helped analyze the socio-economic changes in Bytom and its shrinking. The issues related to the city’s policy were based primarily on free-form interviews and the analysis of municipal and regional documents concerning Bytom. The conducted research shows the need for concerted and coordinated policy direction that considers the real possibilities of implementing pro-development projects. Such expectations also result from the opinions of local communities. Finding a compromise between the idea of active support for projects implemented in a shrinking city and an appropriate urban policy is expected. Such an approach also requires further strengthening of social and economic participation in local and regional governance.
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Borén, Thomas, Patrycja Grzyś et Craig Young. « Intra-urban connectedness, policy mobilities and creative city-making : national conservatism vs. urban (neo)liberalism ». European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no 3 (31 mars 2020) : 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776420913096.
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This article aims to advance the literature on policy mobility by decentring the primacy of mobility itself and focusing on understanding what cities do in order to ‘arrive at’ localized versions of urban policy in relation to globally circulating ideas around creativity. The paper explores the performance of a particular local ‘creative economy’ in terms of institutional and strategic adjustments, key drivers and individuals and events, and the role of long-term local, national and international influences on ‘creative cityness’. It does this through an analysis of cultural and creativity policy and local stakeholders in the cultural policy scene in Gdańsk, Poland, focusing on the local performative aspects of mobile policies and arguing the need to understand the formation of a ‘common local project’ as a form of intra-urban connectedness alongside inter-urban connectedness. The paper extends the range of contexts in which the ‘creative city’ has been analysed to include post-socialist, post-European Union accession Central and Eastern Europe, thus making an original contribution by studying these issues in the context of the complex multi-scalar relations between the city, national government and the supranational European Union and the ideological conflict between national authoritarian neoliberalism and urban and supranational scale (neo-)liberalism.
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Wasilewski, Maciej, Barbara Szulczewska et Renata Giedych. « Visitors’ Perception of Urban Nature Reserves in Poland ». Sustainability 11, no 14 (10 juillet 2019) : 3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143768.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The importance of green areas for the well-being of city dwellers, upgrading their living conditions and health, has been discussed in a great number of publications. Relatively few studies have been devoted to urban natural protected areas. These areas are distinct due to the very often conflicting goals of their establishment and the social functions that they perform. Legal regulations concerning the establishment and management of these areas in force in Poland do not take into account the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, it seems justified to change the regulations and to establish a separate form of nature protection, particularly in the case of the nature reserves, as these most often appear in Polish cities and have the highest protection status. In order to support or refute this stipulation, the urban nature reserve (UNR) visitors were questioned (through a survey available online for six months in 2018). Eight-hundred and sixty-nine respondents took part in the survey. It revealed that most of the respondents perceived nature reserves located in cities as recreational areas; however, they were also aware of their multifunctional character. Such results support the conclusion that in order to effectively manage this type of area in cities, a concept of distinctive urban conservation areas should be developed.
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Kamrowska‐Załuska, Dorota, et Hanna Obracht‐Prondzyńska. « Urban regeneration in urban functional areas in Poland as an instrument of implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy ». Growth and Change 51, no 1 (6 janvier 2020) : 278–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12361.
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SZYMAŃSKA, Wioletta. « DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN TOURIST REGIONS IN POLAND ». GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 43, no 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.43332-926.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Demographic processes in well-developed countries constitute an urgent research problem especially in terms of developmental opportunities of local settlements. It is an important issue in tourist regions which allows to conduct appropriate population policy. If the impact of demographic factors on economic development turned out to be significant, it should become a subject of scientific and practical analyses. Pomerania Province is one of the most profitable tourist regions in Poland. The summer season and leisure tourism at the seaside are of the utmost importance. The analysis concerned the towns of Pomerania Province in terms of demographic changes and their impact on the economic development. The analysis was conducted in the years 1995-2020 and it covered the changes that had taken place before Poland joined the EU (2004) as well as the period of fully functioning market economy. Apart from the time period which gives a picture of trends and intensity of the changes, the towns were also distinguished in terms of size showing various trends in big cities and medium-size and small towns.
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Lityński, Piotr. « Infrastructure Expenditures versus Local Budget Resistance of Communes under the Risk of Urban Sprawl ». Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 15, no 1 (25 mai 2017) : 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.448.
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The subject of the study is to identify the impact on communes budgets in Poland of one of the major costs of urban sprawl (i.e., excessive expenditure on infrastructure). The study takes two objectives: first, whether excessive infrastructure costs in Polish communes are common; second, what the mechanism is determining an excessive budgetary burden on communes through infrastructure expenditures. The objectives were made using taxonomic methods in relation to the 222 communes in Poland 2007–2014. Among the most important conclusions from the study is the fact, that excessive infrastructure expenditures are observed in Poland, but they are not a common phenomenon. The mechanism of an excessive budgetary burden of these expenses is determined by the weakness of the financial policy of the communes in terms of their own revenue and low level of economic development.
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Miszczuk, Andrzej, et Piotr Miszczuk. « European Union Climate Policy — the Local Dimension ». Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 18, no 1 (14 septembre 2022) : 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.720.
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This paper aims to provide an insight into the opportunities and shortcomings with regard to the implementation of the European Green Deal (EGD) at the local level. Based on the example of Poland, the article centres around the main points, objectives, as well as financing sources of the EGD. Furthermore, the article assesses the possibilities of employing existing and new local planning instruments, with particular emphasis on municipal climate change adaptation plans. In order to elucidate the implementation of the EGD, the paper also indicates some practical transformation actions in the local economy in the field of energy and urban transport.
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Ciepiela, Agnieszka, et Marceli Łasocha. « URBAN SPRAWL AND SPATIAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS : THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BIECZ, POLAND ». space&FORM 2020, no 44 (3 décembre 2020) : 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.c-03.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cities all over the world are expanding their suburbs, which typically feature districts comprised of single-family development - urban sprawl. In recent years, urban sprawl has also become highly visible in Poland, not only in the vicinity of large cities like Krakow, Rzeszow or Warsaw, but has also affected several smaller municipalities, e.g. in the south of the country. Based on the case study of the municipality of Biecz, located at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, it was concluded that spatial disharmony is strongly linked with municipal policy. The lack of precise legal regulations causes areas that are assigned for development in planning documents to exceed the actual development potential of the municipalities themselves.
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Gielen, Demetrio Muñoz, Tomasz Ossowicz et Tomasz Piotr Zaborowski. « Failure and opportunities of public value capture and developer obligations in Polish urban development ». Miscellanea Geographica 26, no 1 (31 janvier 2022) : 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0071.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract As many countries pursue private financing for urban public infrastructure, the tools for public value capture (PVC) gain prominence. This paper analyses Polish PVC tools in general, and spotlights a specific type: developer obligations (DOs). The authors conclude that the tools are ineffective for a series of reasons: negligence in the elaboration of pragmatic rationales (to mitigate the negative impacts of urban development), a lack of feasible (affordable) coercive land policy tools, and legislation (which puts Poland in sharp contrast to other countries) that prohibits municipalities from requiring DOs in exchange for approval of a land-use plan or planning permit, as well as the general ban on securing such obligations in a planning agreement (except for specific situations introduced by recent laws that have not yet been applied). As a consequence, new urban development in Poland neither includes sufficient urban public infrastructure, nor does it provide for social/affordable housing.
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Gałka, Paweł, Krzysztof Grzelec, Katarzyna Hebel, Eamonn Judge et Olgierd Wyszomirski. « Urban public transport as a tool of sustainable mobility policy – the example of Poland ». Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, no 31 (30 septembre 2020) : 154–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.31.01.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The assumptions and goals of sustainable urban mob ility are defined in global and national documents, for example, the United Nations 2030 Agenda and in the Transport Policy of the State of Poland for 2006–2025. Achieving these goals is a long process. Tools and actions have been identified that play a fundamental role in achieving sustainable mobility, and various methods of measuring the effectiveness of these activities have been presented and compared. The article presents the following research hypotheses: achieving the goals of sustainable mobility through the development of the public transport offer requires the use of modern management methods, it is necessary to identify the main attributes of public transport that determine the use of this type of transport and to finance those elements of the transport offer that correspond to these attributes. The aim of the article is to assess the role of public transport as an element of sustainable mobility and to explain the reasons for unsatisfactory policy effects in Poland. Analysing the effectiveness of actions and tools used in Polish cities in achieving the goals of sustainable mobility, the processes of management in public transport and shaping the attributes of transport services and technical solutions were selected for the analysis. The analysis was carried out on the example of selected Polish cities. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors formulated conclusions: the idea of sustainable mobility development is an element of the transport policy of modern European cities, achieving sustainable development requires changes in the structure of urban transport, effective implementation of a sustainable mobility policy leads to changes in transport behaviour, the condition for increasing the share of public transport is to increase the attractiveness of its services. Detailed conclusions were defined in relation to selected Polish cities, in particular Gdańsk and Gdynia. The use of public transport by people who can travel by car can be increase by affecting the freedom to use passenger cars in cities through traffic and parking restrictions. The most effective tool that limits the use of private cars turns out to be parking fees in the city. Conclusions from the conducted research allowed us to confirm the research hypotheses of the article.
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Lisowska, Alicja, et Andrzej Tiukało. « Adaptability in Environmental Policy at the Commune Level Carried Out in Poland Based on the Example of the Urban Plan of Adaptation to Climate Changes ». Polish Political Science Review 9, no 1 (1 juin 2021) : 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppsr-2021-0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The effects of the observed climate changes constitute a real problem in the surrounding environment due to the scale and frequency of natural catastrophic events. This state of affairs prompts various types of entities, including institutions, to undertake adaptation measures as part of environmental policy, both at the international and local levels. In Poland, the entities responsible for the implementation of this policy at the local level are, inter alia, the voivodeship, the poviat and the commune authorities. The authors present the Urban Adaptation Plans (MPA for short) prepared in 44 Polish cities, which can be an example of a document where the main goal is to increase the adaptability of cities to a changing climate. On the basis of the identified list of types of adaptation measures provided for in all prepared Urban Adaptation Plans, the pragmatic nature of the implemented adaptation measures has been demonstrated, which will not cause any changes to basic attributes of the social and ecological system of cities. Thus, 44 cities in Poland will manage the process of gradual adaptation up to 2024, i.e., until when the Urban Adaptation Plans will require updating.
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Wichowska, Anna. « Economic Aspects of Shrinking Cities in Poland in the Context of Regional Sustainable Development ». Sustainability 13, no 6 (12 mars 2021) : 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063104.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Two trends are observed in contemporary cities around the world: whereas some urban areas develop rapidly and experience population growth, a steady population decline is noted in other cities. Demographic changes in urban areas are also accompanied by economic changes. These changes constitute a very serious challenge for sustainable regional growth. However, these problems have not been sufficiently investigated to date, including in Poland. The aim of this study was to identify shrinking cities in Poland and the phenomena that are related to the economic aspects of urban shrinkage in Poland. Empirical research relied on analysis of the population growth rate in Polish urban municipalities, and the phenomena related to the economic aspects of urban shrinkage were identified by multiple linear regression analysis. The period of research was 2003–2019. Thirty-three Polish cities experienced a steady population decline. The economic phenomena related to urban shrinkage included changes in own-source revenues, proportions of government transfers in municipal budgets, unemployment, migration, municipal spending on education, transport, communications, and social welfare. Population decline was not related to changes in the age-dependency ratio, public spending on housing, the number of companies, or the number of vacant homes in cities. The research results can be a source of important information for regional sustainable growth policies used not only in cities and regions in Poland, but also in other Central and Eastern European countries where this phenomenon occurs.
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Busłowska, Anna. « Zróżnicowanie rozwoju miejskich obszarów funkcjonalnych ośrodków wojewódzkich w Polsce ». Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 70, no 2 (2022) : 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.2.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
More than half of the world’s population lives in cities. Also, in Poland, urbanisation processes are still progressing. Moreover, the impact of an urban zone itself does not end with administrative boundaries. There are a number of functional connections between a given urban centre and its surroundings. Thus, functional urban areas begin to play a more important role in development policy. In particular, this aspect has gained importance in the face of the introduction, in 2014, of new territorial instruments of the EU cohesion policy, such as Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI). The introduction of ITI was associated with formalising the operation of functional urban areas in Poland (FUA), mainly in the area of voivodeship centres. After a few years of their functioning, it is worth taking a closer look at their diversity. The aim of the study is, therefore, to determine the differentiation in the level of development of functional areas of voivodeship capital cities in Poland and their classification. The research was carried out with the use of the TOPSIS method on the basis of available, selected data from the Central Statistical Office. As a result of the research, FUAs were assigned to various classes of the level of socio-economic development and ranked in terms of the value of the synthetic indicator of socio-economic development that was constructed under the TOPSIS method. As a result of the study, it was found that, in general, studied units are characterised by rather small differentiation in the level of development; however, there are quite large discrepancies in the level of the synthetic indicator of socio-economic development between FUAs with the highest and the lowest value of this indicator.
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Štraub, Daniel. « Riding without a ticket : geography of free fare public transport policy in Poland ». Urban Development Issues 64, no 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0020.
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Abstract A policy instrument promoting a free fare public transport policy (FFPT) has recently been put into practice in 66 municipalities across Poland. By contributing to the academic debate on the concept of FFPT (e.g. Kębłowski 2019), the main goal of this paper is to create a typology of the schemes where FFPT is in operation in Poland based on analyses of a geographical mapping of these projects. This study analyses how different municipalities are implementing the concept in order to define a typology of FFTP projects and to understand how the development landscape of the urban transport system is changing in the light of free fare transport policies, topics which are not fully covered in the academic literature. The findings confirm that there is a new dynamic in the development of urban transport systems and permit the identification of key characteristics of this trend. Besides the typology of implementation of FFPT, the study also presents an up-to-date inventory of FFPT projects with the key characteristic features of each system. Although the study does not provide specific recommendations regarding the introduction of a FFPT policy, it represents a good starting point for future and more detailed studies. Such studies are necessary in order to understand the role of FFPT not only in the context of the development of a given transport system, its impact on modal split, and travel behaviour, but also to uncover the different politics which lie behind them.
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Zarębski, Patrycjusz, Grzegorz Kwiatkowski, Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko et Ove Oklevik. « Tourism Investment Gaps in Poland ». Sustainability 11, no 22 (6 novembre 2019) : 6188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226188.
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Against a rapid and frequently unsustainable development of tourism in Poland, this article aims to recognize the investment attractiveness for tourism in Poland and its spatial diversity in the context of relieving the effects of overtourism. In the first stage, a multi-dimensional indicator model was developed, and then it was used to assess the attractiveness level of cities and rural, urban and urban-rural municipalities in Poland. The results of the study were the basis of the analysis of the attractiveness of cities in relation to their size, location in the tourist region and various forms of tourism. From a theoretical standpoint, the study shows that there is a clear-cut need to redirect tourism investments from the centres to more distinct locations in order to achieve more sustainable development of tourism. Furthermore, it was found, that the main factors that determine the tourism attractiveness of cities are market potential, cultural values, social infrastructure, and in some cases, natural values. The tourist potential of cities and rural areas allows for spatial dispersion of investments and counteracting the concentration of phenomena related to overtourism. The analysis was carried out for 2478 municipalities in Poland. The sums of zero unitarization method was used to assess the level of investment attractiveness.
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Sylla, Marta, Tadeusz Lasota et Szymon Szewrański. « Valuing Environmental Amenities in Peri-Urban Areas : Evidence from Poland ». Sustainability 11, no 3 (22 janvier 2019) : 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030570.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ecosystems provide services that contribute to the well-being of people living within a city’s borders and on the urban–rural fringe. While benefits from green areas in urban settings are well investigated, peri-urban areas are significantly less addressed by researchers than cities. This study aims to evaluate the importance of environmental amenities in peri-urban areas using the hedonic pricing method to assess people’s willingness to pay for environmental goods and services. A local regression model (geographically weighted regression) and two global regression models (generalized spatial two-stage least squares and ordinary least square) are used to identify the spatial patterns and level of influence of protected areas, forests, rivers, trees, and landscape diversity. This paper includes the Central European case study example of a peri-urban area of the city of Wroclaw, Poland. The results from the three models show that out of all of the environmental amenities included in this study, proximity to protected areas—such as Natura 2000 sites and landscape parks—and the diversity of land-use patches within the 500-m radius around the sites exert the strongest influence on plot prices. The overall impact of environmental amenities on vacant plot prices in peri-urban areas is low or, as in the case of river and streams, not significant. The results of the analysis reveal the preferences of the new peri-urban inhabitants concerning green spaces that have an effect on the real estate market in Poland.
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Szmygin, Katarzyna, et Olga Górnik. « Practical experiences in implementing participatory budgets on examples of selected cities in Poland ». Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no 1 (31 mars 2020) : 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2264.
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The article presents the idea of the participatory budget and the course of its subsequent editions in selected cities in Poland – Lublin and Olkusz. Since 2018, participatory budgets have been based on the binding law. For several years now, participatory budgets have played an important role in urban development policy in Poland and have been a part of the public debate on local development with the involvement of residents. The article describes selected parts of the 2018 Act and analyses the development of budgets in Lublin and Olkusz.
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Runge, Anna, Iwona Kantor-Pietraga, Jerzy Runge, Robert Krzysztofik et Weronika Dragan. « Can Depopulation Create Urban Sustainability in Postindustrial Regions ? A Case from Poland ». Sustainability 10, no 12 (6 décembre 2018) : 4633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124633.
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Many towns and cities in the world experience the process of urban shrinkage. This may be observed in localities of different types and of all sizes, including a large group of post-industrial towns and cities of Central and Eastern Europe. One of the districts affected by the urban shrinkage process is the Katowice conurbation in Poland, which may serve as a good example to consider the potential for introducing the idea of sustainable development. In this perspective, sustainability is considered as a specific challenge within the progress of regional transformation, but also a target concept for a large urban region to be followed throughout the evolution and at particular stages of the change. In the discussed region it is all the more important because it is followed by phenomena related to post(industrialism), relatively high pollution levels compared with the European average and a polycentric system of settlement. This paper states that the current urban policy implemented in the Katowice conurbation does not seem to have any palpable effect reversing the trend of depopulation in the region, which seems to stem from the fact that numerous initiatives undertaken in the area are ‘illusory’ and often unnecessary and unjustified. This also applies to activities embracing and fostering the idea of sustainability. With regard to the latter issue, the main concern refers to overinvestment and wasting the measures to reduce low emissions and to make savings in the heat supply system for residential buildings. The Authors proposed a new vision for the transformation of the region. It will respond to the current and expected needs of the residents, while making allowances for multidimensional sustainable development, particularly in terms of housing policy and spatial development. This concept primarily focuses on a new balance between the areas covered by low-rise and high-rise buildings and the reorganisation of the structure of the local economy.
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Brzozowska, Anna, Justyna Łukomska - Szarek et Justyna Imiołczyk-Sepczuk. « Environmental, social and economic determinants of sustainable development in the process of managing municipalities illustrated using the example of the lesser Poland voivodeship ». Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 81, no 2 (9 juillet 2022) : 258–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.456.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In an age of climate change and increasing negative environmental effects of the development of urban agglomeration, it is becoming more and more important to implement sustainable development principles in governing urban municipalities (Polish: gminy). The three areas of sustainable development: social, economic and environmental, have been extensively explored in scientific research over recent years. These studies have mostly covered international or regional areas and, to a lesser extent, local ones. Six environmental, economic and social indicators of sustainable development were examined for 14 urban municipalities located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Only a selected group of indicators from these areas was assessed due to limited data availability. Social and economic measures showed a strong Spearman's rank correlation. Based on the collected research material, benchmarking was developed for the units under evaluation, indicating that over the period between the year 2014 and 2019, the city of Krakow occupied the highest position, on average, among urban municipalities of Lesser Poland Voivodeship, considering the measures analysed.
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Sas-Bojarska, Aleksandra. « Landscape as a Potential Key Concept in Urban Environmental Planning : The Case of Poland ». Urban Planning 6, no 3 (19 août 2021) : 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Rapid urban development increases the consumption of materials, energy, and water, resulting in an overproduction of waste and emissions. These cause many environmental threats, such as ozone layer depletion and rain acidification, leading to climate change. Therefore, the question arises on how to improve the effectiveness of tools that strengthen environmental protection. This discursive article presents an approach stressing the role of landscape in environmental protection in Poland. It indicates that landscape protection is an ecological, not just an aesthetic activity, as it is often considered in Poland. The landscape reflects all changes occurring in individual elements of the environment resulting from urban development. Through landscape transformations, one can track the growth and accumulation of adverse effects in the chain of environmental changes. Knowledge regarding the dynamics and scope of these transformations can improve ecological design and technologies. Therefore, the landscape condition should be treated as an indicator of sustainable development. If so, one could hypothesise that effective landscape protection contributes to minimising environmental and climate changes. The relationships between the landscape and environmental/climate threats discussed in this article prompt combining some tools related to these threats, which may ensure both effective landscape protection and sustainable development, leading to reduced climate change. The possibilities and benefits of integrating these tools are presented here as well. General considerations are supplemented with references to the situation in Poland to support the need for implementing a more policy-oriented and interdisciplinary approach to landscape protection.
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Gałczyńska, Małgorzata, Renata Gamrat, Mateusz Bosiacki, Zofia Sotek, Małgorzata Stasińska et Ireneusz Ochmian. « Micro and Macroelements in Honey and Atmospheric Pollution (NW and Central Poland) ». Resources 10, no 8 (22 août 2021) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10080086.
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Urban vegetation is generally exposed to high levels of air pollution in airborne particles, with the greatest exposure in the EU being seen in Poland. With the continuing growth of urban populations, there is a need to confirm whether honey produced from urban areas is of similar high quality to that from rural areas. A total of 27 honey samples were collected from urban and rural apiaries and tested for the concentrations of 19 elements by ICP-OES. The results were compared with data on honey produced in old and new EU countries (metadata). Our evaluation used a novel approach to determine threshold values in the identification of the bioproduct contamination index. The analysed urban honey samples demonstrated higher concentrations of K, Sr, Ba, Ni, and Co, and lower levels of Mn and B than rural honey samples. Contamination by PM10 particles and the toxic elements contained in them proved to be a poor predictor of the content of these elements in honey, in contrast to the effect of atmospheric pollution measured during firework shows, which demonstrated higher concentrations of Ba, Pb, Ca, Cu, and Mg. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that the analysed honey samples are of good quality and are comparable or of even better quality than honey products from other EU countries.
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Sobol, Agnieszka, et Piotr Skubała. « STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AND THEIR DERIVED SATISFACTION OF URBAN FORESTS IN THE MOST INDUSTRIALISED REGION OF POLAND ». Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 77, no 2 (3 mars 2022) : 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/2021/2/16.
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In the face of growing urbanised areas, the presence of forests and their appropriate shaping is a key challenge for contemporary urban planning. The importance of forests is largely identified with natural, economic and social functions in non-urban areas; however, forests are of vital value in urbanised areas. This article explores young Polish urbanites’ awareness of the role forests play, and submits diagnoses of the forests multidimensional benefits and their functions in Poland’s urban areas. Moreover, the research is based on the premise that the management of urban forests must ultimately lead to the satisfying of social needs. Based on empirical research, the perceptions of the value of urban forests as assessed by young people (students) in the Śląskie Voivodeship are presented, leading to the authors’ postulation that urban forests are underestimated resources. Furthermore, the study suggests that young Poles do not recognise the multi-beneficial aspects of urban forests; and the authors indicate feasible directions for local policy to achieve sustainable development. The final statements argue that in the face of serious threats to the functioning of Earth’s ecosystem, a campaign for the presence of forests and green spaces in cities is necessary.