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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Urban policy – European Union countries »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 30 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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Bereza, Anatoliy, Vyacheslav Kazmirenko, Olena Tsilmak, Oksana Melenko et Olena Shvedova. « Regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries : an experience for Ukraine ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no 29 (18 mai 2020) : 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.56.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries in order to emulate their positive experience and to implement it in Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of legal science, in particular, analysis and synthesis method, logical method, logical and semantic method, historical and legal method, comparative and legal method. The results of the study. The foreign practice of regulatory framework for urban policy provision, the features of its development and implementation have been considered. The content of urban policy in a number of European countries (Latvia, Finland, France and the Czech Republic) has been studied and the relevant programs implemented by the European Union have been examined. Practical implications. The experience of foreign countries has shown that State urban policy is not always set out in a single document, but as a rule is presented in several legal acts or is a component of other State programs, especially in the area of regional policy. Value/originality. The authors have proven that taking into account the peculiarities of regulatory framework for urban policy in Ukraine, it would be appropriate to adopt a separate document on urban policy that would consider the European practice and legislation of the European Union in this area, as well as the peculiarities of Ukrainian cities.
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Stankunas, Mindaugas, Mark Avery, Jutta Lindert, Ian Edwards, Mirko Di Rosa, Francisco Torres-Gonzalez, Elisabeth Ioannidi-Kapolou, Henrique Barros et Joaquim Soares. « Healthcare and aging : do European Union countries differ ? » International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 29, no 8 (10 octobre 2016) : 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-09-2015-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate socio-economic inequalities in the use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services amongst 60-84 year old people from seven European urban communities. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected in 2009. The target population was people aged 60-84 years from Stuttgart (Germany), Athens (Greece), Ancona (Italy), Kaunas (Lithuania), Porto (Portugal), Granada (Spain) and Stockholm (Sweden). The total sample comprised 4,467 respondents with a mean response rate across these countries of 45.2 per cent. Findings The study demonstrated that the majority of respondents had contact with a health care provider within the last 12 months. The highest percentages were reported by respondents from Spain (97.8 per cent) and Portugal (97.7 per cent). The results suggest that 13.0 per cent of respondents had refrained from seeking care services. The highest rates were amongst seniors from Lithuania (24.0 per cent), Germany (16.2 per cent) and Portugal (15.4 per cent). Logistic regression suggests that seniors who refrained from seeking health care was statistically significant associated with those with higher levels of education (odds ratios (OR)=1.21; 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI)=1.01-1.25) and financial strain (OR=1.26; 95 per cent CI=1.16-1.37). Furthermore, the majority of respondents were satisfied with health care services. Originality/value The findings from the “Elder Abuse: a multinational prevalence survey” study indicate the existence of significant variations in use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services by country and for socio-economic factors related to organizing and financing of care systems.
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Minelgaitė, Audronė, Renata Dagiliūtė et Genovaitė Liobikienė. « The Usage of Public Transport and Impact of Satisfaction in the European Union ». Sustainability 12, no 21 (3 novembre 2020) : 9154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219154.

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The main objective of this paper was to analyse comprehensively the urban public transport usage, satisfaction levels and the satisfaction impact on usage of public transport in European Union (EU) countries. Results revealed that the usage of urban public transport in all EU countries is rather low and significantly depends on economic development level. The satisfaction levels measured as comfort and safety, ticket price, frequency and reliability and amenities at stops and stations significantly differed among EU countries as well. In a half of the EU countries, the satisfaction with ticket price and the time to the station had significant impacts on usage of urban public transport. Meanwhile, the satisfaction with reliability, public transport frequency and comfort and safety had significantly influenced urban public transport usage only in one-third of EU countries. In the majority of EU countries, women and older respondents more often tended to use urban public transport. Next to improvement of public transport service, a variety of policy measures should be applied, from awareness rising and image improvement to the review of pricing policies both of public transport and of parking fees.
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Mouriki, Athanasia. « The European Union towards Cohesion Challenges : What’s the Next Step ? » HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 4, no 1 (29 juin 2023) : 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.35192.

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Considering the important percentage of the annual budget spent on cohesion policy, this policy brief examines what it’s the cohesion policy of the EU, the problems the Union is facing in this domain and the actions that have been taken. Cohesion policy’s is aiming to eliminate imbalances between countries and regions. Nevertheless, a variety of issues observed on the achievement of this objection are being analyzed in this policy paper. The East-West divide, the North-South divide and the disparities between urban centers (capitals or large cities) and rural areas are the most severe issues. The “New Cohesion Policy 2021-2027” is trying to give concrete solutions. This policy brief recommends: More financial support, monitoring, spread the spirit of a united EU, avoid stigmatizing member states, and turning cohesion policy into an exclusive EU competence.
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Kim, Sang Hun. « European Capital of Culture Policy and Urban Development Plan for Rijeka, Croatia ». East European and Balkan Institute 47, no 3 (31 août 2023) : 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.3.

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It was only in 2004 that the European Union, originally composed of Western European countries, began to include the so-called Eastern European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary), which had transitioned from socialism to democracy. This was followed by Romania and Bulgaria joining in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. The very nature of the European continent, with its diverse peoples, languages, histories, and cultures, has undoubtedly necessitated policies that recognize, acknowledge, and seek to reduce differences as much as possible, with the ultimate goal of uniting them. In particular, the EU member states, which were originally composed of Western European countries, may have been in dire need of policies to bridge the gap with the countries that underwent communism after World War II, as many of them joined the EU in the 2000s. The policy direction of cultural integration with former communist countries aligns with the general trend of European integration. However, it is being promoted in various ways, taking into consideration the special history and situation of these countries. The goal is to provide opportunities for people to understand each other's history and culture, fostering interactions that contribute to overcoming cultural differences and forming strong bonds. In particular, the former communist countries have an economic gap with existing EU member states due to past political and economic changes. The EU is working to provide economic infrastructure and industrial support to these countries, strengthen cooperation, and promote cultural integration with Western European countries. Such directions and policies continue to be promoted for cultural integration between existing EU member states and former communist countries. Examples of these initiatives include the European Capital of Culture project and the Erasmus Program, which aim to foster cultural understanding and integration among future generations through education, ultimately working towards the goal of European integration. In any case, it is clear that the country of 'Croatia' and the city of 'Rijeka,' which gained independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991 and were not initially recognized by not only European citizens but also the world, seized the opportunity of the European Capital of Culture 2020 project to establish closer communication and cooperation with Europe and the global community. We expect that they will continue progressing on the path of 'integration' while preserving 'cultural diversity' in the future.
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Adamowicz, Mieczysław, et Magdalena Zwolińska-Ligaj. « New Concepts for Rural Development in the Strategies and Policies of the European Union ». Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, no 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0022.

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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The subject of the analysis is the concept of rural development in the European Union countries and its connection with the evolution of the common agricultural policy and the transformation of the cohesion policy. The aim of the study is to discover and assess the scale and method of supporting the rural development in the European Union countries through common agricultural policy and to present the underlying theoretical-cognitive and political-practical premises for shaping rural development strategies.Materials and methods: The official documents and subject literature are submitted for critical analysis and evaluation by authors.Results: This paper presents methods of defining and classifying rural areas and rural development through common agricultural policy and cohesion policy. It specifically outlines the concepts of multi-functional and intelligent development linked to the Europe 2020 strategy and the Cork political declarations. The new concept of smart villages and rural-urban partnership is also presented.Conclusion: The processes of rural policy separation and the need for creating national methods of the coordination of community policies and the use of European funds are indicated.
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van der Jagt, Alexander, Laura Tozer, Helen Toxopeus et Hens Runhaar. « Policy mixes for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions : An analysis of six European countries and the European Union ». Environmental Science & ; Policy 139 (janvier 2023) : 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.10.011.

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Sydorów, Martyna. « Wyzwania zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej na tle polityki miejskiej Unii Europejskiej : wybrane przykłady ». Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG 26, no 1 (31 mars 2023) : 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.23.001.17398.

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Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie koncepcji zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej oraz przedstawienie jej umiejscowienia na tle europejskiej polityki miejskiej. Analizą objęto zakres związany z kwestią problematyki kształtowania zrównoważonego transportu w miastach. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono charakterystyce różnic pomiędzy zagadnieniami nowej kultury mobilności a klasycznym podejściem do polityki rozwoju transportu. Omówiono przykłady implementowania rozwiązań zrównoważonej mobilności w wybranych krajach zachodnioeuropejskich. Pogłębiona analiza jakościowa skupiła się jednak na dużych, polskich ośrodkach miejskich. Challenges of sustainable urban mobility in the context of European Union urban policy: case studies The aim of this article is to present the concept of sustainable urban mobility and to situate it in the context of European urban policy. The analysis covers the issue of shaping sustainable urban transport. Particular attention is paid to characterising the differences between the issues of the new mobility culture and the classic approach to transport development policy. Examples of the implementation of sustainable mobility solutions in selected western European countries are discussed. However, an in-depth qualitative analysis focused on large Polish urban centres.
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Béresné Mártha, Bernadett. « Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union ». Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no 34 (2 septembre 2009) : 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2818.

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Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to reduce its several decades lasting leeway. Difficulties of labour management are much more striking in rural territories than in urban districts. Not even the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy: the rural development has been successful in managing the employment of the labour supersededfrom the primer sector so far, which is significantly reflected in the unfavourable indicators of labour management and unemployment.
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Zullo, Francesco, Cristina Montaldi, Gianni Di Pietro et Bernardino Romano. « Urban Growth and Habitat Connectivity : A Study on European Countries ». Sustainability 14, no 22 (8 novembre 2022) : 14689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214689.

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The main tool for biodiversity conservation at the European level is the Natura 2000 network. The identification of Natura 2000 as an “ecological network spread over the entire European Union territory” is the symbolic image launched by the Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC) even though many considerations focused on the contradiction between the shared model of the ecological network—based on spatial continuity—and the fragmented geographical configuration of the Natura 2000 sites. Currently, it stretches across all 28 European countries, both on land and at sea, and it is made up of over 27,000 sites for a total extension of approximately 1,150,000 km2. The land area covered by N2000 corresponds to approximately 18% of the total EU, with the national coverage ratio ranging from a minimum of 9% to a maximum of 38% in the various European countries. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of landscape fragmentation caused by the urban areas towards the Natura 2000 network, with the aim of analyzing how the current urban settlements’ geography could compromise their functionality. The proximity analysis carried out provides the necessary information to achieve full efficiency in the connections between the different habitats. In addition, these results give indications on which planning scale is most appropriate to intervene to reduce environmental fragmentation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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KARAGIANNIS, Yannis. « Preference heterogeneity and equilibrium institutions : The case of European competition policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15460.

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Defence date: 21 December 2007
Examining board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (EUI)(Supervisor) ; Prof. Christian Joerges (EUI, Law Department) ; Prof. Jacint Jordana (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona) ; Prof. Hussein Kassim (Birkbeck College, University of London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
One characteristic of European competition policy is its complex governance structure. On the one hand, the European competition regulator has always enjoyed a high degree of formal autonomy from national governments. On the other hand, that regulator has always been embedded in a multi-task and collegial organisation that mirrors intergovernmental politics. Although the literature has often disapprovingly noted this complexity, it has not been explained. Part I elaborates on the theoretical lens for understanding the governance structures of EC competition policy. Despite the prominence of principal-agent models, transaction cost economics seems to offer a more promising venue. The assumption that Member States maximise their total expected gains and postpone excessive bargaining costs leads to the following hypothesis: the greater the preference heterogeneity (homogeneity) between Member States, the higher (lower) the asset-specific investments involved, hence the higher (lower) the risk of post-contractual hold-ups, and hence the more (less) integrated the governance structures created to sustain future transactions. Alternatively, this logic leads to a deterministic hypothesis about the sufficiency of preference heterogeneities for the production of complex governance structures. Part II examines this deterministic hypothesis. Using various sources, and conducting both within- and comparative case- studies, it analyses three important cases: the negotiations of the Treaty of Paris (1951), of the Treaty of Rome (1957), and of the two implementing Council Regulations (1962 and 2003). The evidence shows that (a) the relevant actors do reason in terms of transaction cost-economising, and (b) in the presence of preference heterogeneity, actors create complex governance structures. Nevertheless, it is also found that (c) the transaction cost-economising logic is not as compelling as it may be in private market settings, as bargaining costs are not systematically postponed to the post-contractual stage, and (d) the transaction costs between Member States are not the only relevant costs.
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FERNANDES, Daniel. « Governments, public opinion, and social policy : change in Western Europe ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75046.

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Defence date: 21 November 2022
Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.
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BAHMER, Larissa Elisabeth. « Chutes, ladders, snakes and surprises : policy durability and policy flexibility in EU energy and climate governance based on the governance regulation ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69195.

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Award date: 26 September 2020
Supervisor : Professor Joanne Scott (European University Institute)
Whether the EU will live up to its leadership ambition in mitigating climate change to no little extent depends on whether the Governance Regulation will prove successful or whether it will add to the list of climate and energy policies which aimed high but performed low. This thesis analyses the legal arrangements of the Governance Regulation as embedded in the EU constitutional and administrative law framework in light of policy durability and policy flexibility, with the aim of assessing whether the Governance Regulation promises to build a long-lasting yet adaptable foundation for EU energy and climate governance that facilitates ratcheting up ambition and progress toward a ‘climate neutral’ Union.
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Bai, Xue. « Evaluation and suggestions on EU development assistance policy ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595841.

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Zhu, Feng. « EU energy policy after the Treaty of Lisbon : breakthroughs, interfaces and opportunity ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580185.

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Huang, Zhi Feng. « Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy : France agricultural policy anaysis ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555543.

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DAVITER, Falk. « The power of initiative : framing legislative policy conflicts in the European Union ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7044.

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Defence date: 13 July 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier, (European University Institute/SPS/RSCAS) ; Prof. Stefano Bartolini, (European University Institute/RSCAS) ; Prof. Ellen M. Immergut, (Humboldt University Berlin) ; Prof. Claudio Radaelli, (University of Exeter)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis asks how the framing of policy issues in EU legislative politics influences the way issues are processed, how it affects which interests play a role during policy drafting and deliberation, and what type of political conflicts and coalitions emerge as a result. Focusing in particular on the European Commission’s role in EU policy-making, this thesis goes on to investigate how actors in EU politics define and redefine the issues at stake according to their shifting policy agendas and in doing so attempt to shore up support and marginalise political opposition. Drawing on the empirical investigation of two decades of EU biotechnology policy-making, the thesis finds that the framing of policy issues systematically affects how the complex and fragmented EU political decision-making process involves or excludes different sets of actors and interests from the diverse political constituencies of the Union. It argues that the Commission’s role in structuring the EU policy space can at times be substantial. Yet the longitudinal perspective adopted in this study also reveals how the structuring and restructuring of the biotechnology policy space led to the increasing politicisation of the EU decision-making process. Eventually, the empirical investigation concludes, the Commission was unable to control the political dynamics set off by the reframing of the policy choices, and the resulting revision of the EU biotechnology policy framework ran counter to the Commission’s original policy objectives. This study thus provides fresh insights into the dynamics of policy-level politicisation and its effects on political conflict and competition in the EU. The framing perspective allows students of EU politics to trace how political agents and institutions interact to shape and at times exploit the complexities of EU policy-making in pursuit of their often conflicting agendas. Finally, the findings suggest that the key to conceptualising the scope of Commission agency in terms of systematic policy dynamics lies in exploring the interlocking effects of policy framing and EU politicisation in the political construction of interests at the supranational level.
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Fee, Emma. « 'A Europe without dividing lines' : the normative framework of the European neighbourhood policy - emergent jus gentium or consolidation of jus civile ? » Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83952.

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The primary focus of this work is Article 57 of the Draft European Constitution, concerning the constitutionalisation of a new aspect in EU external relations law, 'the European Neighbourhood Policy'. No comprehensive study of this constitutional article has yet been undertaken in EU legal research. Through the medium of the title of my thesis I wish to examine whether it amounts to an emergent jus gentium for the EU or its antithesis, the consolidation of jus civile. In parallel with the nature of the subject, this study is necessarily a legal-political one. Key points identified are the strategic use of human rights, extraterritoriality of law, foreign direct investment and legal imperialism. A number of recent developments, both judicial and legislative, have provoked this study.
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Binfield, Julian Westhoff Patrick C. « The changing policy environment for agriculture in the European Union ». Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6140.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 11. 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr Patrick Westhoff. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Palmer, James Robert. « Science and politics in European energy and environmental policy : the wicked problem of biofuels and indirect land-use change (ILUC) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608217.

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Livres sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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McCann, Philip. The regional and urban policy of the European Union : Cohesion, results-orientation and smart specialisation. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.

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Piero, Bonavero, Dematteis Giuseppe et Sforzi Fabio, dir. The Italian urban system : Towards European integration. Aldershot, Hants, England : Ashgate Pub., 1999.

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den, Berg Leo van, Braun Erik, Meer J. van der et European Institute for Comparative Urban Research., dir. National policy responses to urban challenges in Europe. Aldershot, England : Ashgate, 2007.

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Commission, European, dir. Guide to innovative actions for regional development : European Regional Development Fund, ERDF, article 10, 1995-99 : inter-regional co-operation and regional economic innovation, actions in spatial planning, urban pilot actions. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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R, Kunzmann Klaus, Schmid Willy A et Koll-Schretzenmayr Martina 1967-, dir. China and Europe : The implications of the rise of China for European space. London : Routledge, 2010.

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R, Kunzmann Klaus, Schmid Willy A et Koll-Schretzenmayr Martina 1967-, dir. China and Europe : The implications of the rise of China for European space. London : Routledge, 2010.

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R, Kunzmann Klaus, Schmid Willy A et Koll-Schretzenmayr Martina 1967-, dir. China and Europe : The implications of the rise of China for European space. London : Routledge, 2010.

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Jörg, Knieling, et Othengrafen Frank, dir. Planning cultures in Europe : Decoding cultural phenomena in urban and regional planning. Burlington, VT : Ashgate Pub. Company, 2009.

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R, Kunzmann Klaus, Schmid Willy A et Koll-Schretzenmayr Martina 1967-, dir. China and Europe : The implications of the rise of China as a global economic power for Europe. Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2009.

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1955-, Lister Marjorie, et Europe and the Developing Countries Conference (1996 : London, England), dir. European Union development policy. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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Atkinson, Ben. « Trade Policy and Preferences ». Dans The European Union and Developing Countries, 305–21. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509184_21.

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Buzogány, Aron. « Neighbourhood Countries : Promoting Environmental Protection Close to Home ». Dans European Union External Environmental Policy, 233–52. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60931-7_12.

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Hewitt, Adrian. « Reform in the British and European Community Aid Programmes : Implications for the Pacific Countries ». Dans European Union Development Policy, 119–30. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26858-0_9.

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Lemaître, Marc. « EU Textiles Policy and Developing Countries ». Dans The European Union and Developing Countries, 322–35. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509184_22.

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Matláry, Janne Haaland. « Energy Policies in the EU Countries ». Dans Energy Policy in the European Union, 25–44. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25735-5_3.

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Bednář, Milan. « European Fiscal and Debt Union ». Dans Fiscal Policy in the Southern European Union Countries, 45–53. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29761-8_5.

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Raya, Francisco Javier. « A Review of the Barcelona Conference and a Summary of EU Policy Objectives ». Dans The European Union and Developing Countries, 193–205. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509184_14.

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Bego, Ingrid. « Adoption and Implementation of Equal Employment Policies in Four Countries ». Dans Gender Equality Policy in the European Union, 19–43. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137437174_2.

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Darmuzey, Philippe. « Meeting the Challenge of State Building : EU Development Policy and Cooperation in Postconflict Countries ». Dans The European Union and Peacebuilding, 461–74. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-691-6_21.

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Bednář, Milan. « European Debt Crisis and Flaws of the Euro Area ». Dans Fiscal Policy in the Southern European Union Countries, 17–33. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29761-8_3.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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İncekara, Ahmet, et Burcu Kılınç Savrul. « Regional Development Policies of the European Union : An Evaluation in the Framework of Structural Funds and Other Financial Instruments ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00307.

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Regional policy of the European Union (EU) is implemented in order to improve welfare and quality of life in specific regions of EU member countries, minimize inter-regional income differences and restructure less developed industrial areas. regions of the EU countries has urban and regional development differences in themselves. Regional policies have gained importance in the process of EU enlargement. Increases regional disparities has been observed to occur with the first expansion. Although the tools that the Community could use for regional inequality were initially limited, they began to increase over the years in the process of development of regional policy of the EU. In this respect, this study will focus primarily on the EU regional development policies, the structural funds in line with the measures taken to ensure economic and social cohesion in EU countries and European Investment Bank and the new tools such as community tool will be discussed.
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Ivanov, Metodi. « SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s23.098.

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The environmental management system should be considered as part of the overall management system. This involves looking at the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining environmental policy. Basic principles and requirements of the environmental management system are aimed at identifying, researching, controlling and reviewing the factors influencing the environment, which allow businesses and public organizations to formulate policies and objectives aimed at protection of the environment. By introducing an environmental management system, organizations simultaneously declare, declare their commitment and guarantee to society as a whole that they are genuinely committed to solving environmental problems. European environmental policy is based on the principle of precautionary measures, preventive action and the elimination of pollution at source, as well as on the principle of "polluter pays". The European Union has the power to take action on all matters of environmental policy such as air and water pollution, waste management and climate change. Although some powers are limited as a result of the principle of subsidiarity and the requirement for unanimous agreement in the Council on fiscal issues, issues related to urban and spatial planning, land use, quantitative management of water resources, choice of energy sources and the structure of energy supply. The purpose of this article is to present specific features of environmental management policy and its impact on regional development in developing countries.
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Juruss, Maris, Baiba Smite-Roke et Irina Nesterenko. « Reducing externalities of last mile delivery through taxation ». Dans 23rd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2024.23.tf233.

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In today’s society, with growing interest in environmental sustainability and climate responsibility, the European Union has an ambitious goal - to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This strategic plan, known as the European Green Deal, expresses a strong desire not only to address current environmental problems, but also to create a sustainable, green future for its citizens. However, only from these paths, the tax policy as one of the most important instruments of government influence can be both an obstacle and a tool in achieving the set goals. In this paper the tax policy of the European Union is analyzed in relation to its “green” ambitions. The aim of the research is to find out to what extent the current green tax system corresponds to the strategy of the European course and what changes are necessary to make the most of its potential for ensuring environmental sustainability. This study focuses specifically on the transport sector, which is one of the biggest sources of pollution in many countries. In the organization of the supply chain, it is important to achieve the least negative impact on the environment right in the last mile, when the goods are delivered to the end consumer in an urban city environment, where large population is concentrated. Therefore, one of the hypotheses of the study is to differentiate the tax policy depending on the use of alternative transport in a specific environment, that is, to apply tax discounts to alternative transport for passengers and trucks only in cities, while in the other stages of the supply chain to stimulate other forms of transport, such as rail transport.
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Naydenov, Kliment. « BULGARIAN CASE STUDIES IN IMPROVING URBAN AIR QUALITY ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.37.

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Air pollution is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. The fact that more cities are now improving their air quality control system is good news, so when they take action to improve air quality, they set a goal accordingly. As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases in people who live in these cities. Ambient air pollution, which contains high concentrations of fine and fine particles, poses the highest environmental health risk, causing three million premature deaths worldwide each year. At the same time, people's awareness is rising, and air quality monitoring is being carried out in more cities. As air quality improves, global prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is declining.� Most sources of urban outdoor air pollution are wholly beyond the control of individuals, suggesting the need for action at the city level and by national and international policy makers to promote cleaner modes of transport, more efficient energy production and appropriate waste management. More than half of controlled cities located in high-income countries, and more than one-third of cities located in low- and middle-income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% within five years. The set of affordable and accessible policies includes measures such as reducing emissions from industrial chimneys, increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and prioritizing the development of rapid transit systems, increasing walking and developing bike path networks. Air quality in Bulgaria raises serious concerns: measurements show that citizens across the country breathe air that is assessed as harmful to health. For example, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is much higher than the values prescribed by the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) for health protection. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the urban areas of Bulgaria were the highest of all 28 EU member states as average values for a three-year period. For PM10, Bulgaria also leads among the countries with the highest pollution with an average daily concentration of 77 �g / m3 (the EU limit value is 50 �g / m3). According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the urban population of Bulgaria is exposed to dangerous (unhealthy) levels of dust particles (PM10). Air pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria is a significant and difficult to solve environmental problem related to physiographic, social, economic and anthropological factors. Bringing the air quality in the country in line with the norms and goals set in Directive 2008/50 / EC, although difficult, is achievable. For the last 10 years our country has made significant progress in terms of controlled pollutants.
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Ballı, Esra, et Gülçin Güreşçi Pehlivan. « Economic Effects of European Neighborhood Policy on Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00777.

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After the fifth enlargement of European Union in 2004 and with the expansion of European Unions borders and new neighbors, it became one of the important policies to provide security, stability and prosperity, and develop relationship between neighborhood countries. Although, enlargement process provide some opportunities to the member states of European Union, it brings about some difficulties. The differences at the life standards, environment, public health, prevention and combating organized crime between European Union and neighbor countries caused to create new policies. European Neighborhood Policy was launched in 2004, and consists of 16 countries, namely: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, The Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lebanon, Algeria, Syria, Libya and Belarus. European Union and the partner country sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements, and then the Agreement Action Plans are mutually adapted. Action Plans include privileged relationship, mutual commitment to common values, democracy and human rights, legal and market economy principles, good governance, sustainable development, energy and transportation policies. Within the framework of European Neighborhood Policy, the main aim is to arrange the relationship between the neighbors of European Union. In this study, economic effects of the European Neighborhood Policy will be examined for the relevant countries.
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Borychowski, Michał, et Sebastian Stępień. « Ecological Policy in the Selected Countries of the European Union ». Dans Hradec Economic Days 2019, sous la direction de Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka et Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2019-01-008.

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Panagoreţ, Andreea, Dragos Panagoreţ et Tomislav Kandyija. « Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy of the European Union ». Dans G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/16.

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Sustainable development approaches the concept of quality of life in all its complexity, from an economic, social and environmental point of view, promoting the idea of ​​the balance between economic development, social equity, efficient use and conservation of the environment. By its very nature, sustainable development represents the need for responsibility and education for environmental protection, and this aspect is reflected in the evolution of community policy in recent years, a policy marked by the transition from an approach based on constraint and sanction, to a more flexible, based one on incentives. Thus, it is acting in the direction of a voluntary approach, in order to promote this environmental responsibility and to encourage the use of environmental management systems. The environmental policy does not act independently, but reflects the interest of civil society in this direction, manifested by the creation of numerous environmental movements and organizations. Moreover, in some countries the creation and development of "green" political parties has been achieved, with real success in the political arena. However, resistance - or, more properly, the restraint and inertia that manifests itself, should not be forgotten, when environmental objectives seem to limit industrial competitiveness and economic growth; but this aspect only emphasizes once again the need for a concerted approach at European level and the need for an active and integrated environmental policy, capable of responding to the challenges that appear economically. The European environmental policy is based on the principles of precaution, prevention, correction of pollution at source and "polluter pays". The precautionary principle is a risk management tool that can be invoked if there is scientific uncertainty about a possible risk to human health or the environment, arising from a particular action or policy.
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Martinčević, Ivana, Predrag Brlek et Nives Domjan. « ROLE OF MaaS IN TOURISM ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.34.

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Purpose – The occurrence of bottlenecks, congestion, increased fuel consumption and environmental pollution are the basic problems of large urban areas, especially when it comes to tourist areas where with the local population roads are used by visitors who, during or after a stay are looking for some way of transportation. Regardless of the final destinations, the tourist activity strives to meet the needs and requirements of visitors to the maximum, so their offer must be attractive, fast and accessible at all times, as well as adaptable to changes in travel habits. With regard to the specific criteria of the local economic, social and environmental policy mobility services should be adapted to different target groups, including a unique travel option that would facilitate the stay of tourists. The aim of this paper is to: (1) explore MaaS concept (2) explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept (3) and to explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept in area of tourism. Methodology – In order to investigate and achieve the set goals, world and Croatian literature was used and analyzed by searching the databases such as Wos, Scopus, Google Scholar, using the search phrase ("mobility as a service” OR sustainable development) AND (“transport” OR “tourism”). For this purpose, a survey was conducted to explore the importance of MaaS in the field of tourism on the basis of which the advantages and benefits of the mentioned concept as one of the main conditions for sustainable development were analyzed. Findings – As no research has been conducted in the territory of the Republic of Croatia that investigates the application of the MaaS concept in the field of tourism and its importance and contribution to strengthening tourism, this research contributes to strengthening the awareness of individuals about this concept and its application. The intention and goal of this research was to make aware general public of the importance of the Maas concept. Although MaaS concept is a relatively new concept it takes on increasing importance; therefore, it needs to be strongly and systematically developed further. By analyzing the relevant scientific sources and based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that a strategic approach to the MaaS concept can provide a numerous of advantages and benefits. Recommendations for further research is to include data from other countries of the European Union (EU) or from neighboring countries in order to be able to compare data by specific areas. Contribution – By introducing the concept of MaaS in the segment of tourism, it opens the possibility for visitors to access a wide selection of public and private carriers through a digital platform. The trip for each user is planned separately according to the previously collected data on the demand and supply of transport services, combining them with information on the preferences of the participants themselves. Simply put, the traveler can plan, book and pay for any trip, anywhere and at any time. Simultaneous planning of tourism and transport is not an easy task because in most cases these plans diverge, but the cooperation of stakeholders of both branches is necessary for more attractive and environmentally friendly measures of sustainable mobility that ultimately affect the development of tourism. The obtained results can be used to expand the current scientific knowledge about the MaaS concept and its impact in file of tourism.
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Baigonushova, Damira, Junus Ganiev et Mairam Baigonusheva. « Government Support of the Agricultural Sector in the EAEU Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02291.

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As it is known, in 2010, a customs union with three participants, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan, was formed on the territory of the former Soviet Union. In 2015, the union moved to another stage, the economic union. In 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a full member of this union and is currently trying to adapt to new economic conditions. In particular, the Agricultural Policy Department of the Eurasian Economic Commission is currently actively working on the development and implementation of common agricultural policy. Kyrgyzstan, despite the limited territory for agricultural production, is an agricultural country and has a comparative advantage in this sector. Therefore, the country should take an active role in the development of a common agricultural policy and create favorable conditions for the development of the own agrarian sector and use advantages. The purpose of this work is to analyze the developed plans and policies of the Agricultural Policy Department of the Eurasian Economic Commission, as well as conduct a comparative analysis with the common agricultural policy of the European Union, and at the end to make proposals.
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Dudaiti, A. K., E. V. Galkina et B. G. Koibaev. « Problems of Interaction of the European Union with the South Caucasian Countries as Part of the European Neighborhood Policy ». Dans International Session on Factors of Regional Extensive Development (FRED 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/fred-19.2020.118.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Urban policy – European Union countries"

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Domínguez, Roberto. Perceptions of the European Union in Latin America. Fundación Carolina, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76en.

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This working paper examines the puzzle of the gaps between the images that the EU projects, voluntarily and involuntarily, and the perceptions of the EU in Latin America. After reviewing some of the debates related to the role of perceptions in public policy and EU Public Diplomacy (EUPD), the paper analyzes some critical developments in global perceptions of the EU based on the study Update of the 2015 Analysis of the Perception of the EU and EU Policies Abroad (2021 Update Study), which assessed the attitudes of the EU in 13 countries. The third section examines some studies on the attitudes of the EU in Latin America, including some contributions from Latinobarometer. The fourth section offers comparative cases of EU perception in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia based on the findings of the 2021 Update Study. The analysis of each country relies on the interpretation of surveys with some references to the press analysis and interview methods provided in the 2021 Update Study. Each case discusses specific trends in the following areas: visibility, primary descriptors, global economics, and international leadership. Also, it identifies some patterns in perceptions of the EU in social development, climate change, research/technology, development assistance, culture, the case of the critical juncture in the survey (pandemic), and the EU as a normative setter. The final section offers some general trends in the perceptions of the EU in Latin America.
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Barragán, Jaime. European Investment Bank's (EIB) Role & ; Experience in European Public Private Partnerships. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006727.

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Presentation delivered during the event "Experiencias de Provisión y Financiamiento de Infraestructura bajo Asociaciones Público-Privadas (APPs)", held at the Inter-American Development Bank headquarters, Washington D.C., December 8-9, 2005. It analyses the drivers for Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the European Union (EU). Tracks PPP activities that European countries have been engaged in and outlines the lessons learned and policy framework for PPPs in the EU.
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Flôres Jr., Renato G. The Entrance to the European Union of 10 New Countries : Consequences for the Relations with MERCOSUR. Inter-American Development Bank, septembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008678.

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The impact of the May 2004 enlargement is not, in overall terms, something to worry MERCOSUR decision makers and economic agents. However, this globally non-menacing picture raises, at a closer look, a few concerns demanding pre-emptive policy measures. We shall separate the concerns into five categories, close to the project¿s main questions: concerning the impact of the enlargement on the European (15) market; concerning MERCOSUR gains in the enlarged European market; concerning the new entrants gains in the MERCOSUR market; concerning the effects on the "agricultural knot"; the enlargement and distorting effects of the EU-MERCOSUR agreement.
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Bunse, Simone, Elise Remling, Anniek Barnhoorn, Manon du Bus de Warnaffe, Karen Meijer et Dominik Rehbaum. Mapping European Union Member States’ Responses to Climate-related Security Risks. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/htdn6668.

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This SIPRI Research Policy Paper identifies European Union (EU) member states’ efforts to address climate-related security risks in the short to medium term and suggests entry points for further action. Even countries making visible attempts to mainstream the linkages between climate and security are falling short of pursuing a comprehensive approach. Among the ongoing initiatives that might bear fruit in one to three years are: appointing climate security advisers; climate proofing peacebuilding and conflict proofing climate action; investing in early warning and risk mapping; reassessing climate financing and development aid; and building up the operational resilience of the military. Strengthening such efforts would involve: incorporating climate insecurity into foreign and security policy dialogues; increasing conflict-sensitive climate adaptation finance; sensitization to climate change and conflict; and improving the operationalization of early warning. To remain credible, EU member states must advance their climate security initiatives and close the gap between rhetoric and practice.
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Bunse, Simone, Elise Remling, Anniek Barnhoorn, Manon du Bus de Warnaffe, Karen Meijer et Dominik Rehbaum. Advancing European Union Action to Address Climate-related Security Risks. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rzme5933.

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The Ukraine war has added to the pressure to address the links between the environment, natural resource management and conflict. This SIPRI Research Policy Paper assesses the priorities of selected European Union (EU) member states regarding climate-related security risks, explores their strategies for pursuing these at EU level and identifies steps for further action. It finds that the appetite to tackle climate-related security risks at EU level is mixed. While maintaining the operational efficiency of the military is a red line, concentrating efforts on research, development and peacekeeping is acceptable even to countries that do not prioritize climate insecurity in their policies. Country strategies for pursuing such efforts involve spotlighting climate security during their respective rotating Council presidencies, working closely with the European External Action Service and the European Commission, and collaborating with like-minded member states. The paper recommends additional steps for action but in order to make effective adjustments to EU processes, climate security will need greater prominence on the EU agenda.
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Pielen, Britta, et R. Andreas Kraemer. Economic Instruments in Water Management : Global Experience and Relevance for Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, février 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006745.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 2nd Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on February 25th and 26th, 2003. This presentation discusses functions and typology of economic instruments in water management. This presentation also discusses the new European Water Framework Directive, as well as European Union (EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) experience, as it pertains to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Barradas, Ricardo. Why does the nexus between finance and inequality break in times of financialization ? Empirical evidence for the European Union countries. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2023.01.

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The majority of policy makers in developed countries have, since the 1970s and 1980s, put in place a strong process for the liberalization, deregulation and privatization of the financial system, particularly persuaded by the mainstream assumption that this represents the best strategy to sustain the growth of finance, enhance economic growth and lessen inequality. Nonetheless, economic growth has been quite anaemic in the majority of developed countries, and inequality has continued to widen in the last four decades, which feeds non-mainstream beliefs regarding the disruptive role played by the growth of finance in contemporary societies in times of financialization. This paper aims to contribute to the current debate between the mainstream and the non-mainstream literature on the effect of the growth of finance on the level of inequality by performing a panel data econometric analysis for all the European Union countries from 1980 to 2019. Our findings confirm that finance, economic growth, educational attainment and degree of trade openness have a positive long-term effect on the level of inequality in the European Union countries, whilst government spending has a negative impact in the short term. Our findings imply that policy makers should rethink the functioning of the financial system and adopt public policies that are more in favour of the poor in order to constrain the growth of inequality in the European Union countries.
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Eszterhai, Viktor, et Péter Goreczky. To Decouple or not to Decouple ? How to Address China’s Dominance in the European EV Battery Supply Chain. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.61.

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Geopolitical tensions between Western countries and China are prompting the European Union to attempt to reduce China’s economic exposure. This poses a particularly serious challenge to the Hungarian government, whose economic policy cornerstone is to create a manufacturing base for the interconnected European and Asian electric car value chains. This paper seeks to answer the question how the European Union can realistically attempt to reduce the European electric car industry’s dependence on China by exploring mergers in the European electric car industry and the Chinese battery industry. The study concludes by discussing whether the Hungarian government should maintain its current economic policy in the future or whether it needs to reconsider it due to the high risks involved.
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Cavallo, Eduardo A., et Eduardo Fernández-Arias. Coping with Financial Crises : Latin American Answers to European Questions. Inter-American Development Bank, octobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008422.

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Europe faces challenges reminiscent of Latin American financial crises. The failure of recent liquidity support to normalize the situation in Europe suggests the need to refocus the policy debate on fundamentals: structural reform for growth and, where needed, restructuring to resolve banking crises and the debt overhang. Latin America's experience yields relevant policy lessons for Europe on those fronts except concerning the use of sharp real devaluations to spearhead recovery: euro-zone countries following suit by reintroducing devalued national currencies would invite catastrophe. Despite this constraint, Europe stands a better chance of navigating the path out of the crisis because it has cooperative mechanisms unavailable in Latin America. European cooperation can provide support for orderly crisis resolution as well as growth and competitiveness within the currency union fold, to the benefit of all members. However, the path is uncharted, and successful regional cooperation will require innovation and political will.
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Pastuszko, Radosław Pastuszko, et Włodzimierz Gogłoza Gogłoza. The impact of European Union Common Agricultural Policy on the intensification of animal farming in Bulgaria, Romania, and the countries that have signed association agreements with the EU. Tiny Beam Fund, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.37974.

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