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1
Bragina, E. « India : Urban Niches of Small Enterprises ». World Economy and International Relations, no 10 (2010) : 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-10-99-107.
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The article deals with escalation of the in-migration tendency in contemporary India – the rural population transfer to cities and urbanization process particularities. The meaning of such socioeconomic phenomenon as small production and services forms conglomerate for the labor market balancing and economic stabilization in the country is examined.
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Seetharamaraju, Midathala, et Chelmala Srinivasulu. « DISCOVERY AND DESCRIPTION OF MALE SPECIMEN OF Coluber bholanathi SHARMA, 1976 (REPTILIA : COLUBRIDAE) FROM HYDERABAD, INDIA ». TAPROBANICA 5, no 1 (15 juin 2013) : 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.87.
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Here we present the first report of the occurrence of an endemic and little known colubrid, Sharma’s racer Coluber bholanathi Sharma, 1976, from the urban conglomerate of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, with a description of the male specimen including details on the hemipeneal structure.
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Percival, Tom, et Paul Waley. « Articulating Intra-Asian Urbanism : The Production of Satellite Cities in Phnom Penh ». Urban Studies 49, no 13 (2 août 2012) : 2873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012452461.
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Privately built satellite cities are becoming an increasingly common urban development concept in peri-urban areas of South-east Asian cities. While these projects are beginning to receive academic attention, the majority of studies have a limited capacity to explain why and how they are produced. Most satellite cities built in the past five years have some degree of foreign influence from other East Asian countries in terms of invested capital, planning concepts or urban design and architecture. The majority of this influence originates from within the East Asian region. This paper argues that an investigation which incorporates both the relational and the territorial can increase an understanding of the production of satellite cities. This argument is illustrated with empirical research on two satellite city projects in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: one by a Korean developer and another by Indonesian conglomerate Ciputra.
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Kerschbaumer, A., et M. Lutz. « Origin and influence of PM<sub>10</sub> ; in urban and in rural environments ». Advances in Science and Research 2, no 1 (19 mai 2008) : 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-2-53-2008.
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Abstract. The paper presents an estimate of emission source influence on PM10 concentrations in Berlin. Particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) is a conglomerate of different chemical components related to distinct sources and physico-chemical processes in the atmosphere and lithosphere. Emission reduction thus has temporally and spatially varying effects on different scales. Urban PM10 concentrations are heavily influenced by long range transport (up to 70%) from remote source areas, whereas rural air pollution is strongly determined by urban emissions. By means of emission reduction scenario simulations with a chemistry-transport-model it has been found that on average two third of the urban background concentrations in Berlin are due to Berlin-specific emissions. This percentage varies strongly considering primary and secondary components: only about 5% of secondary PM10 concentrations are related to local emissions, while approximately 70% of primary concentrations stem from the urban sources. City related emissions influence homogenously the rural air-pollution concentrations, but with different ranges of influence.
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KAGRAMANIAN, Artur, Dmitriy AULIN, Karyna TRUBCHANINOVA, Jacek CABAN, Anatoly VORONIN et Alexsandr BASOV. « PERSPECTIVES OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL INTEGRATED SUBURBAN-URBAN RAIL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT ». Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 120 (1 septembre 2023) : 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.120.7.
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Main requirements for rolling stock design and organization of the operating system are determined by membership in a certain transportation category for which such a transportation facility is designated. Thus, a specific feature of rolling stock operation is considered to the maximum extent, and functional correspondence with stated tasks is ensured. The significant disadvantage of the existing structure of rolling stock traffic is the necessity of time-space agreements of passenger traffic due to the necessity of shifting different transport types with the minimum time consumption. The solution to such an issue can be found in the development and use of a universal (multifunctional) integrated transport system. The list of issues arising during the creation of a multifunctional transport system can be funnelled into two groups: social and economic and organizational and technical. The first group is social and economic and shall conceptually solve issues of the multifunctional system feasibility for certain urban settlement conditions (conglomerate of urban settlements). The second group consists of organizational and technical issues. This study proposes to eliminate certain material issues in the sphere of suburban and urban traffic by the infrastructure improvement with the significant traffic increase and fluctuations.
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KAGRAMANIAN, Artur, Dmitriy AULIN, Karyna TRUBCHANINOVA, Jacek CABAN, Anatoly VORONIN et Alexsandr BASOV. « PERSPECTIVES OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL INTEGRATED SUBURBAN-URBAN RAIL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT ». Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 120 (1 septembre 2023) : 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.120.7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Main requirements for rolling stock design and organization of the operating system are determined by membership in a certain transportation category for which such a transportation facility is designated. Thus, a specific feature of rolling stock operation is considered to the maximum extent, and functional correspondence with stated tasks is ensured. The significant disadvantage of the existing structure of rolling stock traffic is the necessity of time-space agreements of passenger traffic due to the necessity of shifting different transport types with the minimum time consumption. The solution to such an issue can be found in the development and use of a universal (multifunctional) integrated transport system. The list of issues arising during the creation of a multifunctional transport system can be funnelled into two groups: social and economic and organizational and technical. The first group is social and economic and shall conceptually solve issues of the multifunctional system feasibility for certain urban settlement conditions (conglomerate of urban settlements). The second group consists of organizational and technical issues. This study proposes to eliminate certain material issues in the sphere of suburban and urban traffic by the infrastructure improvement with the significant traffic increase and fluctuations.
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Prokopovych, Markian. « The Lemberg Garden : Political Representation in Public Greenery Under the Habsburg Rule ». East Central Europe 33, no 1-2 (2006) : 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633006x00060.
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AbstractThis article considers the politicization of urban green areas as an under-researched aspect of urban spatial politics in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the specific case of Lemberg. Municipal concern with the maintenance of old private parks and the establishment of new green areas was continuous throughout Habsburg Lemberg's history. Lemberg's parks possessed a kind of privacy that permitted much more flexible use than that of the streets for various informal, non-official and, often, nationalist celebrations. As clusters of true "public spheres" and, at the same time, commemorative sites of diverse and conflicting codings, they became a kind of testing ground for subsequent mass street politics. Although at the fin de siècle the municipality grew increasingly Polish nationalist in its rhetoric, in practice it espoused a conglomerate of imperial and local values, as seen in its erecting a monument to Agenor Goluchowski, rather than to Tadeusz KoŚciuszko.
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Rider, Jeff. « “Flanders was empty and uncultivated and heavily wooded” : Historiography as Urban Resource in the Twelfth Century ». Human and Social Studies 6, no 2 (1 juin 2017) : 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2017-0012.
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Abstract The stories that the inhabitants of a milieu tell themselves and others about that milieu are an important part of the immaterial, human, symbolic resources available to them to help them grasp, articulate and inflect their milieu’s historical development and thus shape its future. The conglomerate of stories that the inhabitants of a milieu tell themselves and others about that milieu, the milieu’s storyworld, is unique to that milieu and help make that milieu unique. A distinct storyworld is part of what makes one milieu different from other milieux, is 13 one of the matrices that orient and limit a milieu’s future development, part of what gives it its sens and leads it to develop in certain ways and not others. This is how the storyworld of a milieu, reflected in its historiography, is a resource for the development of that milieu.
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Rubio-Bellido, Carlos, Jesús A. Pulido-Arcas et Jose M. Cabeza-Lainez. « Understanding climatic traditions : A quantitative and qualitative analysis of historic dwellings of Cadiz ». Indoor and Built Environment 27, no 5 (12 décembre 2016) : 665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16682580.
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Many historical European cities are home to houses of great heritage value. These structures have been able to provide comfort throughout history without the use of artificial conditioning systems. Even though such dwellings were influenced by academic styles, by contradicting vernacular architecture, their adaptation to local climate in order to achieve thermal comfort is commonplace. They were mostly built within compact urban tissues, making use of local materials, workforce and construction technologies. Learning from the past knowledge of these design strategies that are specifically adapted to specific climates can play a significant role in reducing the energy demand of extant buildings. Likewise, this paper thoroughly investigates the remaining urban conglomerate of Cadiz from a scientific approach. An original simulation software, duly tested with on-site measurements, was used to analyse the passive design strategies that were applied effectively. The results of this study indicate that historic neighbourhoods in Cadiz are creatively adapted to their natural conditions. In this sense, the main conclusion is that in mild climates, the combination of a compact urban tissue and climate responsive dwelling design should be sufficient to maintain acceptable indoor comfort levels.
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CHRISTENSEN, SØREN BITSCH, et JØRGEN MIKKELSEN. « The Danish urban system pre-1800 : a survey of recent research results ». Urban History 33, no 3 (décembre 2006) : 484–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926806004081.
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In Denmark, the first actual towns can be dated to the eighth and ninth centuries. The establishment of towns became more significant in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in connection with the state-building process, and these towns were distinctly consumer towns serving as administrative, religious and military centres. From 1200 to 1350 Denmark, similar to the German area, underwent considerable urbanization; a large number of market towns were created, and in contrast to the older ones they were mercantile towns. Denmark thus clearly became the most urbanized country in Scandinavia. As Copenhagen grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the urban system decisively changed its character in the direction of a primate system. The characteristics of the primate system are particularly distinct within the boundaries of the Kingdom of Denmark, but less pronounced if the entire monarchy is included in the period in which Denmark was a conglomerate state. The institutional conditions must in general be attributed considerable importance in explaining Danish urban development. Thus, Denmark is one of the countries where town privileges were of great significance until the middle of the nineteenth century.
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Badran, Mohammad, et Ismail Laher. « Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Arabic-Speaking Countries ». International Journal of Endocrinology 2012 (2012) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902873.
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The global epidemic of diabetes has not spared the Arabic-speaking countries, which have some of the highest prevalence of type II diabetes. This is particularly true of the Arab Gulf, a conglomerate of high income, oil-producing countries where prevalence rates are the highest. The prevalence rates among adults of the Arabic speaking countries as a whole range between 4%–21%, with the lowest being in Somalia and the highest in Kuwait. As economic growth has accelerated, so has the movement of the populations to urban centers where people are more likely to adopt lifestyles that embrace increased high-calorie food consumption and sedentary lifestyles. These factors likely contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the Arabic speaking countries.
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Clarke, Susan E. « Married to the Mouse : Walt Disney World and Orlando By Richard E. Foglesong. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 2001. 251p. $27.95. » American Political Science Review 96, no 3 (septembre 2002) : 635–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402490363.
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This account of the development of Walt Disney World in Florida is an engaging contribution to the growing literature on tourism and urban politics. The many pleasures of reading this book include learning that Disney World was initially slated for St. Louis, that Henry Kissinger declared that Epcot would enhance world peace more than this shuttle diplomacy, that Disney prepared a proposal for a HUD planning grant for Disney World, and that even Walt Disney thought that Disneyland Anaheim was tacky. Foglesong meticulously details more than three decades of negotiations among the Walt Disney corporate conglomerate, the city of Orlando, and Orange and Osceola counties in Florida over the location and development of Walt Disney World and its spinoff theme parks. Not surprisingly, the Mouse wins most of the battles.
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MONASTYRSKAYA, Marina Ye. « “RESLOBALIZATION” OF CITIES AS AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE OF THE CONTEMPORARY. PART I : GENERAL PROVISIONS, RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ». Urban construction and architecture 11, no 1 (15 décembre 2021) : 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.01.15.
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The article is devoted to the problem of adaptation of the living environment of the population of large and largest cities to the vital and dangerous challenges of the new coronavirus pandemic. The author suggests that historically developed cities in their traditional hypostasis have a certain” anti-epidemic “ potential of morphotypological genesis, which must be taken into account, it is advisable to use and it is desirable to increase in the extreme situation of the global COVID-19 epidemic. The working hypothesis of the study is formulated on the basis of the results of monitoring the data of the offi cial St. Petersburg statistics, which refl ect the dynamics of the incidence of new coronavirus infection among citizens, starting from March 2020. According to these results, the most stable epidemiological situation persists in the historical suburbs of the” northern capital “ and its central administrative districts. The center of St. Petersburg was originally developed as a “conglomerate of sett lements” - pre-industrial and proto- industrial urban planning morphotypes that have been inherent in the Russian urban planning culture since ancient times. Urban sett lements, which preserved their planning characteristics in the course of a historically predetermined morphotypological transformation, became the basis for the formation of a set of spatial loci in the structure of a megalopolis - separate components of the urban landscape, within which, if necessary, the introduction of stringent control measures and epidemiological situation in St. Petersburg, it is possible to protect “idealizations” quality of urban life and where work most eff ectively medicareinsurance “antipandemic” sliders “disaggregation”, “distancing”, “disinfection”.
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Poyiadji, Eleftheria, Nikolaos Nikolaou et Petros Karmis. « GROUND FAILURE DUE TO GYPSUM DISSOLUTION ». Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no 3 (24 janvier 2017) : 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11315.
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Gypsum in Hellas and Cyprus occurs in three different types: (a) bedded (mainly of Messinian age in Cyprus and Crete), (b) domes (mainly western Hellas and Crete), and (c) as bodies, fragments and cementing material in Triassic conglomerate formations (western Hellas). Ground failure caused by void migration to the surface, resulting from gypsum dissolution, is a common phenomenon in such areas, which are also found in other European countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, Switzerland, U.K., Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia). In this paper three different case studies of ground failure are presented: Cyprus, Crete (Viannos) and Corfu. Engineering geological, stratigraphical, geophysical, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies of these areas, revealed the direct relationship between surface runoff, and ground water circulation with the rate of gypsum dissolution, the subsequent development of karst hollows, and the associated ground failure in urban and suburban environments. Two main models were defined, according to different mechanisms of gypsum dissolution. The first model is associated with the erosion activity of surface runoff, the second with the dissolving capacity of ground water. Risks to the urban and suburban environments were assessed, and guidelines as well as mitigation measures were proposed.
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Collier, Bret A., Shelly R. Kremer, Corey D. Mason, John Stone, Kirby W. Calhoun et Markus J. Peterson. « Immigration and Recruitment in an Urban White-Winged Dove Breeding Colony ». Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no 1 (1 juin 2013) : 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/052012-jfwm-043.
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Abstract Dove population management necessitates estimates of vital rates for use in mechanistic models used to evaluate and predict population responses to environmental variation and/or alternative harvest scenarios. Estimating recruitment (number of juveniles per adult) is complicated because a compendium of factors drives production in doves. White-winged doves Zenaida asiatica exhibit a fairly unique breeding strategy wherein they commonly return to the same breeding area and reproduce in large breeding aggregations (i.e., colonies). We used an open-population capture–recapture model to estimate annual immigration and in situ recruitment of white-winged doves breeding in an urban colony during 2009 and 2010. We captured 5,101 unique white-winged doves in 2009 (2,894 after hatch year, 2,207 hatch year) and 3,502 unique white-winged doves in 2010 (3,106 after hatch year, 486 hatch year). Immigration of adults into the breeding colony peaked during late April and early May, with in situ recruitment occurring during a 6-wk period from 19 June to 30 July. Our results predicted that >90% of all hatch-year individuals had entered the local population by 1 August. The Jolly–Seber model used allows white-winged dove recruitment values to be estimated directly (rather than as a conglomerate of multiple parameters), separates immigration from in situ recruitment within a season, and can be useful for monitoring recruitment and evaluating alternative recruitment indices for future use in harvest management-planning actions.
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Oliynyk, Olena. « FORMATION OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACES IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF POSTMODERNISM ». Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no 59 (1 mars 2021) : 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.89-97.
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The article deals with the most characteristic features of postmodernism in architecture and in the formation of urban spaces. Postmodernism in architecture was involved as a solution that would combine the rationality and feasibility of modernism with artistic and design solutions. However, in the postmodern era, the urban environment is gradually losing its historical memory, its importance as an anthropological category and as a place of identity identification.
Urban centers are turning into purely commercial theme parks for tourists. Postmodern space is an urban structure formed by signs that meet the demands of society. The Postmodern City Image is a conglomerate of ideas and images built with the help of visual personality memory.
Rem Koolhaas calls this phenomenon a «Junkspace», built as a conglomeration of ideas, concepts and dreams. This space is designed to please people thanks to whimsical and exaggerated elements: neon, casinos and buildings that combine architectural elements of any age with the intention to create a new architectural style.
Las Vegas is a hypertrophied example of a postmodern city. Its urban landscape leaves facades and walls aside, replacing them with signs and symbols. Such a symbolic place becomes timeless, unrealistic and transit, not intended for everyday life. Space and time in such a city lose their essence. Urban space brings together different elements from other historical, artistic and cultural eras to interpret them as reflecting modernity. The value of images copied from historical reality becomes more important than reality itself. Humanity regards this unreal world as an idealized model of society, parallel to the one that actually exists, more attractive and interesting. Thus, the very essence of the architecture, the meaning of which is replaced by temporary advertising symbols, is lost.
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Liu, Mingxuan. « The Image of a City in Chinese Landscape Painting a Scientific Discourse in Chinese Historiography ». Vìsnik Harkìvsʹkoi deržavnoi akademìi dizajnu ì mistectv 2022, no 1 (15 janvier 2022) : 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33625/visnik2022.01.117.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of the urban landscape, which is a notable phenomenon in modern Chinese art history. In this direction, the researchers consider not only the genre originality of the urban landscape, but also artistic models of the representation of the city image in painting. The urban landscape acquires independent forms within the framework of Chinese art through comparative practices of matching and comparison with Western artistic genesis. Already in the early 2000s, Chinese art historians were actively looking for new models for presentation of traditional art. At the same time, their desire to preserve traditional artistic achievements necessitated the identification of innovative and modern forms of Chinese art, which became notable artistic phenomena during the second half of the twentieth century. In Chinese “urban” painting, one of the central themes is the issue of modernization, which develops from two perspectives: a) urbanistic, which is aimed at the artistic generalization of various forms of urban life and landscape; b) in the direction of retro, which expresses a steady interest in the images of “old” China — urban landscapes and pictures of urban life, representing the aesthetics of the disappearance of traditional “small” China towns. For the current stage of development of fine arts in China, the image of the city in the context of regionalism and ethnic specificity is of great importance. The images of the city are directly related to the characteristic models of visual representation of the regions of China. Regions differ both in ways and norms of life (for example, small towns and conglomerate metropolitan areas) and in the variety of landscapes (for example, sea-side, mountain and plain). This factor is the cause of additional difficulties in defining the urban landscape as a genre of art. Certain features are analyzed on the example of the works of such outstanding masters of Chinese fine arts Yan Wanliang and Dai Shihe.
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Tedeschini Lalli, Laura, et Paola Magrone. « The Listening of two Piazzas in Rome ». Noise Mapping 5, no 1 (1 décembre 2018) : 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2018-0007.
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Abstract We report on the soundscape of Piazza Fontana di Trevi and Piazza Testaccio, gathering places in Rome. Soundscape is a realm of research about the interactions between cultural, cognitive and physical aspects of sound in space, still yielding interesting open questions.We performed perceptive surveys and instrument measurements, carefully spatialized in both cases. The perceptive results concern the recognizability of a particular sound in a conglomerate of sounds across an urban space and the sense of bodily orientation given by sound. They are proposed via verbal narratives and original visualizations of the place. We then use computer models to validate some of the perceived (unexpected) spatial perceptive features, by a ray-tracer simulation. The point of the paper is in fact to compare methods about sound in space, starting from perceptive evaluations, to drive objective analysis and collection of data toward new aspects, and always pursuing spatialization of data.
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Gerbner, George. « Essay Reviews : The Hidden Message in Anti-Violence Public Service Announcements ». Harvard Educational Review 65, no 2 (1 juillet 1995) : 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.65.2.k102244j40633615.
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In this essay, George Gerbner reviews eight television public service announcements (PSAs) that deal with urban violence and are produced by the media conglomerate HBO/Time Warner. Gerbner couches his critique of the PSAs in terms of the historical tension between the commercial nature of television in the United States and broadcasters' mandated role to serve the public. In creating a framework to understand the anti-violence PSAs, Gerbner broadens the discussion to include both the media industry in the United States and the demand for violence television programming in the international marketplace. Although he acknowledges the high production value of the PSAs, Gerbner contends that the race, age, and gender of the characters, as well as the situations depicted, constitute a hidden message of stereotyped violence. Gerbner argues that the images portrayed in the PSAs reflect the type of violence that is presented by the television industry itself, not the kinds of violence that may actually exists in the United States.
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Odorico, Stefano, et Ilaria Vecchi. « Navigating Urban Spaces Through the Use of Interactive Visual Storytelling Methods ». Interactive Film & ; Media Journal 3, no 1 (6 juin 2023) : 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ifmj.v3i1.1852.
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The city of Leeds is a large urban conglomerate in the North of England that embodies the aspects of contemporary development. The social and anthropological organisation of the city are the focus of our interactive visual research. In particular, we focus on the concept of 'borders,' their materiality, and their role within the urban context (Simmel 1997). Thus, Leeds and its social and anthropological issues will become our interactive visual research case study. In particular, the focus of this project will be on the concept of 'walls,' their materiality and their role within the urban context. The term 'walls' is often used to define a large variety of artefacts that create and embody some sort of boundaries. These artefacts often include fences, embankments, roads, and gated communities, structures that divide or enclose spaces. In a psychogeographical gesture, this interactive portrait of Leeds will help to reflect on the extent to which these artefacts could hamper or facilitate the movement of individuals through space. At the same time, this variety of 'walls/boundaries’ become territories themselves. Hence, this visual project aims to be a territorial study of urban barriers. At the same time, it considers the convergence of the cultural, the performative and the socio-political within the city's social fabric. The theoretical framework of our views may be placed within the anthropology of visual communication as conceived by Worth (1981), Ruby (1981, 2005), Canevacci (1997), and Pink (2013). Hence, we undertake an interpretative visual search that stresses communication dynamics and modes of visual representation. Leeds, with its spaces and borders, is narrated through interactive microhistories. This interactive audiovisual portrait highlights whether these artefacts could hamper or facilitate the movement of individuals through space.
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Borkowski, Igor. « Kategoria ‘miasto’ jako wyznacznik technik pracy reportera ». Dziennikarstwo i Media 9 (17 avril 2019) : 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.9.12.
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The category of the ‘city’ as a determinant of techniques used by reporters in their work The perspective of the city understood as a unique conglomerate of points of view, emotions, experiences and predictions as well as sender-receiver roles is very interesting and significant in the context of reporters’ work. First of all, the city as an urban, spatial category teaches reporters a very instructive lesson in terms of putting their protagonists, sources of information, stories in a physically existing and physically limited space. The article features an analysis of examples of journalists’ actions and their textual effects in search of the city as an important category in constructing the world in non-fiction. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the perspective and value of the category of the city in numerous and varied reporters’ writings. It combines people and places, cultures, articulation, customs, emotions and values overlapping with a physical space. Numerous lessons of this type of reporters’ work can be found in the history of both Polish and international reportage.
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Bouligny III, Edgar. « The Allure of the Watts Rebellion ». Toro Historical Review 10, no 1 (12 avril 2021) : 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46787/tthr.v10i1.2504.
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The urban neighborhoods of Los Angeles, California, specifically concerning the African-American populations of South Central and Watts, have attained reputations of danger, poverty, and discomfort from the rebellious events conducted by its citizens in 1965: due to an urban explosion from years of societal abuse and disregard. This paper is formulated to combat such notions through a positive lens, which will accolade these neighborhoods and the efforts of constructing new spheres of healing and love in their communities. It is imperative to reframe the historical prevalence of the consistently negative image of African-American Los Angeles; Too many historians have adopted the trope of a traumatically damaged and hopeless inner city. Despite the familiar historical takes that hint toward the downfall of these black urban hubs after the Watts Rebellion, this study will instead take advantage of the absence of highlighted initiatives by artistic communities to which will be uncovered in this paper. The compilation, interpretation, and analysis of contextual histories as well as the construction of a primary source collection, the likes of what Kelly Lytle Hernandez would call a “rebel archive,”[1]will provide a different historical route in discussing the cultural boom in this region after the rebellion. The definition of Hernandez’ “rebel archive” is uncovered in this paper while recognizing artists like Noah Purifoy and the poetic conglomerate of the Watts Prophets. This paper will proceed to survey the lasting effects of the art created by these groups along with some mention to continuously visible communal organizations that permeate the nurturing of Watts through art and culture after the Rebellion.
[1] Hernandez, Kelly Lytle. City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles,v1771-1965. Justice, Power, and Politics. 2017.
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Bukharenkova, Olga U., et Olga V. Morova. « FORMATION OF OREKHOVO-ZUEVO AS AN URBAN CONGLOMERATE IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION PROCESSES IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY ». Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and Political Science), no 2 (2020) : 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2020-2-111-123.
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Al-Gburi, Madyan Raad Ghazal, Saddam E. Al-Khatony, Rabeea Kh Znad et Mahmood A. H. Al-Sumaidaie. « Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zone Using GIS and Remote Sensing of Shwan Sub-Basin, Kirkuk, NE Iraq ». Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no 2B (31 août 2022) : 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2b.6ms-2022-08-22.
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The groundwater is an intrinsic and vital capital for providing water supplies in rural and urban areas. Climate change poses a strong threat to the world; especially in Iraq is considering one of the arid and semi-arid regions. The climatic changes lead to an increase in the demand for groundwater, especially with low rainfall and an increase in the population. It is very important to model groundwater potential for the sub-basin. This paper aims to produce a map defining the potential groundwater zones of the Shwan sub-basin. By Geographic Information System and remote sensing data, the required data or six factors (geology, elevations, slope, drainage density, soil, and land uses/land covers) are available to be collected through weighted overlay for creating groundwater potential map. The result was five zones for groundwater potential from very low towards the eastern parts and also end of the western boundary to very high towards the western parts of the sub-basin. The geological formations of the sub-basin such as conglomerate, low elevations, low slope and low drainage density consider as high groundwater potential zones.
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Ramanuj, Pinakkumar, Harishkumar Varia, Ami Shah et Arvindkumar M Jain. « DEVELOPMENT OF MODE CHOICE BEHAVIOR MODEL FOR INTER-REGIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT– A CASE STUDY OF INDIA ». Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no 3 (15 décembre 2023) : 010225(1–17). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-03-e0113.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mode choice behavior of the inter-regional public transport passengers is important for proficient planning and operation of transport systems in developing countries. It is the responsibility of the authority to satisfy the demand for long regional trips having a significant movement of passengers by providing efficient public transport services. Most of the studies for the mode choice behavior of the passengers have been done for the urban mass transport within the urban conglomerate. The study aims to improve knowledge of the factor affecting passengers' decisions on the mode of travel for inter-regional public transportation in India. The Multinomial Logit (MNL) model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models among Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) buses, Railways, and privately operated buses were developed for the trips between Surat city and Bhavnagar region of Gujarat, India. The final ANN model reflects a difference of attributes has 90.52% mode prediction capability against 70.11% of the MNL model. The developed model gives the proper insight for improving the transportation facilities in the region. It is revealed that the improvement in the service level and egress parameters are more important to attract travelers. The sleeper seat availability, lesser travel cost, lesser egress distance, and availability of night journey have been found important during travelers' thinking process to select the traveling mode. There are 13.1% and 20.1% rises in the probability of choosing GSRTC bus and train mode, respectively, with the improvement in the service level. Moreover, the GSRTC bus should improve its connectivity.
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Šiugždaite, R., et S. Norvaišas. « CELLULAR AUTOMATA AND ENERGETICS SYSTEM FORMATION ». Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 7, no 2 (15 décembre 2002) : 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2002.9637203.
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Modeling complex systems requires to reduce, to organize the system complexity and to describe suitable components. Complexity of the system can then be tackled with an agentoriented approach, where local interactions lead to a global behavior. This approach helps to understand how non‐deterministic behavior that is near self‐organized criticality (SOC) is used to explain natural and social phenomena can emerge from local interactions between agents. The basis of our decision to develop cellular automata (CA) as a model for energetics system formation and development in restricted region is its hypothetical dependence on and origin from the “urban slice” which is basis for “energetics slice”. In the urban CA model there we introduce five types of cells representing empty area, roads, houses, water and forest. Some types of cells are introduced only for the model better correspondence to the real system and don't have essentially influence to the modeling results. We assign all cell types certain weight, which affects the probability of new “houses” cells appearance replacing “empty area” cells. Usually all cells except the empty ones have much bigger weight, therefore the dynamic of houses distribution in restricted area is organized in clusters. A first step in model ‘reliability’ is an understanding how these systems behave over time. CA's are an alternative to differential equations on an attempt to model these systems. One of the most important features of CA models is its desirable capacity to capture quantitative micro‐level dynamics and relate them to qualitative macro‐level behavior. Energetics system formation is dynamic process that directly depends on houses conglomerate formation, energy production and transferring prices, energy consumption factor etc. Dynamical CA model can be used to realize certain purposes of energetic policy and to make decisions about volume of production as well as prices of generation and transmission. These decisions, in one's turn, influence successive urban and energetics system dynamics. There is analyzed how various policies influence urban system development as well as its stability after the new capacity is installed and prices in generation and transmission as well as system administration are changed, etc [3]. Also there is explored how energetics system dynamics obtained with help of dynamic model corresponds with CA obtained dynamics.
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Vaccarezza, Leonardo Silvio. « The Public Perception of Science and Technology in a Periphery Society : A Critical Analysis from a Quantitative Perspective ». Science, Technology and Society 12, no 1 (mars 2007) : 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097172180601200107.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this article a series of variables referred to the general public's valuations of science and technology are analysed. These valuations refer to different dimensions of science and technology—as a utility of scientific knowledge, their legitimacy, their bond with the cultural matrix of everyday life. The analysis is based on information from a survey carried out in a great urban conglomerate of a little scientific developing country, Argentina. We see that valuation variables discriminate the public according to their positive or negative responses about science, but that there is no evident association between them. We consider one variable in particular dividing the public into those who are ‘trustful’ and those who are ‘cautious’ regarding the advances of science, and we see how it is related to other significations of valuation. The pre-eminence of positions of ambivalence or contradiction in the population's perception regarding this topic is discussed. A factor analysis is presented that comprises these variables and that presents a set of ‘valuation orientations’ towards science as a result. Finally, it is interesting to see how education and the level of understanding of scientific knowledge affect the public's valuation, which questions the basic supposition of the tradition of public understanding studies.
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Масальская, Мария Михайловна. « RENAMING URBAN OBJECTS AS LANGUAGE POLICY (BASED ON MOSCOW, SOFIA AND WARSAW) ». Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no 2(107) (30 juillet 2020) : 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.107.2.008.
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Интерес к изучению наименований объектов городского пространства (урбанонимов) обусловлен рядом определенных особенностей, свойственных этому классу наименований. В современном мире город играет огромную роль, являясь конгломератом человеческой культуры. Специфические особенности структуры и семантики городских наименований позволяют проследить, как взаимодействуют между собой язык и культура, участвуя в формировании лингвистической и национальной картин мира, присущих конкретному языку. Смена политической парадигмы приводит к значительным изменениям в городском ономастиконе. В данной статье урбанонимы рассматриваются как вторичные искусственные номинации, заключающие в себе разнообразные мотивационные связи, восстанавливаемые в ходе специального анализа, как лингвистического, так и экстралингвистического. Исследуется проблема переименования объектов городского пространства в контексте определенных исторических и политических изменений, а также в рамках языковой политики, осуществляемой государством. Обозначаются основные историко-культурные предпосылки, послужившие поводом для изменения принципов номинации. В результате процесса осознанного переименования объектов городского пространства отмечается преобладание названий антропонимического типа, поскольку данный тип позволяет «моделировать» историко-культурный ландшафт города в соответствии с текущим политическим и государственным устройством. Тем не менее, несмотря на изменение политического курса, урбанонимы, связанные с культурными символами и лишенные идеологических составляющих, сохраняются в городском пространстве. Анализ проводится на материале урбанонимов Москвы, Софии и Варшавы. The interest in the study of names of urban objects (urbanonyms) is due to a number of certain features inherent in this class of names. In the modern world, the city plays a huge role as a conglomerate of human culture. Specific features of the structure and semantics of urban names allow us to trace how language and culture interact with each other, participating in the formation of linguistic and national pictures of the world inherent in a particular language. Developments in the political paradigm lead to significant changes in the names of urban objects. The article considers urbanonyms as secondary artificial nominations that contain a variety of motivational connections that are restored in the course of special linguistic and extralinguistic analysis. The paper also dwells on the issue of renaming urban space objects in the context of certain historical and political changes, as well as part of the language policy implemented by the state. It reveals the main historical and cultural prerequisites that led to the change of the nomination principles. As a result of the process of conscious renaming of objects in urban space, the author notes the predominance of names of the anthroponymic type, because this type makes it possible to «model» the historical and cultural landscape of the city in accordance with the current political and state structure. Nevertheless, despite the change in the political course, urbanonyms associated with cultural symbols and devoid of ideological components remain in the urban space. The analysis is based on the material of city objects of Moscow, Sofia and Warsaw.
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Rusch, Katharina, Harald Stümpel, Walter Gauß, Silke Müth, Alexander Sokolicek, Konstantinos Kissas et Wolfgang Rabbel. « Geological Challenges of Archaeological Prospecting : The Northern Peloponnese as a Type Location of Populated Syn-Rift Settings ». Remote Sensing 12, no 15 (30 juillet 2020) : 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152450.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Northern Peloponnese is not only home of a series of ancient poleis that are being studied by archaeologists, but it is also located on the southern shoulder of the most active extensional crustal structure in the world; the Corinthian rift. This rift has shaped the Northern Peloponnese as we now see it today since the Pliocene. Normal faulting, the tectonic uplift of syn-rift sediments and sea level changes, has shaped a landscape of steps rising from the coast to the ridges in the hinterland that provides challenging conditions to a geophysical survey. Where we can find coarse grained slope and delta deposits of conglomerate on top of banks of marl on ridges and slopes, the lower marine terraces and the coastal plain as well as valleys show the protective caprock eroded and the marl covered by young alluvial deposits. These materials show only a small contrast in their magnetic properties, which reduces the importance of magnetic mapping for the archaeological prospection in this region. The human utilization of the coastal plain and the urban areas pose additional challenges. These challenges have been overcome through various approaches that are shown in exemplary case studies from Aigeira and Sikyon. Whereas a combination of magnetic mapping and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) works very well on the ridges and along the slopes where we find coarser sediments in addition to the magnetic mapping, it is not suitable in the coastal plain due to the attenuating properties of the alluvial sediment. Here, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) proved to be very successful in mapping entire parts of a settlement in great detail. Seismic soundings were also sucessfully applied in determining the bedrock depth, the detection of walls and in the question of locating the harbor basin. In the presented six exemplary case studies, the following findings were made: (1) A fortification wall and building foundations at a depth of 0.4–1.2 m on a plateau northwest of the acropolis of Aigeira was found by 400 MHz GPR. (2) A honeycomb-shaped pattern of magnetic anomalies that suggested cavities could be identified as a weathering pattern of conglomerate rocks. (3) A rock basement 2.3 m deep and remains of an enclosing wall of the Aigeira theater area were found by shear wave refraction measurements. (4) Extensive ERT surveys detected several building remains in Sikyon like a potential building and grave monuments as well as several small houses. (5) A silted-up depression in the sediments of the coastal plane located through Love wave measurements, could be taken as evidence for either a silted harbor or a navigable riverbed.
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Esquivel, Juan Cruz. « Religiously Disaffiliated, Religiously Indifferent, or Believers without Religion ? Morphology of the Unaffiliated in Argentina ». Religions 12, no 7 (25 juin 2021) : 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12070472.
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This article aims to characterize the socioeconomic and demographic profile of the population without religious affiliation in Argentina as well as their beliefs, practices, and attitudes toward a range of issues related to public and private life. This is a social conglomerate that has grown exponentially in the region and worldwide, but it has been little explored by the social sciences of religion in Latin America. The research was based on the Second National Survey on Religious Beliefs and Attitudes in Argentina, which was carried out in 2019. The study universe was made up of the population of the Argentine Republic aged 18 years or more, living in localities or urban agglomerations with at least 5000 inhabitants. A total of 2421 cases were selected through a multistage sampling. The analysis of the data reveals that it would be inaccurate to say that the religiously unaffiliated do not convey religious beliefs. Almost three out of 10 (most of those who responded do not belong to any religion but neither defined themselves as agnostics or atheists) believe in God and in Jesus Christ. Given that they are the most numerous sub-group and with the highest growth rate within the religiously unaffiliated, it would be unwise to consider this fringe of the Argentine citizenry as a-religious. Nor can we unify them under the category of disaffiliates. Although six out of 10 have a history identified with some religion (and in those cases, it is indeed possible to observe a process of religious disaffiliation), the remaining 40% show paths defined by the alienation from the institutionalized religious spaces since their earliest age.
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Sztangret, Izabela. « Systemic Sustainable Development in the Transport Service Sector ». Sustainability 12, no 22 (16 novembre 2020) : 9525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229525.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The concept of sustainability and sustainable development, especially systemic sustainable development, still raises controversy in literature. The article makes an attempt to re-examine these concepts from a systems perspective, seeking foundations and applications in the selected sector. It is becoming increasingly clear that sustainability and sustainable development are aimed at integrated economic, social, cultural, political, and ecological factors. This causes a need for a constructive approach to the issue, taking into account all the actors, areas and dimensions involved in the pursuit of systemic sustainable development. As a result, both local and global dimensions and the way they interact must be explored in a multifaceted manner in order to offer a perspective more effective and useful than other analytical approaches, as the systems view is a way of thinking in terms of connectedness, relationships, and context. The article aims to review selected publications and studies so as to form the general idea of systemic sustainable development and define the systemic development of sustainable transport, including in particular the perspective of the actors of the sector, transport providers (passenger, urban), and transport development program, implemented both by local governments and on the European scale. An attempt was made to identify elements of the systemic sustainable development model, setting it in the reality of the following subcategories: “Society”, “Economy”, and “Environment” in sectoral terms. It is supposed that systemic sustainable development is a conglomerate of public administration entities, companies operating in the sector, individual and corporate customers, acting in certain conditions for economic, social, and environmental well-being, and a number of their initiatives of major or minor significance, grouped in six sub-areas, undertaken to achieve systemic value in the examined sector, with a positive or negative business/economic, social, and environmental impact.
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Shaw, Brent D. « The age of Roman Girls at Marriage : Some Reconsiderations ». Journal of Roman Studies 77 (novembre 1987) : 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800008492.
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The age at which girls tend to marry is one of the most important factors in determining the overall rates of fertility in a given population, and hence its general demographic profile. It also affects a whole range of social institutions of reproduction, above all the ‘shape’ of the family, the relationships between the mother and her children, between husband and wife, and the ways in which property can be redistributed through inheritance. It is the simple and restricted purpose of this paper to re-examine the data that have hitherto been used to determine the age at marriage of girls in Roman society. For the purposes of this study, ‘Roman society’ is defined as the conglomerate of urban-centred communities that developed in Europe west of the Adriatic, as well as in the lands of the Danubian Basin. It is conceded that family types and modes of family formation in the eastern parts of the empire were different from those in the west, and therefore require separate analysis. In performing this task, the analysis presented here also attempts to demonstrate the highly specific nature of the set of data employed in the ‘age-at-marriage’ debate, and to question its relevance to the age at first marriage of most girls in the western Roman empire. Having demonstrated the limited validity of these data, I shall then suggest another method that might usefully be employed to approach the problem. Finally, to complete the argument, a series of hypotheses will be advanced that seek to link the range and modes of age at first marriage of girls of various status groups and classes to other social and economic factors in the Roman world.
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Ramírez Serpa, Iván. « La liberizacion del transporte público y su influencia en el desarrollo urbano de las centralidades interdistritales de los sectores norte, este y sur de lima metropolitana. 1990-2010 ». Territorios en formación, no 12 (19 décembre 2017) : 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/tf.2017.12.3651.
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ResumenEl objeto del estudio analiza las implicaciones de la liberización del transporte público en el desarrollo de las nuevas centralidades urbanas de la capital del Perú. Centralidades que emergieron en aquella ciudad popular autoconstruida, en donde la red de transporte público, basada en las denominadas “combis”, fue determinante en su evolución. De esta manera se reconsidera el trascendente significado de la relación recíproca entre la movilidad y la estructuración urbana. Vinculando el proceso de crecimiento urbano disperso, la estructuración vial, los conglomerados productivos, y las características de la movilidad en el tiempo; y de como estos, han contribuido a configurar la morfología y dinámica urbana de la ciudad, entendiendo desde este enfoque, el modelo urbano en Lima entre finales del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI. La investigación utiliza un método principalmente cuantitativo para demostrar la relación entre movilidad y estructuración urbana, y de cómo esta proporción está relacionada con la concentración económica. Para ello se ha desarrollado un modelo de conectividad y accesibilidad hacia y desde las centralidades estudiadas. De esta manera el componente movilidad–transporte se toma como condicionante en los procesos urbanos y territoriales, que en contraste a las centralidades asociadas a nodos de autopistas de suburbios de sociedades altamente motorizadas, en Lima, es el sistema de transporte público-“combis” es quien refuerza dichas centralidades. Palabras clave Movilidad en Latinoamérica, Liberalización del Transporte Público - “combi”, Centralidad Interdistrital, Ciudad Popular, Dispersión Urbana AbstractThe objective of the study analyzes the implications of the liberalization of public transport in the development of the new urban centralities of the capital of Peru. Centralities that emerged in that self-built popular city, where the public transport network, based on the so-called "combis", was determinant in its evolution. In this way the transcendent meaning of the reciprocal relationship between mobility and urban structuring is reconsidered. Linking the process of dispersed urban growth, road structuring, productive conglomerates, and the characteristics of mobility over time; and how these have contributed to shape the urban morphology and dynamics of the city, understanding from this approach the urban model in Lima between the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century. The research uses a mainly quantitative method to demonstrate the relationship between mobility and urban structuring, and how this proportion is related to economic concentration. For this, a model of connectivity and accessibility has been developed to and from the centralities studied. In this way the mobility-transport component is taken as a conditioner in the urban and territorial processes, that in contrast to the centralities associated to suburban motorway nodes of highly motorized societies, in Lima, is the system of public transportation "combis" Is who reinforces these centralities. KeywordsMobility in Latin America, Public Transportation Liberalization - "combi", Interdistrict Centralization, Popular City, Urban Dispersion.
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Rahman, Md Sajedur, Meem Rafiul Hoq et Md Motahar Hossain. « An Analytical Study on Spice Market in Dhaka City Using Consumer Preference ». Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement 6, no 1 (31 décembre 2015) : 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/4ajournal.v6i1.35.
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The spice market is growing since consumers are showing reluctance to go for traditional systems of processing spices. The use of processed spices is increasing both in rural and urban areas. Consumers' growing awareness of hygienic spices and busy urban life has led to rising in branded spices consumption. The country's processed spice market is heating up as big business houses battle to win shares in the booming market. This is growing by around 15 percent a year. A leading conglomerate ACME is set to enter the market by the end of the year and another business group, PRAN, has already made its debut. SQUARE, ACI, and BD Foods are other major players in the spice market. The broader objective of this report is to study the Spice market in Dhaka city through consumer preference. The specific objectives are to analyze the spice providers in the spice market of Bangladesh, to analyze the satisfaction level of Customers for using powder spice, to identify the problem of the spice industry in marketing the product, and find out some solutions to overcome these types of problem. This research is descriptive in nature. It has been tried to use both the primary and secondary sources of collecting information and some are to make the report presentable with as less abstraction as possible. The several approaches that are used for primary data collection are questionnaire surveys, direct observation of consumers, and opinions of different levels of the retail shops. For the questionnaire survey, it has used non-probability convenience sampling. The total sample size for the study is 100 and all of the respondents are home users in the Shyamoli area. From the survey, it is found that maximum numbers of consumers keep Radhuni spice as their first choice. The pure spice comes after that. Radhuni is the market leader because of its quality and distribution intensity. The perceived quality of Radhuni is better than other brands. The packaging of spice is satisfactory. But the satisfaction related to the availability of the spice in the overall market is poor. The case of advertisement is also the same. So it is found that out of 4P`s (Marketing Mix) product strategy is good. But pricing, promotion, and distribution strategy of spice is not satisfactory enough. In this modern and fast life when women want to save time and enjoy tasty, easier, and hygienic spices, Spice providers make the best alternative for the consumers.
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Achwan, Rochman. « The Fountain of Love Credit Union : A Vibrant Microfinance Institution in a Hostile Inter-Ethnic Society ». Asian Case Research Journal 16, no 01 (juin 2012) : 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927512500046.
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The Fountain of Love Credit Union (FLCU) is a rare example of a vibrant microfinance institution in Indonesia. Located at the heart of a hostile inter-ethnic society in the province of West Kalimantan, the FLCU invents unique types of social capital and financial organization that bolster its unparallel financial performance. In recognition of this achievement, the Indonesian government presented the FLCU with the 2005 Award for Small-Medium Corporate Excellence. Decades of inter-ethnic hostility inspired school teachers to establish the FLCU in 1987. They dreamt of creating a big microfinance institution and promoting the economic well-being of the Dayak ethnic group. The Dayak, one of Kalimantan's two largest ethnic groups, defines itself as disadvantaged. A sense of grievance evolving around these issues culminated in a series of ethnic conflicts. Today, after more than two decades of operations, the FLCU has not only won the trust of most Dayak people but also inspires other ethnic groups to establish microfinance institutions. This environment has allowed unique types of social capital and financial organization to flourish. The Fountain of Love Foundation (FLF), the parent organization of the FLCU, has set up a variety of social and economic organizations. They work in partnership with the FLCU in all aspects of its business, from recruiting, disciplining, and empowering clients to weaving organizational networks with other microfinance institutions. The latter plays a vital role in curbing the penetration of modern micro banking in the province. The FLF, therefore, has become an ethnic-based conglomerate in which the FLCU functions as one of its driving forces. However, the FLCU faces a number of hurdles. Almost all FLCU clients, in rural and urban areas, are of the Dayak ethnic group. From organizational and policy points of view, the legal status of the FLCU is vulnerable as its assets grow beyond the mandatory requirement of the current banking law.
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Vyzhva, S., V. Onyshchuk, I. Onyshchuk, M. Reva et O. Shabatura. « GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF FLOODING OF URBAN CONGLOMERATES AREAS ». Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no 4 (91) (2020) : 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.91.01.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article is dedicated to using of thegeophysical study of flooding of urban conglomerates areas. The studies were performed within the framework of three stages of exploration of flooding area:reconnaissance-methodical, detailed and monitored ones. The most effective principles of the geophysical mapping of flooding area with geoelectrical horizontal section in depth, creation of geological and geophysical model of the upper part of the section are described. This approach made an assessment tool for classification of the flooding-prone urban areas (on example of flooding area of the Expocenter of Ukraine territory, Kyiv). It is important to note that there is no universal set of geophysical methods for the study of flooding of urban area. This point must be taken into account when choosing the proper geophysical method, elimination of the effects of physical differentiation of soils and economic efficiency of the chosen complex of geophysical methods.
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Bortolozzi, Juan Pablo, Ezequiel David Banús et Eduardo Miró. « Catalysts for Air Pollution Control : Present and Future ». Catalysts 13, no 9 (1 septembre 2023) : 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13091264.
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Due to the continuous increase in both industrial activities and in the use of internal combustion engines, the quality of atmospheric air has progressively deteriorated, both in urban conglomerates and globally [...]
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Narváez Villegas, Julieth Andrea. « La experiencia de la marginalidad urbana : el caso del Conglomerado Oriente en Cali, Colombia ». Alteridades 33, no 65 (5 avril 2023) : 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcsh/alteridades/2023v33n65/narvaez.
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Asqueta Corbellini, María Cristina. « Personalidad e identidad ; cuerpo y estética. el septimazo, la presentación de la moda en la pasarela urbana ». CALLE14 : revista de investigación en el campo del arte 11, no 20 (17 avril 2017) : 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.c14.2016.3.a07.
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Esta reflexión se genera a partir de los resultados obtenidos por la investigación denominada Comunicación, vida urbana y moda, desarrollada durante el 2014 con el proyecto inscrito en la Dirección de Investigaciones Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación de Uniminuto. Inicialmente, el problema identificado se ubica en torno a cómo la moda involucra e integra a la persona en el contexto urbano bogotano, el cual ofrece una pasarela donde mostrar(se) y, a la vez, ver los atuendos ajenos. Durante el proceso de investigación, la documentación obtenida permitió perfilar las presencias conformadoras del conglomerado urbano bogotano. El sentido de la identidad emerge desde la complejidad de ser con el otro. Pero, ¿será suficiente para comprender el alcance del concepto?
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Kellokumpu, Ville. « The spatial politics of depoliticization : Visionary planning, bioeconomy, and forest capital ». Nordia Geographical Publications 52, no 1 (5 mai 2023) : 1–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30671/nordia.129114.
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Depoliticization is a pivotal political strategy that defines the contemporary governance of core capitalist democracies. This thesis asks how depoliticization manifests itself as a political strategy in the spatial restructuring of the Finnish state space. The spatial politics of depoliticization are examined by the three thesis articles, which focus on visionary planning in urban politics, the legitimation of the forest bioeconomy in the public sphere, and Finnish forest capital’s attempt to influence the state’s strategic direction. These perspectives provide a holistic view of the various depoliticizing and politicizing tendencies, as well as the political and economic contradictions affecting spatial change in Finland. The thesis examines the societal base of depoliticization by focusing on how capitalist social relations and the capitalist mode of production condition the constitution and differentiation of societal spheres. The differentiation of the economic and the political sphere and the resulting ecological dominance of “the economy” under capitalism provides a unique setting for depoliticization to appear in the form of economization. Acts of demarcation between the political and the economic spheres are based on ontological abstraction, which then faces humanity as a real and concrete product of social activity. The thesis applies strategic-relational state theory and the theories of uneven development to examine depoliticization. Depoliticization emerges in the context of competing growth models that have a diverging conception of the spatial division of labor in Finland. Amidst urbanization, the urban growth-focused city-regionalist model posits a “winner takes all” spatial structure in which a few select urban areas compete against their global counterparts to attract capital and investment. In contrast, the bioeconomy model seeks to halt the rural decline by transforming the resource-dependent regional economies into ostensibly more sustainable production models, thereby reinvigorating a dispersed spatial structure. Article I analyzes the depoliticization of visionary planning in the case of the Oulu City Center Vision 2040 project by observing and engaging with policy documentation, research reports, planning events, and the vision itself. Article II examines the depoliticization of the bioeconomy in the context of the 2019 parliamentary elections in Finland through a collection of newspaper articles and items between July 2018 and January 2020. Article III investigates the forest conglomerate UPM’s attempt to politicize the Kaipola paper mill shutdown in August 2020 by using statistical data, the public strategies of UPM, and the online and news media around the Kaipola debate. The cultural political economy (CPE) approach developed prominently by Jessop and Sum forms the overarching methodological framework of the thesis and focuses on the dialectics of materiality and discursivity in political-economic imaginaries. The thesis applies CPE-inspired critical discourse analysis to examine the spatial politics of depoliticization. The overall contribution of the thesis reveals how the material interdependence of the political sphere with other societal spheres and the social totality of capitalist society produces a specific place for politics that conditions its operational autonomy. The spatial politics of depoliticization are unfolded through the divergent political-economic imaginaries of state spatial development to which different capital fractions, political parties, and regional and class interests are attached. Conceptual stretching and expansive uses of depoliticization are recognized as key and very vexatious problems in the literature. To retain the analytical clarity of depoliticization, the thesis argues that depoliticization should be better grounded in the material developments of each context, evading pan-politicism with more exclusive notions of politics, and even radically decentering politics and the political in the analyses of depoliticization. The normative critique of depoliticization should move from the level of critiquing politics to a critique of the social totality which produces a specific place for politics.
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Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura Andrea, Feisar Enrique Moreno-Corzo, Ana María Valbuena-Garcia, Claudia Janeth Uribe Pérez, Mary Ruth Brome Bohórquez, Héctor Iván García García, Luis Eduardo Bravo, Rafael Gustavo Ortiz Martínez, Jürg Niederbacher Velásquez et Alvaro R. Osornio-Vargas. « Childhood Leukemia in Small Geographical Areas and Proximity to Industrial Sources of Air Pollutants in Three Colombian Cities ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no 21 (29 octobre 2020) : 7925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217925.
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Acute leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and has been associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens. This study aimed to identify clusters of acute childhood leukemia (ACL) cases and analyze their relationship with proximity to industrial sources of air pollution in three capital cities in Colombia during 2000–2015. Incident ACL cases were obtained from the population cancer registries for the cities of Bucaramanga, Cali, and Medellín. The inventory of industrial sources of emissions to the air was obtained from the regional environmental authorities and industrial conglomerates were identified. The Kulldorf’s circular scan test was used to detect city clusters and to identify clusters around industrial conglomerates. Multivariable spatial modeling assessed the effect of distance and direction from the industrial conglomerates controlling for socioeconomic status. We identified industrials sectors within a buffer of 1 km around industrial conglomerates related to the ACL clusters. Incidence rates showed geographical heterogeneity with low spatial autocorrelation within cities. The spatio-temporal tests identified one cluster in each city. The industries located within 1 km around the ACL clusters identified in the three cities represent different sectors. Exposure to air pollution from industrial sources might be contributing to the incidence of ACL cases in urban settings in Colombia.
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Sharpylo, M. « Commemoration as a form of representation of the Holocaust in the cultural space of Ukraine in the XXI century ». Culture of Ukraine, no 82 (13 décembre 2023) : 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.082.02.
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The relevance of the article. Commemoration1 of the Holocaust2 is a practice that is the quintessence of the memory of the Jewish past and a promising approach for comprehension of collective experience. Successful realization of forms of remembrance is actively implemented in the main historical centers associated with Jewish history: Poland, Hungary, Germany, and others. It is there that commemorative practices have become an integral part of the multicultural dimension. For a long time, the national focus of Holocaust remembrance was regulated by political mechanisms post-Soviet space, depriving society of the opportunity to expand the functionality of commemoration. This influenced the presentation of the perpetuation of the tragedy and the formation of self-identity among Ukrainian Jews.
The purpose of the research. The article presents an examination of individual examples of modern Holocaust commemorative practices and their impact on the cultural space of Ukraine. The dynamics of urban, visual and memorial aspects of commemoration are identified and analyzed, and their specifics are outlined.
The methodology is based on the use of the following methods: historical and cultural methods, which were used to characterize the peculiarities of Jewish cultural memory within the framework of the Holocaust representation; sociological method of visual analysis, which was used to study the specifics of commemoration practices using examples of commemoration; structural and semiotic methods, which were used to determine the relationship between individual and collective reflection within the memorial space, and to outline the specific symbolism of the tragedy. It is determined that the rethinking of the tragedy of the Jewish people is the result of rethinking the Holocaust in society. This became possible due to the intensification of research into the meaning of the tragedy.
The results. It is proven that by reconstructing the image of the past in the sociocultural dimension, it becomes possible to deprive the Jews of local perception and focus on building intercultural communication through the prism of a positive trend in preserving and restoring memory.
The scientific novelty of the research. Іs presented in the analysis of examples of Holocaust commemoration in Ukraine and the identification of the constituent elements of the cultural space of remembrance.
The practical significance. The prospect of a further vector of research is the practical implementation of the theoretical material for creating projects dedicated to the tragedy and Jewry in the national territory.
Conclusions. Having carried out a cultural analysis of illustrative examples of Holocaust remembrance, we can draw the following conclusions. Firstly, in the course of the study, we determined that the urban perspective of the Holocaust commemoration, together with the elaboration of the trauma of witnesses, aims to create a tendency to perceive the «other». We believe that this is a mentally necessary strategy for Ukrainian realities. Secondly, we have generalized that commemoration focuses on creating an individual experience of perceiving the tragedy of the Holocaust, making it unique. We argue that a complex conglomerate of feelings, which concentrate visual forms, will allow everyone to find their place in this event, discover its leitmotifs, and construct the context of the future with a clear understanding of the cyclical nature of history. Thirdly, memorial commemoration is the most accessible for reflection. However, the places of memory executions are not without variability in interpretation and are an example of a primary source that makes it possible to study of the Holocaust.
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Forstmaier, Andreas, Jia Chen, Florian Dietrich, Juan Bettinelli, Hossein Maazallahi, Carsten Schneider, Dominik Winkler et al. « Quantification of methane emissions in Hamburg using a network of FTIR spectrometers and an inverse modeling approach ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no 12 (22 juin 2023) : 6897–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6897-2023.
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Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CH4 emissions contribute significantly to global warming. In this study, the CH4 emissions of the second most populated city in Germany, Hamburg, were quantified with measurements from four solar-viewing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, mobile in situ measurements, and an inversion framework. For source type attribution, an isotope ratio mass spectrometer was deployed in the city. The urban district hosts an extensive industrial and port area in the south as well as a large conglomerate of residential areas north of the Elbe River. For emission modeling, the TNO GHGco (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research greenhouse gas and co-emitted species emission database) inventory was used as a prior for the inversion. In order to improve the inventory, two approaches were followed: (1) the addition of a large natural CH4 source, the Elbe River, which was previously not included in the inventory, and (2) mobile measurements were carried out to update the spatial distribution of emissions in the TNO GHGco gridded inventory and derive two updated versions of the inventory. The addition of the river emissions improved model performance, whereas the correction of the spatial distribution with mobile measurements did not have a significant effect on the total emission estimates for the campaign period. A comparison of the updated inventories with emission estimates from a Gaussian plume model (GPM) showed that the updated versions of the inventory match the GPM emissions estimates well in several cases, revealing the potential of mobile measurements to update the spatial distribution of emission inventories. The mobile measurement survey also revealed a large and, at the time of the study, unknown point source of thermogenic origin with a magnitude of 7.9 ± 5.3 kg h−1 located in a refinery. The isotopic measurements show strong indications that there is a large biogenic CH4 source in Hamburg that produced repeated enhancements of over 1 ppm which correlated with the rising tide of the river estuary. The CH4 emissions (anthropogenic and natural) of the city of Hamburg were quantified as 1600 ± 920 kg h−1, 900 ± 510 kg h−1 of which is of anthropogenic origin. This study reveals that mobile street-level measurements may miss the majority of total methane emissions, potentially due to sources located within buildings, including stoves and boilers operating on natural gas. Similarly, the CH4 enhancements recorded during the mobile survey from large-area sources, such as the Alster lakes, were too small to generate GPM emission estimates with confidence, but they could nevertheless influence the emission estimates based on total column measurements.
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Giuliano, Ernesto Fabián. « Estructura Social Urbana de Formosa (nordeste argentino), en tiempos de neodesarrollismo (2003-2013) ». Estudios Socioterritoriales. Revista de Geografía, no 29 (21 décembre 2022) : 072. http://dx.doi.org/10.37838/unicen/est.29-203.
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El trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y caracterizar a la estructura social urbana de la ciudad de Formosa (nordeste argentino) transitada por las estrategias de acumulación neodesarrollistas del período 2003-2013. Se identifican en esa dinámica: los universos de análisis, la estructura de la fuerza de trabajo urbana, la composición de esta última por sector de la actividad, por rama de actividad, y tamaño del establecimiento. Para ello se utilizan datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del conglomerado urbano de Formosa Capital. Como resultado, se identifica la persistencia de empleos precarios, que afectan fundamentalmente a la clase obrera, y los trabajadores marginales vinculados a múltiples expresiones de trabajo por cuenta propia y trabajadores familiares sin remuneración, quienes desarrollan actividades laborales de subsistencia principalmente en las ramas del comercio y servicios y en segundo lugar en la construcción.
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Silva, Welligton Borges da, Ligia Barroso Simões, Ana Lúcia Scarelli Lopes, Carlos Roberto Padovani, Hélio Langoni et José Rafael Modolo. « Avaliação de fatores de risco de cães sororreagentes à leptospira spp. e sua distribuição espacial, em área territorial urbana ». Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 43, no 6 (1 décembre 2006) : 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26557.
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Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores de risco de cães sororreagentes à aglutinina antileptospírica e sua distribuição espacial, em uma área territorial urbana. Foram colhidas 1.000 amostras de sangue de cães, em 20 postos, distribuídos, homogeneamente, pela área territorial urbana de 32 km² da cidade de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela prova de soroaglutinação microscópica, com 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do teste de Goodman, considerando-se o nível de 5% de significância. Para verificar-se a ocorrência de conglomerados, foi aplicado o teste de varredura espacial, processado por meio do programa SaTScan. Demonstrou-se que 17,9% dos soros reagiram à Leptospira spp. (p<0,0001). Quanto ao manejo de criação, os cães que tinham acesso à rua (22,14%) apresentaram-se (p<0,05) como os mais reagentes, em relação aos que não o tinham (14,83%). Os resultados da estatística de varredura apontaram apenas um conglomerado significativo, influenciado pela composição etária da população em risco. Incorporando-se cada uma das co-variáveis de sexo, raça e acesso à rua, à co-variável idade, verificou-se que o fator acesso à rua foi o que mais contribuiu para explicar o conglomerado encontrado. O acesso à rua e a idade mostraram ser os fatores de risco mais importantes no excesso de animais sororreagentes, no conglomerado encontrado, sendo o sorovar castellonis o que apresentou a maior taxa nas amostras sorológicas caninas da área territorial urbana. A identificação de um conglomerado com cães sororreagentes acima do esperado permite que sejam tomadas medidas preventivas localizadas.
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Stelnik, Evgeny. « Job Versus Hercules : Virtue in the Articles of the Byzantine Suda Dictionary of the 10th Century ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 6 (février 2021) : 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.20.
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Introduction. In ancient mythology, the image of Hercules is one of the most popular, and his heroic cult is one of the most common. Having emerged from the “conglomerate of folk tales”, the image of Hercules was actively assimilated by the Greek and then Roman literary tradition. Hercules was a very popular hero among Greek tragic and especially comic poets. In Roman times, the final systematization of the image took place. The key role in this process was played by the works of Apollodorus “The Mythological Library” (2nd century BC), “Pictures” by Philostratus the Younger (2nd century BC) and “Description of Hellas” by Pausanias (2nd century BC). Within the framework of the classical tradition, the image of Hercules in Roman times was finally formed and unambiguous. Hercules is a hero, a demigod, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, who possessed amazing strength, who killed his children (and the children of his brother Iphicles) in an act of madness. He performed 12 labours at the request of Eurystheus. Hercules lived with the Lydian queen Omphale dressing in a woman’s dress. He was poisoned by his wife Deianira, burned at the stake on Mount Eta and ascended to Olympus, where he became the spouse of Hebe. Methods. The hermeneutic methodology, which ensured the correct understanding and interpretation of the text of the Suda dictionary and the ancient texts, on which this “antique” dictionary was based, is used in the article. The toolkit of the hermeneutic circle (pre-understanding and understanding of the text, interpretation of the whole based on knowledge of its parts) made it possible to highlight key elements (plots, signs and symbols) of the philosophical image of Hercules in the entries of the dictionary. Results. We can see a kind of “muscular Christianity”, when the strength of the body still corresponds to moral perfection and the withdrawal from the world does not contradict the active entry into the still polis institutions of urban life in Byzantine cities, among which the most important was the hippodrome and sports competitions. Christian authors actively used traditional sports metaphors and images of wrestling, but filled them with new Christian content. In the dictionary of the Suda, there is a kind of replacement of images that embody the samples of virtue. Hercules always loses to Job. It is indicative that the Christian rhetoric, relying on the philosophical symbolism of the apotheosis of Hercules, using the “sports” terminology of struggle, ignores the developed philosophical symbolism of Hercules, and fights against the mythological “fables” about Hercules. Using cynical and stoic terminology, Christian rhetoric opposes the comedic and dramatic image of Hercules, as Herodore of Heracles did in the 5th century BC. That is, the enemy is borrowed from Christian rhetoric along with philosophical symbols and terminology describing a difficult life full of trials as a virtue.
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Adisoewignyo, Wargono. « ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN : BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT ». EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 7, no 3 (21 décembre 2016) : 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2003.v7.i3.1984.
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The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.
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Pandey, Priyanka, Sureshramana Mayya et H. G. Joshi. « Perception of Internet Banking Adoption : A Study on Urban Conglomerates of Udupi District, Karnataka ». Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance 5, no 1 (2015) : 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7323.2015.00018.8.
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Choi, Wing Yee Kimburley, Annie HN Chan et Anita KW Chan. « Producing ‘luxury’ housing : Developers’ strategies and housing advertisements in Hong Kong (1961–2011) ». Urban Studies 57, no 16 (12 février 2020) : 3252–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019896711.
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Building on insights from critical luxury studies, this paper examines how developers produce ‘luxury’ in Hong Kong’s high-priced housing by using textual analysis on a sample of newspaper advertisements for private housing from 1961 to 2011. Findings show how advertisers and developers actively injected new elements of luxury to maximise profits. We argue that Hong Kong’s property oligarchy has successfully created luxury housing in previously unremarkable locations by producing various exclusivist aspirations, thus promoting excess and reinforcing housing and socio-spatial inequalities. Our discussion deepens understanding of Hong Kong’s housing hierarchy by looking beyond location-based exclusivity and contributes to critical luxury studies by underscoring the strategies of property conglomerates in the production of luxury housing.
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Herlambang, Suryono, Helga Leitner, Liong Ju Tjung, Eric Sheppard et Dimitar Anguelov. « Jakarta’s great land transformation : Hybrid neoliberalisation and informality ». Urban Studies 56, no 4 (18 avril 2018) : 627–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018756556.
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We analyse dramatic land transformations in the greater Jakarta metropolitan area since 1988: large-scale private-sector development projects in central city and peri-urban locations. These transformations are shaped both by Jakarta’s shifting conjunctural positionality within global political economic processes and by Indonesia’s hybrid political economy. While influenced by neoliberalisation, Indonesia’s political economy is a hybrid formation, in which neoliberalisation coevolves with long-standing, resilient oligarchic power structures and contestations by the urban majority. Three persistent features shape these transformations: the predominance of large Indonesian conglomerates’ development arms and stand-alone developers; the shaping role of elite informal networks connecting the development industry with state actors; and steadily increasing foreign involvement and investment in the development industry, accelerating recently. We identify three eras characterised by distinct types of urban transformation. Under autocratic neoliberalising urbanism (1988–1997) peri-urban shopping centre development predominated, with large Indonesian developers taking advantage of close links with the Suharto family. The increased indebtedness of these firms became debilitating after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Thus post-Suharto democratic neoliberalising urbanism (1998–2005) was a period of minimal investment, except for shopping centres in DKI Jakarta facilitating a consumption-led strategy of recovery from 1997, and the active restructuring of elite informality. Rescaled neoliberalising urbanism (2006–present) saw the recovery of major developers, renewed access to finance, including foreign capital, and the construction of ever-more spectacular integrated superblock developments in DKI Jakarta and peri-urban new towns.