Thèses sur le sujet « Urban analyses »

Limiting cities’ negative impact for global sustainability suggests compact city development. However, extensive and accessible urban nature is important for urban dwellers’ wellbeing. Aligning efforts to make cities locally and globally sustainable means resolving this conflict. This thesis applies spatial analysis of urban dwellers’ regularly occurring experiences, as these are important wellbeing indicators, looking specifically at Stockholm, Sweden. The aim is to contribute to a nuanced understanding of urban environments’ influence on urban dwellers’ experiences. Paper I investigates how accessibility to various environment features impact the probability that people have positive or negative experiences. Paper II applies resilience principles to investigate what experiences exist together in neighbourhoods. The environment have considerable influence on people’s experiences. Some common indicators in urban planning display weak relationships with experiential outcome, while other less common ones have larger effects. Neighbourhood compositions of experiences display consistent patterns, both spatially across Stockholm and with respect to resilience principles. Many neighbourhoods harbour diverse positive experiences, while a few are dominated by negative ones. The results suggest that human-environment relations should be given more consideration in urban discourse and urban planning. A relational approach could improve urban dweller’s experiences, and positively influence their wellbeing. For urban planning to be able to handle the complexity of such an approach, I suggest that resilience principles can be heuristics for an urban development that does not compromise people’s experiences. The methodological framework developed here can be applied in other cities, as it can identify specific places for transformation, but also increase knowledge of the interplay between urban environments and people’s experiences across different contexts.
För att begränsa städers negativa påverkan på global hållbarhet förordas ofta kompakta stadsmiljöer. För att säkra stadsbors välbefinnande krävs emellertid stora och tillgängliga naturområden. Denna konflikt måste lösas för att nå en stadsutveckling som bidrar till både lokal och global hållbarhet. Denna avhandling består av två studier av Stockholm som tillämpar rumslig analys av människors upplevelser, då dessa är viktiga indikatorer för välbefinnande. Den undersöker hur tillgänglighet till olika miljöfaktorer är relaterade till positiva och negativa upplevelser. Vidare tillämpar den resiliensprinciper för att undersöka vilka upplevelser som samexisterar på områdesskala. Stadsmiljön har betydande påverkan på människors upplevelser. Vissa vanliga indikatorer inom stadsplanering visar svaga samband med upplevelser, medan andra mindre vanliga har större effekter. Sammansättningar av upplevelser på områdesskala uppvisar genomgående mönster, både rumsligt och i förhållande till resiliensprinciper. Många områden innehåller en mångfald av positiva upplevelser, medan ett fåtal domineras av negativa upplevelser. Resultaten visar att relationer mellan människa och miljö bör ta en mer central plats i stadsplaneringen, då detta erbjuder möjligheter att förbättra stadsbors upplevelser. Resiliensprinciper kan fungera som tumregler inom stadsplaneringen för en stadsutveckling som inte äventyrar människors upplevelser. Metoden som utvecklats här kan appliceras i andra städer, då den kan identifiera specifika platser för omvandling, men också leda till djupare förståelse för samspelet mellan stadsmiljöer och människors upplevelser i olika sammanhang.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-100).
The thesis looks three pertinent issues in Housing Market and Urban Economics literature with panel data- home sales and house price relationship, efficiency of housing market and commercial property taxation. For the first part, I examine the strong positive correlation that exists between the volume of housing sales and housing prices. I develop a simple model of these flows which suggests they generate a negative price-to-sales relationship. This runs contrary to a different literature on liquidity constraints and loss aversion. Our results from both are strong and robust. Higher sales "Granger cause" higher prices, but higher prices "Granger cause" both lower sales and a growing inventory of units-for-sale. These relationships together provide a more complete picture of the housing market - suggesting the strong positive correlation in the data results from frequent shifts in the negative price-to-sales schedule. For the second part, I tested the hypothesis whether the housing market is efficient and whether "bargains" can be found in the market or not. According to the User cost model, house price appreciation is positively correlated to price. Nevertheless, such correlation between price and appreciation can be caused by productivity differences, behavioral reasons or high transaction costs. Using 4 unique sets of panel data at zip code level, I am able to test the efficiency hypothesis without worrying about productivity reasons and transaction costs. In addition, I tested the efficiency hypothesis by removing influences caused by changes in buyers' preferences over time. The results show that appreciation and house price is positively correlated in San Diego, Boston and Phoenix.
(cont.) However, appreciation and house price is negatively correlated in Chicago. For the last part, I examine an unusual phenomenon in Massachusetts, where some municipals impose a high property tax on commercial properties and low tax on residential properties. Unlike past studies, we treat the tax on firms as an entrance fee or compensation for the negative externalities the firms generate. This approach fits our context better because we are dealing with municipals- most of the individuals don't work where they live, and the firms are unlikely to provide them employment or other benefits. I develop a simple model to capture the firms' location decision and residents' demand for services and aversion to firms. The model suggests that rich neighborhoods tend to impose high commercial and residential property tax, as they try to reduce their reliance on firms for services. In addition, the municipals will impose a high commercial property tax rate if the number of firms in municipal is large. I assembled a panel data base covering 351 municipals over a period from 1975-2007. The empirical results strongly support the model, suggesting rich municipals rely less on firms.
by Nai Jia Lee.
Ph.D.

Questa ricerca è una riflessione su come si possono ancora pensare le città, attraverso l’osservazione, l’analisi e quindi la trasformazione. Le città normalmente sviluppano delle caratteristiche uniche durante la loro storia e di sovente tali caratteristiche sono semplificate o addirittura ignorate, poichè non corrispondono alle nostre aspettative di osservatori e al mondo di preconcetti che può condizionare il nostro modo di vedere. Su questo aspetto questa ricerca implica soprattutto lo sforzo di capire come estrarre una specificità da una certa realtà, e come da essa, si possono ripensare concetti come la rigenerazione e rivitalizzazione urbana. La ricerca è anche un’occasione per costruire un pensiero diverso da quello che non considera i fenomeni organici e spontanei come parti essenziali della città, lasciandoli inosservati e non considerandoli nemmeneo rispetto al loro potenziale. In questa ricerca le osservazioni sono state fatte sulla città di Tirana cercando di identificare una serie di pattern principali, o tipici, e parallelamente, di sviluppare anche una metodologia dell’osservazione. Tutto questo, al fine di creare un potenziale creativo per l’urban design. La ricerca si poggia fortemente su un principio di ricerca di completezza, relativo all’osservazione dei fenomeni, per una comprensione profonda di essi in grado di spiegarne non solo la forma fisica ma soprattutto i meccanismi sottostanti. Un’idea sviluppata consiste nell’aver usato la prospettiva quantistica al fine di implicare una maggiore sensibilità nell’interpretare le latenze e le dimensioni multiple che diversi insediamenti urbani comportano. Come affermano dicono Zohar e Marshal (1994, p. 54), l’interezza è in fondo una rete di relazioni interne sovrapposte, dove gli aspetti ondulatori della rete danno luogo a nuovi sistemi con una nuova identità. La prospettiva quantistica assume senso non appena si pensa che nel mondo quantico la nuova realtà emergente non è la somma delle parti in quanto sono le interrelazioni alla base della sua creazione. Così la ricerca considera gli schemi urbani come integrità ininterrotte nello spazio-tempo, suscitate da relazioni presenti e precedenti, dalla natura materiale o non materiale. Questo significa che cose apparentemente separate sono aspetti di un insieme più grande (Zohar and Marshal 1994 pp. 59-60), a causa dell'effetto di eccitazione dei pattern interferenti provenienti da diversi spaz(i) e temp(i) che influenzano l’ambiente temporale locale, poiché non esiste spazio e tempo tra di loro. In questa ricerca, questa idea di rete ininterrotta appare sotto l'etichetta di continuum società-spazio-tempo (SST) (Arida, 2002, p. 157) come un campo energetico di eventi potenziali. È proprio questo concetto che può mettere in relazione i diversi eventi nella storia specifica di Tirana, le diverse culture antropologiche, i diversi luoghi o tempi in una rete che esiste al di là dell'SST locale. Sulla base di questa logica possiamo raggiungere una comprensione più profonda dei modelli urbani e vedere le loro qualità emergenti come orizzonti (territorialità) suscitati da diverse società del tempo nello spazio, interferendo sia tra loro che con l'ambiente temporale locale. La qualità creata emerge letteralmente da quella originale, ne ricalca delle similarità ma è diversa. Pertanto, i pattern identificati nella ricerca sono considerati come manifestazione di territorialità (orizzonti) "catturati" nella rete SST. Un’altro concetto usato al fine di esplorare la città e in particolare il carattere di certi insediamenti urbani è quella della città frattale (Batty e Longley, 1994) e l’idea di complessità inerente (Mitchell, 2009). Secondo il primo approccio i pattern contengono al loro interno una struttura di relazioni invisibile (sottostante). Quindi, il grado di ordine che osserviamo nella forma esterna in realtà implica livelli più profondi e deriva da relazioni e gerarchie contenute nella forma interna che manifestano le proprietà di un sistema con una propria struttura: con la sua statica intesa come aggregazione di elementi nei sottoaggregati; e la sua dinamica, intesa come fenomeno a carattere ricorsivo, alla cui base si osserva la natura ripetitiva delle irregolarità anche attraverso passaggi di scala. Questo comportamento complesso coinvolge una vasta rete di singoli componenti che entrano in relazione attraverso segnalazione e scambio di informazioni (Mitchell, 2009, pp. 12-13). Quindi, anche in questo caso, l'interezza esibisce qualità (e identità) che nascono solo attraverso relazioni e interazioni spiegabili in termini di auto-organizzazione e auto-regolamentazione. Al fine di comprendere il modello statistico di questo complesso comportamento, la ricerca intraprende un processo di osservazione e misurazione della forma-sistema (pattern) e analizza il contenuto algoritmico di informazioni (Mitchell, 2009, p.111) osservabile al livello di regolarità ricorsive che emergono secondo una gamma di forme tipiche delle qualità essenziali dello spazio. Questa informazione consiste in un numero di passaggi in una sequenza di azioni che implicano ripetizione di operazioni da eseguire e che sono poi state utilizzate come input per il processo di modellazione del pattern attraverso tecniche parametriche. Pertanto, considerando i pattern come una struttura invisibile di relazioni (Batty e Longley, 1994, p. 47) alla base della forma esterna, è stato cruciale avvicinarsi alla loro dimensione olistica aggiungendo il significato derivante da approcci implicanti modelli quantistici, frattalici e di complessità. Questo si riflette direttamente nel modo in cui vediamo l'ordine e il caos, o pianificato / non pianificato, organico, ecc. La ricerca inizia con analisi storiche e si conclude con un tentativo di organizzare i dati in un modello che enfatizza le caratteristiche di una realtà specifica. La metodologia proposta si fonda sull’idea che i modelli siano in grado di spiegare caratteristiche storiche e antropologiche, normalmente ignorate, come quelle relative alle trasformazioni urbane organiche o spontanee (informale). Questioni relative alle contraddizioni fra un sistema di regole apparentemente irrazionali all'interno di un sistema razionale o quelle che implicano approcci top-down insieme a processi bottom-up, vengono affrontate progressivamente. La ricerca è anche un tentativo di provare che le informazioni per la progettazione della città e i suoi processi di autoregolamentazione siano contenute nella città stessa, tuttavia gli approcci che uso enfatizzano la necessità di ampliare il dominio di osservazione al fine di cogliere tali fenomeni in maniera completa. E questa è la mia posizione relativa alla domanda di ricerca. A ben vedere propongo una metodologia in cui la natura algoritmica dei fenomeni urbani si accompagna pienamente a quella storico-antropologica, ed esse non si escludeono a vicenda, ma al contrario, si integrano nel web SST ininterrotto.
This research is a reflection on how we think about cities, observe, analyze and transform them. Cities along their history develop unique characteristics. Often, these characteristics tend to be simplified or sterilized because they do not comply with our predisposition about how the world should be. In this concern, this research is an effort to explore on how to “extract” specifics from a given reality and how to regenerate and give them life, as an alternative to the city suffocated by the mechanic thinking and constant exclusion of the organic and natural phenomena. The underlying patterns of these phenomena are futile and may pass unseen or unobserved unless we change the way we see them. For this the research identifies the main urban patterns in Tirana and their essential qualities trying to outline a methodology for observing, analyzing and potentially designing the city. In this concern, the research calls to enlarge the focus of observation for a more profound and holistic understanding of the physical form and the underlying formative principles. The analytical process tries to interpret the meaning of parts and wholeness in the urban realm under the quantum perspective. This conceptual shift involves more sensitivity to interpret the latencies and multiple reality of a world where both/and is the rule. As Zohar and Marshal (1994, p. 54) say, this kind of wholeness is an unbroken web of overlapping internal relationships created by the wave aspects which give rise to new systems with a new corporate identity. It is in this sense that in the quantum world the new emergent reality is not the sum of its parts, because interrelationship is involved in its creation. In parallel to that, the research tries to see the urban patterns as an unbroken wholeness in time-space, aroused from relationships of present and previous elements, being those material or non-material (particle-wave). This means that apparently separated “things” are aspects of some larger whole (Zohar and Marshal 1994 pp. 59-60), because of the arousal effect of the interfering patterns from different space(s) and different time(s) that affect the local temporal environment, as no space and time between them exist. In this research, this kind of unbroken web appears under the label of society-space-time (SST) continuum (Arida, 2002 p. 157) as an energy field of potential events. It is this concept that correlates the different events in the specific history of Tirana, the different anthropological cultures, the different places, or the different times in a web of wholeness which exists beyond the local SST. Based on this logic we can reach a deeper understanding of the urban patterns and see their emergent qualities as horizons (territorialities) aroused from different space time societies, interfering with each other and the local temporal environment. The created emergent quality is similar but different from the original ones. Therefore, patterns are considered as manifestation of territorialities (horizons) “caught” in the SST web of wholeness. The research tries to explore the wholeness of urban patterns also under the concepts hired from fractal city (Batty and Longley, 1994) and complexity approaches (Mitchell, 2009). According to the former, patterns contain in their internal an invisible (underlying) structure of relations. Thus, the degree of order we see in the external form is deeper and comes out from relationships and hierarchy contained in the internal form that manifest properties of a system with structure: with its static, understood as aggregation of elements in subassemblies; and its dynamic, understood as recursive behavior at which base stays the repetitive nature of irregularities across scales.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Page 157 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-156).
Understanding how environmental attributes can influence the behavior of pedestrians is of concern for public health officials, transportation engineers, and urban planners. To what degree, if any, do these various environmental characteristics influence how much and for how long people walk? To answer these questions, this thesis analyzes large-scale spatiotemporal pedestrian activity records collected from the users of a mobile phone application in Greater Boston, Massachusetts and the San Francisco Bay Area, California. The dataset contains the locative traces of recreational and utilitarian pedestrian walking activities which include the GPS and temporal records of individuals. In sum, this dissertation considered over 2.2 million trips from 135,000 people. This thesis addresses the topic in three parts. The first study examines the impacts of climate and environment on active transportation trips, and finds varying effects of different types of weather. However, these associated effects are influenced by a trip's purpose, as well as by season and location. The second study analyzes the impact of built environment characteristics on walking activities at the urban scale. These characteristics are generally defined as components of the density, diversity, and design of urban spaces. The study finds that activity characteristics are moderated by the features of location, and that infrastructure for walking, transportation access, and destinations have a positive influence on walking volume. Walking durations are largely invariant to these factors. The third study explores the effects of urban attributes on the aggregated route choices of individuals through the use of revealed preferences. The study's findings suggest that pedestrians are sensitive to the presence of retail destinations and transit availability in their choice of path. Despite this, architectural and street-level design features have mixed effects. These analyses contribute a new approach to understanding the interrelationships between the built environment and pedestrian activity, and how those effects contribute to the walkability of communities. This thesis also tests the usefulness of passive, pervasive mobile devices in evaluating urban space, and considers their potential to aid in the development of human-centered urban design-from an analysis of the quantified self toward the understanding of the quantified community.
by Anthony P. Vanky.
Ph. D.

Les éco-quartiers contribuent, depuis la fin du XXe siècle, à l'essor d'un modèle de ville durable à travers le monde. Cependant, si les grands principes théoriques du développement durable font relativement consensus à l'échelle internationale, les modalités de leur application au niveau local sont multiples et diverses. Suite à ce constat, de nombreux acteurs déploient dès la fin des années 2000 des référentiels de suivi et d'évaluation des éco-quartiers. Ces derniers permettent d'orienter la conception et la construction des quartiers durables tout en justifiant les choix retenus, et ce grâce à la mesure de leur performance selon plusieurs critères consensuels et mesurables dans le temps. Ces référentiels, conçus à l'échelle locale et souvent standardisés, sont en outre susceptibles d'être exportés à l'international, indépendamment du milieu naturel et culturel dans lequel ils s'appliquent. Ceci représente un paradoxe vis à vis du concept de développement durable qui promeut l'intégration des projets à un territoire spécifique. Aussi, le travail de thèse interroge l'impact des référentiels d'évaluation sur l'intégration territoriale des éco-quartiers au travers de l'analyse de trois études de cas en France, aux Etats-Unis et au Brésil: Clichy Batignolles localisé à Paris et labellisé EcoQuartier, Melrose Commons développé à New York et certifié LEED-ND, et llha Pura construit à Rio de Janeiro à la fois certifié LEED-ND et AQUA -HQE-A. Notre étude examine également succinctement un quatrième cas, le quartier de Vinhomes Riverside ayant reçu le prix de l'architecture ve1te du Vietnam et construit à Hanoï, dont l'étude n'a pu être complètement aboutie faute d'accès à des données essentielles à notre analyse. Nous énonçons le postulat qu'il existe des divergences entre les objectifs de performance fixés par le référentiel, ceux exigés par les acteurs du projet menant à une évaluation donnée, et enfin la réalité de l'éco-quartier une fois construit au sein d'un territoire plus large. Ces divergences sont particulièrement fortes en cas d'export du référentiel. Elles sont en outre mesurables et témoignent de différences de niveau d'intégration. Aussi, notre recherche s'appuie sur la comparaison des cas selon trois phases à savoir: 1) le choix du référentiel 2) l'évaluation du projet d'éco-quartier par le référentiel dont il estime la performance, et enfin 3) le résultat opérationnel, c'est à dire l'éco­quartier construit. La méthodologie de recherche est multidisciplinaire et déploie des outils associés aux statistiques, à l'ingénierie du territoire, à la géographie, mais aussi à l'analyse architecturale, urbaine et paysagère. Nous observons que les référentiels s'appuient sur diverses stratégies relatives à la sélection et à la mesure d'indicateurs permettant de planifier l'intégration du quartier au sein d'un territoire donné. Cette intégration est néanmoins extrêmement variable non seulement en fonction des critères et des échelles d'analyse choisis, mais aussi des jeux d'acteurs qui adaptent leur démarche aux spécificités d'un site. Les référentiels d'évaluation occultent alors la complexité, et sous-estiment la richesse de la diversité des éco-quartiers contemporains
Since the end of the 20th century, eco-neighborhoods have contributed to the international development of a sustainable city paradigm. However, while the concept of sustainable development is today the result of an international consensus, its urban applications at the local level are multiple and diverse. Following this observation, many stakeholders have designed neighborhood sustainability assessment tools (NSAT) in the past ten years. The latter contribute to the design and construction of sustainable neighborhoods while justifying stakeholders choices. Those tools also measure the eco-neighborhood performance, using several consensual and measurable criteria over time. Moreover, NSA T which are locally designed and often standardized, are likely to be exported internationally. However, internationally exporting a NSAT designed locally is paradoxical, in relation to sustainable development principles. Our research examines the impact of NSAT on eco-neighborhoods' territorial integration. It analyses three case studies located in France, the United States and Brazil. Clichy Batignolles was developed in Paris and received the EcoQuartier label. Melrose Commons was built in New York and is LEED-ND certified. Ilha Pura is located in Rio de Janeiro, and is both LEED-ND and AQUA-HQE-A certified. Our study also briefly examines a fow1h case. Vinhomes Riverside was built in Hanoi, and received the Vietnam Green Architecture Award. However, our analysis could not be completed due to the Jack of access to essential data. From the data we do have, we extrapolate that there are discrepancies between the objectives set by the NSA T, those requested by the project's stakeholders leading to a given assessment, and finally the reality of the built eco­neighborhood. These discrepancies are more important when the NSA T has been exported. They are also measurable, and enlighten different levels of projects' territorial integration. Our research is based on the comparison of the cases. This comparison is following three steps: 1) analyzing the chosen NSA T 2) studying the eco-neighborhood performance score and 3) analyzing the built project. Our methodology is multidisciplinary and uses tools related to statistics, territorial engineering, geography, and architectural, urban and landscape analysis. We conclude that NSAT use various strategies related to the selection and measurement of indicators to integrate a neighborhood within a given territory. However, this integration is extremely variable. This is not only due to criteria and scale selection, but also to stakeholders who adapt their strategies to their territory. Finally, NSAT conceals urban complexities, and underestimates the diversity of contemporary eco-neighborhoods

Transformation of informal housing settlements by urban renewal and redevelopment has become one of the major tasks of Turkish urban policy in the last decades. Nevertheless, in some cases urban redevelopment could not be facilitated due to low level of investments
and moreover most of the transformed settlements are still problematic with added difficulties brought out by urban transformation itself such as lower levels of physical quality, gentrification or dislocation. Understanding the sources of these implications and incompetence would be an important step for developing more successful policy and planning tools. To serve this aim, hypothesizing that there would be available regulatory tools including planning besides policy options relying on finance for local and central authorities and planning institutions on the basis of their political and regulative power and resources to overcome most of these bottlenecks
I have carried out both a theoretical and an empirical research to discuss the relevancy of this hypothesis. First, I have developed an institutional model of urban transformation to unravel the constituent shaping factors and actors of the process. Secondly, I have implemented this model for the analyses of urban transformation in informal settlements in Turkey with a case study in Sentepe and carried out surveys with households and interviews with developers to focus more on household and developer perspectives in terms of their aims and the implications they have an impact upon and are subjected to. Thus, this thesis includes an institutional analysis of urban transformation in informal settlements of Turkey, outlines the major problems of implications, discusses the links between factors, actors, events and their implications and accordingly searches for clues of efficient policies and better practices in urban transformation with a case study in Sentepe Neighbourhood. The findings of the empirical study revealed that first and foremost, the problem of disinvestment and very low levels of transformation in the area have been solved dramatically by a new '
project'
by the local authority in 2005, after almost twenty years passed since the first redevelopment plans were prepared. Moreover, the results indicate that the Sentepe Transformation Project could also managed to avoid the well-known unintended or undesirable social outcomes of a typical redevelopment like dislocation of residents or social integration of initial and new residents. These findings of the research suggest that local authorities and planning institutions could avoid some but not all of the bottlenecks and drawbacks of market mechanism in urban redevelopment even by making minor changes in the institutional environment such as providing information flow, easing the procedures for investors and developers, changing subdivisions and planning additional green areas for increasing the attractiveness of investments by builders in that area, and adoption of more participative approaches for developers and households. On the other hand, if the complementary housing and non-housing policies for redevelopment
such as affordable housing, employment or rent assistance are lacking, some of the outlined problems remain hard to solve. For local authorities and planners, these findings suggest the importance of accommodating policies, which are more responsive to the locality, to the needs and perceptions of local residents, local developers and local economy as well as of considering vulnerable sections of the society. For central authorities, on the other hand, the findings underline the cruciality of upper scale policies both directly and indirectly related to housing such as affordable housing and employment in the overall success of any local urban redevelopment practice. Once we have the institutional model to imply on various urban renewal processes, it would be helpful to carry out comparative studies for future research to better understand and evaluate various policy tools.

The intensified use of materials, products and goods in our time involves massive consumption of metals and organic compounds that can be released from society to the environment in the various stages of production, use and waste. Depending on the circumstances this may give rise to environmental risks, as metals in general and certain organic substances may be toxic in the short or long term. So where have those metals and organic substances been utilized? In which products or environments? Substance flow analysis (SFA) is a method to deal with these issues. The results from the analysis are quantifications of flows and stocks in a systematic way and within defined system boundaries.In this thesis four main research areas are identified, which need to be addressed. i) Application of SFA on substances that have not been studied in this respect before, which can give knowledge about flows and stocks related to consumption of goods.  ii) Development of SFA to meet the needs in studies of trends for the substance cycles and studies of quantification of potential changes. iii) Assessment of which different agents and actions that induce the changes, such as chemical regulations, environmental objectives and aims. To what extent can these changes be related to substance flows? iv) Finally to assess, how can SFA be useful in environmental decisions? The specified aims focus on the metals antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) and the group of organic compounds alkylphenol/alkylphenol ethoxylates (AP/APEO), in urban environments, exemplified with case studies of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.This thesis is a result of five studies. Three were based mainly on the methodology of SFA (Paper I-III). It has also been important to develop the chemical analysis of metals in goods where there has been a lack of information (Paper IV). Furthermore, assessment of policy questions and chemical regulations involve qualitative approaches and discussions (Paper I and V).The results show urban flows and stocks of the metals Cd, Hg, Pb and Sb and the group of organic substances AP/APEO. The results confirm that goods are important for the release of the substances studied. For Sb, emissions from brake linings (96%) dominate, but there are small emissions from textiles, potential emissions from flame retarded goods and probably small point sources. For AP/APEO the textile emissions were previously underestimated and the SFA presented here included this and pose textiles and cleaning agents as major emission source to wastewater.To repeat studies and to compare results from different years was a development of the SFA-method, which showed that Cd and Hg are being phased out as the inflow and stocks show diminished amounts, whereas the emissions remain approximately constant when comparing 1995 with 2002/2003. For Pb it is possible to talk about a phase-out of some specific goods, but not in general for inflow and stock.The changes in urban metabolism could be related to environmental decisions, e.g. effects of local initiatives and in some cases voluntary initiatives, but also as result of prevailing chemicals regulation. The utility of SFAs for decision makers may be related to methodological issues, such as the accounting approach. However, the utility was also found to depend on the structure of the monitoring, that is screening in the environment and concentration in wastewaters and sewage sludge precede the source mapping conducted with SFA. Substance Flow Analysis will likely continue to serve as the broad information tool for one substance at a time, which will offer source characterization of diffuse emissions in urban environments.

This study investigates the emerging information spaces from a geo-spatial perspective and explores the ways to utilise their flexible and dynamic nature. The recent growth of information communication technologies (ICTs) has resulted in the birth and development of a wide range of information communication spaces and cyberspaces. These spaces are increasingly affecting and contributing towards our society. Despite their remarkable growth, only few studies have been conducted on information spaces from the spatial perspective-treating these electronically generated spaces as a geographical entity is still rather uncommon in many disciplines. Nevertheless, users often acquire a certain degree of spatial awareness when they use the Internet, navigate on the Web, or explore one of the many 3D cyber cities. This study aims to uncover some of the spatial characteristics and the dynamics of information spaces so as to comprehend its spatial structure as well as the mechanism of its growth and, thereby, to contribute towards a better utilisation of such spaces. The study first identifies the different types of information spaces and categorise them in terms of their spatial attributes. A subset of each space is then modelled, visualised and compared to its counterpart in the real world. In particular, we discuss the scaling tendency of the spatial distribution of each type of information space and compare them to those observed in the real world. A hypothetical model will be drawn from the comparison on the real and virtual worlds to help simulate the growth of information spaces. Based on these analytical insights, the latter half of the study comprises a series of case studies in which information spaces are utilised as a complementary facility to the real space. The case studies focus on the utilisation of virtual environments from the geographical and planning perspectives. The topics include (1) digitally enhancement of our aesthetic experience, (2) virtual reproduction of historic and remote places, and (3) construction of online, planning-support systems. The increased use of information technology is also discussed as a side-effect of ICT development; with a particular focus on the transition of the planning process as well as the formation of a ubiquitous computing society. The study concludes with discussions on the findings of these approaches and possible future directions stemming from this study.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-97).
I created a Shanxi Province GIS -based Planning Support System (SPGPSS) for transportation and industrial plant location studies of the cokemaking sector in Shanxi Province. By integrating database, map viewer, scripts, and professional models in the GIS environment, on the provincial level, I designed the SPGPSS to have capabilities of optimizing plant locations, transport routes and modes under the different scenarios and computing the corresponding cost, energy consumption, and pollution emissions in the transportation process. Policy makers and industrial organizations can utilize the SPGPSS to value the economic and environmental impacts from different policy possibilities and assist their planning decisions on location rearrangements and structural changes. On the plant level, a plant manager can use the SPGPSS to conduct spatial analyses and multi-plan valuations for an individual plant in the planning of transport routes and new plant location. By the applications of SPGPSS, I tested my hypothesis that combining cokemaking plants into several large-capacity plants or industrial parks is preferable to having them distributed throughout the area. From the perspective of total cost, the large-capacity plants and industrial parks instead of the distributed small-capacity plants would reduce the total cost both from the transportation and cokemaking process. From the perspective of total energy consumption and pollution emissions, however, the large-capacity plants and industrial parks would increase the total energy consumption and pollution emissions. Thus, my hypothesis is only partially proven.
by Yan Chen.
M.C.P.

As land is developed, the impervious surfaces that are created increase the amount of runoff during rainfall events, disrupting the natural hydrologic cycle, with an increment in volume of runoff and in pollutant loadings. Pollutants deposited or derived from an activity on the land surface will likely end up in stormwater runoff in some concentration, such as nutrients, sediment, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, gasoline additives, pathogens, deicers, herbicides and pesticides. Several of these pollutants are particulate-bound, so it appears clear that sediment removal can provide significant water-quality improvements and it appears to be important the knowledge of the ability of stromwater treatment devices to retain particulate matter. For this reason three different units which remove sediments have been tested through laboratory. In particular a roadside gully pot has been tested under steady hydraulic conditions, varying the characteristics of the influent solids (diameter, particle size distribution and specific gravity). The efficiency in terms of particles retained has been evaluated as a function of influent flow rate and particles characteristics; results have been compared to efficiency evaluated applying an overflow rate model. Furthermore the role of particles settling velocity in efficiency determination has been investigated. After the experimental runs on the gully pot, a standard full-scale model of an hydrodynamic separator (HS) has been tested under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results presented in this study illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by operating flow rate, which strongly affects the particles and hydraulic residence time of the system. The efficiency data have been compared to results obtained from a modified overflow rate model; moreover the residence time distribution has been experimentally determined through tracer analyses for several steady flow rates. Finally three testing experiments have been performed for two different configurations of a full-scale model of a clarifier (linear and crenulated) under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by the configuration of the unit itself. Turbidity measures have been used to compare turbidity with the suspended sediments concentration, in order to find a correlation between these two values, which can allow to have a measure of the sediments concentration simply installing a turbidity probe.

As land is developed, the impervious surfaces that are created increase the amount of runoff during rainfall events, disrupting the natural hydrologic cycle, with an increment in volume of runoff and in pollutant loadings. Pollutants deposited or derived from an activity on the land surface will likely end up in stormwater runoff in some concentration, such as nutrients, sediment, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, gasoline additives, pathogens, deicers, herbicides and pesticides. Several of these pollutants are particulate-bound, so it appears clear that sediment removal can provide significant water-quality improvements and it appears to be important the knowledge of the ability of stromwater treatment devices to retain particulate matter. For this reason three different units which remove sediments have been tested through laboratory. In particular a roadside gully pot has been tested under steady hydraulic conditions, varying the characteristics of the influent solids (diameter, particle size distribution and specific gravity). The efficiency in terms of particles retained has been evaluated as a function of influent flow rate and particles characteristics; results have been compared to efficiency evaluated applying an overflow rate model. Furthermore the role of particles settling velocity in efficiency determination has been investigated. After the experimental runs on the gully pot, a standard full-scale model of an hydrodynamic separator (HS) has been tested under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results presented in this study illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by operating flow rate, which strongly affects the particles and hydraulic residence time of the system. The efficiency data have been compared to results obtained from a modified overflow rate model; moreover the residence time distribution has been experimentally determined through tracer analyses for several steady flow rates. Finally three testing experiments have been performed for two different configurations of a full-scale model of a clarifier (linear and crenulated) under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by the configuration of the unit itself. Turbidity measures have been used to compare turbidity with the suspended sediments concentration, in order to find a correlation between these two values, which can allow to have a measure of the sediments concentration simply installing a turbidity probe.

Air pollution constantly threatens the conservation of carbonate stone monuments and built heritage mainly in urban areas. Even if different studies focused on the effect of pollution on stone materials, by analysing samples collected from historic buildings, performing tests in simulation chamber and/or in field and monitoring air quality (gases and aerosol) of the environment surrounding specific cultural heritage, lack of knowledge still remains in the quantitative correlation between the concentration of particular atmospheric pollutants and their damage induced to stone. Furthermore, the possible repercussions on built heritage of the current atmosphere in Western Europe, poorer than in the past of SO2 but richer of NOx and organic compounds, merit consideration. In this regard, the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR) with the Department of Physics and Earth Sciences of the University of Ferrara performed field exposure tests of stone model samples and passive filters for 24 months in Italian cities characterised by different environmental conditions (i.e. Bologna, Ferrara and Florence) associated with particulate matter monitoring campaigns as a non-invasive methodological approach for studying the impact of urban pollution on carbonate stones. Marble (Carrara Marble) and limestone (Verona Red Marble) were selected as model samples as they were widely used as construction and ornamental elements in historic Italian architecture and for their physico-chemical features. Galvanized metallic racks were prepared to host samples with different exposure orientations (i.e. horizontal, oblique and vertical) in order to identify how positioning may reflect on deposition and removal of pollutants. Polished stone samples were exposed outdoor, partially sheltered from the rain wash-out, in areas strongly affected by pollution due to vehicular traffic. At defined time intervals, several analytical techniques (Colorimetric analysis, IC, EA-IRMS, ESEM-EDX, ICP-MS) were used for characterising the state of degradation of the exposed stone specimens while aerosol monitoring campaigns allowed to compare the atmospheric components (in terms of soluble and carbon fractions) with those actually accumulate on samples surface and passive filters. The results demonstrate an increasing trend of soiling over time in all sites, more evident in horizontal and oblique marble samples. In particular, blackening and yellowing processes of stone surface were identified in relation with deposition of elemental carbon (EC) and accumulation of organic carbon (OC) and sulphate, respectively. The adopted methodological approach provided information about the real deposition of soluble and carbon fractions per surface unit over time as well as the development of methodology for carbon speciation by thermally-based separation allowed to measure C fractions in damage layers without any chemical attack. Moreover, the high concentration of heavy metals on stone deposit, the prevalence of OC over EC both in atmosphere and in deposit of stone samples and passive filters as well as soluble ions (mainly Cl- and SO42- in deposit and NO3-, SO42- and NH4+ in atmospheric PM) confirm as vehicular traffic has directly (combustion of fossil fuels) or indirectly (re-suspended dust and de-icing salts) affected the composition of the deposited particulate matter.
L’inquinamento atmosferico rappresenta uno dei principali fattori di degrado di monumenti e beni architettonici costituiti da rocce carbonatiche, soprattutto in ambiente urbano. Sebbene diversi studi abbiano analizzato gli effetti dell’inquinamento sui materiali lapidei attraverso lo studio di campioni prelevati da edifici storici, test di simulazione in camera climatica e/o in campo e monitoraggio della qualità dell’aria (gas e aerosol) relativa all’ambiente circostante un specifico bene culturale, esistono tuttavia delle lacune riguardo la correlazione quantitativa tra la concentrazione degli inquinanti atmosferici e il danno che possono provocare al substrato lapideo. Vanno inoltre anche considerate le ripercussioni della composizione atmosferica attuale, impoverita di SO2 ma arricchita di NOx e composti organici rispetto al passato. A tal proposito, l’Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISAC-CNR) in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra dell’Università di Ferrara hanno condotto dei test di esposizione in campo di provini lapidei e filtri passivi per 24 mesi in città italiane contraddistinte da situazioni ambientali differenti (Bologna, Ferrara e Firenze) insieme a delle campagne di monitoraggio del particolato atmosferico come approccio non-invasivo per studiare l’impatto dell’inquinamento urbano su rocce carbonatiche. Sono stati scelti come campioni un marmo (Marmo di Carrara) e un calcare (Rosso Ammonitico Veronese) per le loro caratteristiche fisico-chimiche e la loro diffusione come materiali da costruzione e decorazione nell’architettura storica italiana. Gli espositori in metallo galvanizzato sono stati preparati per ospitare i campioni con diversa orientazione (orizzontale, obliqua e verticale) in modo da identificare quanto la posizione possa influire sulla deposizione e rimozione degli inquinanti. I campioni lapidei sono stati levigati ed esposti all’aperto in maniera parzialmente protetta delle precipitazioni in aree affette da intenso traffico veicolare. A intervalli di tempo prestabiliti, sono state utilizzate diverse tecniche analitiche (analisi colorimetriche, IC, EA-IRMS, ESEM-EDX, ICP-MS) per valutare lo stato di degrado dei campioni lapidei esposti mentre le campagne di monitoraggio del particolato atmosferico hanno permesso di confrontare i componenti atmosferici (in termini di ioni solubili e frazioni del carbonio) con quelli che si sono effettivamente depositati sulle superfici lapidee e sui filtri passivi. I risultati dimostrano un trend di soiling crescente nel tempo in tutti i siti, più evidente sui campioni di marmo orizzontali e obliqui. In particolare, sono stati riscontrati un annerimento e un ingiallimento della superficie lapidea in relazione all’accumulo rispettivamente di carbonio elementare (EC) e di carbonio organico (OC) e solfati. L’approccio metodologico scelto ha fornito informazioni relative alla reale deposizione delle frazioni solubili e carboniose per unità di superficie nel tempo così come lo sviluppo della metodologia per la speciazione del carbonio attraverso separazione termica ha consentito di misurare le frazioni di C sulle superfici di degrado senza ricorrere a nessun attacco chimico. Inoltre, l’elevata concentrazione di metalli pesanti nel deposito dei provini lapidei, la prevalenza di OC su EC sia in atmosfera che sul deposito dei campioni lapidei e dei filtri passivi e anche gli ioni solubili (soprattutto Cl- e SO42- sul deposito e NO3-, SO42- e NH4+ nel PM atmosferico) hanno confermato come il traffico veicolare possa influenzare la composizione del particolato atmosferico depositato.

Le développement des énergies renouvelables dans les zones urbaines, suscite un intérêt grandissant, tant des professionnels que de la société civile, à partager localement l’énergie produite. Mettre en place un tel objectif relève régulièrement d’initiatives énergétiques locales. Alors que le monde de l’énergie a précédemment cherché à se rendre invisible du monde urbain, le déploiement de telles initiatives énergétiques pose la question de l’accueil de ces projets par la fabrique urbaine. Nous postulons dans cette thèse que ces initiatives énergétiques locales contribuent, à leur manière, à faire réapparaître les systèmes énergétiques dans l’urbain, ainsi qu’à reconfigurer son organisation et son fonctionnement. Le travail de recherche s’appuie sur quatre études de cas dans trois pays : l’Allemagne, la France et le Royaume-Uni. Les cas choisis sont l’habitat participatif des Colibres à Forcalquier (France), la Klimakommune de Saerbeck (Allemagne), le projet européen Sensible de stockage électrique à Nottingham (Royaume-Uni) et l’opération d’autoconsommation collective Smartmagne à Marmagne (France). Nous nous attachons à comprendre la fabrique de ces projets, c’est-à-dire que, au-delà de la matérialité produite, nous portons nos analyses sur les acteurs et sur les mécanismes de l’action en train de se faire. Trois grands résultats sont avancés dans la thèse. Alors que le terme de ‘’communauté énergétique’’ est repris tant dans les travaux scientifiques que dans les communications nationales et européennes, nous montrons que l’utilisation du concept d’assemblage pour caractériser les initiatives énergétiques qui nous intéressent est plus pertinent. Notre objet d’étude correspond à l’articulation entre des acteurs (entreprises, chercheurs, collectifs d’habitants, promoteurs, collectivité, groupes d’intérêts, etc.) et des objets techniques et matériels relevant d’un projet énergétique spécifique : les ‘’assemblages socio-énergétiques locaux et urbains’’ (ASE-LU). Leurs liens ne sont pas basés sur des affinités sociales ou politiques, mais sont générés par la poursuite de la réalisation du projet même. Les différents projets étudiés nous permettent de situer les effets produits au sein de ce que nous appelons la fabrique ordinaire de l’urbain. Autrement dit, les cas observés, dont l’objectif commun peut être exprimé comme la mutualisation d’énergie produite localement, ne relèvent que très peu de projet d’aménagement d’envergure (ZAC, OIN, écoquartier). Dans cette fabrique ordinaire, les porteurs de projets ne choisissent pas la confrontation socio-politique pour changer les règlements, les lois et les conditions de production. Ils préfèrent emprunter les marges et les failles laissées par la fabrique ordinaire, pour faire advenir leur projet et le transformer en réalité matérielle et sociale. Enfin, nous discutons un possible rapprochement de nos études de cas avec les communs. Les ASE-LU débordent des découpages classiques (structurant pour la fabrique urbaine) entre droit de propriété et droit d’usage, entre privé et public, entre suprématie de l’intérêt général et poursuite des intérêts partiel ou individuels. Ils sont confrontés aux mêmes problématiques que les communs urbains et/ou énergétiques : blocages légaux, mobilisation de failles et d’interstices. Ils dessinent des organisations sociales et des ensembles spatio-techniques qui interrogent au moins les structures juridiques et sociales classiques, d’une part du monde de l’énergie, d’autre part, du monde de la fabrique urbaine
Renewables development in urban areas has sparked growing interest, stemming from professionals as well as from civil society as a whole, in sharing locally generated energy. Setting out such an objective regularly relies on local energy initiatives. As the energy industry was previously aiming to be invisible in the urban world, deployment of such energy initiatives raises questions on how urban making will relate with such projects. In this thesis, we hypothesized that these local energy initiatives contribute, in their own way, to make reappear energy systems in the urban area, as well as reconfigure its organization and its operation.This research work is built on four case studies located in three countries: Germany, France, and the United-Kingdom. Chosen cases are as follows: Les Colibres, a participatory housing in Forcalquier (France), Klimakommune in Saerbeck (Germany), European project on electrical storage named Sensible in Nottingham (United-Kingdom), and collective self-consumption project Smartmagne in Marmagne (France). The aim of this work is to understand these projects’making, thus, beyond their materiality, to analyse actors and mechanisms that are at stake in the on-going action. The results of the study are threefold. First, while “energy community” is a widely used notion in scientific literature and in national, European communications, the concept of assemblage is more relevant to characterize the energy initiatives this thesis is focused on. The object of study is at the crossover point between actors (enterprises, researchers, collectives of residents, promoters, collectivities, different groups of interests, etc.) and material and technical objects within a specific energy project: “local and urban socio-energetic assemblages” (LU-SEA, or ASE-LU in French). Their links are not based on social nor political affinities but are generated by the further realization of the project itself. From the four case studies analysed in this thesis, it is possible to link these projects and their effects in the field of what we call the ordinary urban making. As a matter of fact, such developments, which common objective can be casted as mutualisation of locally generated energy, are usually not within large development schemes. In this ordinary urban making, the project holders choose to avoid a socio-political confrontation that would be aimed at changing regulations, laws, or the making’ conditions. They rather take advantage of margins and cracks left open by the ordinary urban making to advance their project and process a social and material reality out of it. Lastly, this work is a mean to discuss the convergence of the outcome of the case studies and their analysis with commons. ASE-LU and urban and/or energy commons share similar issues: legal blocking, flaws and interstices mobilisation. They shape social organizations and spatio-technical sets that challenge at least the standard legal and social structures of the energy industry on the one hand, and of the field of urban making on the other hand

Urban traffic and climate change are two phenomena that have the potential to degrade urban water quality by influencing the build-up and wash-off of pollutants, respectively. However, limited knowledge has made it difficult to establish any link between pollutant buildup and wash-off under such dynamic conditions. In order to safeguard urban water quality, adaptive water quality mitigation measures are required. In this research, pollutant build-up and wash-off have been investigated from a dynamic point of view which incorporated the impacts of changed urban traffic as well as changes in the rainfall characteristics induced by climate change. The study has developed a dynamic object classification system and thereby, conceptualised the study of pollutant build-up and wash-off under future changes in urban traffic and rainfall characteristics. This study has also characterised the buildup and wash-off processes of traffic generated heavy metals, volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbons under dynamic conditions which enables the development of adaptive mitigation measures for water quality. Additionally, predictive frameworks for the build-up and wash-off of some pollutants have also been developed.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 10, 2008). Directed by Matina C. Kalcounis-Rüppell; submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-29).

Les multifractals universels (UM) sont un outil puissant et abondement utilisé d'analyse et de simulation de champs géophysiques, comme la pluie, extrêmement variables sur une large gamme d'échelle. Ils sont basés sur le concept de cascade multiplicative qui repose sur la notion physique d'invariance d'échelle pour explorer le phénomène fondamental qu'est l'intermittence. Dans ce cadre, toute la variabilité du champ est caractérisée à l'aide de simplement trois paramètres qui ont en plus une interprétation physique. Dans cette thèse on utilise ce cadre théorique pour quantifier l'impact de la variabilité à petite échelle de la pluie en hydrologie urbaine. La première étape consiste à analyser la variabilité spatio-temporelle de données radar de précipitation à l'aide d'un modèle multifractal anisotrope simple. Divers évènements pluvieux sont analysés. Un comportement scalant a été observé sur deux gammes d'échelles séparées par une rupture à 16 km qui est discutée. Ces données sont globalement en accord avec un modèle spatio-temporel simple reposant un exposant d'anisotropie entre l'espace et de temps. Les résultats suggèrent une possible universalité des paramètres UM pour les précipitations. Cette thèse aborde également un autre aspect de l'intermittence, particulièrement important pour les longues séries temporelles pluviométriques, que sont les nombreuses mesures nulles de la pluie (c'est-à-dire un pixel où aucune pluie n'est relevée), i.e. les longues périodes sèches. L'ancienne question de la source de cette intermittence, et notamment la nécessité d'un modèle dédié, est revisitée. D'abord les effets d'un seuil sur un champ multifractal sont analysés et ensuite un " toy model " qui introduit des zéros au sein du processus de cascade et conditionnellement aux valeurs du champ est développé. Cela permet d'expliquer la plupart des comportements observés, e.g. les différences entre les statistiques évènementielles et globales. L'impact de la variabilité de la pluie est analysé à travers l'étude de la sensibilité de modèles d'hydrologie/hydraulique urbaine à la donnée de pluie. Deux bassins versants essentiellement urbains (un de 3 400 ha en Seine-Saint-Denis à proximité de Paris, et un de 900 ha à Londres) modélisés avec des modèles opérationnels semi-distribués sont pris comme cas d'études. Par ailleurs le modèle distribué Multi-Hydro (en développement au LEESU) est testé sur une portion de 145 ha du cas d'étude parisien. L'impact de la variabilité à petites échelles non mesurée des précipitations (i.e. se produisant à des échelles plus petites que 1 km en espace et 5 min en temps qui sont disponibles avec les données radar à bande C) est d'abord évalué. Ceci est réalisé par la génération d'un ensemble de pluie réaliste désagrégée en continuant stochastiquement le processus sous-jacent de cascade au-delà de l'échelle d'observation, puis la simulation de l'ensemble correspondant d'hydrographes. Il apparaît que la variabilité à petites échelles de la pluie engendre une variabilité hydrologique qui ne doit pas être négligée. De plus le modèle Multi-Hydro génère une variabilité plus importante et pas seulement au niveau du pic de débit, i.e. même pour les pluies modérées. Ces résultats mettent en lumière la nécessité d'installer des radars en bande X (dont la résolution est hectométrique) en milieu urbain. Dans un deuxième temps les outils multifractals sont employés sur les pluies et les débits simulés qui présentent aussi un comportement scalant. Il apparaît que le réseau d'assainissement transmet simplement la variabilité des précipitations sans l'atténuer, au moins en termes de statistiques multifractals

This thesis sheds light on differences in health insurance enrolment determinants and uptake barriers between urban and rural areas in the Jirapa district of Ghana. The National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana has made significant progress in terms of enrolment, which has had a commensurate increase in utilization of health care services. However, there are challenges that pose a threat to the scheme’s transition to universal coverage; enrolment in the scheme has not progressed according to plan, and there are many barriers known to impede uptake of health care. Interestingly, these barriers vary in relation to locality, and rural residents appear to carry a disproportionate portion of the burden. A mixed method approach was employed to collect and analyse the data. On the basis of the primary qualitative and quantitative results, the thesis argues that the costs of enrolling and accessing health care is disproportionately higher for rural residents than it is their urban counterparts. It also highlights that the distribution of service benefits both in terms of the NHIS and health care in the Jirapa district favours urban residents. Lastly, the thesis found that whereas rural residents prefer health care provision to be social in nature, urban residents were more interested in the technical quality aspects of care. These findings suggest that rural residents are not benefitting from, or may not be accessing health services to the extent as their urban counterparts. Affordability, long distance to health facilities, availability and acceptability barriers were found to influence the resultant pro-urban distribution of the overall health care benefit.

This study aims to bring together the insights of two strands of literature regarding urban development: urban economics originally considered in a monocentric spatial-economic framework and self-organizing systems and cellular automata (CA) modeling, which aim to explain multinodal and evolutionary urban development. We do so by examining urban real estate markets that reflect the complexity of urban development. Innovatively, socioeconomic heterogeneity and the notion of neighborhoods viewed as essential in planning and urban studies are introduced in our models. Herein, neighborhoods as identity communities and their local influence are hypothesized to be crucial elements for explaining urban economic and morphological development in a research framework applied to the metropolis of Belo Horizonte in Brazil. Geoprocessing techniques and principal component analysis (PCA) are used to aggregate the spatially distributed socio-economic data by neighbourhood. This produces a detailed description of the urban fabric at the neighbourhood level. The empirical analyses in this thesis extend models in both strands through the cross-fertilization of concepts and causal mechanisms. The first is an econometric model which is tested against its spatial component and that incorporates quantile regression analysis (IVQR). The second is a cellular automata model which extends the initial proposal of White and Engelen (1993) and explicitly considers disagglomerative effects influence on real estate urban prices. Both models include social heterogeneities and local influences as central explanatory elements. The application of the models provided insights into what factors contribute (and to what extent) to the formation of real estate prices, given its configuration; as well as the identification of which factors dynamically interact to determine the location of urban actors and urban land price formation. In both cases, the analyses of actors from different socioeconomic levels and its relative location within the neighborhoods proved to be relevant.
Esta tese aplica conceitos oriundos de dois campos da literatura no estudo do desenvolvimento urbano: o da economia urbana baseado na noção de centro e área polarizada e o de sistemas complexos auto-organizáveis e modelagem com autômatos celulares (CA), que permitem noções de vizinhança e desenvolvimento evolucionário. O mercado de bens imóveis é analisado, pois que reflete a complexidade do meio urbano e está intimamente imbuído de suas múltiplas causalidades e determinações. Heterogeneidade socioeconômica e a noção de vizinhança vista como essencial em estudos urbanos são introduzidos nos nossos modelos. Ou seja, vizinhanças são definidas e consideradas elementos essenciais para explicar preços de bens imóveis e desenvolvimento urbano local de longo prazo na metrópole de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Técnicas de geoprocessamento e análise de componentes principais (PCA) são aplicadas para agregar grande quantidade de informações socioeconômicas distribuídas espacialmente no tecido urbano. Este subsídio, aliado à descrição histórica apresentada, permite a proposição de dois modelos de análise que se beneficiam da fertilização cruzada dos campos da literatura abordados. O primeiro é um modelo de análise econométrica que é testado para seu componente espacial e que incorpora a análise quantílica por meio de uma estimação por variáveis instrumentais (IVQR). O segundo é um modelo de autômatos celulares que avança no conceito proposto inicialmente por White e Engelen (1993) e considera explicitamente os efeitos de desaglomeração dos preços dos imóveis. Ambos incluem heterogeneidade social e influências locais como elementos explicativos centrais. A aplicação dos modelos permitiu, portanto, o indicativo de quais fatores (e em qual dimensão) influenciam o mercado de bens imóveis, dada sua configuração; bem como a identificação dos fatores que dinamicamente interagem na determinação da localização dos atores urbanos e na formação do preço da terra urbana. Em ambos os casos, a análise de atores em diferentes patamares socioeconômicos e sua localização relativa na constituição das vizinhanças mostraram-se relevantes.

Dengue is currently the most important arboviral disease globally and is usually associated with built environments in tropical areas. Control measures are currently focused on community participation in control of the vector Aedes aegypti and larval source reduction. In Costa Rica, dengue fever is a relatively recent re-emerging disease and has become a serious public health problem. Remotely sensed information can facilitate the study of urban mosquito-borne diseases like dengue by providing multiple temporal and spatial resolutions appropriate to investigate urban structure and ecological characteristics associated with infectious disease. Initial studies showed that although dengue is a serious public health problem in Costa Rica, there is a need for interdisciplinary scientific research to guide vector control. Therefore, the dengue situation in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, and applications of remote sensing to study infectious diseases like dengue within urban environments was analyzed. Satellite imagery of high and medium spatial resolution was obtained to evaluate relationships between urban structure and incidence of dengue fever at the locality level. Using the satellite imagery, a geographical sampling method was developed and applied for seasonal entomological field surveys in Puntarenas. Very high resolution imagery from QuickBird was utilized to determine the relationships between Ae. aegypti larval habitat abundance and tree cover or built areas. Results showed that the most relevant Ae. aegypti larval habitats in Puntarenas were outdoor miscellaneous containers, cans and plastic food containers that fill with rain water in the wet season, while washtubs were the most productive habitats in the dry season. Dengue incidence and abundance of larval habitats in the urban environment were directly associated with tree cover and inversely associated with built areas. Environmental conditions and urban structure, as well as human behavior were related in different ways to dengue incidence and Ae. aegypti larval habitats. Overall, remotely sensed information was useful in developing sampling strategies for field surveys and determining factors within the urban environment that may promote persistence of mosquito larval habitats and increased dengue risk. The geographical methods and relationships revealed will be useful in determining target areas for more efficient vector control.

The transport and urban economics literature applies different labor supply approaches when studying economic or planning instruments. Some studies assume that working hours are endogenous while the number of workdays is given, whereas others model only decisions on workdays. Unfortunately, empirical evidence does hardly exist on account of missing data. Against this background, we provide an assessment of whether general effects of transport policies are robust against the modeling of leisure demand and labor supply. We introduce different labor supply approaches into a spatial general equilibrium model and discuss how they affect the welfare implication of congestion policies. We, then, perform simulations and find that in many cases the choice of labor supply modeling not only affects the magnitude of the policy impact but also its direction. While planning instruments are suggested to be quite robust to different labor supply approaches, the way of modeling labor supply may crucially affect the overall welfare implications of economic instruments such as congestion tolls. Based on these findings it becomes clear which labor supply approach is the most appropriate given specific conditions. Our study also emphasizes the need for better micro labor market data that also feature days of sickness, overtime work used to reduce workdays, the actual number of leave days, part-time work, days with telecommuting etc.

Vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die jüngsten Möglichkeiten hochauflösender Fernerkundung am Beispiel von Stadtbäumen in Berlin, Deutschland. Es wurden neuste methodische Ansätze eingesetzt, wie beispielsweise maschinelles Lernens und individuelle Baumdetektion. Sie erwiesen sich von großem Vorteil für die detaillierte Analyse urbaner Ökosystemdienstleistungen in einer heterogenen Umwelt. Neueste Fernerkundung von hoher zeitlicher Auflösung hat Möglichkeiten gezeigt, Veränderungen des Stadtwaldes präziser zu untersuchen. Diesbezüglich konnten Baumspezies klassifiziert werden auf Grundlage saisonaler Veränderungen, die mittels Fernerkundungsdaten aufgenommen wurden. Dies ist für den urbanen Bereich einmalig und über große Flächen noch nicht durchgeführt worden. Darüber hinaus haben diese Baumarten einzelnen Bäumen zugeordnet werden können, deren Abmessung fernerkundlich erfasst worden ist. Diese neu erzeugten Umweltinformationen einzelner Bäume können damit verbundene urbane Ökosystemdienstleistungen präzise aktualisieren. Zum Beispiel haben so Unsicherheiten in der Schätzung zur Kohlenstoffspeicherung städtischer Wälder reduziert werden können. Es ist zudem von Vorteil gewesen, den gegenwärtigen Mangel an räumlich expliziten dreidimensionalen Informationen über Stadtwälder anzusprechen. Allerdings ist die Rolle städtischen Wälder, das Treibhausgas CO2 langfristig auszugleichen, immer noch wenig untersucht. Gerade der Mangel an präzisen, konsistenten und aktuellen Details führt zu großen Unsicherheiten im Rahmen von Lebenszyklus-Analysen. Auf Grund des aktuellen Fortschritts in hochauflösender Fernerkundung könnten diese Unsicherheiten reduziert werden. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten ausgiebig kritisch bewertet und anhand einer Lebenszyklus-Analyse am Beispiel Berlin andiskutiert, inwieweit sie präzisere langfristige Prognosen zum Stadtwald als Kohlenstoffspeicher liefern.
This work shows recent options for implementing high resolution remote sensing in assessing urban trees in Berlin, Germany. State-of-the-art methodological approaches like machine learning and individual tree detection proved to be highly advantageous for analyzing details of urban ecosystem services within a heterogeneous urban environment. Recent remote sensing of high temporal resolution offers new options for more precisely addressing urban forest dynamics. This successfully shows that tree species could be identified from seasonal changes of remotely sensed imagery, though this has not yet been applied across cities. Furthermore, these tree species results could be combined with remotely sensed individual tree dimensions. This newly generated data can be suggested to update spatially explicit information on related urban ecosystem services. For example, this could reduce the uncertainties of such estimates as urban forest carbon storage, and also address the present lack of spatially explicit three-dimensional information on urban forests. However, few studies have considered the local scale of urban forests to effectively evaluate their potential long-term carbon offset. The lack of precise, consistent and up-to-date forest details is challenging within the scope of life cycle assessments. This can cause high uncertainties in urban forest carbon offset. Although, recent progress in high resolution remote sensing is promising to reduce these uncertainties. For this purpose, remote sensing options are extensively reviewed and briefly discussed using an example of life cycle assessment for Berlin, which allow more precise long-term prognoses of urban forest carbon offset.

A urbanização modifica a superfície, promovendo a troca da cobertura natural por materiais de construção. As áreas urbanas, além do solo impermeável, têm a presença de edifícios, que alteram a rugosidade da superfície, a velocidade e a direção dos ventos e provocam o sombreamento da superfície, bloqueando a incidência da energia solar. Assim, analisar a geometria de ocupação da cidade é importante para o entendimento do clima urbano e para o planejamento da cidade. O sensoriamento remoto é uma importante forma de obtenção de informações das áreas urbanas, contudo é preciso considerar a heterogeneidade deste ambiente e a mistura espectral existente nos dados satelitais. Dessa forma, o modelo linear de mistura espectral apresenta-se como importante método de extração de informações dos ambientes urbanos. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar áreas com padrão horizontal e com padrão vertical de ocupação urbana, em Porto Alegre, e relacionar essa característica geométrica com valores de temperatura de superfície. Para tanto, imagens do sensor TM do satélite Landsat 5, adquiridas entre 1984 e 2009 foram utilizadas, bem como dados censitários, dados meteorológicos e modelos gerados por varredura laser. A partir das imagens TM foram geradas três imagens fração: solo, sombra e vegetação. A fração solo foi utilizada na identificação de áreas de ocupação horizontal e de expansão urbana, e a fração sombra foi utilizada na identificação de áreas verticalizadas. Utilizando as mesmas imagens, obtiveram-se os valores de temperatura de superfície. As áreas com ocupação horizontal, caracterizadas por moradias em casas, apresentaram baixos valores de sombra e altos valores de solo. As áreas verticalizadas apresentaram altos valores de sombra e baixos valores de solo. Os resultados extraídos das imagens fração têm similaridade com dados de artigos científicos e com os dados da varredura laser. A temperatura de superfície, em Porto Alegre, mostrou forte correlação com dados meteorológicos, e se caracteriza por valores mais altos nas áreas urbanizadas e mais baixos onde a ocupação é rarefeita. Nas áreas urbanizadas, maiores valores de temperatura de superfície são encontrados nas regiões com padrão de ocupação horizontal, enquanto os menores valores são encontrados nas regiões verticalizadas. A metodologia escolhida gerou resultados compatíveis com outros dados de uso e ocupação do solo, provenientes de diferentes fontes, e contribui com características da área urbana e do clima urbano da cidade de Porto Alegre, informações essas escassas nos principais bancos de dados acadêmicos.
The urbanization modifies the landscape, promoting changes from natural to man-made environment. Besides the impermeable soil, the urban areas have a lot of buildings, that changes the surface roughness, the wind speed and direction and also are responsible for shading the surface, blocking the incidence of solar energy. Analysing the city occupation geometry is important to understanding of the urban climate behaviour, and naturally the city planning. Remote sensing is a very important tool to get information about the urban areas, but is necessary to consider the heterogeneity of this environment and the existing spectral mixing in satellite data. Based on this, the linear model of spectral mixing can be classified as an important method of information extraction from urban environments. The goal of this research is to identify areas with horizontal and vertical patterns of urban occupation in the city of Porto Alegre – Brazil and relate this geometric characteristic with values of surface temperature. Therefore, images of the TM sensor of the Landsat 5 satellite were used (during the 1984-2009 period) and also the census data, meteorological data and models generated by laser scanning. Three fraction images were generated based on TM images: soil, shade and vegetation. The soil fraction was used for the identification of the areas with horizontal occupation and urban expansion, and the shadow fraction was used to identify verticalized areas. Based on the same images the surface temperature was obtained. Areas with horizontal occupation, mostly represented by houses, presented low shading values and high soil values. On the other hand, verticalized areas presented high shading values and low soil values. These results, obtained from the images fraction, are similar with the results from scientific papers and data from laser scanning. In Porto Alegre, the surface temperature indicated strong correlation with meteorological data, and was characterized by higher values in urbanized areas and lower values where the occupation is least intense. In urban areas, higher values of temperature are found in areas with horizontal occupation pattern, while the lowest values are found in verticalized regions. Furthermore, it is possible to suggest that the chosen methodology lead to conclusions that are consistent with other data of land use and occupation from different sources. Contributing with some information about characteristics of the urban area and urban climate of the city of Porto Alegre, which are usually not well documented in academic databases.

Orientador: Mónica Graciela Zoppi Fontana
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A partir do dispositivo teórico da Análise do Discurso francesa de Michel Pêcheux e dos estudos discursivos realizados sobre o urbano, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo geral compreender o funcionamento dos discursos que significam o Motoboy na circulação urbana. Nas pesquisas que tomam a cidade atravessada pelo simbólico, questionou-se sobre como os sujeitos interpretam a cidade e como eles mesmos se interpretam na cidade. Procurando centrar-se nessas questões, delimitou-se, para essa pesquisa, análises de discursos em que o Motoboy se significa e é significado no espaço das vias de trânsito, na cidade e em sua relação com os demais sujeitos urbanos. Para isso, o corpus em questão é constituído de sequências discursivas de entrevistas realizadas com Motoboys e Empresários de Agências de transporte na cidade de São Paulo em 2011, textos da mídia, textos de ordem jurídica, falas de especialistas, falas de outros sujeitos urbanos de São Paulo e imagens. A pesquisa segue a metodologia proposta pela AD e partindo da compreensão das condições de produção dos discursos e da Formação ideológica capitalista foi possível identificar a Formação discursiva da organização urbana e as posições-sujeito urbanista e legalista nos discursos sobre/do Motoboy de São Paulo. Foi possível também perceber que esses discursos da FD da organização urbana reificam o Motoboy, o segregam e produzem imagens negativas de Motoboy. A partir dos discursos do Motoboy, verificou-se que esses ora negam as imagens negativas que circulam na FD da organização urbana, ora as reproduzem, mas, de modo geral, se distanciam delas e significam sua profissão em sentidos de transitoriedade. Mesmo com seu real sendo constantemente sobreposto pelo urbano, é possível pensar resistência na cidade. Pode-se citar, portanto, alguns indícios/vestígios para compreender esses pontos de resistência
Abstract: From the theoretical device of the French Discourse Analysis of Michel Pêcheux and the discourse studies about urban, this research aims to understand the discursive functioning of the speeches that signify the Motorcycle courier in urban traffic. In the researches that take the city crossed by the symbolic, it was questioned how the subjects understand the city and how they are understood themselves in the city. By focusing on these questions, it was delimited in this research discourses analyses in which the Motorcycle courier means himself and is meant in the traffic routes in the city and in his relationship with other urban subjects. In order to achieve that, the content of the paper consists of discursive sequences of interviews with couriers and transport agencies Businessmen in the city of São Paulo in 2011, media texts, legal texts, speech specialists, speech from other urban subjects from São Paulo and images. The research follows the methodology proposed by AD. Based on the understanding of the conditions of discourse production and capitalist ideological formation was possible to identify the discursive formation of the urban organization and the positions of the urban subject as well as legalistic discourses about/of Motorcycle courier of São Paulo. It was possible to observe that these discourses of FD urban organization reify the Motorcycle courier, cause social segregation and produce negative images of Motorcycle courier. From the discourses of Motorcycle courier, it was realized that sometimes Motorcycle courier denies the negative images that are spread in the FD of urban organization, but, in general, he moves away from those images and signify his profession in a transience sense. Even with his reality being constantly overridden by the urban, it is possible to consider the resistance found in the city. It can be shown; therefore, some evidence/traces to understand these points of resistance
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A impermeabilização das áreas urbanas repercute na capacidade de infiltração das águas no solo, favorecendo o escoamento superficial, a concentração de enxurradas e a ocorrência de cheias, interfere no arranjo dos armazenamentos e das trajetórias das águas. Tais alterações, no sistema hidrológico natural, desencadeiam problemas ambientais como: aumento da cota das enchentes e erosões. Os problemas ambientais reforçam as desigualdades sociais, uma vez que, o acesso ao ambiente seguro e saudável é desigual e a população de baixa renda ocupa as áreas de maior fragilidade: encostas íngremes e fundos de vales. O reconhecimento das características hidrogeomorfológicas naturais, mediante a análise geomorfológica, pode fundamentar uma proposta de ocupação que favoreça a manutenção da infiltração e consequente diminuição do escoamento superficial. Dentro da análise geomorfológica destaca-se a vertente, unidade hidrogeomorfológica e elemento dominante do relevo, onde materializam-se as relações das forças produtivas e as transformações que compõem a paisagem. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer diretrizes para um planejamento urbano em conformidade com as características naturais de infiltração e escoamento, inter-relacionando planejamento urbano e análise ambiental. Para tanto, toma-se a vertente (latu sensu) como unidade espacial de análise. Considera-se que o Estado, através do planejamento urbano e mediante a análise ambiental, possa regular a organização espacial da sociedade a favor do bem estar e segurança coletivos, contribuindo para que a cidade se desenvolva de maneira sustentável e evitando que as regras de uso do solo urbano sejam condicionadas pela obtenção de lucro
The impermeabilization of urban areas prevents the water infiltration, supports the runoff and flood concentration and interferes on its storages and trajectories. Such changes in the hydrological system increase the floods and erosion levels. These urban environmental problems reinforce the social inequalities, since the access to safe and healthy environment is uneven, low-income population occupies the areas of greatest fragility, such as steep slopes and valley bottoms. The recognition of natural hydrogeomorphological features may support an occupation proposal that facilitates the infiltration, decreasing the rainwater volume and time transfer in urban areas. In the geomorphological analysis, the slope, the hydrogeomorphological unit and the prevailing landform element are emphasized. The slope materializes the productive forces relations and transformations that compose the landscape. Therefore, this study aims to establish guidelines for urban planning in accordance with the natural characteristics of infiltration and drainage slope (latu sensu), linking urban planning and environmental analysis. It is considered that the Government should determine the spatial organization for the prosperity of the society and collective security, contributing for the development of the city in a sustainable way, preventing that the urban land rules are determined by profit

A ‘flexibilização do perímetro urbano’ é praticada nos municípios, por intermédio do poder público municipal, ao expandirem significativamente suas ‘zonas urbanas’ através de sucessivas ampliações do perímetro urbano. Essa prática, que está em conformidade com o conjunto da legislação vigente, ocorre segundo interesses políticos e econômicos, possivelmente sob demanda do mercado imobiliário e fundiário. O dimensionamento exagerado da zona urbana viabiliza a ocupação de áreas periféricas, distantes de áreas consolidadas, estimulando o processo de expansão urbana dispersa, cujos efeitos negativos repercutem sobre aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais dos municípios. A presente pesquisa desenvolve um estudo de caso em Lajeado / RS, no período entre 1984 e 2016, com o objetivo de investigar as ‘origens’ da flexibilização do perímetro urbano e, posteriormente, examinar suas ‘repercussões’ sobre a expansão urbana do município. O estudo das ‘origens’ investiga fatores associados à flexibilização do perímetro no município, considerando o papel da legislação e dos instrumentos de planejamento e analisando a evolução do crescimento urbano do município. O estudo das ‘repercussões’ investiga em que medida a flexibilização influenciou a expansão urbana de Lajeado, examinando de maneira associada, as ampliações ocorridas no perímetro urbano e a evolução da ‘mancha urbana’ (áreas construídas). A metodologia da pesquisa é estruturada por análises multi-temporais de indicadores demográficos, socioeconômicos e espaciais, implementadas com auxílio de técnicas e ferramentas SIG. A metodologia de análise da expansão urbana envolve procedimentos de classificação de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, utilizados na produção de mapas temáticos de cobertura do solo e de ‘áreas construídas’, posteriormente examinados através de métodos de análises ‘pós-classificação’ e ‘métricas da paisagem’. Os resultados obtidos para Lajeado permitiram demonstrar o rápido crescimento urbano do município no período analisado e, evidenciam que as ampliações do perímetro urbano tiveram influências significativas sobre o processo de expansão urbana, que se tornou mais intenso e apresentou características de dispersão espacial das ‘áreas construídas’.
The 'urban growth boundary flexibilization’ is practiced in the municipalities, by the means of the local public administration, to expand significantly its 'urban zone' through successive expansions of the urban growth boundary. This practice, which is in accordance with the existing legislation, occurs in according to political and economic interests, possibly under real estate and land market demands. The exaggerated urban zone sizing enables the occupation of peripheral areas, far from consolidated areas, stimulating the process of dispersed urban expansion, whose negative effects have an impact on social, economic and environmental aspects of the municipalities. This research develops a case study in Lajeado/RS, in the period between 1984 and 2016, with the objective of investigating the 'origins' of the urban growth boundary flexibilization and then, examine their 'repercussions' on the urban expansion. The study of 'origins' investigates factors associated with the boundary flexibilization in the municipality, considering the role of legislation and planning instruments, and analyzing the evolution of the urban growth. The study of ' repercussions ' investigates to what extent the flexibilization influenced the urban expansion of Lajeado, examining the enlargements that occurred in the urban zone, in association with the evolution of the ‘urban footprint’ (built-up areas). The research methodology is based on multi-temporal analysis of demographic, socioeconomic and spatial indicators, implemented with the support of GIS tools and techniques. The methodology of analysis of the urban expansion involves procedures of remote sensing image classification, used for production of thematic maps of land cover and built-up areas, that are afterward examined with methods of 'posclassification' and 'landscape metrics’ analysis. The results obtained for Lajeado allowed to demonstrate rapid urban growth of the municipality in the analysis period, and showed that the enlargement of the urban growth boundary had significant influences on the process of urban expansion, which became more intense and presented characteristics of spatial dispersion of the built-up areas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Along the time the humanity has been going by a series of changes, among those changes, is the urbanization phenomenon, that happens some times in a more intense way, other times more slowly, impelled by a series of different factors. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze for which reasons some municipal districts of the Southwest area of Paraná presented urban growth, being more dynamic, and others had negative rates of population growth. Therefore, it is sought to determine the factors that differentiate the municipalities with growth from those with negative growth, based on socioeconomic characteristics, considering two distinct periods - 2000 and 2010. This analysis was made from the Discriminant Analysis, dividing the 42 municipalities of the (group 1), stable (group 2) and depressed (group 3). Eight variables were selected from secondary data obtained through IPARDES. The results of the research show that the discrimination between municipalities occurs due to population concentration (population density) and the degree of industrialization. Both factors can become attractive to newcomers who are seeking better living conditions, better job opportunities, increased income and education, that is, in search of a better quality of life.
Ao longo do tempo a humanidade tem passado por uma série de mudanças, dentre essas mudanças, está o fenômeno de urbanização, que ocorre ora de modo mais intenso, ora mais lentamente, impulsionado por uma série de fatores diferentes. Por esta razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar por quais motivos alguns municípios da região sudoeste do Paraná apresentaram crescimento urbano, sendo mais dinâmicos, e outros tiveram taxas negativas de crescimento populacional. Sendo assim, busca-se determinar os fatores que diferenciam os municípios com crescimento daqueles com crescimento negativo, a partir de características socioeconômicas, considerando dois períodos distintos – 2000 e 2010. Esta análise foi feita a partir da Análise Discriminante, dividindo os 42 municípios da região sudoeste em três grupos: dinâmicos (grupo 1), estáveis (grupo 2) e deprimidos (grupo 3). Foram determinadas oito variáveis selecionadas a partir de dados secundários obtidos através do IPARDES. Os resultados da pesquisa demostram que a discriminação entre os municípios ocorre por conta da concentração populacional (densidade demográfica) e o grau de industrialização. Ambos os fatores podem se tornar atrativos para novos habitantes que estão em busca de melhores condições de vida, melhores oportunidades de trabalho, aumento de renda e educação, ou seja, em busca de uma qualidade de vida melhor.

Mestrado em Reabilitação da Arquitectura e Núcleos Urbanos
Esta pesquisa analisa um dos maiores ícones arquitectónicos e culturais brasileiros, o Sambódromo, sob o tema das transferencias urbanas promovidas por grandes equipamentos urbanos. Dentro da óptica da contemporaneidade, os grandes equipamentos apresentam uma faceta essencial nas mutações urbanasdos espaços desvitalizados, pois podem auxiliar na estruturação espacial do ambiente urbano. Todavia, esses equipamentos podem revelar uma faceta antagónica e tornam-se vectores da fragmentação espacial e social do território. A abordagem ao equipamento partiu da hipótese de que o Sambódromo, sotuado no Rio de Janeiro, tem se comportado como entrave à revitalização do bairro onde está inserido, a Cidade Nova. O objecto arquitectónico, em que no período do carnaval, procede a função conssolidada enquanto no restante do ano, estabelece mais um vazio urbano ao seu território composto por vários projectados. Com o objectivo de compreender os impactos induzidos pelo Sambódromo, a análise morfológica identificou os elementis que compoêm a linguagem de composição urbana e apontou para o descompasso entre forma urbana do equipamento e território envoltório. Verificou-se a pertinência do entrave urbanístico e sugeriu-se a elaboração de um novo plano urbano focado na integração espacial e social do Sambódromo para contornar o quadrado de degração ambiental e estagnação imobiliária desta zona.
This research analyzes one of the greatest architectural and cultural Brasilian icons, the Smbódromo, within the subject-matter of urban transformations proceded by great urban equipament. From a contemporary viewpoint, great equipapment have shown to be essenctial the transformation of lifeless areas since they provide is needed for the spatial structure for the urban environnment. However, such equipament can also prove to be of spatial and a social fragmentation of a territory. The approach to the equipament was based upon the hypothesis that the Sambódromo, situated on Rio de Janeiro, has been functioning as an impediment to the revitalization of Cidade Nova - the neighborhood where it is located. The architectocnic object has been interpreted an urban equipament of infrequent functioning performs its role during carnaval but add one more empty urban space to its territory - full of the other projected empty spaces - all trough the rest of the year. Aiming at figuring the impacts created by the Sambódromo, a morphological analysis has been carrid out whith identified the elements that form urban composition language, pointing to a lack of balance between the urban of the equipament and the territory which surrounds it. The urbanistic impediment theses was proved pertinent and a new urban plan focused in the spatial and social integration of Sambódromo was proposed so as to deal with the issues of environmental degradation and real estate market stagnation in its area.

O presente trabalho investiga possibilidades quanto à utilização de dados desagregados, especificamente do Cadastro Nacional de Endereços para Fins Estatísticos (CNEFE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em modelos e análises urbanas. A divulgação do CNEFE representa uma mudança no quadro histórico de escassez de dados a respeito do uso do solo urbano no Brasil. Nesse novo contexto em que a aquisição deste tipo de informação – sem perder de vista suas contingências – deixa de ser uma debilidade em estudos a respeito das cidades brasileiras, apresenta-se nesta dissertação quatro métodos de modelagem e análise sob a perspectiva dos sistemas configuracionais urbanos que lançam mão do CNEFE enquanto insumo. Ao longo de três capítulos com características de artigos, explora-se primeiro a construção de modelos descritivos a partir dos dados; em seguida, busca-se como avaliar a nitidez com que os dois modelos produzidos descrevem o sistema urbano representado; e, por último, discute-se como confrontar os resultados da análise da acessibilidade do sistema urbano com os dados do modelo. Como estudo de caso, utilizou-se a cidade de Ijuí, RS.
This work investigates possibilities regarding the use of disaggregated data, specifically from the National Addressing Record for Statistical Purposes (CNEFE) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in urban modelling and analysis. The release of CNEFE represents a change in the historic scenario of land use data shortage in Brazil. Within this new context, in which the acquisition of this kind of information is no longer a weakness for research on Brazilian cities, this dissertation presents four methods for the construction of urban models and analyses under the perspective of urban configurational systems. Along three paper-like chapters, we first explore the construction of descriptive models with the mentioned data; then, we evaluate how sharply the produced models can describe the represented system; and, at last, we discuss how to confront the results of the accessibility analysis with the data. As a case study, we used the city of Ijuí, in Southern Brazil.

As vias pavimentadas se deterioram com o passar do tempo, por ação das cargas do tráfego e das intempéries. Por isso necessitam de intervenções (atividades de Manutenção e Reabilitação - M&R). No Brasil é mais comum que sejam realizadas apenas operações tapa-buracos e recapeamentos. São soluções sem eficiência técnica ou econômica. Uma alternativa mais racional e já em uso em países desenvolvidos é um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos Urbanos - SGPU. Os objetivos desta tese são apresentar uma propostas para avaliação da condição de vias urbanas com base na identificação dos defeitos da superfície do revestimento, um modelo de previsão de desempenho de vias urbanas com base em séries históricas obtidas no Município de São Carlos e uma análise econômica com a simulação de diferentes cenários para diferentes opções de M&R. Ainda como objetivos desta tese estão a apresentação das vantagens de utilizar um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, em uso no SGPU do Distrito Federal. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se inferir que a avaliação de campo pode ser mais eficiente se forem considerados menos defeitos e os critérios de severidade e extensão forem fixados, com menos critérios subjetivos do avaliador. Considerando-se as estratégias de M&R adotadas pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos e, ainda, de acordo com as avaliações de campo, pôde-se verificar que os pavimentos necessitam de Reforço Estrutural após 6 anos da sua construção. Os custos de manutenção, ao longo do tempo, são influenciados pela escolha da M&R a ser aplicada na preservação das vias e, também, pela época em que são realizadas, sendo as manutenções preventivas menos onerosas. Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, particularmente na cidade de San Antonio, Texas, são realizadas manutenções preventivas e, nas corretivas, há rigoroso controle de qualidade, o que não se verifica nas cidades brasileiras. Um SGPU possui critérios de análise de dados que, aliados ao Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, garantem clareza na apresentação dos resultados, tanto em mapas temáticos quanto em gráficos e planilhas. Os relatórios no padrão SGPU possibilitam solicitar recursos federais e internacionais para manutenção viária, como o Programa Asfalto Novo do DF, que obteve, no ano de 2013, R$565 milhões para a pavimentação urbana. Em simulação de diferentes cenários de M&R, pôde-se concluir que a opção por tapa-buracos e recapeamentos é mais de duas vezes mais onerosa e mantém o pavimento em condição inferior ao que é possível com base nas técnicas de SGPU. Portanto, um SGPU proporciona benefícios socioeconômicos para toda a sociedade, com vantagens no médio e longo prazo e, ainda, mantém as vias em melhor condição.
The paved roads deteriorate over time, due to traffic loads and bad weather. Therefore, they need interventions (Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities - M & R). In Brazil, it is more common to carry out only hole-hole operations and resurfacing. They are solutions without technical or economic efficiency. A more rational alternative already in use in developed countries is an Urban Pavement Management System - UPMS. In this thesis proposals are presented for the evaluation of urban road conditions based on defects of the surface of the coating, a performance prediction model and an economic analysis with the simulation of different scenarios for different M & R options. Data were analyzed from the Municipality of São Carlos, in the State of São Paulo and the Distrito Federal - DF. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the field evaluation can be more efficient if less defects are considered and the criteria of severity and extension are fixed, with less subjectivity on the part of the evaluator. Considering the M & R strategies adopted by the municipal government of São Carlos and also, according to the field evaluations, it was possible to verify that the pavements have a useful life of 6 years. The maintenance costs, over time, are strongly influenced by the choice of M & R to be applied in the preservation of roads and also by the time in which they are carried out. In the United States, for example, preventive maintenance is carried out and, in the correctives, there is strict quality control, which is not the case in Brazilian cities. An UPMS has data analysis criteria that, together with the Geographic Information System - GIS, guarantee clarity in the presentation of results, both in thematic maps and in charts and spreadsheets. The reports in the UPMS standard make it possible to request federal and international resources for road maintenance, such as the DF Asphalt New Program, which obtained R$ 565 million for urban paving. In the simulation of different M & R scenarios, it was concluded that the option to cover holes and resurfacing is more than twice as expensive and keeps the pavement in a lower condition than is possible based on SGPU techniques. Therefore, an SGPU confers socio-economic benefits for the whole society, with advantages in the medium and long term, and also keeps the roads in better condition.

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This research investigates the microclimate and the morphology features of the central campus of the UFRN, in Natal-RN, through the use of bioclimatic tools of analysis in order to assist the implementation of the campus? Master Plan. It develops a diagnosis of the evolution and growth of the urban space surveyed by analyzing its initial plan and the basic urban conception behind it, as well as the morphology and typologies utilized. The study makes a qualitative analysis of the local microclimate by using Katzschner (1997) methodology, with land-use and topography maps, building heights, vegetation and soil covering. It also makes use of the methodology proposed by Oliveira (1993), which examines, from the bioclimatic standpoint, the human environment as related to the urban form (site and built mass). It identifies zones whose climatic characteristics are representative of the local microclimate and classifies them into areas to be strictly preserved, areas to be protected and areas to be improved. By means of the methodology for spatial and environmental assessment developed by Bustos Romero (2001), the survey selects characteristic points of each area in order to register the environmental data relative to the two basic seasons found in the region where the campus is located, that is, the dry and the rainy season, so that it can evaluate changes in the environment which might have been caused by urban density growth, by arborization or by the influence of the urban form. It then proceeds to a quantitative and statistical survey of the collected data with the purpose of evaluating the degree of influence of the identified features over the environmental variables along the different scales of approach. The study shows the existence of different microclimates and emphasizes the relevance of the bioclimatic analysis of the built environment as a tool for the decision-making process along the development of the Master Plan for UFRN Central Campus
Esta pesquisa trata da investiga??o do microclima e dos atributos da morfologia do Campus Central da UFRN, em Natal-RN, utilizando ferramentas de an?lise bioclim?tica, para subsidiar a implementa??o do seu Plano Diretor. Realiza um diagn?stico da evolu??o e crescimento do espa?o urbano em estudo, com aprecia??o do plano inicial, partido adotado, morfologia e tipologias utilizadas. Realiza uma an?lise qualitativa do microclima local utilizando a metodologia de Katzschner (1997), com a elabora??o de mapas de uso do solo, topografia, altura dos edif?cios, vegeta??o e recobrimento do solo; e da metodologia proposta por Oliveira (1993), onde analisa bioclimaticamente o meio antr?pico quanto aos atributos da forma urbana (s?tio e massa edificada). Identifica zonas com caracter?sticas clim?ticas representativas do microclima local e as classifica em ?reas a serem preservadas, ?reas a serem protegidas e ?reas a serem melhoradas. Seleciona pontos representativos dessas ?reas, onde aplica a metodologia de Bustos Romero (2001) para avalia??o espacial e ambiental. Nestes pontos, registra os dados ambientais nos dois per?odos caracter?sticos da regi?o em estudo (chuvoso e seco), de modo a identificar altera??es neste ambiente, proporcionadas ou n?o pelo adensamento urbano, pela arboriza??o ou pela influ?ncia da forma urbana. Realiza an?lise quantitativa e estat?stica dos dados coletados, para constatar a representativa influ?ncia dos atributos identificados sobre as vari?veis ambientais, nas diversas escalas de abordagem. Constata a exist?ncia de microclimas diferenciados e enfatiza a relev?ncia da an?lise bioclim?tica do ambiente constru?do, visando orientar decis?es para o Plano Diretor do Campus Central da UFRN

Acomodar adequadamente uma população urbana crescente terá implicações maiores não só para a indústria da construção, empregos e habitação, mas também para a infraestrutura associada, incluindo transporte, energia, água e espaços abertos ou verdes. Limitações da infraestrutura geralmente incluem o envelhecimento, subutilização e inadequação, assim como uma ausência de integração das estratégias de planejamento, projeto e gestão para o desenvolvimento futuro da cidade, em cenários de longo prazo. A exemplo do retrofit de edifícios, em que as intervenções ocorrem no âmbito do edifício isolado e seus sistemas constituintes, o retrofit urbano pode ser entendido como um conjunto de intervenções urbanas com vistas não somente à adequação da área urbana para atingir a sustentabilidade no momento presente, frente a problemas e demandas atuais, mas vislumbra a adequação para população e demandas futuras, fazendo a transição da situação atual da cidade para sua visão de futuro. Esta transição, o retrofit urbano em si, apresenta caráter abrangente e de larga escala, natureza integrada e deve ser mensurado por meio de indicadores e metas claramente definidos para monitoramento. Portanto, esta tese apresenta um método para implementação de retrofit urbano, na escala de cidades, para auxiliar a definição de metas de longo prazo e a tomada de decisão em processos de planejamento urbano. Utilizando as metas dos ODS - Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, os \"indicadores de serviços urbanos e qualidade de vida\" da NBR ISO 37120:2017 (ABNT, 2017a), análise de tendência por Média Móvel Simples e benchmarking por análise de agrupamento (clustering), o resultado é um painel visual (dashboard), adaptável e flexível, passível de agregações e filtros, tais como: seções e temas da ISO 37120, classificação de indicadores, diferentes escalas temporais e espaciais, entre outras. O dashboard é interativo e amigável, traz informações e resultados desta pesquisa e pode ser totalmente acessado em https://bit.ly/2EDnZ4J. Sorocaba, município de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, é utilizada como estudo de caso, evidenciando os desafios e oportunidades gerados pelo rápido crescimento populacional e auxiliando a priorizar intervenções de retrofit para o desenvolvimento urbano na direção de cenários futuros.
Accommodating growing populations in cities will have major implications not only for employment, housing and the construction industry, but also for urban infrastructure including transportation, energy, water and open or green space. Infrastructure constraints currently include ageing, underutilized and inadequate existing built environment, as well as a lack of integration in planning, design and management strategies for future infrastructure development in long-term scenarios. As building retrofit, which interventions take place in isolated buildings and their constituting systems performance, urban retrofitting can be understood as a set of interventions designed to upgrade and sustain an urban area by providing a long-term practical response to its current problems and pressures. Such interventions must take into account the future population´s needs by ensuring that the present urban infrastructure provides a firm basis for launching and achieving a city\'s ambitions for the future. One of the main requirements for urban retrofitting is a clearly defined set of goals and metrics for monitoring purposes. This thesis presents a method for urban retrofit implementation at city scale using a visual tool to support decision-making and urban planning processes. Using Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets, the 100 ISO 37120:2014 \'indicators for city services and quality of life\', Simple Moving Averages (SMA) trend analysis, clustering and city benchmarking, this method proposes creating an adaptative and flexible dashboard, that could aggregate and filter data, such as: ISO 37120 sections, indicators classification, time and spatial levels, etc. The resulting dashboard is interactive and friendly, and can be fully accessed in https://bit.ly/2EDnZ4J. We use Sorocaba, a medium sized, well-located city in São Paulo State in Brazil, as a case study, focusing on the challenges and opportunities arising from exceptional urban population growth, and ranking key retrofit interventions in Sorocaba as possible forerunners of future urban development scenarios.

L’activité de recherche a eu lieu alternativement dans le cadre de l‟École doctorale le Simion Mehedinți”, Faculté de Géographie, Université de Bucarest et au laboratoire „PAVE- Profession, Architecture, Ville, Environnement”, École Nationale Supérieure d‟Architecture et du Paysage de Bordeaux, France. Durant la réalisation de cette thèse on a suivi également des stages de formation et perfectionnement au laboratoire de recherche „ThèMA”, Université de Franche Comté, France, ESRI Roumanie et dans le cadre de l'Unité Régionale de Formation à l'Information Scientifique et Technique, URFIST de Bordeaux, France
The research period took place alternatively to the Doctoral School “Simion Mehedinţi”, Bucharest University, Geography Department and to the PAVE Research Laboratory (ENSAP Bordeaux), member of the Emile Durkheim Research Center (UMR5116). During the realization of this PhD work we have also was also carried out training courses to the research laboratory „ThèMA”, University of Franche-Comté, France, ESRI Romania and to the Regional Training Unit for Scientific and Technical Information, URFIST de Bordeaux, France

A estrutura espacial urbana pode ser entendida e analisada a partir de diferentes enfoques e características da cidade. Este trabalho investiga a estrutura espacial urbana, considerando dois aspectos específicos da morfologia urbana: configuração e função. Pretende-se explicar como a interação entre a configuração urbana e as práticas no espaço urbano contribui na estruturação espacial. Estas características morfológicas podem convergir, atuando em uma lógica de cooperação ou, em outras situações, a prática pode acontecer em espaços configuracionalmente desfavorecidos, evidenciando uma lógica de competição. A investigação pauta-se por estudos de morfologia urbana com um enfoque sistêmico, inserindo-se na linha dos estudos configuracionais urbanos. O método proposto consiste em descrever as diferentes características da forma urbana como elementos de uma mesma rede de relações. Desenvolve-se um modelo para representar sistemicamente a rede configuracional e as redes das práticas, incluindo as relações entre as práticas. O modelo possibilita analisar a estrutura espacial que se forma a partir da interação entre aspectos na escala global da cidade, referentes à configuração urbana e aspectos do contexto local, relativos às práticas no espaço urbano. As análises realizadas, a partir do estudo de caso na cidade de Jaguarão-RS, revelam em que medida as características da configuração urbana e das práticas cooperam ou competem entre si, gerando diferentes resultados no sistema. A proposta do modelo consiste em integrar os dois aspectos da estrutura espacial urbana, relativos às escalas global e local do sistema urbano, através de uma medida combinada. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura espacial urbana depende tanto das características locais, associadas às práticas, quanto das características globais, associadas à configuração do sistema urbano.
The urban spatial structure can be understood and analyzed from different perspectives and characteristics of the city. This thesis investigates the urban spatial structure, considering two specific aspects of urban morphology: configuration and function. The intention is to highlight how interactions between configurational issues and practices in urban space contribute to the spatial structure of the city. These morphological characteristics can converge in a logic of cooperation or, in other situations, the practices can be realized in configurationally disadvantaged areas, in a logic of competition. The research is guided by studies of urban morphology within a systemic framework, in accordance with the urban configurational studies. The method describes these two different characteristics of urban form as elements of the same network of relations. A model is developed to represent the configurational network and practice's network, including relations between practices. The aim of the model is to analyze the spatial structure which is formed from the interaction between the global aspects of the city, corresponding to configuration and urban aspects at the local context, related to practices in urban space. The case study was accomplished in the city of Jaguarão-RS. The analyzes reveal the extent to which the characteristics of urban configuration and practices cooperate or compete with each other, generating different results in the system. The model proposes to integrate the two aspects of urban spatial structure, relative to the global and local scales of the urban system, through a combined measure. The results demonstrate that the structure of urban space depends on both the local characteristics, related to practices, and the global features associated with the overall configuration of the urban system.

Depuis le début XXIème siècle, les documents d’urbanisme s’attèlent à « reconstruire la ville sur la ville » et même à densifier le bâti existant. Or, non seulement les aspirations de la population ne vont pas nécessairement dans le même sens, mais encore, ce mode de construction implique une connaissance fine du volume urbain. L’attente de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse des territoires, combinant 2D et 3D, est forte dans le domaine de l’aménagement du territoire afin de densifier les espaces urbains et combler les vacuités tout en surélevant le bâti existant, et en respectant les principes d’un développement urbain durable soucieux de la qualité de vie. Cependant, les méthodes utilisées à ce jour à des fins de recherche fondamentale ou appliquée en aménagement, intègrent peu la 3D, c’est à dire la dimension verticale des éléments géographiques, naturels ou anthropiques. Le travail de recherche envisagé dans la thèse a pour objet l’intégration de la 3D dans l’analyse spatiale à l’aide de SIG, de l’analyse d’image et de l’analyse morphologique afin de proposer des nouvelles méthodes et des outils utiles aux acteurs du territoire
Since the beginning of the 21 century the urban planning documents are focused on the “reconstruction of the city inside the recent city territory” and results in the densification of the urban structure (e.g. elevating existing buildings or increasing compactness). However, this construction mode needs a detailed understanding of the urban volume. To meet this demand, new analysis methods are strongly desired, integrating 2D and 3D in urban planning. This might allow density increase in decaying inner urban areas while respecting the social sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life. However the currently used methods used in fundamental science or applied science rarely include the third dimension in their consideration; more detailed the vertical axis of geographical, natural or anthropogenic elements.The here presented thesis is dedicated to the integration of the 3D methods into the urban planning by the help of analysis with applied geographic information systems (GIS). The work focuses on image and morphology analysis for developing new methodologies and tools dedicated to different decision makers in urban context

The research aims at investigating the relationship between urban and regional planning, policy analysis and design, and Sound Studies. It seeks to acknowledge the urban and regional issues through the raise of sonic awareness, thus discussing the epistemology of specific urban “problems” and proposing an alternative research tools. The analytical approach is preliminary to policy design and to the empowerment of vulnerable communities. Listening becomes then a research device through which it is possible to explore those problematic issues that go unnoticed by the institutions. The thesis is an invitation to read alternatively public policies, and to overcome the “problem solving” approach towards a sonic articulation of the “problem setting” approach. By investigating the sonic environment the research intends to show how knowledge is produced and used by policy makers. Thus sound and sonic environment turn to shape a new model of understanding full of potential although scarcely used by urban planning and policy design; therefore the sonic environment defines its deep political dimension. Within this framework the research will introduce and clarify the notion of soundscape, sonic environment, acoustic atmosphere, and will explore the set of cultural and political studies that are facing the perception, emotion and social behavior related to sound production and fruition.
La ricerca si propone di indagare le possibili interazioni tra i campi della pianificazione territoriale, delle politiche pubbliche, e dei Sound Studies. L’obiettivo è esplicitare le connessioni tra ambiente sonoro e questioni urbane e territoriali attraverso la pratica dell’ascolto; tematizzare dunque le modalità di produzione di conoscenza per affrontare l’inquadramento di particolari “problemi” e l’elaborazione di possibili approcci alternativi di ricerca. Se l’attitudine è sicuramente progettuale, lo scopo dichiarato è analitico, propedeutico all’azione: al disegno di politiche come all’empowerment di comunità. L’ascolto assume quindi le caratteristiche di uno strumento di ricerca; se ne vogliono delineare le potenzialità, esplorare le tracce attraverso cui approcciare le questioni urbane e territoriali che pur “facendo problema” sembrano passare spesso “inosservate”, soprattutto su un piano istituzionale. Si è invitati a seguire un percorso inedito di lettura delle politiche pubbliche, che rimanda al superamento del problem solving e procede verso un’articolazione sonora del problem setting. Attraverso la lettura dell’ambiente sonoro si vuole infatti esplicitare i termini su cui si articola la produzione di conoscenza a supporto dell’azione; conoscenza che costituisce un aiuto essenziale per il processo decisionale, dunque per il disegno di politiche. Il suono, e l’ambiente acustico, intervengono come messaggeri di un modello interpretativo finora troppo poco praticato dalla pianificazione e dal policy design. Se il suono è il centro della ricerca, il suo potenziale evocativo e rappresentativo si esplicita e riverbera nella dimensione politica. Sono allora da introdurre e chiarire i cardini del discorso: definire il paesaggio sonoro, l’ambiente acustico, ed esplorare gli studi culturali che ne stanno decodificando i segnali, dunque il quadro percettivo consapevole e inconsapevole cui l’ascolto fa costantemente riferimento.

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Face às elevadas transformações urbanísticas sofridas por Leça da Palmeira, principalmente dos últimos 100 anos, entendemos ser útil e necessário analisar e compreender essa evolução através das alterações da respetiva morfologia. Tomámos como base a análise de um conjunto de plantas que recuam no tempo, abrangendo os últimos cerca de 250 anos, à qual adicionámos alguns factos que entendemos mais relevantes, possivelmente explicativos ou, pelo menos, de enquadramento dos momentos de metamorfose identificados. Debruçámo-nos, nessa análise, sobre os aspectos da formação e modificação do tecido urbano, dos quarteirões por abertura de vias, do parcelamento e da edificação, comparando-os com os processos de crescimento urbano definidos por Solà-Morales. Dos resultados obtidos, salientamos a influência do Planeamento ao longo do tempo, a construção do Porto de Leixões, a praia e a proximidade à cidade do Porto. Retivemos ainda a importância da função habitacional e os diversos modos e formas de expansão nos diferentes períodos considerados. Cremos, no final, poder afirmar que Leça da Palmeira é um caso paradigmático do processo de crescimento e transformação de muitas cidades portuguesas, com um somatório de intervenções mais ou menos distantes no tempo e conformidade com o pensamento urbano da época. O resultado último, contudo, entendemo-lo como mais harmonioso em termos de morfologia em geral e de imagem, proporcionando um elevado nível de qualidade de vida quando comparado a muitas delas.
In face of many urban transformations undergone by Leça da Palmeira, mainly in the last 100 years, we thought it useful and necessary to analyse and understand that evolution through the changes in its respective morphology. As a basis for analysis, we chose a set of charts that go back in time, encompassing around the last 250 years, to which we added some facts we considered relevant, possibly explanatory or, at least, contextualized the identified moments of metamorphosis. In said analysis, we poured over the aspects of city block formation and modification by the opening of lanes, subdivision and edification, in comparison to the urban development processes as defined by Solà-Morales. From the results obtained, we would like to point out the influence of Planning throughout time, the construction of Leixões harbour, the beach and the proximity to the city of Oporto. Also relevant is the housing function and diverse ways and forms of development in the different periods considered. We believe it can be said,in the end, that Leça da Palmeira is a paradigmatic case of the development and transformation process of many Portuguese cities, the sum of several interventions, more or less distant in time and conforming to those times' urban schools of thought. The final result, however, we see as more harmonious in terms of morphology in general and image-wise, providing a higher quality of life when compared to most others.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
African urban cities are growing very rapidly. By 2050, 1.2 billion people, or 60 percent of all Africans, will live in urban areas.1 We are witnessing an unprecedented pace of urbanization in Africa and we have seen similar movements in other continents before. This report presents a strategic and broad analysis on the problem of urban mobility in Luanda, capital of Angola. An integrated urban planning solution will be presented as one of the best alternatives in order to solve the problem. Throughout the analysis, the political importance will always be taken into consideration as a key success factor for the successful implementation of an integrated urban plan.

The goal of this study is to promote understanding of the complexities of urban systems. The main objective of this research project is to establish a systematic framework in order that planners can analyze and understand the implications that public policies have on urban development and transportation planning perspectives. We examine a system dynamics model of a hypothetical region which evolves with time. The urban development process is represented by the integration of land use, property market, job market, population, and transportation infrastructure. The interactions within each subsystem and between them are studied through scenario analysis using simulation (Dynamo Ill) and analytical techniques. The range of policy covers social and economic measures, traffic strategies, transit management, and highway expansion programs. Certain combinations of these options are also studied. Population distribution and travel time are the two key performance indicators. In so far as people's adaptation to inflating travel cost is not accounted for in the utility model, the travel time improvements associated with the pricing policy is likely to be overestimated. In as much as regional transportation planning can benefit through local traffic measures, reduction in collection-distribution time improves accessibility and reduces additional travel, partly offsetting the travel time savings otherwise gained. The most desirable state of development - social, urban, and transportation - according to the final analysis points towards the expansion of highway capacity, the control of land use, the expansion of bus fleet, and the restructuring of transit fare. While the resulting improvement in travel time is at least as promising as a number of other alternatives, the suggested set of policy changes is relatively easy to implement, reasonably inexpensive, and least controversial.
M.S.

Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisors: D.J. Edelman PhD (Committee Chair), Jay Chatterjee (Committee Co-Chair), Samuel Sherrill (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 16, 2010). Includes abstract. Keywords: Urban Planning; Community gardening. Includes bibliographical references.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura com a especialização em Desenho e Computação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de Doutor.
Os aglomerados urbanos em rápido crescimento contribuem e enfrentam hoje, as consequências de crises globais, como a poluição, as alterações climáticas, a diminuição dos recursos naturais, conflitos sociais e migrações em massa. O planeamento e projecto do ambiente construído são essenciais para uma correcta organização da vida urbana, de modo a reduzir a poluição, distribuir recursos de maneira justa, fortalecer laços sociais e comunitários e prosperar economicamente. Projectar cidades incentivando a pedestrianização como meio de transporte constitui uma contribuição para esses objectivos, facilitando a mitigação da poluição, o acesso livre e democrático aos recursos urbanos, revitalizando as ruas e consequentemente apoiando as economias locais. Embora a investigação sobre a pedestrianização e caminhabilidade do ambiente construído já tenha décadas, temos hoje dados urbanos atualizados e ferramentas mais precisas do que nunca, que permitem uma análise detalhada dos factores que promovem a pedestrianização, podendo suportar decisões baseadas em evidências para o desenvolvimento de uma mobilidade mais sustentável. Tais ferramentas de planeamento viabilizam também uma melhor integração destes dados nos processos de projecto bem como a sua comunicação aos vários agentes participantes na decisão. Esta dissertação defende a necessidade de um método de análise 3D à escala da rua para informar soluções flexíveis de projecto urbano baseadas em dados urbanos rapidamente actualizáveis e acessíveis remotamente, obtidos sem a necessidade de pesquisas no local. Este método preenche uma lacuna existente na literatura propondo um fluxo de trabalho semi-automático. Este fluxo de trabalho propõe-se solucionar a desconexão entre a investigação no campo da pedestrianização, as ferramentas existentes e os processos de planeamento e projecto urbano. Argumenta-se que essa desconexão resulta da priorização de preocupações financeiras nos processos de planeamento e desenho urbano e da falta de métodos de avaliação rápidos e práticos aplicáveis nas várias etapas e escalas de projecto e de um modo fragmentado ou holístico. Além disso, os métodos existentes de avaliação da caminhabilidade que avaliam contextos urbanos nestas escalas e detalhe, não são capazes de avaliar ruas através de dados urbanos acedidos remotamente, recorrendo geralmente a auditorias ou pesquisas onerosas e morosas no local. O fluxo de trabalho proposto neste estudo visa responder a esta necessidade; combina um modelo 3D de uma unidade de vizinhança desenvolvido num ambiente de programação visual, SIG e códigos personalizados, e utiliza um modelo de análise morfológica chamado Convex e Solid-Void, combinado com técnicas de Web-scrapping e reconhecimento de imagem. A dissertação contribui para a investigação sobre caminhabilidade, propondo um fluxo de trabalho de análise de caminhabilidade em escala micro, em 3D, e remotamente aplicável, além de distinguir indicadores aplicáveis a ruas com diferentes formas e usos. O método promove o modelo computacional de análise urbana, Convex e Solid-Void, apresentando a sua primeira aplicação ao problema urbano da caminhabilidade. Também demonstra a integração de fontes de dados acessíveis remotamente, incluindo imagens de Street View obtidas de uma plataforma de mapas on-line e dados de redes sociais geo-localizados, para a avaliação quantitativa dos espaços urbanos. De futuro, pretende-se desenvolver o método para permitir o acesso remoto da avaliação a várias dessas fontes de dados. Tal é possível pelo uso combinado de SIG com representações espaciais 3D e ferramentas de programação integradas no mesmo fluxo de trabalho. Estes ambientes, que facilitam a associação de elementos espaciais com informações semânticas por meio de bases de dados, possibilitam a utilização de quaisquer dados que possam ser processados em análise espacial para alimentação de processos de projecto gerativo. O resultado desta pesquisa apresenta-se na forma de recomendações de planeamento e desenho urbano e também pretende ser um recurso prático a ser usado em projectos de reabilitação urbana. Como parte do modelo Convex e Solid-Void usado neste estudo, apresenta-se uma nova unidade espacial 3D "Street-Void", na qual todos os dados coletados são agregados para análise. Identificam-se indicadores específicos para avaliar com mais precisão os espaços das ruas, primeiro distinguindo entre ruas e praças e depois avaliando quantitativamente espaços semelhantes a ruas e espaços semelhantes a praças, e ainda espaços residenciais e de uso misto. Com base nos resultados da aplicação do método a quatro bairros estudados nas cidades de Istambul e Lisboa, e uma classificação das ruas usando os indicadores identificados, apresenta-se um conjunto de recomendações, que se atribuem a intervalos de valores próprios das tipologias específicas de ruas. Estas recomendações são formuladas para que possam ser aplicadas holisticamente ou de maneira fragmentada em diferentes fases de projecto ou cenários de melhoria urbana. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre pedestrianização, sugerindo diferentes indicadores e faixas de valor para a avaliação de ruas, relacionando caminhabilidade com a variação das suas formas e usos. A tese está organizada da seguinte forma. No capítulo de introdução, são apresentados brevemente os objetivos da pesquisa, a contribuição e importância para o tema, metodologia, resultados e conclusão. No segundo capítulo, são apresentadas as questões de investigação a que a tese responde e a hipótese construída sobre essas questões. Estas questões podem ser listadas da seguinte maneira. Como podem a caminhabilidade e seus critérios serem integrados nos processos de desenho urbano (à escala do bairro)? Quais as qualidades do ambiente urbano construído que devem ser consideradas para a avaliação da caminhabilidade, para que as decisões de projecto possam ser informadas com mais eficácia? Como podemos avaliar a pedestrianização de um bairro num ambiente urbano complexo e em constante mudança? O terceiro capítulo apresenta uma revisão da literatura no tema da pesquisa, incluindo os temas do projecto urbano centrados no ser humano, investigação existente sobre a medição da caminhabilidade e sobre ferramentas de projecto algorítmico desenvolvidas para a escala urbana e em particular para a escala do bairro. No quarto capítulo, são explicados o método do estudo realizado e os princípios do fluxo de trabalho acima apresentados. Discute-se o processo de selecção utilizado para determinar os atributos quantitativos para a medição da caminhabilidade. As “características” sob as quais esses atributos são agrupados são a densidade, diversidade, conectividade, escala humana, complexidade, clausura (enclosure), forma, inclinação, permeabilidade e infraestrutura. Estas características e atributos são reduzidos posteriormente através de um processo de eliminação aos seus componentes principais. O quinto capítulo apresenta os estudos de caso dos bairros que são utilizados no desenvolvimento do fluxo de trabalho de medição, a interpretação dos atributos de caminhabilidade face aos dados medidos e uma análise inicial desses dados quantitativos. No sexto capítulo, o uso de dados de redes sociais e imagens street view como representantes de caminhabilidade são testados por métodos estatísticos e os espaços das ruas analisados são classificados com base nos atributos medidos (através de um método de clustering). Tipologias de rua com atributos específicos são identificadas nas várias classes (clusters) obtidas. Os atributos são avaliados com base na comparação de seus resultados quantitativos para cada tipologia de rua e são reduzidos através de um processo de filtragem. O sétimo capítulo inclui uma reclassificação das ruas com base em suas formas e usos e uma avaliação das medidas dos seus atributos com base na comparação dos seus resultados para essas classes. Através dessa avaliação, diferentes intervalos de valores foram determinados para serem aplicados aos diferentes atributos das ruas, e as descobertas obtidas por este método foram convertidas num guia destinado a informar os processos de desenho e planeamento urbano. O oitavo capítulo resume a produção geral da tese, a sua contribuição para o conhecimento, bem como para os processos de projecto e planeamento urbano. Partindo dos seus aspectos inovadores, fornece também uma visão geral dos estudos futuros que a tese pode proporcionar. No presente desenvolvimento, o método proposto nesta tese para a medição da caminhabilidade e respectivas recomendações para os processos de projecto e planeamento podem ser utilizadas como parte de serviços de consultoria a ser prestados a municípios, consultoria particular e a profissionais de projecto e planeamento. Em estudos futuros, pretende-se tornar o fluxo de trabalho apresentado numa ferramenta que pode ser utilizada diretamente por projectistas e planeadores. Prevê-se que tais estudos sejam desenvolvidos através da multiplicação dos contextos estudados, melhorando a qualidade e a precisão dos dados urbanos utilizados, aumentando o nível de detalhe capturado pelo modelo de análise e aplicando a análise a fenómenos urbanos que não sejam somente a caminhabilidade. Devido às semelhanças dos seus ambientes construídos, os bairros utilizados no presente estudo, que são Kadikoy e Hasanpasa em Istambul e Chiado e Ajuda em Lisboa, permitiram a avaliação de um conjunto consistente de ruas, oferecendo variedade suficiente. Mais especificamente, devido às semelhanças em termos de escala e uso, quando os espaços das ruas desses bairros foram classificados com base nos atributos utilizados, revelaram-se 6 tipologias diferentes de espaços de rua. Prevê-se que essas tipologias sejam multiplicadas pela aplicação do método a contextos diferentes em termos de escala, forma e uso. Devido à disponibilidade de dados detalhados e a uma variedade de espaços nas ruas em termos dos critérios mencionados, Nova York, Singapura e Amsterdão são exemplos de cidades que poderão ser estudadas como novos casos de estudo.
ABSTRACT: Today, rapidly growing urban populations both contribute to global crises such as pollution, climate change, diminishing natural resources, social conflicts and mass migrations and face the consequences. The built environment, its planning and design are critical in organizing urban life so that we pollute less, distribute our resources fairly, strengthen social and communal ties and thrive economically. Designing our cities to support walking as a means of transport contributes in these goals through facilitating pollution free and democratic access to urban resources, supporting local economies and enlivening the street. While research on walkability of the built environment is decades old now, we have more up-to-date, accurate and large-scale urban data than ever and our developing tools make it possible to feed this data into design and management processes to create and sustain more walkable environments. This dissertation argues for the necessity of a street-scale, 3d analysis method to inform flexible urban design solutions based on rapidly updatable and remotely accessible urban data obtained without the necessity of on-site surveys, proposing a semi-automated workflow to fill this gap in existing literature. The workflow combines a 3d neighborhood model in a visual programming environment, GIS and custom codes, utilizing a morphological analysis model named Convex and Solid-Voids, together with web scraping and image recognition techniques. A 3d street space unit “Street-Void” is presented within the Convex and Solid-Void model in which all gathered data is aggregated for analysis. Specific indicators are identified to more accurately assess street spaces, first by distinguishing between and then quantitatively evaluating street-like and square-like, residential and mixed-use streets. Based on the findings from the application of the workflow to four neighborhoods studied in the cities of Istanbul and Lisbon and a classification of street spaces using the proposed attributes, a set of recommendations are presented, with value ranges applicable to specific street typologies. These recommendations are formulated so that they can be applied holistically or in a fragmented way at different stages of planning and urban improvement scenarios with their projected impact grouped under direct/physical or indirect/perceptual. The dissertation contributes to walkability research by proposing a micro-scale, 3d and remotely applicable walkability analysis workflow as well as distinguishing between indicators to be applied to street spaces of different shapes and uses. It furthers the computational urban analysis model Convex and Solid-Voids by presenting its first-time application to the tangible urban problem of walkability. It also demonstrates the integration of remotely accessible data sources including street view images from an online map platform and location based social network data to the quantitative evaluation of urban street spaces. With urban planning and design recommendations, it demonstrates the practical application of the findings to urban improvement scenarios. The study is envisioned to be developed by future work through multiplying the contexts that are studied, improving the quality and accuracy of urban data utilized, increasing the level of detail captured by the morphological analysis model and applying the analysis to other urban phenomena other than walkability.
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This Paper aims to understand the production processes of urban space through the articulation between different scales and methods of analysis. As a study of urban configuration, this work not only attempts to analyze the resulting physical aspects, but also the understanding of the processes that forms the urban setting. This regard, it considers social dynamics and advocacy tools applied on urban land related to the use, occupation or processes that push for changes in land value. The urban morphology is related to the absence or presence of urban land policies and other elements that might interfere in the resulting urban form. By that, it is proposed as landscape reading and analysis method of the territory the identification of homogeneous regions, recognized for containing similar socio-spatial characteristics, called here as "morpho-territorial units". The adoption of a new term, justified through the paper, aims to make clear the methods and categories of analysis adopted. Take as territorial clipping the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC), whose has the characteristic of an intense process of fragmentation and urban sprawl. The paper developed a summary table that explicit characteristics, barriers and potentialities observed in each morpho-territorial unit identified in the RMC. The morpho-territorial units, while distinct, keep some features in common which enables the organization through "types" and groups. Mapping is the instrument used to perform spatial analyzes. Made the analysis in the metropolitan scale, the research has selected a particular morpho-territorial unit, considered representative of the RMC, in order to demonstrate that the exercise of understanding of these peculiarities in the morpho-territorial unit chosen, can, through the proposed method, be applied to any of the morpho-territorial units identified. It aims to understanding the urban form by analyzing the characteristics of the morpho-territorial units. It is believed that the proposed method assists in understanding specificities in the studied territorial clipping in order to guide actions of public management and planning.
O presente trabalho visa a compreens?o dos processos de produ??o do espa?o urbano por meio da articula??o entre diferentes escalas e m?todos de an?lise. Como estudo da forma, o trabalho n?o se at?m unicamente aos aspectos f?sico espaciais resultantes, mas tamb?m ao entendimento dos processos que comp?em o cen?rio urbano. Neste sentido consideram-se as din?micas sociais e press?es atuantes sobre o solo urbano, seja no que se refere ao uso ou ocupa??o ou ainda nos processos que pressionam para uma altera??o do valor do solo. Relaciona-se ? morfologia urbana com a aus?ncia ou presen?a de pol?ticas de solo urbano e de elementos que possam interferir na forma urbana resultante. Para tanto, prop?e-se como m?todo de leitura da paisagem e an?lise do territ?rio, a identifica??o de regi?es homog?neas, reconhecidas por conter caracter?sticas socioespaciais semelhantes, denominadas aqui de "Unidades morfo-territoriais". A ado??o de um termo novo, justificado no decorrer do texto, objetiva indicar com clareza os m?todos e as categorias de an?lises adotadas pela pesquisa. Toma-se como recorte territorial a Regi?o Metropolitana de Campinas, cujo crescimento caracteriza-se pelo intenso processo de fragmenta??o e dispers?o urbana. O trabalho desenvolveu um quadro s?ntese que explicitam as caracter?sticas, os entraves e as potencialidades observadas em cada unidade morfo-territorial delimitada na RMC. As unidades morfo-territoriais apesar de distintas guardam caracter?sticas comuns possibilitando a organiza??o por meio de "tipos", e grupos. O mapeamento ? o instrumento utilizado para efetuar as an?lises espaciais. Feita a an?lise na escala metropolitana a pesquisa selecionou uma determinada unidade morfo-territorial considerada representativa da RMC com o objetivo de demonstrar que o exerc?cio de compreens?o das particularidades presentes na unidade morfo-territorial escolhida, pode, por meio do m?todo constru?do, ser aplicado a qualquer uma das unidades morfo-territoriais identificadas. Objetiva-se a compreens?o da forma urbana por meio da an?lise das caracter?sticas das unidades morfo-territoriais. Acredita-se que o m?todo proposto auxilie no entendimento das especificidades presentes no recorte territorial estudado de forma a orientar as a??es de gest?o e planejamento urbano.

Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-127).
by Sami Mohammed Shalabi.
S.B.and M.Eng.

The research has for objective to elaborate lines of direction that subsidize urban legislators and future interventions in marginal edges, being based on conceptual, theoretical beddings and methodological constituent of three methods - technician and existential - applied in the study area. To the procedures strict technician (Method of Reading of the Image of an Urban Area for its Whitewashing) of recognition of the typological morphologic characteristics of the landscape, of the problems and potentialities of the area and the discovery of the identity of the place, is added to the analysis of the experience human being and its capacity of reading of the urban image (Method of Analysis for Images and Method of Perception of the Urban Space), by means of research shows with mental interviews, maps, photographs and the interpretation of these results. The marginal edge of the city of Propriá, area of study, is not only presented while component of the urban landscape, but also for its character of ambient fragility and prominence in the economic and cultural life of the city, besides configuring an area of transition between urban and the natural one in proper, situated marginal city in the micro region of the hinterland of the San Francisco in Sergipe, where the balance of the ambient conditions is basic. It is excellent also for congregating characteristic that they make possible this marginal edge to serve as referential area for magnifying of the research in similar spaces. The general image of the area is gotten by the integration of the methods and interrelates a vision technique to another existential, main difference between the methods. The application of the first cited method allowed to distinguish as area-problem the stretch understood between the commercial center and the beach, for concentrating the biggest urban impediments, as potential area the urban emptiness located in the south extremity and the sheds of the old plants, as area of ambient interest the residential zones, as areas of ambient preservation the urban edge of the river and referential landmarks that give identity to the place. The existential methods, in which the procedures invest in deriving contents of the interpretation of the local inhabitants, make possible to conclude that the inhabitants possess an limited image of the edge, constructed from elements implanted to the long one of the time for diverse projects. Therefore, the methods applied in this research, exactly with its substantial differences, reveal complementary, favoring the analysis amplest of the ambient problematic complexity of the urban one. On the basis of the reached results, the research presents lines of direction that come to contribute with the elaboration of projects and urban plans next to the set of ideas of the sustainability, integrators and of valuation of the social and cultural aspects of each place.
A pesquisa tem por objetivo elaborar diretrizes que subsidiem legislações urbanísticas e futuras intervenções em orlas ribeirinhas, baseando-se em fundamentos conceituais, teóricos e metodológicos constituintes de três métodos - técnicos e vivenciais – aplicados na área de estudo. Aos procedimentos estritamente técnicos (Método de Leitura da Imagem de uma Área Urbana para sua Reabilitação) de reconhecimento das características morfotipológicas da paisagem, dos problemas e potencialidades da área e o desvendamento da identidade do lugar, é adicionada a análise da experiência humana e de sua capacidade de leitura da imagem urbana (Método de Análise Imagética e Método de Percepção do Espaço Urbano), por meio de pesquisas amostrais com entrevistas, mapas mentais, fotografias e a interpretação desses resultados. A orla ribeirinha do município de Propriá, área de estudo, apresenta-se não só enquanto componente da paisagem urbana, mas também pelo seu caráter de fragilidade ambiental e destaque na vida econômica e cultural da cidade, além de configurar uma área de transição entre o urbano e o natural em Própria, cidade ribeirinha situada na microrregião sertaneja do São Francisco em Sergipe, onde o equilíbrio das condições ambientais é fundamental. É relevante também por reunir características que possibilitam esta orla ribeirinha servir como área referencial para ampliação da pesquisa em espaços similares. A imagem geral da área é obtida pela integração dos métodos e inter-relaciona uma visão técnica a outra vivencial, principal diferença entre os métodos. A aplicação do primeiro método citado permitiu distinguir como área-problema o trecho compreendido entre o centro comercial e a Prainha, por concentrar os maiores entraves urbanos; como área potencial o vazio urbano localizado no extremo sul e os galpões das antigas fábricas; como área de interesse ambiental as zonas residenciais; como áreas de preservação ambiental a margem do rio e os marcos referenciais urbanísticos que dão identidade ao local. Os métodos vivenciais, nos quais os procedimentos investem em conteúdos oriundos da interpretação dos habitantes locais, possibilitaram concluir que os moradores possuem uma imagem limitada da orla, construída a partir de elementos implantados ao longo do tempo por diversos projetos. Por conseguinte, os métodos aplicados nesta pesquisa, mesmo com suas substanciais diferenças, mostram-se complementares, favorecendo a análise mais ampla da complexidade da problemática ambiental urbana. Com base nos resultados alcançados, a pesquisa apresenta diretrizes que venham a contribuir com a elaboração de projetos e planos urbanísticos mais próximos do ideário da sustentabilidade, integradores e de valorização dos aspectos sociais e culturais de cada local.