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1
den Heyer, Garth. « Police as Nation Builders : Distinguishing between Countries that Contribute Police Officers to United Nations Peace Operations ». Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no 1-2 (2013) : 74–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1702003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The involvement of police in post-conflict peacekeeping has experienced exceptional growth. As a result, the countries contributing police officers to United Nations and European Union Missions is increasing. The countries that have contributed police officers to the 24 United Nations Missions that took place between January 2006 and December 2012 are examined and compared with those of military peacekeeping contributing countries. The countries identified as contributing police to peacekeeping missions during this period are different from those contributing military forces and are principally developing nations. These results raise questions in regard to the form of policing being introduced in post-conflict nations and the depriving of the contributing countries of their limited resource.
2
Muharremi, Robert. « The Role of the United Nations and the European Union in the Privatization of Kosovo's Socially-Owned Enterprises ». German Law Journal 14, no 7 (1 juillet 2013) : 889–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002066.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The privatization of Kosovo's socially owned property and enterprises differs significantly from privatization programs undertaken in other countries, especially in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe when they transitioned from communism to democracy and free market systems. What is unique about Kosovo's privatization program is that it was designed and implemented under the authority of the United Nations at a time when Kosovo was directly administered by the United Nations. It is perhaps so far the only privatization program that was initiated and implemented by the United Nations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Various other international organizations, such as the European Union, played a significant role in this process as part of their responsibilities in the administration of Kosovo. An obvious question is what the United Nations would have to do with privatization in the context of territorial administration under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and if the United Nation's authority to administer Kosovo would include the authority to privatize property, the legal nature of which was unclear even when it was developed in former Yugoslavia. The discussion of these and other legal questions and controversies which are related to the privatization process in Kosovo are the main subject of this article, with a focus on the role of the United Nations and the European Union in this process.
3
Balendr, Andrii V., Vasyl O. Korolov, Oleksandr V. Adamchuk, Anatolii V. Iakymchuk, Serhii V. Sinkevych et Ihor H. Bloshchynskyi. « BORDER GUARDS’ DISTANCE LEARNING DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Information Technologies and Learning Tools 71, no 3 (29 juin 2019) : 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v71i3.2749.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research reveals the peculiarities of the Distance Learning (DL) development in the framework of border guards training in the European Union (EU) countries. Theoretical and practical concepts, modern stage and peculiarities of border guards’ DL development were substantiated in the article. The special attention was paid to possibilities of educational web platforms, which are widely utilized in the training of personnel of the border guard agencies, namely: Web Platform Virtual Aula of the FRONTEX Agency; E-Net Web Platform of the CEPOL (The European Police College); EU Coast Guard Functions Training Portal (CGFTP); ILIAS Learning Platform of the EU Mission EUBAM (EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine); Connect & Learn platform of the UNHCR (The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees); Global eLearning Program of the UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). The authors have also conducted the comparative analysis of DL courses of educational platforms with border guard components in the EU countries, which showed that the platform with the biggest number of border guard-oriented courses is Virtual Aula platform of FRONTEX Agency. Suggestions and proposals on DL development and prospective directions based on the experience gained during DL introduction into the system of the border guards’ training system supported by the survey results are given in the conclusion of this article in order to facilitate the improvement of border guards’ DL systems in the EU countries. The prospects of the border guards’ DL system development are based on 5 key factors: aligning all DL training courses to the Sectoral Qualification Framework and Common Core Curricular for border guarding: unification of the skills and knowledge of European border guards; enhanced use of the Internet and social media; introduction of common educational web-platforms; organizing specialized training for the specialists in DL use and management, and developing common eLearning tools and programs.
4
Roman, Michał, Monika Roman et Arkadiusz Niedziółka. « Spatial Diversity of Tourism in the Countries of the European Union ». Sustainability 12, no 7 (30 mars 2020) : 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072713.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of tourism in the countries of the European Union (EU). The main objective of the article can be divided into three immediate goals, each of which is to determine countries that are similar by means of: (1) accommodation base; (2) tourism traffic; and (3) tourism-related expenditures and revenues. In order to group countries, Ward’s cluster analysis method is used. The aim is verified with the use of 2017 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Eurostat data. The analysis covers all EU member states. The research conducted confirms, inter alia, the key role of the accommodation base in the development of tourism in those countries.
5
Alexandru, Alina. « Strategies and Policies for New Technologies : The United Nations, The United States and the European Union ». Land Forces Academy Review 26, no 4 (1 décembre 2021) : 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0045.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract New technologies have marked the beginning of the Forth Industrial Revolution era. While the advantages of new technologies for our day-to-day life are undeniable, we cannot fail to notice that emerging and disruptive technologies also imply challenges and risks for individuals, societies and countries. Moreover, in the absence of regulations and norms internationally accepted and assumed, risks associated to the misuse of new technologies tend to increase, transforming the domain into a competition arena. States and international organizations perceive the pressure to address emerging technologies. The United Nations, the United States and the European Union have defined their own strategies and policies on the new technologies with the aim at capitalizing the benefits and minimizing the risks. While different in their view, UN’s, US’ and EU’ strategies and policies offer landmarks to consider in addressing new technologies.
6
IGNATOV, AUGUSTIN. « GOVERNANCE EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC SECURITY AND FEDERALISATION. THE EUROPEAN UNION AT CROSSROADS — IS IT TIME FOR CONSOLIDATION ? » Global Economy Journal 19, no 01 (mars 2019) : 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565919500039.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The European Union (EU) has certainly reduced its influence in the global economic affairs. Despite the fact that it unites 28 nations, including the former great powers such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy, the political and economic power of the community has considerably decreased starting with the second half of 2000s. The present research is undertaken with the aim of increasing the readers’ awareness regarding the necessity of enforcing the EU economic security through consolidating the authority of the supranational bodies in relation with national representatives. The objectives to be reached in this regard include assessing how much the governance efficiency alternations among the EU member countries influence the efficiency of the single market in a globalised society. It was found that several processes determined the decline of Europe’s strength including raising globalisation and increasing competition, economic weaknesses of the EU which worsened during the crisis, stagnation of the integration process, feeble leadership and lack of resoluteness, especially in the most developed EU nations, declining adherence to “core” values, migration crisis, little political commitment to protecting EU’s citizens’ interests, and countries’ individualism in promoting key initiatives.
7
Nezirović, Senada, Ana Živko, Belma Durmišević et Amna Hodžić. « Stabilisation and association agreement between the Western Balkan countries and the European Union ». Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 12, no 2 (19 août 2022) : 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2022.2.05.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The European Union (EU) represents a certain partnership and alliance between states and countries. It is not governed as the United States of America, nor intergoverned as the United Nations. Member States of the EU are sovereign countries united to become privileged and globally successful. Every enlargement of the Union is significant, but the fifth enlargement has been recognised, so far, as the most significant, showing the unification of Eastern and Western Europe. However, the most significant enlargement is yet to come with the Western Balkan countries becoming Member States of the EU (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia), considering the political and economic situation of the region. The European Commission has proposed the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) for South East Europe, as the most significant frame for the EU to ensure relations with the Western Balkan countries and to direct its overall enlargement policy to this part of Europe. Associations of the Western Balkans are usually negative, referring to weak economic development, wars and political instability, which have led to the pre-accession strategy for the EU membership known as the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA). The aim of this paper is to present the progress of the Western Balkan countries towards the EU membership, their current state, and the problems they face on that path and to explain the SAP and the SAA.
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Korecki, Zbyšek. « United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ». Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no 3 (26 novembre 2019) : 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.3.9.
Texte intégralRésumé :
UNITED NATIONS MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATED STABILIZATION MISSION IN MALIThe security and political instability of West and Central African countries is influenced by several factors and is a topical issue for the United Nations UN and the European Union’s EU foreign policy. The security of the region decreased to a low level after the declaration of the war on terrorism in 2003. According to the Global Peace Index GPI, which takes into account the militarization and security of society, countries such as Mali 2.686 — 144, Central African Republic 3.236 — 155 or Libya 3.262 — 157 compared to other countries of the world have long been in the unflattering index position, which is evaluated by 163 countries. The destabilization of Libya and the consequences of the fall of the dictatorial regime of Muammar Gaddafiled to the subsequent spread of instability in the region in 2011. After the emergence of the radical organization of the Islamic State IS, as well as other organized armed groups in the Middle East and in some African Union states, fighters are rapidly expanding into Mali, Mauritania and Niger. The UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MINUSMA was launched in July 2013. As asymmetric terrorist attacks on UN peacekeepers have increased, a UN-level debate was held to strengthen the mandate and capabilities of UN MINUSMA. Contributing countries of the African Union were aware of the fact that terrorist attacks could spread to neighboring countries and therefore called on UN Member States to become more actively involved in the mission in Mali. The pre-sented article analyzes the political and security situation of Mali and the participation of members of the Army of the Czech Republic at the UN MINUSMA. The author of the article concluded that Mali in the post-conflict reconstruction needs to implement all stages of post-conflict reconstruction and necessarily needs the presence of UN and EU troops.Participation of members of the Army of the Czech Republic should correspond to the ambitions of the Czech Republic within the EU in achieving the objectives of stabilizing the unstable territories in the neighborhood in order to prevent future potential security risks.
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Pérez De Las Heras, Beatriz, David Fernández Rojo et Inmaculada Herbosa Martínez. « European Union-Asia Pacific : Working Together on Global Security ». European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Issue 3 (1 octobre 2021) : 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Asia Pacific is not only the world’s largest and most populous region, it is also home to some of its fastest growing economies. At the same time, it is also a region that contains complex security hotspots, including tensions on the Korean Peninsula and maritime disputes in the East and South China Seas. The United States and China are vying for economic and military influence in the region, affecting the balance of power and security dynamics on a global scale. In recent years, the European Union (EU) has become a key trading partner for most countries in the Asia-Pacific region and is also seeking to play a relevant role as a security actor. Both regions face the same challenges and share an interest in preserving peace in their respective areas, while upholding the rules-based international order. Specifically, the EU wants to step up its security role in the Asia-Pacific by boosting cooperation with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries and other strategic partners. In the current context of huge global shifts, this article argues that the area in which the EU can make a valuable contribution to stability in the region is in supporting Asia-Pacific nations to address non-traditional security challenges. European Union, Asia Pacific, Indo Pacific, non-traditional security, interregional cooperation, ASEAN, Strategic Partnerships
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Turcea, Vlad. « United Nations' sustainable development goals review : Dual analysis of Romania and Denmark ». Ekonomika poljoprivrede 67, no 4 (2020) : 1309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2004309t.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present paper aims to highlight the discrepancies between two countries of the European Union, Romania and Denmark, in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. As Denmark is seen as a primer European and Global nation in achieving the United Nations' targets, Romania can use this example as a guideline on how to act and to obtain the most notable results. The article proposes some key principles that Romanians could follow in order to successfully fulfill the 2030 Action Plan having, as an example, the strategies and indicators reached by Denmark. The current work paper is structured as a review of the two reports that voluntarily summarize the situation of the Sustainable Development Goals in each state, followed by a statistical analysis of investment behavior and concluded with an analysis of the most notable differences between the states based on the dataset published by Eurostat.
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Karobliene, Vilma, et Vaida Pilinkiene. « The Sharing Economy in the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals : Case of European Union Countries ». Sustainability 13, no 15 (26 juillet 2021) : 8312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158312.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this research study was to establish a framework for the relationships between the sharing economy and the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter, SDGs) set by the United Nations. There are 17 SDGs with 169 targets, which, in the scientific literature, are classified into sustainability dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. Thus, the objective of the current research was to perform an economic assessment of the sharing economy in the context of SDGs by analyzing European Union countries with a particular emphasis on their economic growth. Although the sharing economy has been analyzed from different aspects in recent scientific articles, the impact of this phenomenon on national economies in the framework of SDGs is lacking. Firstly, based on the latest research on the sharing economy from the perspective of sustainable development, a theoretical model of the sharing economy was developed in this study. Secondly, SDG indicators in the economic dimension and other key economic growth variables for European Union countries were collected. Thirdly, a cluster analysis was performed to determine the impact of the sharing economy on European Union countries in terms of SDGs in the economic dimension. The current study contributes to the existing research by analyzing the sharing economy from the perspective of sustainable economic development and highlights that this business model positively impacts countries’ economic sustainability in terms of SDGs.
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Mukhtar, Sohaib, Muhammad Fayaz et Malieka Farah Deeba. « Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Syrian Refugees in European Union : A Comparative Analysis ». Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management 5, no 1 (9 janvier 2023) : p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetmm.v5n1p1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Displaced persons are Refugees, cross borders under coercion by force, leave motherland and difficult to return safely to home of parents. Root word is ‘refuge’ from which ‘refugee’ is derived, it means hiding and shelter from danger. Pakistan is not signatory of Refugee Convention 1951 but member of the United Nations (UN). Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan for approximately four decades, the Government of Pakistan provides favorable treatment and atmosphere to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Resultantly, Pakistan has been suffering terrorism, political instability, and economic dropdown though after left of Unites States of America (USA) in 2021, many more Afghan Refugees are expected to migrate to Pakistan. International Community is required to work and ensure peace and stability in Afghanistan in order to ensure returning back of Afghan Refugees to their parent’s home safely and work for stability and peace of Afghanistan and the region so that they live there peacefully. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) article 14: everybody has freedom and right to enjoy, seek asylum from persecution in other countries. Asylum right not invoked if (i) genuinely arising prosecutions from non-political crimes, or (ii) acts repugnant to principles and purposes of United Nations, and Convention Relating to Status of Refugee signed in 1951 under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). There are 145 signatories currently to Refugee Convention 1951 but Pakistan has not yet acceded to Refugee Convention 1951. According to Refugee Convention 1951 preamble: freedom under fundamental rights enjoyed by human beings under Charter of the UN and UDHR without discrimination. The UN has assured efforts to expand freedom under fundamental rights to refugees. Communitarian Critique research methodology is deployed to help understand issues of refugees. Qualitative methodology is used while conducting this research, an analytical and comparative methods to analyze and compare Government of Pakistan’s treatment of Afghan refugees in Pakistan approximately for 4 decades as compare to Syrian Refugees’ treatment by European Union (EU). The largest populated migrants refugee country of the world for 4 decades is Pakistan, approximately 5 million Afghan nationals migrated to Pakistan during Cold War and approximately around 1.3 million still living in Pakistan and they are not willing to go back to Afghanistan specially after withdrawal of USA in 2021. The International Community is required, requested, and suggested to wish, help, and endeavor to build up economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan and try to strengthen stability and peace so that remaining Afghan nationals who are living as refugees in Pakistan can go back to their motherland safely, happily, and live there peacefully.
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Hrebeniuk, D. « The genesis of the European Parliament and its transformation to supra statehood ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law 1, no 72 (16 novembre 2022) : 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the European Union as a unique association of European countries, which was created as an organizational form for political, economic and social cooperation between member countries, candidates for membership and partner countries that are not part of the union. The European Union symbolizes the diversity of nations and European cultures and aims to achieve peace and prosperity. Independent countries united for the sake of a common goal and sacrificed part of their sovereignty in order to become economically stronger, so it is not surprising that the official motto of the union is "unity in diversity".
The article pays special attention to the nature of the European Union, because de facto it is an international entity, it combines such features as supra-statehood and inter-statehood, but de jure it is neither one nor the other. The structure of the European Union includes institutions whose tasks are to realize the goals of this union, to serve its interests and the interests of its citizens, as well as to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of its policies. At the beginning of its creation, the European Union consisted of six countries and had a completely different name, namely the European Coal and Steel Association. Gradually, the subjects of this entity are deepening economic integration and creating a single market, we can also see that successively, partial management functions are moving to the supranational level and the number of future participants of the union is increasing. The evolution of the union takes place for the sake of economic development, through the opening of markets, which leads to an increase in production and, as a result, new working cities are created. With an increase in imports, competition increases and prices decrease and the quality of goods increases [1, р. 1].
This scientific work examines the formation of the legislative institution of the European Union, analyzes the cooperation of the European Parliament with other leading institutions, and also examines the regulatory and legal framework that influenced the transformation and reveals the nature of the European Parliament.
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Schutte, Camilo B. « Spain Tribunal Constitucional on the European Constitution. Declaration of 13 December 2004 ». European Constitutional Law Review 1, no 2 (19 mai 2005) : 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002816.
Texte intégralRésumé :
When thinking about the integration of the European sovereign states in the European Union, one does not need to be a euro-sceptic to perceive a big fish devouring little fish. Of course, the individuality of the different countries is assured in the European Union. Article I-5(1) of the European Constitution establishes that the Union shall respect their national identities inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, and their essential state functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. Europe is to be ‘United in diversity’. Yet, however considerate the Union may be of the various European countries, unity can exist only by the grace of all member states' loyally fulfilling their European obligations.
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Prokhorenko, I. L. « The strategy of Spain in the United Nations ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no 2 (9 janvier 2021) : 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-2-9-18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain, Kosovo issue and the danger of internationalization of the political and institutional conflict in Catalonia, efforts by the Spanish central government to achieve sustainable development goals. By analyzing foreign policy resources of Spain, initiatives and activities of the country in the United Nations and its various specialized agencies over the years using the UN information materials, the author suggests that successful democratic transition and the country’s accession to the European Economic Community in 1986 strengthened the profile of Spain in the United Nations. However, the political and institutional transformations in the European Union, creation of political union of the Member-States and establishment and development of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy mean that Spain may carry out its foreign policy in a ‘truncated’ form, taking into account the EU position as a special strategic partner of the UN and its expanded Observer status. The economic and foreign policy potential of this country weakening its competitive advantages under the influence of negative consequences of the global financial and economic crisis do not raise an issue about permanent membership of Spain in the UN Security Council. However, the ‘soft power’ resources based on its postimperial identity allow for a fairly high appreciation of possibilities of Spain with regard to monitoring, prevention and management of conflicts and crisis situations in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, providing international assistance for development and facilitating intercultural dialogue of the Western and non-Western civilazations.
16
Prokhorenko, I. L. « The strategy of Spain in the United Nations ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no 2 (9 janvier 2021) : 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-2-9-18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain, Kosovo issue and the danger of internationalization of the political and institutional conflict in Catalonia, efforts by the Spanish central government to achieve sustainable development goals. By analyzing foreign policy resources of Spain, initiatives and activities of the country in the United Nations and its various specialized agencies over the years using the UN information materials, the author suggests that successful democratic transition and the country’s accession to the European Economic Community in 1986 strengthened the profile of Spain in the United Nations. However, the political and institutional transformations in the European Union, creation of political union of the Member-States and establishment and development of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy mean that Spain may carry out its foreign policy in a ‘truncated’ form, taking into account the EU position as a special strategic partner of the UN and its expanded Observer status. The economic and foreign policy potential of this country weakening its competitive advantages under the influence of negative consequences of the global financial and economic crisis do not raise an issue about permanent membership of Spain in the UN Security Council. However, the ‘soft power’ resources based on its postimperial identity allow for a fairly high appreciation of possibilities of Spain with regard to monitoring, prevention and management of conflicts and crisis situations in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, providing international assistance for development and facilitating intercultural dialogue of the Western and non-Western civilazations.
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Prokhorenko, I. L. « The strategy of Spain in the United Nations ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no 2 (9 janvier 2021) : 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-2-9-18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain, Kosovo issue and the danger of internationalization of the political and institutional conflict in Catalonia, efforts by the Spanish central government to achieve sustainable development goals. By analyzing foreign policy resources of Spain, initiatives and activities of the country in the United Nations and its various specialized agencies over the years using the UN information materials, the author suggests that successful democratic transition and the country’s accession to the European Economic Community in 1986 strengthened the profile of Spain in the United Nations. However, the political and institutional transformations in the European Union, creation of political union of the Member-States and establishment and development of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy mean that Spain may carry out its foreign policy in a ‘truncated’ form, taking into account the EU position as a special strategic partner of the UN and its expanded Observer status. The economic and foreign policy potential of this country weakening its competitive advantages under the influence of negative consequences of the global financial and economic crisis do not raise an issue about permanent membership of Spain in the UN Security Council. However, the ‘soft power’ resources based on its postimperial identity allow for a fairly high appreciation of possibilities of Spain with regard to monitoring, prevention and management of conflicts and crisis situations in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, providing international assistance for development and facilitating intercultural dialogue of the Western and non-Western civilazations.
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Sadowski, Józef. « The critical infrastructure protection. The genesis ». AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no 6 (30 juin 2018) : 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.259.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The concept of critical infrastructure was already known in a number of ancient civilizations across different continents. Critical infrastructure was considered vital, enabling civilization a proper functioning. The purpose of this article is to present reason and sequence of practice actions for selected Poland associated administrative offices and countries organizations. A cause and an historical overview of the preparation of the United States, European and Polish critical infrastructure protection was provided. According to the manuscripts, critical infrastructure of majority of nations concerns systems and physical or virtual resources, damage or destruction of which, impairing the national and citizen security. Polish European Union membership accession requires for this article to be examined regarding the European programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection.
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Brandão, Pedro. « European policies on same-sex relationships, adoption and assisted reproduction ». International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no 8 (27 juillet 2022) : 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20221961.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Same-sex civil union, marriage, adoption and access to assisted reproduction have progressively been more accepted worldwide. However, many differences exist in national legislation regarding the matter. This work is a review of current national policies of 31 European countries, including all the European Union, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. At the moment, many European countries recognize same-sex civil unions, marriage and adoption, as well as the access of single women and lesbian couples to assisted reproduction, specially the northern and western countries. However, there is still an important number of countries where there is no official recognition of gay partnerships and adoption, and fertility treatments are exclusive to heterosexual couples. In addition, given the need to surrogacy, male couples have quite limited options concerning assisted reproduction in Europe. Europe is progressively allowing same-sex couples to legalize their relationship and to open adoption and assisted reproduction to everyone, regardless of gender, sexual orientation or marital status.
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Da Costa e Silva, Vera Luiza. « Protocol to eliminate illicit trade in tobacco products : the dawn of a new era ». Salud Pública de México 59 (31 mars 2017) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/8208.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is the United Nations tobacco control treaty, fostering public health in previously neglected areas. 179 countries as well as the European Union are WHO FCTC Parties, and it comprises both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations are active observers. It is a powerful alliance for a serious problem – the huge global epidemic caused by tobacco...
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Wong, Alfred, et Roxanne Gomes. « Societal and Economic Elements of Trafficking in Human Beings into the European Union ». Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 7, no 3 (1 mars 2016) : 831–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v7i3.11.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The European Union (EU) is an early signatory of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. During the past decade, the EU has been undertaking various measures to conform to the "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons". The mitigating strategy has been largely based on the enforcement of existing and new laws, inside as well as outside of the EU. To date, the results have been largely ineffective. Addressing the societal and economic elements of home and host countries could be a more enduring means to alleviate the problem of trafficking in human beings.
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Labella, Álvaro, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cohard, José Domingo Sánchez-Martínez et Luis Martínez. « An AHPSort II Based Analysis of the Inequality Reduction within European Union ». Mathematics 8, no 4 (22 avril 2020) : 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040646.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nowadays, sustainability is an omnipresent concept in our society, which encompasses several challenges related to poverty, inequality, climate change and so on. The United Nations adopted the Agenda 2030, a plan of action formed of universal Sustainable Developments Goals (SDGs) and targets, which countries have to face in order to shift the world toward a sustainable future. One of the most relevant SDGs since the onset of the financial crisis in 2007 has been the so-called reduced inequalities, which consists of dealing with the inequality of opportunities and wealth between and within countries. However, reducing inequalities depends on many heterogeneous aspects, making it difficult to make a proper analysis that evaluates the European Union (EU) countries performance of this goal. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to evaluate the inequalities in EU countries based on a sorting a multi-criteria decision-making method called AHPSort II. This approach allows to obtain a classification of the EU countries according to their achievements in reducing inequalities to subsequently carry out a deep performance analysis with the aim of drawing conclusions as to the evolution of inequality in them along the years. The results are consistent with the main international organizations’ reports and academic literature, as shown in the Discussion Section.
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Catalano, Theresa, et Grace E. Fielder. « European spaces and the Roma : Denaturalizing the naturalized in online reader comments ». Discourse & ; Communication 12, no 3 (9 mars 2018) : 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481318757772.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the entry of several Eastern European nations into the European Union (EU), a ‘third’ space has developed in the discourse for nations perceived as not fully integrated ‘inside’ the EU system. This article investigates the construction of this ‘third space’ in the resultant ‘moral panic’ about undesired immigration from other EU countries and its potential drain on the social services of the United Kingdom and links it to Euroskeptic discourse in British media. The article uses construal operations from cognitive linguistics combined with critical discourse studies as a way of denaturalizing the discourse in online comments that focus on the Bulgarian/Romanian immigration issue which we then connect to anti-Roma discourse. Results reveal a view of the United Kingdom as contaminated by Roma and underscore the need for novel metaphors to be countered before they become entrenched and used as tools for political propaganda.
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Freier, Luisa Feline, et Jean-Pierre Gauci. « Refugee Rights Across Regions : A Comparative Overview of Legislative Good Practices in Latin America and the EU ». Refugee Survey Quarterly 39, no 3 (1 septembre 2020) : 321–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has identified a number of legislative good practices in Latin American asylum and refugee laws. At the same time, academics and policy-makers have long called for cross-regional comparative analyses of policies and laws to allow different regions to learn from each other’s best practices. In this article, we compare refugee legislations of Latin American countries with European Union protection standards based on UNHCR’s legislative good practices across three areas: (i) Core Principles and Scope of Protection; (ii) Procedural Safeguards and Guarantees for Vulnerable Groups; and (iii) Integration. We find that six of 19 refugee laws in Latin America provide more expansive protection than the Common European Asylum System framework, whereas other Latin American countries fall behind. The gap between Latin American legislations and European Union protection standards is closer regarding procedural safeguards, the protection of vulnerable groups, and integration provisions. Finally, Latin American countries, on average, score significantly below the European Union regarding the core principles of asylum and the scope of protection. In the second part of the article, we engage in a qualitative discussion of these legislative good practices to allow for cross-fertilization, and deliver policy recommendations.
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Fernández-Portillo, Antonio, Manuel Almodóvar-González, José Luís Coca-Pérez et Héctor Valentín Jiménez-Naranjo. « Is Sustainable Economic Development Possible Thanks to the Deployment of ICT ? » Sustainability 11, no 22 (10 novembre 2019) : 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226307.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Achieving sustainable economic development is one of humanity’s greatest challenges, and, in this regard, the United Nations has promoted a line of research based on sustainable economic development. In view of this, our study focused on the sustainable economic development of nations, specifically, development through the deployment of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Academic researchers recognize the importance of ICT for economic and sustainable development, but there is controversy in the literature regarding two opposing points of view. First, there is a view that advances in ICT support Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, while, on the other hand, the view is that there is no relationship between these two factors. In view of this, we conducted a study where the objective was to determine whether investing in ICT contributes to sustainable economic development (measured by the GDP per capita) of European Union countries. We used Eurostat data and applied the partial least-squares (PLS) method to address the study. This approach allowed us to analyze European Union countries from 2014 to 2017, using fairly rigorous data. The most outstanding result was that ICT accounted for most of the explained variance in GDP per capita (GDPpp), and, specifically, the most representative indicator was “digital public services.” Therefore, we concluded that investing in the deployment of ICT supports the sustainable economic development of European Union countries. These countries should focus on investing in improved connectivity in areas with poor communications, as well as in training area inhabitants in the use and development of ICT to obtain greater development using these tools and technologies.
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Missirian, Anouch, et Wolfram Schlenker. « Asylum Applications and Migration Flows ». American Economic Review 107, no 5 (1 mai 2017) : 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171051.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We discuss an underutilized dataset to examine the causes of migration. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees publishes annual binational asylum applications and the resulting decisions. Asylum is granted to protect individuals from persecution. They are a small part of overall migration patterns: one-tenth of overall migration flows into OECD countries. The European Union receives the largest share of asylum applicants and has a low acceptance rate, but the rate increases when source countries have positive deviations from historic trends. Countries outside the EU and OECD receive almost all of the applications from neighbors with a contiguous land border.
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Lisiankova, Katerina, et Robert E. Wright. « Demographic Change and the European Union Labour Market ». National Institute Economic Review 194 (octobre 2005) : 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950105061497.
Texte intégralRésumé :
If current demographic trends continue, the combined population of the twenty-five countries that currently make up the European Union will age rapidly and decline in size in the coming decades. As the EU population ages and declines, so will its labour force, which will likely constrain the labour market and generate lower rates of economic growth. Data from the most recent round of United Nation population projections is used to illustrate the scale of these changes.
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Androniceanu, Armenia, et Irina Georgescu. « E-Government in European Countries, a Comparative Approach Using the Principal Components Analysis ». NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 14, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2021-0015.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The digitalization of public administration is a necessary condition for the economic and social development of each country. In this context, e-government is developing and diversifying its forms of implementation, contributing significantly to the efficiency of public administration, to increasing the degree of transparency and to reducing corruption in public institutions. The aim of the research was to know how the states of the European Union evolved from the point of view of e-government and what influence it had on the economic development of the analyzed states and on the European citizens during the analyzed period. For this we selected ten research variables from several databases: Eurostat, the World Bank and the United Nations E-Government Development Database (UNeGovDD) of the United Nations. The period for which we did the analysis is 2010 – 2019. Using EViews 12 we applied panel Principal Component Analysis to reduce the 10-variable panel into a lower dimension of 3 principal components to find the underlying simplified structure. The three principal components retained explain about 76.5 % of the initial information. The research results show significant differences between the states analyzed, in terms of e-government, but also in terms of the impact it has on government effectiveness, controlling corruption, e-participation of European citizens and the economic development of Member States. In countries with a high level of e-government implementation, governance is efficient, corruption is low, citizen involvement is higher and economic development is faster.
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Järvelaid, Peeter. « Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century ». International Journal of Legal Information 29, no 1 (2001) : 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000858.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a member of the League of Nations. Estonia had thus become a subject of international law.
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Noiriel, Gérard. « “Civil Rights” Policy in the United States and the Policy of “Integration” in Europe : Divergent Approaches to a Similar Issue ». Journal of Policy History 6, no 1 (janvier 1994) : 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003651.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Comparing European and North American policies with respect to “civil rights” is a difficult exercise for two reasons. First, it is important to emphasize that Europe and the United States are not political entities of a same nature. Granted, the fact that the nations that today comprise Europe are heirs of common history explains in part the similarities in their political behavior and distinguishes them as a group from the “New World.” Yet in the American case, despite the country's federalist structure and the existence of fifty states within the Union, we are dealing with a single nation, endowed with a central government capable of generating policies that are valid throughout the territory. Such is not the case with Europe. As is well known, the European continent is divided into two sharply contrasted spheres. On the one hand, there is the East, thrown into confusion by the devastation of communism and mired in a profound economic crisis. On the other hand, there is the West, comprised of nations that share a level of economic prosperity comparable to that of the United States but which do not form a single political entity. At present, the European Economic Community includes only twelve European states; the remaining countries, such as Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria, have yet to become members. In this essay, the question of “civil rights” will be examined specifically in light of those countries that already belong to the EEC.
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TAMPU, Stelian. « THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY ». Strategic Impact 79, no 2 (7 octobre 2021) : 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
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Hajdu, Miklós, Boróka Pápay, Zoltán Szántó et István János Tóth. « Content analysis of corruption coverage : Cross-national differences and commonalities ». European Journal of Communication 33, no 1 (18 janvier 2018) : 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750673.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents and summarizes some results from extensive cross-national content analysis of media coverage of corruption. The authors examined a sample containing 12,742 articles published in France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and the United Kingdom from 2004 to 2013. A limited number of studies have been done thus far to reveal how the media deals with corruption cases in certain countries, and cross-national comparative analyses are exceedingly scarce. The core focus of the study is to reveal the significant differences in the corruption cases covered by the media according to the countries under analysis. We assume that some differences exist between the media coverage of corruption in the new and the old European Union member states and also that by classifying countries into groups based on their perception of the level of the corruption, some dissimilarities will be revealed between them. We conclude that the distinction between countries based on whether they are old or new European Union members does not wholly determine the nature of reporting on international or national corruption cases, for example, Italy was more similar to the old European Union member states in this sense. Considering the level of institutionalization of corruption cases, Italy appears to be more similar to the other old European Union members, but we should clarify that differences based on this feature of the cases are not clearly highlighted in the interaction model. However, if we use the variable perceptions of corruption to classify countries, we find that countries with a ‘cleaner’ environment (the United Kingdom, France) place more focus on reporting corruption cases in the international arena.
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Carballedo, A., et M. Doyle. « Criteria for compulsory admission in some European countries ». International Psychiatry 8, no 3 (août 2011) : 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002617.
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Compulsory admission to mental health facilities is a controversial topic, as it impinges on personal liberty and the right to choose, and it carries the risk of abuse for political, social and other reasons (Gostin, 2000). However, involuntary admission can prevent harm to self and others, and assist people in attaining their right to health, which, due to their mental disorder, they are unable to manage voluntarily. Since the 1950s and 1960s, the delivery of mental health has shifted from a paternalistic emphasis on the need to treat those who are not able to look after themselves, to the rights of patients who have a mental illness. The Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness (‘the MI Principles’) adopted by the United Nations in 1991 play an important role in raising awareness about the human rights of people with mental health problems. They provide guidance on areas such as the procedures for involuntary admission to mental health facilities and standards of care (Knapp et al, 2007). Legal frameworks for involuntary placement of those who are mentally ill have been reformed in many European countries. Most regulate compulsory admission and treatment by special mental health laws. Only Greece, Spain, Italy and those member states of the European Union (EU) that joined in 2004 and 2007 have no separate laws (Dressing & Salize, 2004).
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Wallace, William. « Losing the narrative : the United Kingdom and the European Union as imagined communities ». International Relations 31, no 2 (16 mai 2017) : 192–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817707396.
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The United Kingdom’s awkward relationship with the countries on the European continent reflects the ambiguity of its national identity, wavering between European engagement and the English-speaking peoples, as much as differences over economic interests. The founding narrative of West European integration, after the Second World War, has also weakened with generational change, the end of the Cold War and eastern enlargement. Developing persuasive new narratives both for the United Kingdom and the European Union (EU) are necessary but difficult tasks for continuing cooperation.
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Поветкина, Наталья, Natalya Povetkina, Семен Янкевич et Semen Yankevich. « CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL STABILITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES : LEGAL ASPECT ». Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no 4 (29 octobre 2015) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14309.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article is the research of the legal nature of the concept of “financial stability” with respect to the financial (public) relations. The paper comprises analyzes of the legal regulation of the concept at the international level — in the program documents of the United Nations and at the supranational level — in the treaties of the Member States of the European Union, the treaty of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union and the decisions of the Eurasian Economic Commission. The article presents a description of the concept of “financial stability”, provided for in the legislation of Great Britain, the USA, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Sweden. The authors note that the concept of “financial stability” in the legislation of foreign countries has universal meaning: absence of instability of the financial system of the country, measures to prevent financial crises and minimization of their negative effects.
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Onrubia Fernández, Jorge, Rocío Plaza Iniesta et Antonio Jesús Sánchez Fuentes. « A quantitative summary of compliance with the 2030 Agenda in the European Union. Short title : 2030 agenda compliance in the EU ». Papeles de Europa 35 (19 décembre 2022) : e83760. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/pade.83760.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Successive to the Millennium Development Goals initiated in 2000, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development approved in 2015 by the United Nations affects many of the political decisions currently being made. Through this Agenda, countries commit to taking actions aimed at 17 goals, 169 targets and 232 indicators created by the UN to measure them in terms of performance. Parallel to the creation of global objectives by the UN, Eurostat established 100 indicators (many equal or similar to those of the UN) focused on the countries of the European Union to monitor their development with respect to the 2030 Agenda.
This work proposes to undertake an exhaustive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Union countries with respect to these set objectives, also analyzing the convergence or divergence among EU member states. To this end, we build partial synthetic indices for each goal, taking existing information on the indicators collected by Eurostat in order to combine these into a composite index that provides a global vision of the (relative) situation of each country in the EU region.
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Rocchi, Lucia, Elena Ricciolini, Gianluca Massei, Luisa Paolotti et Antonio Boggia. « Towards the 2030 Agenda : Measuring the Progress of the European Union Countries through the SDGs Achievement Index ». Sustainability 14, no 6 (17 mars 2022) : 3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063563.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The success or failure in their implementation largely depends on the national implementation effort, measured within wide and compound indicator frameworks. Due to such complexity, providing a simple but comprehensive view on the progress to achieve the SDGs is a priority. Moreover, the measure of the progress allows the consistency among the different dimensions of sustainable development to be assessed. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the results accomplished by European Union Countries in achieving SDGs. In particular, the paper proposed the SDGs achievement index (SDG-AI), a multicriteria-based index, including six different dimensions and applied to EU countries. The SDG-AI allows the differences across the EU countries to be highlighted, and also assesses the contribution of the different dimensions to the final result. The use of such an index will also be useful to understand the effect of the pandemic on the development.
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Konarzewska, Iwona. « Meeting the Sustainable Development Goal of Good Health and Well-Being by European Union Countries in 2017 ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, no 2 (30 juin 2020) : 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.23.12.
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In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of them, Goal 3, is defined as: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. In the paper, we have considered the indices proposed by Eurostat, which help to measure the level that the targets achieve. We present the dynamics of indices over the period 2002–2017. Multi-criteria statistical analysis for 28 EU countries was conducted using data up to 2017 to show how much EU countries are diversified and to present rankings of countries on their way to achieving the good health and well-being status of their citizens. The results are compared with a global SGD-Sub-Index for Goal 3, developed by Sachs et al. (2018).
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Rosiak, Ewa. « Rynek nasion oleistych i produktów ich przerobu w Unii Europejskiej ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no 2 (28 juin 2019) : 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.2.31.
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The article presents an assessment of changes that have occurred in the production, consumption and trade of oilseeds and their processing products in the European Union in the years 2000-2013. The analysis of changes was carried out for 28 EU countries, including the division into old and new Member States, based on available data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT). Since the beginning of the 21st century, the production and consumption of oilseeds in the European Union has been dynamically increasing following the rapidly growing demand for vegetable oils in the industrial sector (in biofuel production), with small changes in the food sector and rapidly growing demand for oilmeals in the feed sector, due to the development of livestock production (mainly poultry production) and a change in animal feeding technology. Despite the dynamic development of oilseed production and processing (faster in the new Member States than the old), the European Union has low self-sufficiency in the field of oil products and remains a permanent importer of oilseeds (including especially oilmeals).
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Boda, József. « The Situation of National Security Studies ». Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle 10, no 3 (11 novembre 2022) : 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32561/nsz.2022.3.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The author provides an overview of the national security and intelligence studies of some international organisations and some countries. The main focus of the article is on the development of national security and intelligence education in the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and China, Romania, Russia, the United State of America (USA), the United Kingdom, Singapore and Australia.
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Mathenjwa, Mbuzeni. « THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY ». Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, no 1 (12 septembre 2016) : 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/1091.
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The place and role of local government within the structure of government in Africa has attracted much public interest. Prior to and after independence, African countries used local government as the administrative units of central governments without their having any legal status, to the extent that local authorities were under the strict control of central governments. The autonomy of local government is pivotal in the democratisation of a country. The United Nations, European Union and African Union have adopted treaties to promote the recognition and protection of local government in the state parties’ constitutions. Accordingly, this article explains the status of local government in Africa and its impact on strengthening democracy in African states.
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Scott, Norman. « Establishing and Financing of a Joint Venture ». Revue générale de droit 19, no 4 (5 avril 2019) : 787–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058497ar.
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This article deals with a Guide prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning east-west joint ventures. The publication focusses on the issues arising in the establishment and operation of east-west joint ventures in those European members countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) which now allow this form of industrial co-operation in their respective territories — namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. In parallel with that Guide, the author exposes the importance and the contents of the contract itself with its main provisions.
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Nauvarian, Demas. « TANTANGAN SUPRANASIONALITAS UNI EROPA : KOMPARASI INTEGRASI POLITIK PADA KRISIS EUROZONE 2008 DAN KRISIS PENGUNGSI 2015 ». Indonesian Journal of International Relations 5, no 1 (28 février 2021) : 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i1.185.
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The European Union is widely referred to as the international organization at the regional level with the highest integration phase. His journey is thought to have united the continent of Europe in a post-modern supranational political institution with a new post-Westphalia identity - European continental identity. This can be defined as a process of political integration. The process marked by the transfer of sovereignty, for example, can be seen in the European Union's ability to handle the Euro crisis in 2008. However, along the way, the political integration of the European Union is considered to be weakening. Post-Crisis 2008, the European Union experienced another challenge in the form of the 2014-2015 Refugee Crisis. This paper aims to answer questions related to why there is a weakening of the political integration of the European Union in these two challenges. By using the method of cross-longitudinal comparative studies on the responses of countries to the EU's decisions in the two challenges above, this paper argues that the increase in right-wing populism in various countries, particularly in Eastern and Central European countries, is a factor. the main part of the start to break up the political integration of the European Union. This paper concludes that the political values of right-wing populism that focus on nation-state nationalism are contrary to the basic values of the European Union which focus on liberal internationalism, and will become an obstacle to the future of EU political integration.
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Gamso, Jonas. « Trade Partnerships and Environmental Performance in Developing Countries ». Journal of Environment & ; Development 26, no 4 (15 septembre 2017) : 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496517729727.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A large scholarship surrounds the relationship between trade and the environment, with much of it centering on whether trade produces a race to the bottom or a race to the top in the environments of developing countries. While the effects of trade on key pollutants and on specific environmental policies have been widely attended to, scholars have not yet considered if and how trade impacts developing nations’ environmental performance, broadly speaking. This is a critical matter, as the effects of trade on the environment can only be appreciated fully through holistic assessment of the environment and environmental protection. The study that follows helps to fill this void through analysis of an all-inclusive measure of environmental performance that encompasses indicators of policy and practice. Findings demonstrate that exporting to the United States and the European Union improves environmental performance in developing countries; however, no such effect accompanies trade with other countries.
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Berrios, Rubén. « Relations between Nicaragua and the Socialist Countries ». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no 3 (1985) : 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165602.
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Since the Late 1960s, due to détente and rising nationalism in Latin America, the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries have succeeded in expanding diplomatic relations with most countries in the Western Hemisphere (Blasier, 1984; Fichet, 1981). For an increasing number of Third World nations, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries of Eastern Europe have become a source of trade, credits, technical assistance and political support. Hence, many Third World countries view CMEA agreements as a means of strengthening their negotiating position vis-á-vis the United States and other developed countries. In turn, the CMEA countries have stepped up their commercial activity irrespective of the nature of the governments of the recipient countries. In the case of Latin America, CMEA ability to provide such funding is restrained by their own economic limitations, by geographical distance and by the shortage of foreign exchange. These factors discourage risky commitments in a region that is peripheral to essential security concerns of the CMEA countries.
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Checa-Olivas, Marina, Bladimir de la Hoz-Rosales et Rafael Cano-Guervos. « The Impact of Employment Quality and Housing Quality on Human Development in the European Union ». Sustainability 13, no 2 (19 janvier 2021) : 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020969.
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This study aims to contribute new information on how and through which factors employment quality and housing quality can be improved from a human development approach so that people can live the life they want. Using the human capabilities approach as a theoretical reference framework, the article analyses the effect of involuntary part-time employment and overcrowded housing on the Human Development Index (HDI). The empirical analysis is based on the panel data technique, which is applied to data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for the 28 member countries of the European Union. The results shed new evidence on how involuntary part-time work and overcrowded housing limit or hinder people from living the lives they want, at least in the dimensions measured by the HDI.
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Frowein, Jochen A. « The Transformation of Constitutional Law through the European Convention on Human Rights ». Israel Law Review 41, no 3 (2008) : 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000339.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Only five years after the end of the Second World War terminating the complete disregard for human rights in one of the important European countries and in the occupied territories, the governments of European countries agreed on a European Bill of Rights and took the first steps toward collective enforcement of certain rights of the Universal Declaration, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. Evidently the Convention was a response to the totalitarian ideologies prevailing in national socialism but also to the communist ideology and practice governing the Soviet Union and the European countries behind the iron wall. Was the Convention intended to be more than a response and clarification of the fundamental principles which were well recognized in the constitutional structure of the free European states? If this is the case it should have had an impact on the legal system of member states.How far that impact would go was certainly not foreseen in 1950 or 1953 when the Convention came into force. By hindsight we may say that the establishment of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights as judicial organs to enforce the Convention had something that is called “List der Vernunft” in German, a certain rule of reason, not fully understood by the drafters.
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van den Hoven, Adrian, et Karl Froschauer. « Limiting Regional Electricity Sector Integration and Market Reform ». Comparative Political Studies 37, no 9 (novembre 2004) : 1079–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268845.
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Recent decades have witnessed liberal reforms in electricity policy in Western countries and an emerging literature with prominent perspectives on how to analyze such reforms. Some analysts viewWestern countries as replicating the policy models of Britain and the United States, the first nations to adopt liberal reforms; others see European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement countries as subjected to regional electricity sector integration by supranational regional agreements. The authors challenge those views, arguing that national interests have limited domestic electricity market reforms in France and Canada despite their participation in regional electricity market integration projects. By examining surplus-producing acceleration in building nuclear and hydroelectric plants, initiatives to secure export access as part of regional market integration, and the ability to limit the effects of market access reciprocity domestically, this comparative analysis of France and Canada demonstrates that national interests can prevail in the intergovernmental formulation and domestic implementation of electricity policy.
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Gordon, Joy. « Introduction ». Ethics & ; International Affairs 33, no 3 (2019) : 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679419000340.
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It is hard to imagine a threat to international security or a tension within U.S. foreign policy that does not involve the imposition of economic sanctions. The United Nations Security Council has fourteen sanctions regimes currently in place, and all member states of the United Nations are obligated to participate in their enforcement. The United States has some thirty sanctions programs, which target a range of countries, companies, organizations, and individuals, and many of these are autonomous sanctions that are independent of the measures required by the United Nations. Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, and others also have autonomous sanctions regimes, spanning a broad range of contexts and purpose. Most well-known are those concerning weapons proliferation, terrorism, and human rights violations; but sanctions are also imposed in such contexts as money laundering, corruption, and drug trafficking. States may also impose sanctions as a means to achieve foreign policy goals: to pressure a foreign state to bend to the sanctioner's will, to punish those who represent a threat to the sanctioner's economic or political interests, or to seek the end of a political regime toward which the sanctioner is hostile, to give but a few examples.
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Gojani, Skender, et Granit Curri. « Contract for international sale of goods – Cisg its importance and applicability ». Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (9 juillet 2021) : 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3687.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Contractual contests in international sale transactions mainly derive from languages, cultures, traditions, views and different legal terms of contractors in different countries worldwide. In international legal-business relations, problematic issues are inevitably outnumbered and different, thus, more difficult to be sovled. International legal-business transactions, on the other hand, are of particular importance, especially in the continuum and intences of political-economic globalization and integrations of the countries with more developed economy in different international structures such as European Union, etc. Legal regulation of sales transactions in international relations is, above all, practised with CISG, United Nations Organization Convention on International Sale of Goods which is extraordinarily important for the well-being and progress of international sales.