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1
Kerschner, Hanns. « Statistical modelling of equilibrium-line altitudes of Hintereisferner, central Alps, Austria, 1859–present ». Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997) : 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are reconstructed for Hintereisferner, Tyrol, Austria, using temperature and precipitation records for the period from 1859 to the present. The basic idea is to calibrate simple statistical models using observations of the ELA over the period 1964–92. Results are compared with those of Kuhn’s glacial–meteorological model of ELA fluctuations. Correlation coefficients between observed and predicted ELAs arc 0.91 for the glacial–meteorological model and 0.98 for the multiple regression model. The calibrated model allows backward extrapolation of the ELA from the longer climatic records (‘Austrian Temperature Series” since 1775; precipitation at Marienberg, South Tyrol, since 1858). ELAs after the glacier maximum of the 1850s were rather high until the 1870s, when they show a trend towards lower values. The lowest values, about 200 m lower than the “1850” average, were finally reached in 1912–14. During the years 1907–26, the ELA of Hintereisferner was lower than the “1850” average in 13 out of 20 years. This led to the widespread glacier advance of the 1920s in the Alps. After this, the ELA rose constantly, reaching its highest value in 1947. From the early 1950s until 1980 there was a trend towards lower ELAs again, which has been succeeded by a period of very high ELAs. The period from the late 1920s to the early 1960s was the longest period of almost constantly high ELAs since the middle of the 19th century.
2
Kerschner, Hanns. « Statistical modelling of equilibrium-line altitudes of Hintereisferner, central Alps, Austria, 1859–present ». Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997) : 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are reconstructed for Hintereisferner, Tyrol, Austria, using temperature and precipitation records for the period from 1859 to the present. The basic idea is to calibrate simple statistical models using observations of the ELA over the period 1964–92. Results are compared with those of Kuhn’s glacial–meteorological model of ELA fluctuations. Correlation coefficients between observed and predicted ELAs arc 0.91 for the glacial–meteorological model and 0.98 for the multiple regression model. The calibrated model allows backward extrapolation of the ELA from the longer climatic records (‘Austrian Temperature Series” since 1775; precipitation at Marienberg, South Tyrol, since 1858). ELAs after the glacier maximum of the 1850s were rather high until the 1870s, when they show a trend towards lower values. The lowest values, about 200 m lower than the “1850” average, were finally reached in 1912–14. During the years 1907–26, the ELA of Hintereisferner was lower than the “1850” average in 13 out of 20 years. This led to the widespread glacier advance of the 1920s in the Alps. After this, the ELA rose constantly, reaching its highest value in 1947. From the early 1950s until 1980 there was a trend towards lower ELAs again, which has been succeeded by a period of very high ELAs. The period from the late 1920s to the early 1960s was the longest period of almost constantly high ELAs since the middle of the 19th century.
3
Kotova, Elena. « The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866 ». ISTORIYA 12, no 6 (104) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented the monarchy from pursuing a successful foreign policy. The multinational empire could not resist the challenge of nationalism and prevent the unification of Italy and Germany. Difficult relations with France and Russia, inconsistent policy towards the Middle German states largely determined this outcome. The personal factor was also important. None of the Austrian statesmen could resist such an outstanding politician as Bismarck.
4
Barovic, Vladimir, et Ljubomir Zuber. « Jovan Pavlovic as a liberalism paradigm in the history of Serbian press ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 161 (2017) : 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1761013b.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper is focused on a celebrated Serbian journalist and liberal, Jovan Pavlovic, who founded and edited, in the second half of the 19th century, the following newspapers: Pancevac, Granicar and Novi Granicar. Pavlovic turned his newspapers into the most militant and the most liberal media printed in Serbian language in Austria-Hungary in the second half of the 19th century. This paper analyzes the beginnings of Serbian liberal thought and individuals who were significant for the development of liberal ideas in the 19th century. The work of Vladimir Jovanovic and other liberals in Serbia has been considered, including the influence of Svetozar Markovic and Serbian liberals in Austria-Hungary. The authors analyzed Pavlovic?s articles in Zastava, Pancevac, Granicar, and Novi Granicar. Pavlovic?s newspapers supported very liberal and militant attitudes unlike other printed media throughout the history of Serbian journalism. Pavlovic was very incisive when writing in anticlerical spirit, and in many of his articles he criticized church hierarchy. The Eastern question was also extensively dealt with in his articles. In the history of Serbian journalism, Jovan Pavlovic has been remembered as a great supporter of human rights, national liberation and emancipation, as well as a significant representative of liberal ideas.
5
Ragozin, German. « The Emergence of Habsburgs in Early Works of Joseph von Hormayr ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no 3 (2022) : 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.310.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper deals with the issue of emergence of the Austrian historical myth in the early 19th century. The identity crisis in Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg possessions due to the French revolution and collapse of the “Old empire” brought a discussion on loyalty towards dynasty, throne, and the state. Relations of Habsburgs with their non-Germanic realms also underwent a transformation connected with the creation of the Austrian empire in 1804. Intellectuals in the early 19th century Vienna were faced with the challenge to revisit the remains of the old model of identity and relationships between the state and the society in a new context. The new model combining romanticism and conservatism pursued to find a model of “natural” relations between the sovereign, state and society. Joseph von Hormayr was the author of concepts for Austrian history, Habsburg dynasty, and its relations with the society in the early 19th century. He justified them with legitimism, dynastic patriotism, and general historical memory. “The Austrian Plutarch” made an impact on Austrian historical memory in the 19th century. The images of early Habsburgs were supposed to demonstrate the role of monarchy in the success of the state, social stability, and European balance. The essays showed the moral right of the dynasty to leadership in Germany and Central Europe. Hormayr disseminated the concepts of “Austrian freedom” in the Empire, “putting an end to the anarchy”, consistent centralization of Southern-eastern German areas, and its support from estates. The sovereigns appeared both in the image of mobilization figures for the duchy and neighboring countries, and possessors of the personal features turning Austria into the Empire later.
6
Antonelli, Mauro, et Siegfried Ludwig Sporer. « The History of Eyewitness Testimony and the Foundations of the "Lie Detector" in Austria and Italy ». RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no 1 (avril 2021) : 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2021-001003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although little known, the theoretical and methodological roots of lie detection, in particular of the development of the so-called "lie detector", must be placed in central Europe, in particular in Germany, Austria, and later in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Focusing on Austria and Italy, we trace this development from Hans Gross in Austria to Vittorio Benussi and his pupil Cesare L. Musatti in Italy. Benussi, initially active at the University of Graz and later at the University of Padua, was the mediating link between the Austrian and Italian legal psychology tradition.
7
Havlíček, Marek, Aleš Vyskočil, Martin Caletka, Zbyněk Sviták, Miriam Dzuráková, Hana Skokanová et Marta Šopáková. « History of Using Hydropower in the Moravice River Basin, Czechia ». Water 14, no 6 (15 mars 2022) : 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060916.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.
8
Hechenblaikner, Verena. « Die Veränderung des alpinen Schutzhüttenbaus vom 19. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert ». historia.scribere, no 12 (15 juin 2020) : 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.12.610.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Changes in Alpine shelter construction from the 19th to the 21st century. A contribution to the environmental history of Western AustriaThe following paper provides a chronological overview of Alpine shelter construction in Western Austria from the 19th to the 21st century. It examines the ambivalent role the “Alpenverein” has played in this Alpine development and scrutinizes its changing attitude to nature conservation. In doing so, the paper argues that different shelter constructions and the discussions surrounding them might be regarded as indicators of a general change in environmental awareness.
9
Boček, Martin. « Cunard Line and its operations within the Habsburg Monarchy ». Zgodovinski časopis 75, no 3-4 (28 décembre 2021) : 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/zgodovinskicasopis.2021.3-4.05.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article depicts and analyses shipping in the Habsburg Monarchy. It is closely related to the overseas companies, one of which was Cunard Line. This shipping company was founded in the 19th century and as one of the fi rst with other shipping companies occupied an important position in emigration traffi c from the European continent. Thanks to the established shipping lines to North American ports, especially to New York, the company soon began the focus on the transport of migrants from Austria-Hungary and could also build large steamboats designed for migration transport.
10
Strelko, Oleh, et Oksana Pylypchuk. « Characteristics of unpaved roads in the late 18th century – early 19th century, and the design of the first wooden trackway as a forerunner to the Bukovyna railways ». History of science and technology 11, no 2 (12 décembre 2021) : 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-437-452.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.
11
Lapaine, М. « Geodetic foundations of cartography in Europe in 19th century ». Geodesy and Cartography 977, no 11 (20 décembre 2021) : 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-977-11-51-64.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Geodetic surveying comprises the determination of locations on and the dimensions of the earth’s surface at a various scales. In the 19th century, its technologies are those of direct measurement of the earth’s surface combined with astronomical observations. Its social context encompasses all those individuals and institutions involved in the creation, preservation, use, and arrangement of knowledge of the earth. In the introductory part of the paper the author mentions several important events in the history of the 19th century geodesy. Geodetic work on determining the size of the Earth by measuring the lengths of the meridian arcs continues in this century. An international surveying organization was established and the international meter convention adopted. Basing on a detailed research of geodetic surveying in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the 19th century, a part of these surveys is presented that relates to Switzerland, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. Common to all these geodetic surveys is that they were necessary for the development of cartography and were carried out by military institutions. The developed geodetic networks are characterized by the use of different ellipsoids, different prime meridians, different coordinate systems and their origin. In the area under consideration in the 19th century, there were five different ellipsoids in use suggested by Bessel, Bonenberger, Schmidt, Valbeck and Zach. Prime meridians were
12
Stogov, Dmitrii I. « The Rusin agenda in the works of Russian Conservatives of the late 19th - early 20th century ». Rusin, no 67 (2022) : 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article analyses the statements of a number of right-wing conservative politicians, publicists, and thinkers concerning various aspects (socio-economic, political, religious, and cultural) of the life of the Rusinian population of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Analyzing the socio-political life of the Austro-Hungarian Rusins, Conservatives drew attention to their difficult economic situation, criticized the Austro-Hungarian authorities and the Polish public and called for the development of possible ways to improve the situation. Russian Conservatives mostly focused on the spiritual and cultural life of the Rusins in Austria-Hungary and emphasised that, despite Uniatism imposed on them, the Rusins preserved a living Orthodox tradition. The author concludes that some Conservatives advocated the unity (primarily spiritual) of the Rusins, Little Russians and Great Russians, regardless of their citizenship to a particular state, be it Russia or Austria-Hungary. Obviously, the cornerstone in their reasoning was the idea of a once unified Russian people that existed in the days of Old Rus, but due to various circumstances but due to various circumstances fell apart into separate conglomerations on the territory of different states. However, before the outbreak of the First World War, the conservative camp conveyed two positions in relation to the “Rusin question”: the active support of the Rusins from the moderate-right and nationalists and the more restrained position of the extreme right, who did not want to aggravate relations with Austria-Hungary. With the outbreak of the war, the extreme right also began to actively support the Rusin movement.
13
McLean, Eden. « What Does It Mean to Be a(n Italian) Borderland ? Recent Literature on Italy's ‘New Provinces’ of South Tyrol and the Julian March ». Contemporary European History 30, no 3 (21 janvier 2021) : 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777320000545.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the era of the Schengen Area (at least in the days before Covid-19), travel from Munich to Bozen/Bolzano or Ljubljana to Trst/Trieste is a decidedly unremarkable, albeit beautiful, adventure. Just as meaningful as the lack of border controls, travellers find all public signage in both Italian and German (and sometimes Ladin, too) upon arrival in Bozen/Bolzano. Signs in the streets of Trst/Trieste less reliably have Slovene alongside the Italian, but assistance with translation can be found with little difficulty. The Italian autonomous regions ‘with special statutes’ in which these cities reside – Trentino-Alto Adige (South Tyrol) and Friuli Venezia Giulia (the Julian March) – are multilingual territories that, at least on an official level, embrace a multiethnic heritage and reality. In fact, Trentino-Alto Adige's consociational democracy is widely regarded among political scientists as an international role model for how states can successfully protect and give voice to minority populations. Those unfamiliar with the more recent history of these regions might be surprised to learn of these avowedly multiethnic political and cultural structures. For much of the first half of the twentieth century, the regions’ two states – Austria-Hungary until 1919 and thereafter Italy – employed the ‘nationality principle’ to define policies and populations in these territories. As in most of Europe at the time, sovereignty was increasingly predicated on the contemporary ideal of the nation state, in which borders, ethnicity, language and citizenship were all bound together. Of course, as a multiethnic empire, Austria-Hungary was much more concerned about centralising state authority (and then fighting a world war) than national homogeneity, while Italy's nationalisation campaign in the interwar period became fundamental to its presence in the new provinces. Still, both states sought to classify and ultimately to control their border populations by privileging ethnolinguistic categories of citizenship.
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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García et Jan Wouters. « A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis : Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook ». MRS Advances 2, no 63 (2017) : 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.
15
Marney, Ludmila, et Boris Nosov. « The Problem Concerning Integrity of the National Economy in the Divided Polish Lands : The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830) ». Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no 3 (55) (26 janvier 2022) : 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-181-194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article considers the history of the Polish national economy and national market in the period of emergence of so-called bourgeois nations in Europe, when lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were partitioned between three
powers: the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The history of nations in the 19th century is often studied in such conditions when the part
of the ethnic community became the part of the foreign country as it occurred with Poland. Under the foreign domination, ethnic and national development factors as well as cultural and political separation of the Polish society from societies of Russia,
Austria and Prussia remained intact for a long time and developed in their own way. Those tendencies especially appeared in the system of the national economy, which was the fundament of the nation as the historical community. The separate economic
policy of the Kingdom of Poland created a basis of the national market and the national economy not only for the Kingdom itself, but for all Polish lands. The article shows that the economic unity of the Polish lands had been existing up to the last
decades of the 19th century, when centripetal forces became to prevail in the economic development of Russia, Austria and Prussia due to the industry and capital concentration. It was the main reason of disintegration of the Polish economic space
16
Kirill, Shevchenko. « Russian Empire in Public and Political Discourse of Galician Rus’ in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Century ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 2 (27 mai 2022) : 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-2-49-59.
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The article analyzes the role and place of the Russian Empire in the Galician-Russian public and cultural activities in the 19th century. Representatives of the Galician-Russian intelligentsia in the 19th century considered Galician and Ugric Rusyns from Austria-Hungary to be part of the common civilizational community consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russians. Galician-Russian intelligentsia interpreted the formation of the Muscovite Rus and then Russian Empire, the formation of the Russian culture and Russian literary language as the result of the common political and cultural efforts of the representatives of the Great and Little Rus, emphasizing the role of Galician natives in common Russian history. In particular, Galician-Russian enlighteners stressed the importance of activities of the Little Rus native F. Prokopovich, who became the leading ideologist of the reforms of Peter the Great. In the second half of the 19th century Galician-Russian intelligentsia acted as Russian patriots defending the political and cultural interests of the Russian state and culture and criticizing Polish and Ukrainian national movements in Galicia. The Austro-Hungarian administration used the First World War as a suitable pretext for the physical liquidation of the representatives of Galician-Russian movement in Galicia.
17
Fischer, Dirk-Hinnerk. « A Comparison of the Economic Situation of Tyrol, Austria in Three Key Periods : 1908-1913, 1945-1950 and 2008-2013 ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 5, no 1 (1 février 2015) : 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2015-0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe development of a formerly poor state in a great European power to a rich state in a small European country is remarkable. But the interest of this article is mainly on the methodology which is based on the exclusive focus on three key periods in the history of the observed region. This methodology leads to a very specific understanding of development and economic growth. The periods chosen in this example are the five years before the First World War, as it was a period of development and growth that in the end led to the fundamental crisis in the 20th century. The second period consists of five years following the Second World War. This period was crucial, as many fundamental developments were laid in this time. The final period begins with another big economic crisis in 2008. The selection is based on three rationales. First, it allows a comparison of how the population deals with crisis. Second, it provides a cross-section of over hundred years, and third, the topicality of these years increase the relevance of the paper.
18
Pavel, Cătălin, et Daniel Citirigă. « History of states, history of individuals. Eminescu on Austria and the Romanian Principalities ». Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 5, no 1 (15 mai 2022) : 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v5i1.23805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present article aims to offer excerpts f an essential article by the Romanian “national poet” Mihai Eminescu in the English translation, with a historical commentary. The translation aims to make Eminescu’s text available to an international audience of scholars, helping to write a more accurate social and cultural history of 19th century Europe. In turn, the commentary aims to show that Eminescu’s political vision, although substantially conservative, incorporated a number of tenets that were to become an inspiration for a number of politicians of highly diverse backgrounds, from the Iron Guard nationalists to the Socialists and Communists. Eminescu’s work was used, in ways he could no longer control, in order to legitimize their varied, and at times downright contradictory, claims. The article discussed here, on “The Austrian influence on the Romanians in the Principalities” (1876) offered Eminescu the opportunity to cast a critical eye on the state organization of the Romanians. His conclusion is exceedingly pessimistic: their state organization is presented as a failure, with the main sources of this failure being the personal interests of the Romanians themselves, compounded by the influence of foreigners. Hence the society based on corruption, rather than on principles, a society where having a job meant ruling, and not having one, being in opposition. In this gloomy picture, the author singled out a class on whose back the whole people lived: the Romanian peasants. The future of this class could not possibly be bright, as Eminescu expected that it be crushed from within, and “along with it, the state and the nation”. Did he also envisage a solution? In order to escape the situation in which “the proximity of Austria is devastating for us, unless we wake up soon”, Eminescu pinpointed three redeeming elements: stability, labour and economy. In other words, hereditary monarchy, the revocation of privileges for the “proletariat of the pen” and the careful spending of public budgets. The alternatives were the Austrian rule, or the Russian rule, none of which comes across to Eminescu as a solution.
19
Vonka, Martin, et Robert Kořínek. « CHIMNEY RESERVOIRS : UNIQUE TECHNICAL STRUCTURES FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC ». Acta Polytechnica 58, no 2 (30 avril 2018) : 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0155.
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In the past, various methods and technological systems were used to supply water on industrial and other sites. In the early 19th century, Professor Otto Intze invented a new form of water reservoir that could be installed in a tower tank or even on the body of a chimney. This gave rise to a structure that had never been seen before – a chimney reservoir. The advantages of this structure resulted in it quickly becoming very popular, especially in the country in which it originated, Germany. The structure spread from the German Empire into other countries, including Austria-Hungary. The first chimney reservoir on the Czech territory originated in the late 19th century, the last structure of this type was built in 1962. Although their history was short, more than sixty distinctive structures of this kind were built in the Czech lands, the twenty-one of which that have survived to the present day can be described as a unique industrial heritage. This article outlines the origin and evolution of different types of chimney reservoirs and describes the structural and technological designs used for such structures on the territory of what is now known as the Czech Republic.
20
Stimmer, Gernot. « The History of Austrian Students Between Academic Status and Socio-Political Activity 1848-1938 ». CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 25, no 1 (7 juin 2022) : 85–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2022.6994.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The development of a scholarly and objective historiography of students in the Habsburg monarchy and the First Austrian Republic only began at the end of the twentieth century. Several factors explain why it was only after gaining a certain temporal and emotional distance that historians were able to write a more scientifically objective history of universities and students. It was not until the middle of the 19th century that students, who were strictly controlled by the state and the Catholic Church until 1859, were able to emerge as an independent group of actors. The multitude of associations founded according to the ideal model of the German fraternities were subject to a highly ideological polarisation process. This also extends to the professoriate of the university, which was belatedly established as an autonomous institution. Therefore, the history and humanities departments in particular became the forerunners of a nationalist antisemitic ideology rather than rationally scientific critical instances. The politics of exclusion continued uninterruptedly into the First Republic and ultimately led to the loss of university autonomy and the students’ right of free association after Austria became part of the National Socialist German Reich in 1938.
21
Obu, Raphael Nyarkotey, et Lawrencia Aggrey Bluwey. « A chronological account of the history & ; progress of naturopathy in Ghana ». IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science 5, no 3 (15 septembre 2022) : 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2022.021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Naturopathy is the general practice of Natural remedies. Others have also opined that Naturopathy is the way of life. Additionally, any natural modality that is effective and has scientific support is considered Naturopathy in the modern dispensation. The naturopathic movement started in the 19th century by the hydrotherapy and nature cure proponents in Austria and Germany and professionalized in North America. Africa, Naturopathy is well appreciated in South Africa and is a highly regulated Profession. In Ghana, we found that the Naturopathy movement started in the 1960s. It has however gained momentum in the current dispensation with the development of Ghana’s first National Occupational Standards in Naturopathy at the Higher National Diploma and Bachelors level awaiting accreditation. Research and standardization have also intensified due to the work of Ghana’s first Naturopathic Medical School; Nyarkotey University College of Holistic Medicine & Technology (NUCHMT). We provide commentary on the Naturopathy journey in Ghana in this article.
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Horák, Ondřej. « Od „posledního“ k „nejbližšímu“ dědici ? K vývoji postavení manželky v česko-rakouském a československém dědickém právu ». PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no 3 (27 janvier 2023) : 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.38.
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The paper deals with the changes in the position of the wife in law of succession (both as an intestate heir and as a person entitled to the forced share) in the Czech lands from the middle of the 18th century to the present day, and also with discussions about the adjustment of her inheritance-legal position in Czech-Austrian jurisprudence at the beginning of the 20th century (during the recodification of ABGB) and in the 1920s (in connection with the interwar recodification). The evolution of law of succession in the Czech-Austrian area and in the European context is characterized by the strengthening of the position of spouses; in the domestic regulation of law of succession as a whole and especially in the intestate succession, we can see a shift from “consanguinity” to consideration of “needs” and “merit”. In the Czech lands, however, there is a different approach in the intestate law, where the position of the wife was gradually strengthened (the turning point was in particular the 1st sub-amendment of the ABGB in 1914, inspired by the German BGB in 1896), and when regarding the forced share, where her position (unlike in Austria) has not yet been improved (despite repeated efforts at the beginning of the 19th century during the finalization of the ABGB, at the beginning of the 20th century during the preparation of the amendment of the ABGB, in the 20s of the 20th century in connection with the interwar recodification, and at the beginning of the 21st century during the preparation of the 2012 Civil Code).
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Mikhailov, Vadim, et Konstantin Losev. « Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century : Lost perspective for Russia ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 10-4 (1 octobre 2020) : 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi90.
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The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.
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Albano, Paolo G., Sara-Maria Schnedl, Ronald Janssen et Anita Eschner. « An illustrated catalogue of Rudolf Sturany’s type specimens in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria (NHMW) : Red Sea bivalves ». Zoosystematics and Evolution 95, no 2 (3 décembre 2019) : 557–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.38229.
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Rudolf Sturany, the curator of molluscs of the Natural History Museum of Vienna between the late 19th and early 20th century described 21 species of bivalves from the Red Sea collected by the pioneering expeditions of the vessel “Pola” which took place between 1895 and 1898. We here list and illustrate the type material of these species, provide the original descriptions, a translation into English, and curatorial and taxonomic comments. All species are illustrated in colour and with SEM imaging. To stabilize the nomenclature, we designate lectotypes for Gastrochaena weinkauffi, Cuspidaria brachyrhynchus, and C. dissociata, whose type series contained specimens belonging to other species. This paper concludes the series on the type specimens of marine molluscs described by Sturany from the “Pola” expeditions.
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Omarbayev, Y. K., V. T. Tarakchi, K. К. Bazarbayev et Zh Zh Kumganbayev. « Subjects of Austria-Hungary in Western Siberia and Turkestan in the early twentieth century (1900–1917) ». Rusin, no 64 (2021) : 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/7.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.
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Fominykh, Sergey, et Alexey Stepnov. « THE STATUS OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES AT THE UNIVERSITIES OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (A CASE STUDY OF THE MAGAZINE “SLAVIC CENTURY”) ». Rusin, no 46(4) (1 décembre 2016) : 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/46/9.
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Jancsó, Katalin. « El indigenismo de Maximiliano en México (1864-1867) ». Acta Hispanica 14 (1 janvier 2009) : 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2009.14.5-18.
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The aim of our study is to examine an interesting period of Mexican history: the empire of Maximilian I, born Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph of Austria. After a short introduction to the Hungarian historiography of the topic, the 19th century turbulent history of Mexico, the circumstances of the French intervention and the emperor’s ascendance to the throne, we concentrate on the analysis of Maximilian’s attitude towards indigenous people. Influenced by French socialists, Maria Theresa’s illustrated absolutism and contemporary liberalism, the emperor tried to alleviate the painful effects of liberal reforms introduced in 1856. He himself introduced several reforms, especially in land property questions and community rights. He created a protection committee for miserable classes, whose work helped him take several measurements in favour of Mexican indigenous people. Nevertheless, the empire was doomed to fail. Maximilian and his generals were executed in June, 1867, which also meant the end of an important period of battles between liberals and conservatives.
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Lau, Ronja. « Hallstatt Period Fibre Analysis from Slovenian Burials ». Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls Vēsture, no 13/14 (22 février 2023) : 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/luzv.13.14.03.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Multiple Slovenian cemeteries of the early Iron Age/Hallstatt period (800–400 BC) yield mineralised textile finds. Due to preservation of the textiles on metal objects, they can be contextualised and analysed using a variety of methods. The current paper discusses the applicable methods and information that can be acquired from very small textiles fragments. Difficulties arise particularly due to the lack of documentation of the old excavations and the past restoration work. It is not only modern excavated material that can be meaningful; the finds from the late 19th century are worth re-examining, especially since technology and methodology have evolved. Gaining information from microstratigraphy, comparing relevant finds and fibre analysis are just a few methods shown within this research. The work was a collaborative project with Karina Grömer and the National History Museum Vienna (Austria) and formed a part of my master’s thesis.
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GELLA, T. N. « AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND THE HABSBURGS ON THE PAGES OF THE BRITISH PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS 1861 ». JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no 4 (2021) : 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-4-95-106.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the article is to review the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs in the pages of the British periodicals of 1861. The Austrian Empire and the Habsburg dynasty ruling in it in the middle of the 19th century. have always been in the center of attention of the European public. Austria was the subject of discussion by British journalists who devoted their publications to the role and place of the Habsburgs in Austrian and European history, the economic and political situation of the country in the early 60s, the growth of anti-Austrian sentiments in its many national outskirts, as well as the Hungarian national movement. In the article, using the example of the analysis of a slice of publications on Austrian problems in only one year – 1861, an attempt is made from an imagological point of view to clarify the process of forming the image of the «other» in English society.
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Meissner, Andrzej. « U źródeł historii wychowania na ziemiach polskich ». Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no 44 (3 janvier 2023) : 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2021.44.11.
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The article revolves around the history of upbringing in Poland as a science discipline. The first historical-pedagogical works appeared in the Renaissance and were continued in Age of Enlightenment. However, it was not until the-19th century when a discipline called ‘history of upbringing’ was created. Its development, by East European standards, took place in difficult social and political circumstances. Poland, at that time annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria, did not enjoy conditions conducive to scientific development. The annexation was counterbalanced by actions instigated by cultural, educational and scientific institutions. As a result, historical science could develop despite the political situation and the financial shortcomings. Introduction of pedagogy and history of upbringing at the Krakow and Lvov Universities was important to the development of the history of upbringing. Antoni Karbownik’s post-doctoral degree in the history of upbringing obtained in 1905 from the Jagiellonian University and post-doctoral degrees in pedagogy (also the Jagiellonian University) awarded to Leon Kulczyński, Euzebiusz Czerkawski, Aleksander Skórski, Antoni Danysz and Bolesław Mańkowski (Lvov University) were breakthroughs in the history of upbringing. For the areas of study to become disciplines of science, they had to be defined, including their research object and the methodological basis. Władysław Seredyński Franciszek Majchrowicz, Antoni Karbowiak and Antoni Danysz adopted a position on the subject. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the history of upbringing was perceived as a discipline of science related to history with respect to the ,methodology and with pedagogy with respect to the content, with its own research, terminology, sources and academic teachers. The history of education was officially a part of culture. In this context, educational matters should be viewed.
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Poplavskaya, Irina A. « The Kingdom of Naples and Russia at the Beginning of the 19th Century : Based on the Correspondence of the Bulgakov Brothers ». Imagologiya i komparativistika, no 17 (2022) : 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/17/9.
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The article examines the activities of the Russian diplomatic mission in Naples in 1802-1808 based on the correspondence between brothers Alexander and Konstantin Bulgakov. In accordance with the tropological methodology of the historian Hayden White, tragic and novel metanarratives are distinguished in describing the relationship between the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The narration of the events in accordance with the tragic plot reveals the confrontation between the hero and the world, Napoleon and the coalition of European states led by Austria, Britain, and Russia. At the same time, the transformation of the tragedy into the novel in historical terms presupposes a change in the established world order after the end of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which the decisions of the Congress of Vienna consolidated in 18141815. The basis of the plot in the selected metanarratives is the life of Ferdinand IV, the king of Naples, and his family; Napoleon’s military actions in Italy; diplomatic and military assistance to Naples from Russia and the life of Russians in Naples and Palermo; the events of the Patriotic War of 1812; the messianic role of Emperor Alexander in the victory over Napoleon’s army. The influence of the actions of the allied forces in 1813-1815 and the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on the emergence of national liberation movements in Italy and the subsequent unification of the country is revealed. The spatial centers of the Bulgakovs’ epistolary works are Naples, Palermo, Rome, the capitals of four empires (Paris, Vienna, London, Petersburg), and related historical figures (King Ferdinand IV and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria (sister of Marie Antoinette, the French queen), Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte, Joachim Murat, Austrian Emperor Francis II, Russian Emperor Alexander I, Pope Pius VII, Admiral and Secretary of State of the Kingdom of Naples John Acton, Russian envoys in Naples and Rome A.Ya. Italinsky and sine, and others. The article analyzes the conceptual sphere and poetics of the “Neapolitan” text of Russian literature. In the letters, the image of Naples is presented through the situation of a meeting of Southern and Northern Europe, Naples and Petersburg, monarchy and republic, Catholicism and Orthodoxy, history and modernity. Naples is perceived as a special communicative space associated with the diplomatic activities of both brothers, with their circle of communication, and aesthetically with a private letter as a kind of an ego-document. The perception of Naples as an island state, as an “earthly paradise at the foot of a volcano”, as a city of the Lazzaroni and carnival culture brings the correspondence between the Bulgakov brothers close with descriptions of this city in Russian travelogues of the late 18th - first third of the 19th centuries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Rambousková, Barbora. « The doctor and his patients : the intergenerational dispute concerning the ideal physician, the Czech Lands 1840s-1890s ». Dynamis 41, no 2 (30 décembre 2021) : 443–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/dynamis.v41i2.24538.
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In the second half of the 19th century, the professionalization of the medical field took place in the Czech Lands, then part of Austria-Hungary. The physicians’ aim was to eliminate their rivals such as charlatans, folk healers, and other alternative healers, but they also strove to regulate competition among colleagues. In this period, which can be described as a period of therapeutic ni- hilism, a new generation of physicians emerged in the Czech Lands who tried to promote and apply new medical knowledge to everyday practice in the medical market. In practice, however, it was very hard for this innovative group of young medics to defend their scientific approach and their professional honor from the demands of patients, on whose monetary reward they and their families depen- ded. The article argues that there was a dispute between the older and younger generation of physicians over the ideal of the physician and his honor. This hy- pothesis is based on a discursive analysis of medical manuals for laymen penned mostly by physicians, so-called «house physicians», and of articles in professional journals published by local physicians in the Czech language. The conflict is illus-trated by examples of bloodletting and drug prescriptions.
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Ruszała, Kamil. « „Galicja na zawsze pozostanie Galicją”. Kraj koronny na kresach imperium na łamach „Vaterländische Blätter für den österreichischen Kaiserstaat” ». Prace Historyczne 148, no 1 (2021) : 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.005.13682.
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“Galicia will forever remain Galicia”: The Crown Land on the Outskirts of the Empire in Reflection of Journal “Vaterländische Blätter für den österreichischen Kaiserstaat” The main aim of this article is to describe Galicia as it was reflected in Austrian journalism from the first decades of the 19th century. For this purpose, a journal entitled “Vaterländische Blätter für den österreichischen Kaiserstaat” was analyzed. This periodical was published in Vienna between 1808–1820 (since 1815 under the modified title: “Erneuerte vaterländische Blätter…”). This was a crucial period in the history of the Habsburg Empire (because of the Napoleonic Wars, in which Austria was engaged directly, the territorial changes, the decimation of the power previously held by the monarchy in the international politics), during which Galicia had only recently become an integral part of the monarchy. Through an examination of selected feuilletons, which referred to Galicia as a new province of the empire in such an unstable period, the author will investigate how Galicia was described by publicists and travellers in the press and what kind of depictions of this province were delivered for German-speaking public opinion.
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Dobrzhanskiy, Oleksandr V., et Liliia I. Sholohon. « The Ukrainian professional associations of teachers of Galicia and Bukovyna (second half of the 19th - early 20th century) : an attempt of comparative analysis ». Rusin, no 68 (2022) : 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/6.
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Focusing on the professional teachers' associations of Galicia and Bukovyna, the author makes an attempt of comparative analysis and introduces a number of previously unknown sources to discuss six professional pedagogical associations established during the 1880s - early 20th century. The problems of public schools and proper professional level of their teachers came in sight of “Rus Pedagogical Society” (“Ukrainian Pedagogical Society”) in Galicia and the “Ruska Shkola” (“Ukrainian school”) in Bukovyna. “Mutual Aid of Ukrainian Teachers” and “Free Organization of Ukrainian Teachers in Bukovyna” defended the professional interests of school teachers respectively. Higher professional level of gymnasium teachers in Ukraine became a priority in the activities of the “Teachers' Community” and the Hryhoriy Skovoroda Society of Higher School Teachers established in Lviv and Chernivtsi. Since Galicia and Bukovyna were separate autonomous regions within Austria-Hungary, they had their own teachers' associations with the similar mission. The difficulties faced by the schools of these two regions were similar; however, they tackled them differently due to the specific political circumstances. As a result, the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society in Galicia had the most significant achievements in the creation of the Ukrainian-Language primary schools, gymnasiums, teachers' seminaries, courses for the illiterate and publishing activity, while the pedagogical assiciations of Bukovyna managed to protect the professional rights of teachers and achieve a significant increase in teachers' salaries supported by other public associations and political parties of the region.
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Baev, V. G. « Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century) ». Lex Russica, no 9 (18 septembre 2020) : 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.077-087.
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The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.
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Hromakova, Nataliia. « Polish socio-political movement in the Ukrainian lands : Regional specifics ». History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no 54 (15 décembre 2021) : 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.54.6-16.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research focuses on a comprehensive study of the regional specifics of the Polish socio-political movement in the Ukrainian lands during the «long» 19th century. The distribution of lands of the former Commonwealth between Austria, Russia and Prussia according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 began a new page in the history of the struggle of Poles for the revival of their own statehood. The policy of St. Petersburg, Vienna or Berlin on Polish citizens influenced on the level of consolidation of Poles, determined the organizational forms and program requirements, regional features of their activities. This affected both tactical goals and readiness for radical methods of struggle (uprisings, conspiracies, etc.), and also led to the daily practices of the Polish community, which ranged from latent opposition to the assimilation of a dual identity.It should be emphasized that the potential opportunities for social activity of Poles in Ukraine were determined by the role assigned to these territories in state-building projects and mental mapping of the Austrian or Russian establishment. For the monarchy of the Habsburgs, the territories of Eastern Galicia throughout the 19th century remained a periphery that had elements of independence for ease of management, and Vienna’s government officials recognized Polish dominance in the region. This, in turn, created a favourable environment for the development of public activities, the creation of various cultural and social centres and in general the cultivation of Polish identity.Instead, the status of the Poles of the Right Bank of Ukraine was transformed during the nineteenth century from flirting with the Polish elite of the region to the policy of final incorporation and integration, which made virtually any attempt at their public activity impossible. The authorities' efforts were aimed at eradicating Polish influence in the South-Western Territory, according to the ideas about the historical core of the Russian national-state project.Thus, being part of various state systems with different imperial strategies led to the regionalization of the movement hampered the finalization of the Polish project and the consolidation of the Poles into a single modern nation.
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Gucka, Agnieszka. « Chorwacka legenda – Eugen Kvaternik i „Powstanie Rakowickie” 1871 roku ». Sprawy Narodowościowe, no 38 (18 février 2022) : 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.005.
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A Croatian Legend: Eugen Kvaternik and the Rakovica Revolt of 1871Eugen Kvaternik (1825–1871) was a Croatian politician, a proponent of Croatian independence, and one of the most controversial figures in the history of Croatia. His dramatic life is bound up with the stormy events of 19th-century Europe’s political arena. His contacts and ties with representatives of the Polish independence movement, with French and Italian revolutionaries, as well as his relations with the intelligence services of Russia, where he also sought help, made him a figure of international significance. Kvaternik was a romantic who revolted against Austria-Hungary with a view to establishing an independent Croatian state. With this aim in mind he launched a nationwide uprising in fall 1871. But due to his romantic nature, the revolt on the Military Frontier soon turned into a grotesque farce and ended in complete failure within just 96 hours.Because Croats and Poles experienced similar political and historical fates, Polish-language newspapers became increasingly more interested in the course of the revolt. They paid a lot of attention to Kvaternik and his “uprising”. Despite the fact that Eugen Kvaternik died almost 150 years ago, debates on his role and influence in the history of the nation are still vivid in Croatia, not only among historians but also politicians, and journalists still express emotional opinions of him.
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Corbea-Hoisie, Andrei. « „Wie die Juden Gewalt schreien“ : Aurel Onciul und die antisemitische Wende in der Bukowiner Öffentlichkeit nach 1907 ». East Central Europe 39, no 1 (2012) : 13–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635645.
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This paper explores the dissemination of anti-Semitic themes, motives, and clichés in the k. & k. province of Bukovina, around 1900. It is argued that the abrupt unleashing of brutally anti-Jewish discourses in this most eastern province of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, after the anti-Semitic wave which had reached its peak in Vienna and in the center of Austria in the last decades of the 19th century, goes back to local social and national conflicts deeply rooted in the contradictions of the modernization process. The fact that the Romanian politician Aurel Onciul—originally involved in the liberal opposition to the political domination of the large estate-owners—posed as one of the beacons of this ideological approach, does not only reveal an opportunistic alignment of Romanian political groupings with the Christian Socialists under Karl Lueger after the 1907 imperial elections, but also illustrates the radically anti-modern trend in the political thinking of the emerging middle class that was to have serious consequences for the political development in post-World War Romania. This multi-layered deconstruction of this episode of Bukovina’s history, under-researched in the academic literature to date, is based on a meticulous study of the printed press in the urban center of Czernowitz prior to 1914, which depicts the co-existence of linguistically- and nationally-diverse cultural spaces but also the “impossibility” of their inter-cultural integration.
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Sumariuk, Bohdan, Iryna Herasymiuk et Nataliia Hrynko. « «Psychiatry without shackles» : The formation of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in late 19th – early 20th centuries ». History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no 53 (21 juin 2022) : 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.54-59.
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The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care.The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc.It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street.The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities.The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi.The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.
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Kühnel, Ferdinand, et Katharina Prochazka. « Stumme Zeugen des Sprachgebrauchs : Friedhöfe und Volkszählungen als Indikatoren der Entwicklung des Slowenischen in Kärnten/Koroška ». Zeitschrift für Slawistik 67, no 4 (4 novembre 2022) : 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Summary The southern part of the Austrian state of Carinthia has a long history of language contact between Slovene and German. Since the beginning of the 19th century a decrease in bilingualism and the use of Slovene has been taking place which has accelerated in the last few decades. This contribution analyzes this transformation and in particular the influence of local and regional factors on the development of bilingualism in Carinthia. A multi-methodological approach is adopted, combining data from two different sources: (1) cemeteries and gravestones as public witnesses of language use and markers of (self-)identification, and (2) data on language use from the census and other (parish language, language in schools) for a quantitative analysis. Using this approach, data from two case studies is discussed in detail: two villages/parishes with similar initial conditions (high percentage of Slovene in 1880) but different outcomes. In one case, bilingualism is preserved (albeit on a low level); in the other, the bilingual reality of the past has been transformed into a monolingual German one. Such differences can be attributed to general political developments regarding the status of Slovene in Austria, but also to local factors such as the presence of a Slovene cultural association. Our analyses further show the political character of census data, which has little overlap with actual language usage, but depicts attitudes towards bilingualism and Slovene. Cemeteries, on the other hand, bear witness to the Slovene past long after “active” bilingualism has disappeared.
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Ivanišević, Milan. « First look into the eye ». European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no 6 (7 octobre 2018) : 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118804388.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose: Until Helmholtz’s discovery of the ophthalmoscope, it was not possible to visualize the posterior pole of the eye in a living subject. The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of the invention of the ophthalmoscope because the new era in ophthalmology began with it. Methods: Available literature concerning this topic was studied, especially by getting in contact with institutes for history of medicine as well as medico-historians in Germany and other countries. Results: Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician and physicist, presented and published his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851. Albrecht von Graefe was the first to use ophthalmoscope routinely. He said: ‘Helmholtz has opened a new world to us’. The first ophthalmoscope was not easy to use. Some ophthalmologists even thought that ophthalmoscopy is harmful for the eye, particularly for a diseased eye. First, it was used in Germany (A von Graefe), Austria (E Jäger), and Netherlands (FC Donders). In England, it was used only at Moorfields till 1855 (W Bowman). At the First International Congress of Ophthalmology in Brussels 1857, the importance of ophthalmoscopy was stressed. FC Donders said that every view with the ophthalmoscope into the living eye was a new discovery. Among retinal diseases, first were discovered pigment retinopathy (FC Donders) and retinal detachment (A Coccius) in 1853. Conclusion: Helmholtz inaugurated modern era in ophthalmology with his magnificant instrument which revolutionized the development of ophthalmology. Von Graefe popularized it. Because of the new findings, ophthalmology was definitely separated from surgery in the middle of 19th century.
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Medovarov, Maxim V. « The Rusin question in Russian conservative journals (1890-1894) ». Rusin, no 69 (2022) : 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/69/5.
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The article focuses on how Russian conservative journals in 1890-1894 discussed the Rusin question in Galicia, Bukovina, and Transcarpathia in connection with some noticeable political changes in Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Drawing on the research of public opinion in the Russian Empire, the author analyses the study of the Rusin question in the last third of the 19th century and argues that little is known about the reflection of the Rusin question in the Russian public consciousness in the 1890s. He analyses the stance of Fedor Berg's Russky Vestnik on the Rusin question based on the example of Sergei Tatishchev's articles. Tatishchev considered the liberation of Galicia from Austrian domination in theory. The main attention is paid to the evolution of the Russkoe obozrenie- this new type of a conservative journal under Prince Dmitry Tsertelev was skeptical about helping foreign Slavs and avoided extensive comments about Rusins. In the new editorial board headed by Alexander Alexandrov, the key role belonged to the pan-Slavist Sergei Sharapov, whose sympathies for the Poles and Hungarians did not prevent him from raising the question of the Rusin liberation. The new editorial policy in 1893-1894 allowed publishing important materials on the history and current political and ecclesiastical situation in Galicia, Bukovina, and Transcarpathia. The journalists discussed the resettlement of Rusins in the Russian Empire and the activities of Ivan Naumovich and Adolf Dobryansky. The author concludes that Russian conservative journals did not pay enough attention to the Rusin question and its strategic importance.
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Iliukhin, Yuriy. « Rodents of the family Gliridae in the collection of the Museum of Nature at V. N. Karazin University of Kharkiv ». Theriologia Ukrainica 2021, no 22 (30 décembre 2021) : 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu2203.
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The family Gliridae is represented in the collection of the Museum of Nature (MNKU) by 39 specimens of 2 species that belong to two subfamilies. The species Glis glis is presented by three specimens, whereas Dryomys nitedula by 36 specimens. A complete list of specimens with all of their data (except body dimensions) is given. The oldest specimens in the collection are dated to the 19th and early 20th centuries: a mounted specimen of Dryomys nitedula was made in 1879; a mounted Glis glis specimen was made in 1879; two study skins of Dryomys nitedula were prepared in 1904 and 1908, respectively. Most collection specimens of glirids date back to the 1930s and 1940s. The geography of specimens covers the territory from Austria to Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Most of the samples (33) were collected in Ukraine, of which 31 specimens of D. nitedula originates from Khar¬kiv Oblast and make up a substantial regional comparative sample. Thirteen specimens of D. nitedula represent animals born in captivity to two females captured in the wild; all of them are dated, which allows the pace of their development to be studied. The comparison of the Gliridae collection of MNKU with collections of three other museums of Ukraine — zoological department of the National Museum of Natural History NAS of Ukraine in Kyiv (NMNH), Zoological Museum of Lviv University (ZMD), and Zoological Museum of Luhansk University (ZMLU) — is presented. The MNKU collection ranks third after NMNH and ZMD by the number of species and specimens represented, but it is substantially ahead of ZMD by the number of D. nitedula specimens (33 against 7). The MNKU collection also includes more specimens of D. nitedula (4) from the Central Asian region (2 from Tajikistan and 2 from Kazakhstan); in other museums, there are only 3 specimens from Kyrgyzstan: 2 specimens in NMNH and 1 specimen in ZMD. Specimens of Gliridae dated to the 19th century are present only in the collection of MNKU. The collection material is both exhibited as mounted specimens and stored as study skins in scientific collections. The collection of the family Gliridae is in good condition and it can be used for scientific and educational purposes.
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Mumovic, Ana M. « DAM ON THE GREAT RUSSIAN SEA (Contribution to the interpretation of the Review of the History of Serbian Literature by A. N. Pipin) ». Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no 35 (2021) : 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.35.2021.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper aims is to present and evaluate the Review the History of Serbian Literature A. N. Pipin's as a classical history of Serbian literature that became part of the national culture. The development of the history of literature among Serbs, as an independent discipline and its modest beginnings, can be found in the first decades of the 19th century, in the time of Dositej and Vuk. In its beginnings, the history of literature was a "story" about the literary past of a nation and at its core was - criticism. This main idea as an axiom is a signpost that leads from the history of literature, which has long performed the function of criticism, to the genesis of literary criticism as the youngest branch of literary science and the way it formulated and exercised its functions in conditions when literary history was in a certain measures and history of the people. The Serbs received the first History of Serbian Literature (1865) from the pen of Pavel Jozef Šafarik (1795–1861), a Protestant and German student who served in Novi Sad. The next history of Serbian literature was also written by a foreigner, the Russian Alexander Nikolaevich Pipina (1833–1904). His Review the History of Serbian Literature (1865) has not been fully translated into Serbian. When marking questions from the new Serbian literature, Pipin's approach leads to a synthesis of ideas about cultural and political and national development. Slavery replaced the idea of revival "among Orthodox Serbs who fled to Austria". From that perspective, he views the development of national literature as an important part of culture and identity. Pipin also deals with the issue of national identity and the awakening of the national consciousness of the Slavs in his extensive study "Panslavism in the Past and Present" (1878), in which "the Serbian national question is incorporated into the general critique of Russian official policy and Slavophile orientation in the Balkans during Eastern Europe crisis". In this paper, we value his competence, cultural mission, the gift of the comparator, without which there is no great literary historian, and his practical contribution to classifying Serbian literature and culture in the European context.
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Mashevskyi, O. « UKRAINE IN EUROPEAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES. REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT : Vidnianskyi, S. (Ed.). (2020). Ukraine in the History of Europe of the 19th – Early 21st Century : Historical Essays. A Monograph. Kyiv : Instite of History of Ukraine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. » Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no 145 (2020) : 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.15.
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The chronological boundaries of the collective monograph cover a long historical period, which extends to the era of European Modernism and continues to the modern (current) history of European Postmodernism. The key thesis of the team of authors of the monograph is the idea of systemic belonging of Ukraine to European civilization as its component, which interacts with other parts of the system. The first chapter of the peer-reviewed collective monograph "European receptions of Ukraine in the XIX century" shows the reflection of the Ukrainian problem in the German-language literature of the first half of the XIX century, taking into account new archival document, the development of Ukraine’s relations with other Slavic peoples is traced, and the peculiarities of Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are considered as a separate case study. An interesting paragraph of the collective monograph devoted to cultural, educational and scientific cooperation of Dnieper Ukraine with European countries. This information illustrates well how the Industrial Revolution radically changed the face of the planet, brought new scientific experience that gave room for the development of the capitalist system, and with them, the Industrial Revolution brought social problems, environmental disasters that still cannot be solved. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) formulated the "iron law of wages", according to which workers can receive only a living wage. The second chapter of the collective monograph "The Ukrainian Question and Ukraine in the European History of the Twentieth Century" presents an integrated narrative of Ukrainian national history in the light of the European history of the two world wars and their consequences. The First World War, or the Great War, undoubtedly became a turning point in European history and, accordingly, in the national histories of European countries. The historical experience of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people for the right to European development is covered in the paragraph of the collective monograph "Ukrainian Diplomatic Service 1917-1924". The vicissitudes of Stalin's industrialization and collectivization and their impact on the Ukrainian SSR's relations with European states in the 1920s and 1930s are highlighted in terms of continuity of ties with Europe. A separate regional example of the situation is covered on the example of the history of Transcarpathia on the eve of World War II. The third chapter of the collective monograph "Independent Ukraine in the European integration space" highlights the features of Ukraine's current positioning in Europe. After the collapse of the USSR, ideological obstacles to the development of globalization were overcome. The American political scientist F.Fukuyama in his work "The End of History" concluded the final victory of liberal ideology. This section of the peer-reviewed collective monograph also highlights the position of the international community on the Crimean referendum in 2014, analyzes the policy of Western European countries on the Ukrainian-Russian armed conflict on the example of the policy of Germany, France and Austria. The research result is a separate model of reality, which is reproduced with the help of a certain perception and awareness of the historian. In this sense, the author's team of the monograph has achieved the goal of creating a meaningful narrative that highlights the place of Ukraine at different stages of modern and postmodern European history. From the point of view of the general perception of the narrative offered to the reader, the authors of the collective monograph managed to harmonize individual stylistic features in a conceptually unified text, the meanings of which will be interesting to both professional historians and students and the general readership.
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Fal’ko, S. A. « Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century ». Problems of World History, no 13 (18 mars 2021) : 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization.
The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed.
One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries.
The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time.
The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process.
The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period.
The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization.
The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.
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KONDRATIUK, Kostiantyn, et Oresta KOTSIUMBAS. « ACADEMIC GYMNASIUM IN LVIV : 1849-1914 ». Ukraine : Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020) : 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-50-68.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Academic Gymnasium was found in October 1784 at the University of Lviv. This is a state secondary educational institution of the humanitarian direction. The graduates-maturists had the opportunity to continue their studies at the university after its completion. The Academic Gymnasium was the oldest gymnasium with the Ukrainian language of instruction. The information concerning the gymnasium's organization's functioning and principles till 1848 was lost due to revolutionary events. We can find the data about the organization of the institution's functioning, the number of teachers and students, and their social origin from 1849. At the same time, this date coincides with the secondary school's reform in 1849 based on the «Organizational Essay of High Schools and Actual Schools of Austria» and the «Normative Plan of Education for Gymnasia», which functioned until 1910 with minor changes. Exactly these normative documents regulated the functioning of the gymnasium - the organization of the educational process, the language of teaching, the priority of disciplines, the number and load of teachers, the organization of extra-curricular activities of high school students. Since 1907, the gymnasium is reorganized into the Main Gymnasium due to the number of students' growth and moving into a newly built building on L. Sapieha street and the Branch in the premises of the Narodnyi dim (People's Hall). The educational process in the gymnasium was carried out based on ministerial plans. By the end of the 20th century, more than 60% of the educational time was spent on learning languages, and the natural and mathematical cycle reached 25%, which indicates the humanitarian direction of gymnasium preparation. The situation was changed by the curriculum for classical gymnasiums in 1909, according to which the disciplines of the natural-mathematical cycle were synchronized with the requirements of universities. The article's main thesis is that during the 1849-1914 years, the Tsissar-Royal Academic Gymnasium in Lviv developed into a leading secondary educational institution. Mostly Ukrainian Greek Catholics, natives from Halychyna, studied here. The headmasters of the gymnasium were experienced teachers, skilled administrators. During the second half of the 19th century - at the beginning of the 20th century, the gymnasium was headed by Franz Brugger (1848-1858), Ivan Piontkovskyi (1858-1868), Vasyl Ilnytskyi (1868-1892 ), Edvard Kharkevych (1892-1911) and Illia Kokorudz (1911-1927). The teaching staff was increasing quantitatively and qualitatively. Careful selection, education requirements, and teaching methods provided the gymnasium with qualified specialists and responsible officials. The institution's educational process was provided by about 23-25 teachers, 70% of whom were gymnasium professors. Teachers of gymnasium conducted classes on a high professional level with students and created original textbooks in their native language, literature, history, and geography. Many teachers of the gymnasium and later graduates became well-known socio-political figures, scientists, and artists.So, Academic Gymnasium in Lviv is a secondary educational institution of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It functioned following Austrian secondary school legislation. The Academic Gymnasium, being in the structure of the Lviv University, provided it with well-prepared entrants. Students received a profound knowledge of normative disciplines in the gymnasium and a good national and religious education. The heads of the educational institution were experienced teachers and organizers who took care of the proper provision of the educational institution with teaching staff. The educational and methodological literature was supported, developed, and implemented in the educational process, together with teachers and public figures. Teachers of the gymnasium constantly worked on self-education and were active socio-political leaders. Keywords: Academic Gymnasium, organization, Krajova Szkolna Rada (Region School Council), teachers, teaching process, students, educational legislation.
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Tchougounnikov, Serge. « The formal method in Germany and Russia : the beginnings of European psycholinguistics ». Linguistic Frontiers 1, no 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2018-0008.
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AbstractGerman–Austrian psychology is a direct source of the European formalism movement both in the German context (Germany, Austria) as well as in Russia. This interest of the formalists in the corporeal component of linguistic and literary production has resulted in a particular research stream, which could be defined as a ‘linguo-somatic orientation’. In particular, this is the case of Alois Riegl’s [1] perceptive ‘tactile–optical’ method; Adolf von Hildebrand’s [2] architectonic conception; Konrad Fiedler’s [3] ‘sensorial aesthetics’; W. Wölfflin’s [4] ‘basic concepts’ of the art history, W. Worringer’s [5] psychological arts typology as well as Oskar Walzel’s sound-corporeal poetics elaborated during 1920 [6]. Within Russian formalism, psychological notions (such as ‘representation’, ‘sensation’, ‘apperception’, ‘series’, ‘clear and dark zones of consciousness’, ‘verbal gestures’ and ‘sound gestures’) are fundamental in nearly all the formalist conceptions (Viktor Šklovskij, Evgenij Polivanov, Lev Jakubinskij, Osip Brik, Boris Eixenbaum and Jurij Tynianov). This psychological background constitutes a rather heterogeneous constellation composed of psychological aesthetics and psychological linguistics of the second half of the 19th century. Independently of its intrinsic theoretical values, the formalist way of thinking about language and literature is based on the implicit dominance of psychology, which takes its sense only with respect to the German cognitive tradition, appropriated by the Geisteswissenschaften of this time. In this respect, European formalism participates in the large movement of psychologisation of the humanities. To this extent, the case of Russian formalism is really representative: it invites the rethinking of the genealogy of European structuralism in general. This accumulation of conceptual tools borrowed from the German psychological tradition also reveals a cognitive charge of the formalist theories. The latter constitute a conceptual link between the properly psychological past of the European Geisteswissenschaften and the ‘cognitive’ future of the actual research programmes. Beyond the borrowing of conceptual tools from the psychological trend, the formal method has found in psychology its inspiration for producing new models of analysis. This intrinsically cognitivist dimension of the formalist programme explains its late success during the 1950s–1960s, the period often and abusively called the period of the cognitivist revolution. In reality, it deals with the re-emergence of the research programme of the cognitivist sciences, rather exhaustively formulated by the German psychological tradition..
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Toftgaard, Anders. « Blandt talende statuer og manende genfærd. Mazarinader i Det Kongelige Biblioteks samlinger ». Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 53 (2 mars 2014) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v53i0.118825.
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Anders Toftgaard: Amongst speaking statues and admonishing ghosts. Mazarinades in the collections of The Royal Library
Mazarinade is a term for political writing that was published in different forms in France during (and related to) the Fronde (1648–1653). The Fronde was a series of civil wars that first broke out when Louis XIV (born 1638) was still a child, and Mazarin was the Chief Minister of France and responsible for the young king’s education. Mazarin governed the country together with the king’s mother, Anne of Austria. The term mazarinade covers pamphlets, letters, official documents, burlesque poetry, sonnets and ballads, discourses and dialogues.The Royal Library in Copenhagen holds a collection of mazarinades. The Copenhagen collection was overlooked by scholars and Hubert Carrier (who travelled widely) because it had not been properly catalogued. The collection of mazarinades in the Royal Library has now been catalogued by the author of the article, and the catalogue is available in Fund og Forskning online. The article serves as an introduction to this hitherto unknown collection of mazarinades. After a presentation of the Fronde, and the term mazarinade and its denotation, the article lists the rare and unique mazarinades in the collections of The Royal Library, Copenhagen and where possible, traces their provenance.The collection consists of 33 volumes of mazarinades that have been put together in the 19th century in order to form a single collection: Collection de mazarinades. Apart from this Collection de mazarinades there are other mazarinades in the holdings, stemming both from the Royal Library and from the University Library. The 33 volumes (one volume has been missing for years) have been grouped together by various subsets. One of these subsets is a collection of mazarinades created by Pierre Camuset, who lived during the time of the Fronde. Camuset introduces himself as “conseiller du roi, eslu en l’election de Paris”. Archival records show that he was appointed to this position on 9 December 1622, that in 1641 he married Agnès, daughter of Jean Le Noir, lawyer to the Parliament of Parisian, and that he died some years before 1670.In the Collection de Mazarinades, there are approx. 100 mazarinades which were considered rare or “rarissime” by Célestin Moreau in his Bibliographie des mazarinades (1850–1851). There are three mazarinades, which would seem to be unique; three mazarinades, which are not recorded in the existing bibliographies of mazarinades (made by D’Artois and Carrier, in the Bibliothèque Mazarine) but of which there are copies in other libraries. There is a mazarinade printed by Samuel Brown in The Hague, which has not been recorded elsewhere. Finally, there are 11 mazarinades printed by Jean-Aimé Candy in Lyon, of which only three, judging from existing catalogues and bibliographies, seem to exist in other libraries.Only few of the mazarinades were brought to Denmark during the Fronde. Most of them were collected by Danish 18th century collectors. Surprisingly, only a small part stems from the incredibly rich library of Count Otto Thott (1703–1785). When Thott’s library was auctioned off, his mazarinades were bought by Herman Treschow (1739–1797) who acted as a commission agent for numerous book collectors, and due to the detailed cataloguing in Thott’s auction catalogue, it would probably be possible to find the volumes from his library in a foreign library.Both Hans Gram (1685–1748) and Bolle Willum Luxdorph (1716–1788) owned copies of Gabriel Naudé’s Mascurat in which they wrote handwritten notes. Luxdorph was the great collector of Danish press freedom writings. In his marginal notes he compares a passage in Naudé’s text about common people appropriating the art of printing with his own experience of a servant who came up with songs that were “assez mechants” during the fall of Struensee on 17 January 1772: “Mon valet faisait aussi d’asséz méchans vers su aujet de la revolution du 17de janvier 1772”. Luxdorph’s reading of Mascurat is thus in close connection with his interest in writings on press freedom.The Mazarinades are valuable both for studies in history, literary history and history of the book. More specifically, the collection of Mazarinades in the Royal Library, on the one hand, through the example of Pierre Camuset, shows how an individual tried to get a grasp of an abnormal period, and on the other hand, through the example of Luxdoph, very clearly testifies to the 18th century interest in the history of the book and in historical periods with de facto freedom of the press.
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Sulyak, S. G. « V.A. Frantsev and Carpathian Rus ». Rusin, no 64 (2021) : 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Frantsev Vladimir Andreevich (April 4 (16), 1867 – March 19, 1942) – a Russian Slavicist, who authored more than 300 works on Slavic studies. He graduated from a Warsaw grammar school, then studied in the Imperial Warsaw University. In 1893–1895, V. Frantsev made several journeys abroad with the academic pupose. In 1895, he began to prepare for the master’s degree. In 1897, he went abroad and spent three years there. In 1899, V.A. Frantsev made a trip to Ugrian Rus, after which published an article “Review of the most important studies of Ugric Rus” in the Russian Philological Bulletin (1901, Nr. 1–2) in Warsaw. During his trip, V.A. Frantsev met and subsequently maintained contacts with prominent figures in the revival of Ugrian Rus. In 1899, he became Associate Professor of the Department of the History of Slavic Dialects and Literatures of the Imperial Warsaw University, in 1903 – an extraordinary professor, in 1907 – an ordinary professor. In 1900–1921, V.A. Frantsev lectured at the University of Warsaw, which in 1915 moved to Rostov-on-Don in connection with WWI. Teaching actively at the University, he devoted his free time to archival studies, working mainly in the Slavic lands of Austria-Hungary, where he went “for summer vacations” from 1901 to 1914. Sometimes he continued his work during the winter vacations and Easter holidays, as in 1906/07 and in 1907/08, when the university did not function due to student unrest. V.A. Frantsev reported to the “Society of History, Philology and Law” at the University of Warsaw, of which he was an active participant. In 1902–1907, Frantsev published almost all of his major works (except P.Y. Shafarik’s correspondence, published much later). Among them were his master’s thesis “An Essay on the History of the Czech Renaissance” (Warsaw, 1902), doctoral dissertation “Polish Slavic Studies in the late 18th and first quarter of the 19th century” (Prague, 1906), “Czech dramatic works of the 16th – 17th centuries” (Warsaw, 1903), etc. In 1909, during heated discussions on the future structure of Chełm-Podlasie Rus, he published “Maps of the Russian and Orthodox population of Chełm Rus with statistical tables”. In 1913, V.A. Frantsev became a member of the Czech Royal Society of Sciences. Since 1915, he was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the Department of Russian Language and Literature. He did not accept the October Revolution, yet never publicly opposed the new government. At the end of 1919, he received an offer from the Council of Professors of the Prague Charles University (Czechoslovakia) to head the Russian branch of the Slavic Seminar. In Czechoslovakia, he became a professor at Charles University. In 1927, he took Czechoslovak citizenship. V.A. Frantsev’s life was associated with the Russian emigration. He was a full member and chairman of the Russian Institute, as well as chairman of the “Russian Academic Group in Czechoslovakia”, deputy chairman of the “Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad”, a member of the Commission for the Study of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus. In 1924, the Uzhhorod “A. Dukhnovich Cultural and Educational Society” republished V.A. Frantsev’s From the Renaissance Era of Ugric Rus under the title On the Question of the Literary Language of Subcarpathian Rus and a brief From the History of Writing in Subcarpathian Rus (1929). In 1930, The Carpathian Collection was published in Uzhhorod, with Frantsev “From the history of the struggle for the Russian literary language in Subcarpathian Rus” in the preface. He spent his last years in Czechoslovakia occupied by Nazi Germany. V.A. Frantsev died on March 19, 1942, a few days before his 75th birthday. He is buried in the Olshansk cemetery in Prague.