Articles de revues : « Tyre sensor »

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Huh, K., J. Kim et K. Yi. « Monitoring system design for estimating the lateral tyre force ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, n^o 4 (1 avril 2003) : 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360613219.

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Longitudinal and lateral forces acting on tyres are known to be closely related to tractive ability, braking characteristics, handling stability and manoeuvrability of ground vehicles. However, it is not feasible in the operating vehicles to measure the tyre forces directly because of the high cost of sensors, the limitations in sensor technology, interference with tyre rotation and the harsh environment. Another approach is the indirect monitoring technique that can estimate the tyre forces based on remote sensor outputs and vehicle dynamics models. In this paper, in order to develop tyre force-monitoring systems, a monitoring model is proposed utilizing not only the yawing motion but also the roll motion. Based on the monitoring model, a monitoring system is designed to estimate the lateral tyre force acting on each tyre. The monitoring system is constructed on the basis of a new scaled Kalman filter with model error compensator (SKFMEC) technique that is developed in this study to improve the robustness performance of Kalman filter methods. The SKFMEC technique adopts both the well-conditioned observer and the model error compensator concepts. Tyre force estimation performance of the monitoring system is evaluated in the MATLAB simulations where true tyre force data are generated from a 14-degree-of-freedom vehicle model with the combined-slip ‘magic formula’ tyre model.

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Schmiedel, Bernhard, Frank Gauterin et Hans-Joachim Unrau. « Road wetness quantification via tyre spray ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, n^o 1 (18 juin 2018) : 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018778972.

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Road wetness can lead to a significant loss in tyre traction. Although a driver can easily distinguish between dry and wet roads, the thickness of a water film on the road (wetness) and its impact on the vehicle dynamics are more difficult for a driver to classify. Furthermore, autonomous vehicles also need a graded classification of road conditions. There are known sensors, which are able to classify road conditions, but these are either not able to quantify the road wetness or are not suitable for mass production. Therefore, this work analyses a method to measure the road wetness by analysing tyre spray with plain acceleration sensors at positions like wheel arch liner or side skirt. It discusses influences of vehicle speed, road wetness, tyres, road structure and sensor positioning. The results show that a quantification of road wetness is possible, but it relies on the sum of all boundary conditions.

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Pasterkamp, W. R., et H. B. Pacejka. « Friction Recognition Using the Tyre as Sensor ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, n^o 1 (juin 1996) : 7975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58976-4.

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PASTERKAMP, W. R., et H. B. PACEJKA. « The Tyre as a Sensor to Estimate Friction ». Vehicle System Dynamics 27, n^o 5-6 (juin 1997) : 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119708969339.

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SUZUKI, Hikaru, Hiroshi TANI, Renguo LU, Shinji KOGANEZAWA et Norio TAGAWA. « Package durability of triboelectric sensor mounted inside tyre ». Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2020.95 (2020) : 06_610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2020.95.06_610.

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Di Monaco, Francesco, Sandro Moos, Stefano Tornincasa et Enrico Vezzetti. « Guidelines for the design of tyre sensor housings ». International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 75, n^o 1-4 (26 juillet 2014) : 573–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6092-0.

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Bickel, B., et D. Betz. « Contribution of a Tyre Sensor to Improved Chassis Control ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, n^o 22 (avril 2004) : 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30406-8.

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Grakovski, Alexander, Alexey Pilipovec, Igor Kabashkin et Elmars Petersons. « Weight-in-Motion Estimation Based on Reconstruction of Tyre Footprint’s Geometry by Group of Fibre Optic Sensors ». Transport and Telecommunication Journal 15, n^o 2 (1 juin 2014) : 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2014-0009.

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Abstract The problem of measuring road vehicle’s weight-in-motion (WIM) is important for overload enforcement, road maintenance planning and cargo fleet managing, control of the legal use of the transport infrastructure, road surface protection from the early destruction and for the safety on the roads. The fibre-optic sensors (FOS) functionality is based on the changes in the parameters of the optical signal due to the deformation of the optical fibre under the weight of the crossing vehicle. A fibre-optic sensor responds to the deformation, therefore for WIM measurements it is necessary to estimate the impact area of a wheel on the working surface of the sensor called tyre footprint. This information is used further for the estimation of the vehicle wheel’s speed, contact width, length, and, finally, axle’s weight while in motion. Recorded signals from a truck passing over a group of FOS with various speeds and known weight are used as an input data. The results of the several laboratory and field experiments with FOS, e.g. load characteristics according to the temperature, contact surface width and loading speed impact, are provided here. The method of initial signal deconvolution on symmetric and asymmetric components provides the chance to approximate geometric size of tyre surface footprint as well as calculate weight on each wheel separately. The examples of the estimation of a truck speed, tyre contact surface footprint parameters using FOS signals are discussed in this article.

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Tuononen, A. J., et M. J. Matilainen. « Real-time estimation of aquaplaning with an optical tyre sensor ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, n^o 10 (octobre 2009) : 1263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1220.

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Hatipoglu, G., et H. Urey. « FR4-based electromagnetic energy harvester for wireless tyre sensor nodes ». Procedia Chemistry 1, n^o 1 (septembre 2009) : 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.302.

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Bonisoli, Elvio, Francesco Di Monaco, Stefano Tornincasa, Fabio Freschi, Luca Giaccone et Maurizio Repetto. « Multi-physics optimisation of an energy harvester device for automotive application ». COMPEL : The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, n^o 3 (29 avril 2014) : 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2012-0208.

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Purpose – Supplying remote wireless sensors is not an easy task if the site where the device is located is not easily accessible. In order to obtain direct measurements of the road-vehicle interactions, sensors must be placed inside the tyre environment thus a power supply must be available for their working there without any wire connection with the car main power. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – An electro-mechanical energy harvester has thus been developed for supplying an automotive wireless sensor of pressure, temperature and acceleration to be placed on the inner line of a tyre. The primary energy source is the vibrations or variable accelerations imposed to the device and induced in the tyre by the wheeling. Findings – The harvester has been designed by means of a multi-physics optimisation based on an integrated electromagnetic-mechanical circuit simulator. Thus an automated optimisation of the device with respect to volume constraints, magnets dimensions, induction coils placement and size have been performed to increase the average power extracted from the device at different wheeling speeds. Originality/value – The use of the multi-physics environment together with automated optimisation technique has been tested for the first time on the electromagnetic harvester structure.

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Tuononen, Ari, et Lassi Hartikainen. « Optical position detection sensor to measure tyre carcass deflections in aquaplaning ». International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing 3, n^o 3 (2008) : 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvsmt.2008.023837.

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Holtschulze, Jens, Harald Goertz, Horst Wunderlich, Günther Mäckle, Timo Varpula, Kaarle Jaakkola, Anssi Rautiainen et Federico Mancosu. « A tyre sensor system with electronics for data transmission and power supply ». ATZautotechnology 5, n^o 3 (mai 2005) : 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246895.

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Kamalzadeh, Amin, M. Farid Golnaraghi, Ash M. Parameswaran et Albert M. Leung. « A novel sensor design for the tyre load monitoring : overall design and analysis ». International Journal of Vehicle Design 56, n^o 1/2/3/4 (2011) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2011.043266.

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Kubba, Ali E., Ahmed Hasson, Ammar I. Kubba et Gregory Hall. « A micro-capacitive pressure sensor design and modelling ». Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, n^o 1 (30 mars 2016) : 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-95-2016.

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Abstract. Measuring air pressure using a capacitive pressure sensor is a robust and precise technique. In addition, a system that employs such transducers lies within the low power consumption applications such as wireless sensor nodes. In this article a high sensitivity with an elliptical diaphragm capacitive pressure sensor is proposed. This design was compared with a circular diaphragm in terms of thermal stresses and pressure and temperature sensitivity. The proposed sensor is targeted for tyre pressure monitoring system application. Altering the overlapping area between the capacitor plates by decreasing the effective capacitance area to improve the overall sensitivity of the sensor (ΔC ∕ C), temperature sensitivity, and built-up stresses is also examined in this article. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) were employed to study pressure and temperature effects on the behaviour of the proposed capacitive pressure sensor. A MEMS (micro electro-mechanical systems) manufacturing processing plan for the proposed capacitive sensor is presented. An extra-low power short-range wireless read-out circuit suited for energy harvesting purposes is presented in this article. The developed read-out circuitry was tested in terms of sensitivity and transmission range.

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Li, L., J. Song, H.-Z. Li, D.-S. Shan, L. Kong et C. C. Yang. « Comprehensive prediction method of road friction for vehicle dynamics control ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, n^o 8 (1 août 2009) : 987–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1168.

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The contact friction characteristic between a tyre and the road is a key factor that dominates the dynamics performance of a vehicle under critical conditions. Vehicle dynamics control systems, such as anti-lock braking systems, traction control systems, and electronic stability control systems (e.g. Elektronisches Stabilitäts Programm (ESP)), need an accurate road friction coefficient to adjust the control mode. No time delay in the estimation of road friction should be allowed, thereby avoiding the disappearance of the optimal control point. A comprehensive method to predict the road friction is suggested on the basis of the sensor fusion method, which is suitable for variations in the vehicle dynamics characteristics and the control modes. The multi-sensor signal fusion method is used to predict the road friction coefficient for a steering manoeuvre without braking; if active braking is involved, simplified models of the braking pressure and tyre force are adopted to predict the road friction coefficient and, when high-intensity braking is being considered, the neural network based on the optimal distribution method of the decay power is applied to predict the road friction coefficient. The method is validated through a ground test under complicated manoeuvre conditions. It was verified that the comprehensive method predicts the road friction coefficient promptly and accurately.

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Haudum, Martin, Johannes Edelmann, Manfred Plöchl et Manuel Höll. « Vehicle side-slip angle estimation on a banked and low-friction road ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, n^o 12 (11 novembre 2017) : 1584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017732852.

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The effective application of integrated vehicle dynamics control and automatic driving require consistent vehicle state variables and parameters. Considering lateral vehicle dynamics, the yaw rate and (estimated) vehicle side-slip angle are the minimum set of state variables that can give insight into the handling characteristics of a vehicle. Various methods of vehicle side-slip angle (lateral velocity) estimation have been tested in virtual and real world applications, in particular on a horizontal dry road. Vehicle side-slip angle, however, is not only affected by the (steering) commands of the driver, and possibly by a vehicle dynamics controller, but can also arise from a banked road or result from a low-friction surface, changing tyre–road contact. The combined effects require a comprehensive estimation approach, which is less often touched upon in the literature. Based on earlier findings on important aspects of observability, the paper addresses a modular vehicle side-slip angle estimation approach that is particularly focused upon practical aspects of modelling and design. Estimation of the combined vehicle side-slip angle, road bank angle and maximum tyre–road friction coefficient has been broadly tested with a vehicle equipped with an electronic stability control (ESC) and electric power-assisted steering (EPS) sensor configuration, for various road conditions, driving situations and vehicle/tyre setups.

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Stergioulas, L. K., D. Cebon et M. D. Macleod. « Static weight estimation and system design for multiple-sensor weigh-in-motion ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 214, n^o 8 (1 août 2000) : 1019–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406001523498.

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A probabilistic estimation method for multiple-sensor weigh-in-motion (MS-WIM) based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is presented. The theoretical analysis is based on two generic vehicle models: a ‘quarter-car’ model, the tyre force spectrum of which can be idealized as a single sine wave, and a ‘walking beam’ model corresponding to the sum of two sine waves. The range and distribution of the model parameters (as derived from previous knowledge of vehicle dynamics) are taken into account and used as prior information (‘priors’) in the implementation of the method. The technique is able to determine the static axle load of high-speed vehicles with considerably better accuracy than previous theoretical analyses. A detailed investigation of simulation results is given, the advantages of the method are discussed and its ability to estimate the static loads accurately is demonstrated. Finally, the probable success rate of the algorithm is calculated and a new design procedure for multiple-sensor weigh-in-motion is introduced.

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Sharp, R. S., et D. J. Allison. « On the measurement of variations in the spin velocity of a wheel ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I : Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 214, n^o 2 (1 mars 2000) : 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651001540870.

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Research into the in-plane vibration properties of rotating tyre-wheel-hub assemblies involved the need to measure accurately small variations in the substantially larger angular velocity of an automotive wheel hub. Straightforward application of a tachogenerator to the task would have been subject to the classic measurement difficulty that the variable of interest was the small difference between two large quantities. The necessary accuracy would not have been achievable. The test wheel assembly was an automotive type, deriving from a vehicle fitted with anti-lock brakes. It was fitted with a toothed ring and variable reluctance proximity sensor in its standard form. A method for using this sensor's output to derive information on the wheel spin velocity variation was derived. The method used and its proof by simulation and by experimentation are described.

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El-Demerdash, S. M., et D. A. Crolla. « Effect of Non-Linear Components on the Performance of a Hydro -Pneumatic Slow-Active Suspension System ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, n^o 1 (janvier 1996) : 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_241_02.

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In this work, the effects of component non-linearities on the ride performance of a hydro-pneumatic slow-active suspension system are studied theoretically. Based on the quarter car linear model, linear optimal control theory is used to calculate the feedback and feedforward gains. These gains are used in both linear and non-linear models with and without preview control. The Pade approximation technique is used to represent the preview time resulting from a preview sensor mounted on the vehicle front bumper to measure the road irregularities ahead of the front wheel. The results on a typical major road showed that at similar r.m.s. values of suspension working space, the non-linear slow-active system with preview provided a 28 per cent improvement in ride comfort and a 17 per cent reduction in dynamic tyre load compared with a passive system. However, the inclusion of non-linear effects of the components increases the ride comfort acceleration by 10 per cent and suspension working space by 12 per cent compared to the equivalent linear model at approximately equal values of r.m.s. dynamic tyre load.

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Viscardi, Massimo, et Romeo Di Leo. « Implementation of an Electronic Circuit for SSSA Control Approach of a Plate Type Element and Experimental Match with a Feed-Forward Approach ». Archive of Mechanical Engineering 63, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2016) : 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/meceng-2016-0038.

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Abstract Successful implementation of an active vibration control system is strictly correlated to the exact knowledge of the dynamic behavior of the system, of the excitation level and spectra and of the sensor and actuator’s specification. Only the correct management of these aspects may guarantee the correct choice of the control strategy and the relative performance. Within this paper, some preliminary activities aimed at the creation of a structurally simple, cheap and easily replaceable active control systems for metal panels are discussed. The final future aim is to control and to reduce noise, produced by vibrations of metal panels of the body of a car. The paper is focused on two points. The first one is the realization of an electronic circuit for Synchronized Shunted Switch Architecture (SSSA) with the right dimensioning of the components to control the proposed test article, represented by a rectangular aluminum plate. The second one is a preliminary experimental study on the test article, in controlled laboratory conditions, to compare performances of two possible control approach: SSSA and a feed-forward control approach. This comparison would contribute to the future choice of the most suitable control architecture for the specific attenuation of structure-born noise related to an automotive floor structure under deterministic (engine and road-tyre interaction) and stochastic (road-tyre interaction and aerodynamic) forcing actions.

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Grakovski, Alexander, Yuri Krasnitski, Igor Kabashkin et Victor Truhachov. « Some Approaches to the Rolling Wheels’ Dynamics Modelling in the Weight-in-Motion Problem ». Transport and Telecommunication Journal 14, n^o 1 (1 mars 2013) : 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2013-0007.

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Abstract Some possibilities of fibre-optic sensors (FOS) application for measuring the weight of moving vehicles realized in weightin- motion (WIM) systems are discussed. As the first, the model of small-buried seismic sensor transient response excited by a car tyre interaction with asphalt-concrete road pavement is proposed. It is supposed that a seismic wave received by the sensor is the vertical component of surface Raleigh wave. The model is based on supposition that a tyre footprint is acceptable to consider as some array of point sources of these waves. The proper algorithms permit to vary different parameters of the array excitation, as to footprint dimensions, load distribution, car velocities and others. The set of Matlab codes is worked out for seismic pulses modelling and processing. The second way considered is to simulate the FOS signal in the basis of differential equations describing a deformable wheel behaviour, or wheel oscillations, in order to identify relations with optoelectronic mechanical parameters. An attempt to find the mass of the vehicle is based on minimizing the discrepancy between the actual FOS signal and the solution of the differential equation. The accuracy of the evaluated weight depends on many external factors, the mathematical modelling of them are expressed in the numerical values of the coefficients and external stimuli. The influence of these factors are analysed and tested by simulations and field experiments. One of ideas in dynamic weighing problem solution should consist in evaluation of position of virtual gravity centre of the vehicle in time. The processing algorithm of the data received from the FOS is proposed based on conception of database retaining in some reference system memory. Certain requirements concerning the elements and blocks of the algorithm are defined as well. The reference system is realized as the digital filter with the finite impulse response. The method to estimate the filter coefficients is worked out. Several experiments with this algorithm have been carried out for the vehicle identification with the reference loads adopted from real data. The different factors have an influence on the measurement accuracy of FOS. The roadbed features, temperature, nonlinearities and delay effects in FOS are among them. The results of laboratory and field measurements with FOS responses to different axle’s loadings are presented. Charging and inertial characteristics of FOS under the impact of various external factors (protective cover, temperature, contact area, and installation mode especially) as well as their approximations are investigated. It is found that the final calibration of the FOS has to be done individually and only after it has been installed in the pavement. Certain methods and algorithms of linearization, as well temperature and dynamic errors compensation of FOS data are discussed.

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Rani, M. F. H., N. S. Kamarrudin, A. B. Shahriman, Z. M. Razlan, K. Wan, M. S. M. Hashim, I. Ibrahim et al. « Development of a Novel Aeration Measurement System to Evaluate Water Treatment Process in a River ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2129, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012102.

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Abstract A novel aeration measurement system was developed to evaluate the water treatment process in a river to acquire a more comparable dissolved oxygen value even if various types of aerations are tested. The system comprises of DO sensor, water flowmeter, anemometer, PVC pipes, water pump, air compressor pump, and truck tyre tubes. The PVC pipes consisting of a main drainage hole, 5 holes for dissolve oxygen data collection, 1 hole as the location of aerator system, and connectors were designed as the major part of the system by using Computer Aided Design software. The main drainage hole (horizontal pipe) was designed to be 288.5 cm in length, while the measured holes (vertical pipes) were designed to be 45.7 cm in height. By considering a systematic approach, the designed system is hopefully able to solve measuring issue of dissolved oxygen in moving water and to provide a better evaluation of water treatment process.

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Harms, Julius, et Thorsten A. Kern. « Theory and Modeling of Eddy Current Type Inductive Conductivity Sensors ». Engineering Proceedings 6, n^o 1 (17 mai 2021) : 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10103.

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While transformer-type conductivity sensors are the usual type of inductive sensors, this paper describes the theory behind less used eddy current sensors. This type of sensor measures the conductivity of a liquid by inducing eddy currents and observing the effect on the sensor coil, which allows a simpler sensor design and promises a cost advantage in implementation. A novel model description is derived from the Maxwell equations and implemented by an equivalent RLC circuit. The designed model is validated by comparisons with experimental observations and FEM simulations. The result leads to a better understanding of the physical effects of the sensor and the influencing parameters for future sensor developments. The aim is to provide starting points for further sensor development of low-cost inductive conductivity sensors.

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Buček, Pavel, Petr Maršolek et Jiří Bílek. « Low-Cost Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring - the Current State of the Technology and a Use Overview ». Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 26, n^o 1-2 (1 décembre 2021) : 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cdem-2021-0003.

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Abstract In recent years the monitoring of air quality using cheap sensors has become an interesting alternative to conventional analytical techniques. Apart from vast price differences conventional techniques need to be performed by the trained personnel of commercial or research laboratories. Sensors capable of measuring dust, ozone, nitrogen and sulphur oxides, or other air pollutants are relatively simple electronic devices, which are comparable in size to a mobile phone. They provide the general public with the possibility to monitor air quality which can contribute to various projects that differ in regional scale, commercial funding or community-base. In connection with the low price of sensors arises the question of the quality of measured data. This issue is addressed by a number of studies focused on comparing the sensor data with the data of reference measurements. Sensory measurement is influenced by the monitored analyte, type and design of the particular sensor, as well as by the measurement conditions. Currently sensor networks serve as an additional source of information to the network of air quality monitoring stations, where the density of the network provides concentration trends in the area that may exceed specific measured values of pollutant concentrations and low uncertainty of reference measurements. The constant development of all types of sensors is leading to improvements and the difference in data quality between sensors and conventional monitoring techniques may be reduced.

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Seo, Dae Cheol, Il Bum Kwon et Jung Ju Lee. « Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring by Optical Fiber Sensors in Smart Composite Patch Repairs ». Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (octobre 2006) : 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.286.

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The fiber optic smart structures allow engineers to add nerve systems to their designs, giving structures capabilities that would be very difficult to achieve by other means, including continuous assessment of damage processes. In this study, we evaluated the potentiality of the application of the optical fiber sensors to the monitoring of the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures. The composite patch with embedded optical fiber sensors can be considered as a smart patch which has both repairing and monitoring functions. We used recently developed Transmission-type Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric (TEFPI) optical fiber sensors for the monitoring of fatigue crack growth behavior of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with bonded composite patch. The sensing principle and the senor construction of the optical fiber sensor are presented. The experimental results show that it is possible to monitor the fatigue crack growth behavior of structures repaired with composite patch using the optical fiber sensor

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Jiang, Guirong, Xiaolu Miao, Yuehui Wang, Jie Chen, Dalong Li, Lifu Liu et Fahad Muhammad. « Real-time estimation of the pressure in the wheel cylinder with a hydraulic control unit in the vehicle braking control system based on the extended Kalman filter ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, n^o 10 (3 novembre 2016) : 1340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016671685.

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The pressure in the wheel cylinder plays an important role in the anti-lock braking system, but direct measurement usually needs expensive sensors. Therefore, estimation of the pressure in the wheel cylinder is of great significance to optimize the algorithm of the anti-lock braking system. There are two commonly used estimation methods: one is based on the hydraulic model, and the other is based on the equation for the tyre dynamics. Both of these, however, suffer from inadequacies. The former method is sensitive to the accuracy of the model in practical applications, and an accumulated error appears if some parameters of the process are not sufficiently accurate. In the latter method the pressure in the wheel cylinder is calculated for each cycle but, when the vehicle is running, the fluctuations in the deceleration are relatively large. To estimate the pressure more accurately, a novel method is proposed in this paper, which combines these two methods on the basis of the extended Kalman filter. The method can compensate for the inadequacies of the two methods mentioned above by using the variation in the wheel speed as the observation variable to modify the hydraulic model. It can decrease its sensitivity to the accuracy of the hydraulic model and improve the accuracy of the estimated magnitude of the pressure. The estimated results are compared with the real values which are obtained by using a pressure sensor on a typical low-friction road and on an asphalt road; in addition, the effectiveness of the novel method is validated by hardware-in-the-loop tests and vehicle tests. The results show that the proposed method can provide an accurate estimation of the pressure in the wheel cylinder during hydraulic control of the anti-lock braking system or any other brake control system.

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Cheng, Tai Hong, Seong Hyun Lim, Chang Doo Kee et Il Kwon Oh. « Development of Fiber-PZT Array Sensor System ». Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (août 2009) : 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.263.

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In this study, array type fiber-PZT senor systems were newly developed with capabilities of detecting both damage location and monitoring of gas or liquid leakage by applying time-frequency analyses. The system consists of two piezoelectric transducers for the signal receiver and generator applications and three optical fibers for wave propagation. The results showed developed fiber-PZT array sensor can accurately measure the position of crack and its intensity. Also the fluid leakage of methyl alcohol as test specimen, on the plate structure has also been investigated employing the fiber-PZT sensors. The ultrasonic wave optical fiber sensor can be used effectively to monitor changes in structural and chemical properties.

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Jia, Yong Yong, Jing Gang Yang, Lin Rong et Feng Bo Tao. « Performance Comparison of Typical Built-In UHF Sensors Used for GIS PD Detection ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (octobre 2014) : 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1143.

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The UHF method is one of the most important partial discharge (PD) detection means for GIS, while sensor technique is the key factor of the UHF method. In comparison with external sensors, built-in sensors can achieve higher sensitivity. In this paper, two parameters were quoted to evaluate the performance of the sensor, which are He and S11. He refers to the PD detection sensitivity of sensor; S11 refers to the impedance matching property of the sensor. The paper firstly designed a simulation model of sensor performance evaluation, and then studied the performance differences of four typically used or researched built-in UHF sensors (i.e., disc-type, dipole-type, spiral-type and logarithmic-type) by simulation tools of CST. The conclusions of the paper can provide a reference for performance evaluation and type selection of UHF built-in sensor. Keywords: Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), Partial Discharge (PD), UHF, Sensor, Sensitivity

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Toliupa, Sergey, Yuriy Kravchenko et Aleksander Trush. « ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF UBIQUITOUS SENSOR NETWORKS ». Informatics Control Measurement in Economy and Environment Protection 8, n^o 1 (28 février 2018) : 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8643.

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The article deals with the implementation of one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century – the permeable sensor networks of the USN. The features, architecture, organization and routing algorithms of sensory networks are described. It is determined that further improvement of the work of such networks requires standardization of the development process and implementation process. USN's Vertical Sensor Networks is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Cheap and "smart" sensors, in large quantities combined into a wireless network connected to the public communications network, today provide an unprecedentedly wide range of control and management services for buildings, businesses, cars, and so forth. USN networks, depending on the type of sensors, can be deployed on the ground, in the air, under and over water, in buildings and, finally, on the skin and inside living organisms, including humans. They are also widely used in such important areas as military affairs, crisis and emergency management, and the fight against terrorism.

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Gao, Nan, et Liya Fu. « Study on the Fusion of Oil Painting Art and Digital Media Based on a Visual Sensor ». Journal of Sensors 2022 (20 janvier 2022) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5481448.

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Digital media art is a new type of art with rich sensory experience. Nowadays, digitization is flooding many areas of life. Under the sprint of a large amount of information, human beings have once again entered the digital age. This article is aimed at studying the fusion of oil painting art and digital media based on visual sensors, analyzing the application of digital imaging art using sensor technology in various fields, especially in the field of oil painting art, and analyzing the effects of digital media with the support of sensor technology. The artistic characteristics and rich forms of presentation are presented, and then, the key points of digital media design are summarized. This paper proposes to bring advanced sensor technology into the field of art for research, turning boring and difficult technical data into an interesting art form, making human-computer interaction more compact and humane, and creating better works of art, so that more and more people and different fields can enjoy the scientific and technological achievements. The sensor is a kind of bionics in modern science, which enables machinery to perceive the human environment like human or animal sensory organs, through the perception and detection of this environmental change, and writing a certain program, the signal data is converted into electricity or signal, and at the same time transmit these signals to receiving organs or devices, such as device sensors that simulate organs. The art of digital photography requires the intervention of sensor technology to make interaction and virtue more complete. The sensor technology also requires the art of digital photography to provide an external display window, which can better serve mankind and create greater social value. The combination of technology and art makes the presentation of art more distinctive. The experimental results of this paper show that the integration of oil painting art and digital media based on visual sensors has made digital media have an impact on more than 58% of oil painting art works and made many oil painting art works show an unprecedented sense of science and technology, which is important for future oil painting art. The development of the company has positive significance.

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Sun, Jingxia, Aimin Zhang, Guoqiang Gong et Jian Jiang. « Study on calibration period of Gas Sensor in exercise Pulmonary Function instrument ». Modern Electronic Technology 2, n^o 3 (26 octobre 2018) : 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v2i3.1133.

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Objective: to study the calibration period of the main motor pulmonary function instrument sensor. Methods: A matched control group was used, one was calibrated periodically and the other was not calibrated. The calibration values of oxygen sensor and carbondioxide sensor were compared. Results: the oxygen sensor of electrochemical type was most sensitive to the change of time and environment, and the carbon dioxide sensor of infrared type was more sensitive to the change of time and environment. Conclusion: oxygen sensors of electrochemical type and carbon dioxide sensors of infrared type should be calibrated before each use.

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Lee, Sungho, Sungmin Hong, Wonki Park, Wonhyo Kim, Jaehoon Lee, Kwangho Shin, Cheol-Gi Kim et Daesung Lee. « High Accuracy Open-Type Current Sensor with a Differential Planar Hall Resistive Sensor ». Sensors 18, n^o 7 (12 juillet 2018) : 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072231.

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In this paper, we propose a high accuracy open-type current sensor with a differential Planar Hall Resistive (PHR) sensor. Conventional open-type current sensors with magnetic sensors are usually vulnerable to interference from an external magnetic field. To reduce the effect of an unintended magnetic field, the proposed design uses a differential structure with PHR. The differential structure provides robust performance to unwanted magnetic flux and increased magnetic sensitivity. In addition, instead of conventional Hall sensors with a magnetic concentrator, a newly developed PHR with high sensitivity is employed to sense horizontal magnetic fields. The PHR sensor and read-out integrated circuit (IC) are integrated through a post-Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process using multi-chip packaging. The current sensor is designed to measure a 1 A current level. The measured performance of the designed current sensor has a 16 kHz bandwidth and a current nonlinearity of under ±0.5%.

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Huijer, Arnaud, Christos Kassapoglou et Lotfollah Pahlavan. « Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites with Embedded Sensors for In-Situ Damage Identification ». Sensors 21, n^o 20 (19 octobre 2021) : 6926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206926.

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Piezoelectric sensors can be embedded in carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) for continuous measurement of acoustic emissions (AE) without the sensor being exposed or disrupting hydro- or aerodynamics. Insights into the sensitivity of the embedded sensor are essential for accurate identification of AE sources. Embedded sensors are considered to evoke additional modes of degradation into the composite laminate, accompanied by additional AE. Hence, to monitor CFRPs with embedded sensors, identification of this type of AE is of interest. This study (i) assesses experimentally the performance of embedded sensors for AE measurements, and (ii) investigates AE that emanates from embedded sensor-related degradation. CFRP specimens have been manufactured with and without embedded sensors and tested under four-point bending. AE signals have been recorded by the embedded sensor and two reference surface-bonded sensors. Sensitivity of the embedded sensor has been assessed by comparing centroid frequencies of AE measured using two sizes of embedded sensors. For identification of embedded sensor-induced AE, a hierarchical clustering approach has been implemented based on waveform similarity. It has been confirmed that both types of embedded sensors (7 mm and 20 mm diameter) can measure AE during specimen degradation and final failure. The 7 mm sensor showed higher sensitivity in the 350–450 kHz frequency range. The 20 mm sensor and the reference surface-bounded sensors predominately featured high sensitivity in ranges of 200–300 kHz and 150–350 kHz, respectively. The clustering procedure revealed a type of AE that seems unique to the region of the embedded sensor when under combined in-plane tension and out-of-plane shear stress.

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Luo, Jianghua, Yishan Jiang, Feng Xiao, Xin Zhao et Zheng Xie. « Highly Sensitive p + n Metal Oxide Sensor Array for Low-Concentration Gas Detection ». Sensors 18, n^o 8 (17 août 2018) : 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082710.

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Nowadays, despite the easy fabrication and low cost of metal oxide gas sensors, it is still challenging for them to detect gases at low concentrations. In this study, resistance-matched p-type Cu2O and n-type Ga-doped ZnO, as well as p-type CdO/LaFeO3 and n-type CdO/Sn-doped ZnO sensors were prepared and integrated into p + n sensor arrays to enhance their gas-sensing performance. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmittance electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, and gas-sensing properties were measured using ethanol and acetone as probes. The results showed that compared with individual gas sensors, the response of the sensor array was greatly enhanced and similar to the gas response product of the p- and n-type gas sensors. Specifically, the highly sensitive CdO/LaFeO3 and CdO/Sn-ZnO sensor array had a high response of 21 to 1 ppm ethanol and 14 to 1 ppm acetone, with detection limits of <0.1 ppm. The results show the effect of sensor array integration by matching the two sensor resistances, facilitating the detection of gas at a low concentration.

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Yang, Jin-Hee, Hyun-Seung Cho, Hwykuen Kwak, Je-Wook Chae, Hyeok-Jae Lee, Jeong-Whan Lee, Soo-hyun Oh et Joo-Hyeon Lee. « Sensing efficiency of three-dimensional textile sensors with an open-and-close structure for respiration rate detection ». Textile Research Journal 90, n^o 19-20 (30 mars 2020) : 2258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520915846.

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The strain-gauge type textile sensors adopted in many studies on respiration-sensing wearable systems have been reported to have two major limitations that result in reduced sensing accuracy and insufficient durability of the sensor. The two limitations are the inability to accurately monitor the changes in the three-dimensional (3D) body contour during changes in the respiration cycle and the frequent occurrence of baseline drifts. To solve these issues, this study proposes new types of textile respiration rate sensors with a 3D structure, which measure the respiration rate based on the variation in the size of the contacting section’s surface during respiration, rather than the changes in the length of the sensor, as in existing strain-gauge type sensors. Firstly, the sensing signals were analyzed based on morphology and size measurements. Then, the sensing reliability of three respiration rate sensor types, namely the no-filler, 3D hard, and 3D soft types, was analyzed by comparing their measurements with those of the SS5LB. Finally, the reproducibility and baseline drifts of the sensors’ measurements were evaluated by taking and comparing repeated measurements. As a result, the consistency of the sensing signals of the SS5LB and those of the two types of 3D sensors was higher than those of the no-filler type sensor, and the 3D soft type sensor had the highest reliability and reproducibility among the three new types of sensors. The result showed relatively reduced baseline drifts in the two types of 3D sensors.

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Bílek, Jiří, Petr Maršolek, Ondřej Bílek et Pavel Buček. « Field Test of Mini Photoionization Detector-Based Sensors—Monitoring of Volatile Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air ». Environments 9, n^o 4 (10 avril 2022) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9040049.

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The determination of the concentrations of the organic compounds in ambient air using reference methods is a time-consuming process. The samples must be collected on a specific sorbent material and analyzed. In the best-case scenario, the analysis may be performed on site by portable chromatography techniques; otherwise, transport and laboratory analysis is necessary. Continuous sensory measurement is advantageous, especially concerning speed, resolution, price and ease of use. On the other hand, questions are raised, especially on the subject of the quality of data obtained by sensory measurements. The authors tested several types of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. The chosen type was deployed in a 25-unit sensor network for further testing by parallel measurements with the reference technique within the CLAIRO project.

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Havrylovych, Mariia, et Valeriy Danylov. « Research of autoencoder-based user biometric verification with motion patterns ». System research and information technologies, n^o 2 (30 août 2022) : 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/srit.2308-8893.2022.2.10.

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In the current research, we continue our previous study regarding motion-based user biometric verification, which consumes sensory data. Sensory-based verification systems empower the continuous authentication narrative – as physiological biometric methods mainly based on photo or video input meet a lot of difficulties in implementation. The research aims to analyze how various components of sensor data from an accelerometer affect and contribute to defining the process of unique person motion patterns and understanding how it may express the human behavioral patterns with different activity types. The study used the recurrent long-short-term-memory autoencoder as a baseline model. The choice of model was based on our previous research. The research results have shown that various data components contribute differently to the verification process depending on the type of activity. However, we conclude that a single sensor data source may not be enough for a robust authentication system. The multimodal authentication system should be proposed to utilize and aggregate the input streams from multiple sensors as further research.

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Shukur, Marwan Ihsan. « S-CDCA : a semi-cluster directive-congestion protocol for priority-based data in WSNs ». Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2021) : 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp438-444.

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The internet of things (IoT) protocols and regulations are being developed forvarious applications includes: habitat monitoring, machinery control, general health-care, smart-homes and more. A great part of I0T comprised of sensors nodes in connected networks (i.e. sensor networks.). A sensor network is a group of nodes with sensory module and computational elements connected through network interfaces. The most interesting type of sensor networks are wireless sensor networks. The nodes here are connected through wirless interfaces. The shared medium between these nodes, creates different challenges. Congestion in such network is ineavitable. Different models andmethods were proposed to alleviate congestion in wireless sensor networks.This paper presents a semi-cluster directive congestion method that allivatenetwork congestion forpriority-baseddata transmission. The method simprove the network performance by implementing temporary cluster forlow level priority data packets while providing a clear link between highpriority data source node and the network base station. Simulation resultsshow that. The proposed method outperformes ad hocOn-demand distance vector (AODV) reactive procotol approach and priority-based congestion control dynamic clustering (PCCDC) a cluster-based methodin network energy consumption and control packets overhead during network operation.The proposed method also shows comparative improvments in end-to-enddelays versus PCCDC.

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Tykhan, Myroslav, Orest Ivakhiv et Vasyl Teslyuk. « New type of Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for Environments with Rapidly Changing Temperature ». Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, n^o 1 (1 mars 2017) : 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0010.

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Abstract The theoretical aspects of a new type of piezo-resistive pressure sensors for environments with rapidly changing temperatures are presented. The idea is that the sensor has two identical diaphragms which have different coefficients of linear thermal expansion. Therefore, when measuring pressure in environments with variable temperature, the diaphragms will have different deflection. This difference can be used to make appropriate correction of the sensor output signal and, thus, to increase accuracy of measurement. Since physical principles of sensors operation enable fast correction of the output signal, the sensor can be used in environments with rapidly changing temperature, which is its essential advantage. The paper presents practical implementation of the proposed theoretical aspects and the results of testing the developed sensor.

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Gong, Yu, Hai Ye Zhu et Nan Li. « Research on Coplanar Capacitive Sensor Design for Film Thickness Measurement ». Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (juin 2014) : 2030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2030.

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Coplanar capacitive sensors have been widely applied in many fields with its characterstics of non-invasion, lowcost and fast response. A complex structure of coplanar capacitive sensor is designed to be used for the film thickness measurement. Firstly, three types of coplanar capacitive sensors with different shapes are designed, and according to the experimental reuslts, the parameters affecting the sensor signal strength and sensitivities are discussed, the electric field distributions of sensors are simulated by COMSOL.Then the fringe capacitance of a series of spiral-type sensors are measured and analyzed. The experimental results indicate the rational geometrical parameter design about the coplanar capacitive sensor can improve the sensor performance obviously.

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Rahbarpour, S., S. Sajed et H. Ghafoorifard. « Temperature Dependence of Responses in Metal Oxide Gas Sensors ». Key Engineering Materials 644 (mai 2015) : 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.181.

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Selecting an optimum operating temperature for metal oxide gas sensors is of prime technical importance. Here, the temperature behavior of various kinds of metal oxide gas sensors in response to different levels of reducing contaminants in air is reported. The examined gas sensor samples include a Tin oxide-based resistive gas sensor and home-made diode-type Ag-TiO2-Ti gas sensors. Recorded response vs. temperature curves of all samples represent two different typical features: The responses related to the resistive gas sensor exhibit distinct maximum response at a well defined operating temperature regardless of the target gas concentration level, but the diode type samples demonstrated a continuously rising response as the operating temperature decreased to highly contaminated atmospheres. At low contaminant levels, diode type gas sensors change their behaviour and act similar to resistive gas sensors. Reported results were described by a model based on the gas diffusion theory.

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Yoo, C. K., K. Villez, I. B. Lee, S. Van Hulle et P. A. Vanrolleghem. « Sensor validation and reconciliation for a partial nitrification process ». Water Science and Technology 53, n^o 4-5 (1 février 2006) : 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.155.

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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are notorious for poor data quality and sensor reliability due to the hostile environment in which the measurement equipment has to function. In this paper, a structured residual approach with maximum sensitivity (SRAMS) based on the redundancy of the measurements is used to detect, identify and reconstruct single and multiple sensor faults in a single reactor for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) process. SRAMS is based on inferences, which are insensitive to the faults in the sensor of interest and sensitive to faults in the other sensors. It is used for four types of sensor failure detection: bias, drift, complete failure and precision degradation. The application of sensor validation shows that single and multiple sensor faults can be detected and that the fault magnitude and fault type can be estimated by the reconstruction scheme. This sensor validation method is not limited by the type or application of the considered sensors. The methodology can thus easily be applied for sensor surveillance of other continuously measuring sensors and analysers.

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Wang, Xian Quan, Hong Guang Zhang, Yi Tan Lei, Gui Lin Zhu et Yao Yu. « Design and Simulation Analysis of Two-Phase Grating-Type Displacement Sensors with Unequal-Pitch ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (septembre 2014) : 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.548.

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With the development of grating displacement sensors towards higher precision and higher speed of dynamic responses, the traditional design structure is hard to solve the processing difficulty of the increasing number of poles for time grating sensors. In order to realize the analysis on the internal magnetic field distribution of high precision displacement sensor, the unequal pitch grating displacement sensor with two phase model is established using Ansoft Maxwell simulation environment. The feasibility of the two unequal pitch grating displacement sensor and magnetic field simulation are performed based on the proposed sensor model. In addition the detailed synthetic method is proposed for the simulation data. The analysis show the feasibility of the unequal pitch grating displacement sensor with two phase. The proposed displacement sensor decreases the difficulties of machining process technology and increase the pole number. As the result, the measuring precision is improved.

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Kim, Gwan-Hyung, Hea-Sung Jung et In-Ho Jung. « Explosion-proof thermal type gas flow sensor structure analysis and sensor module development ». Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2019) : 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp300-306.

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<p>The present study studied structure analysis and sensor modules for explosion-proof thermal type flow sensors that can withstand the poor surroundings of vessel engines and power plants and can be installed in gas lines. The structure analysis evaluated the integrity of the structures of the explosion-proof thermal type flow sensors with finite element analysis, and with regard to the operation of the sensor modules, those sensor modules that can detect environments where vibrations occur or where there are flows of high pressure gases or fluids were researched and developed. The explosion-proof thermal type flow sensor module consists of a sensing part, an adjustment part, and an output part, and a noise prevention circuit was added to secure the stability of the measurement signals. The flow sensor developed with the present study is a sensor module capable of measuring flows in domestic gas engines and gas piping and it is presented as a reliable sensor module because it is strong against vibrations and has excellent explosion-proof performance.</p>

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Wentholt, Iris M. E., et J. Hans DeVries. « An Analysis of the SEVEN® System : Have We Reached the Summit of Needle-Type Sensor Accuracy ? » Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, n^o 5 (septembre 2009) : 1155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300520.

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In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Zisser and colleagues show improved sensor accuracy with the newest generation of needle-type sensors as compared to first generation sensors. Can we expect further improvement? It is unknown what the future holds, but there certainly seems much to be gained from improved calibration procedures. In addition, sensor operating times are increasing and it is hoped that this will translate into improved sensor use and thereby into improved glycemic control.

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Majewski, Jacek. « Low Humidity Characteristics of Polymer-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensors ». Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, n^o 4 (20 décembre 2017) : 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0048.

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AbstractPolymer-based capacitive humidity sensors emerged around 40 years ago; nevertheless, they currently constitute large part of sensors’ market within a range of medium (climatic and industrial) humidity 20−80%RH due to their linearity, stability and cost-effectiveness. However, for low humidity values (0−20%RH) that type of sensor exhibits increasingly nonlinear characteristics with decreasing of humidity values. This paper presents the results of some experimental trials of CMOS polymer-based capacitive humidity sensors, as well as of modelling the behaviour of that type of sensor. A logarithmic functional relationship between the relative humidity and the change of sensor output value at low humidity is suggested.

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Jia, Yong Yong, Jing Gang Yang, Lin Rong et Ke Zhao. « Simulation Research of the Impact on Sensitivity by Structural Parameters of Disc-Type Inner UHF Sensors Used for GIS PD Detection ». Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (décembre 2014) : 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1044.

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The UHF method is one of the most important partial discharge (PD) detection means for GIS, while sensor technique is the key factor of the UHF method. In comparison with external sensors, inner sensors can achieve higher sensitivity. The paper firstly presents a key indicator of the sensor performance evaluation, and builds a simulation model of that. Secondly, the paper implements simulation research on the PD detection performance of the disc-type sensor, especially on the impacts caused by structural parameters based on the simulation model. The research achievements of the paper may provide reference of performance evaluation and design optimization for disc-type UHF sensors.

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Honkura, Yoshinobu, et Shinpei Honkura. « The Development of ASIC Type GSR Sensor Driven by GHz Pulse Current ». Sensors 20, n^o 4 (14 février 2020) : 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041023.

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The GigaHertz spin rotation (GSR) effect was observed through the excitement of Giga Hertz (GHz) pulse current flowing through amorphous wire. The GSR sensor that was developed provides excellent features that enhanced magnetic sensitivity and sine functional relationship, as well as good linearity, absence of hysteresis, and low noise. Considering the GHz frequency range used for the GSR sensor, we assume that the physical phenomena associated with the operation of the sensor are based on spin reduction and rotation of the magnetization. The proper production technology needed was developed and a micro-sized GSR sensor was produced by directly forming micro coils on the surface of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Some prototypes of the ASIC type GSR sensor have been produced in consideration of applications such as automotive use, mobile device use, and medical use. Therefore, we can conclude that GSR sensors have great potential to become promising magnetic sensors for many applications.

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Yang, Liu Fang, Yu Lin Wang, Han Zhe Liu et Xiao Qing Luo. « Study on (n+n) Type Acetone Gas Sensor ». Advanced Materials Research 412 (novembre 2011) : 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.326.

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(n+n) structure semiconductor gas sensor based on the compensation-feedback principle is composed of two sensitive materials A and B which are all n-type materials. The results analyzed from a theoretical viewpoint show that the (n+n) combined structure semiconductor gas sensor has higher selectivity, better thermal stability and higher sensitivity than conventional sensors when the materials A and B satisfied certain conditions. Though testing the characteristics of the (n+n) combined structure semiconductor gas sensor, the perfect (n+n) combined structure acetone gas sensor is fabricated, and could be applied to monitor and control leakage of acetone gas.

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