Articles de revues sur le sujet « Tutela dati personali »

Con il progressivo utilizzo dei sistemi informatici e con l’espansione dell’utilizzo dei media, in modo particolare negli ultimi anni con il crescente diffondersi di internet e dei social media, la questione della tutela dei dati personali ha fatto sorgere nuove esigenze che richiedono un adeguamento della normativa canonica.Le nuove problematiche di tutela, spesso rese molto complesse dalla difficoltà di arginare un fenomeno di “trasmissione di informazioni e quindi anche di dati” in continua espansione tecnologica, hanno reso necessario adeguare la normativa di tutela della privacy sia a livello di norme della Comunità Europea, che dei singoli paesi tenuti a recepirle, di cui ci occuperemo nel nostro studio.La Chiesa, che da sempre è depositaria della memoria e della storia dei popoli, attraverso gli archivi ecclesiastici, delle diocesi, dei monasteri e anche delle singole parrocchie, è dunque tenuta a garantire la tutela dei dati in suo possesso, che rappresentano la vita dei suoi fedeli.Inoltre il diritto della Chiesa da sempre riconosce tra i suoi diritti fondamentali il rispetto della persona, tra cui rientra anche quello del “diritto al rispetto della buona fama e della riservatezza di ogni persona”, che viene sancito nel Codice di diritto canonico del 1983 al canone 220.La tutela dei dati personali coinvolge inoltre il rapporto tra l’ordinamento della Chiesa e le norme giuridiche degli Stati: nella legislazione di molte nazioni sono state promulgate leggi che tutelano il trattamento dei dati personali, norme che vanno tenute presenti dalle Conferenze Episcopali Nazionali per disciplinare e adeguare ad esse la normativa canonica sul trattamento dei dati cosiddetti “sensibili”.

Riassunto: Lo scritto esamina le regole di giurisdizione contenute nel regolamento (UE) n.2016/679 relativo alla protezione delle persone fisiche con riguardo al trattamento dei dati personali, le quali si presentano come strumentali all’obiettivo di garantire una tutela giurisdizionale effettiva dei diritti riconosciuti dal regolamento a favore degli individui titolari dei dati nei confronti dei soggetti responsabili del trattamento dei dati stessi. Tali regole, pur apprezzabili nel loro intento di fornire una disciplina specifica della giurisdizione relativamente alle controversie prese in considerazione, pongono nondimeno alcuni problemi di coordinamento con la disciplina della giurisdizione nelle controversie civil e commerciali come attualmente contenuta nel regolamento (UE) n. 1215/2012 o “Bruxelles I-bis”, i quali non sono adeguatamente affrontati nelle disposizioni del nuovo regolamento.Parole chiave: Giurisdizione; Regolamento (UE) n. 2016/679; Trattamento dei dati personali; Tutela giurisdizionale effettiva; Regolamento (UE) n. 1215/2012 (“Bruxelles I-bis”).Abstract: The present paper addresses the rules on jurisdiction contained in Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679 concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. These rules appear instrumental to the pursuit of the fundamental goal of guaranteeing an effective judicial protection of the rights granted to individuals as concerns the processing of their personal data against those subjects who are responsible for the said processing. These rules, welcome as they are in their purpose of providing special fora expressly tailored in respect of the eculiarities of the litigation concerned, fall short of addressing adequately the problems of coordination which they raise in respect of the rules on jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters as currently set out under Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012 (s.c. “Brussels Ia” Regulation).Keywords: Jurisdiction; Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679; Processing of Personal Data; Right to an Effective Judicial Remedy; Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012 (“Brussels Ia”).

Tesi Il caso Dawson Damer v Taylor Wessing ha evidenziato la complessa interazione tra la crescente sensibilità verso la tutela dei dati personali ed il diritto di informazione dei beneficiari nella trust law inglese. Le richieste di accesso ai dati «SARs», invero, sembrano poter ampliare indirettamente i canali di accesso al trust e ai suoi documenti poiché contenenti i personal data dei beneficiari. Il precedente, tuttavia, ha evidenziato come i settori del trust e della Data Protection si pongono su piani diversi, essendo sorretti da principi e regole che gli odierni trustee - data controllers devono sapere bilanciare. The author’s view The Dawson Damer v Taylor Wessing case emphasized the complex interaction between the growing sensitivity to personal data protection and the beneficiaries’ right to trust information in English trust law. The Subject Access Requests «SARs», indeed, appear to indirectly widen the manner of access to trust and their documents as they contain the personal data of beneficiaries. The precedent, however, highlights how trust and data protection sectors stand on different planes, being underpinned by principles and rules that today’s trustee-data controllers must face and know how to balance.

La farmacogenetica è stata inizialmente definita come lo studio della variabilità di risposta individuale al farmaco legata all’ereditarietà e alle caratteristiche genetiche personali e familiari. Durante l’ultima decade il termine farmacogenomica ha ulteriormente affinato tale definizione delineando con più precisione gli ambiti e le finalità di questo nuovo ambito scientifico. L’obiettivo è ancora più affascinante e importante: sviluppare e utilizzare nuove terapie farmacologiche personalizzate, più efficaci e meno dannose, utilizzando le scoperte sul genoma umano. Dallo sviluppo di questa nuova applicazione della genetica probabilmente dipenderà anche un mutamento nella prassi medica, con nuovi criteri diagnostici e soprattutto nella possibilità di somministrare delle terapie personalizzate. La genomica applicata alla ricerca farmacologica, oltre alle diverse problematiche tecnico-scientifiche che ancora sono in via di risoluzione, impone anche, per l’ambito di applicazione - il genoma umano, quindi anche la persona umana, e le finalità che si prefigge cioè pervenire a nuove e ottimali soluzioni terapeutiche attraverso la ricerca clinica - un’ampia riflessione etica rispetto ad una pluralità di elementi in gioco. D’altra parte occorre anche considerare che ai vantaggi di una quota di popolazione potrebbero correlarsi svantaggi terapeutici per altre fasce di popolazione minoritarie, perciò è fondamentale che un’ampia e articolata riflessione e adeguate soluzioni vengano intraprese prima che la commercializzazione dei tests farmacogenetici possa causare discriminazioni tra i pazienti. Nell’articolo, gli Autori evidenziano le questioni etiche relative alla ricerca farmacogenetica di base, all’identificazione, alla collezione e alla brevettabilità dei dati, alla ricerca farmacogenetica applicata, con lo sviluppo di dispositivi diagnostici e il loro uso nelle sperimentazioni cliniche, alle procedure per la conservazione e dei campioni biologici e dei dati e per la tutela della riservatezza, al ruolo dei Comitati di Etica nella valutazione dei protocolli sperimentali di farmacogenetica, al consenso informato per i soggetti di sperimentazione.

Es un lugar común referirse sistemáticamente a las transformaciones del Derecho público, circunstancia esta que, como insiste en señalar buena parte de la doctrina, se encuentra agravada en el caso del Derecho administrativo. El avance tecnológico y los crecientes procesos de modernización de las diferentes Administraciones públicas, las cuales no son ajenas en forma alguna al actual tsunami digital, ha permitido evidenciar la necesidad de contar con un ordenamiento jurídico-administrativo adaptado a la realidad en red, capaz de combatir el pernicioso alcance que el impulso de la digitalización y datificación de la sociedad posee en la esfera vital de la ciudadanía. En efecto, el transcurso del tiempo y el progreso digital no han hecho más que acentuar la preeminencia del Derecho administrativo, entendido como dique de contención capaz de preservar la dignidad de la persona ante las tribulaciones propiciadas por la (r)evolución tecnológica. Dificultosa travesía que encuentra en la tutela jurídica de la protección de datos de carácter personal uno de sus principales desafíos, y a cuyo estudio se dedican las próximas páginas.

La garantía jurisdiccional de Hábeas Data constituye un mecanismo procesal que atribuye protección constitucional frente al impacto de las nuevastecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC), en lo que respecta a la tutela del derecho fundamental a la autodeterminación informativa. La metodología aplicada para el estudio de este fenómeno jurídico se derivó de la teoría tridimensional del derecho. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación se justificó a partir del estudio y análisis del régimen jurídico en Ecuador para la garantía del Habeas Data; y, caracterización de los presupuestos jurídicos necesarios para garantizar su ejercicio en la sociedad de la información. Al respecto, la doctrina considera que el habeas data y el derecho a la autodeterminación informativa constituye un instituto de garantía de otros derechos fundamentales y que, en la sociedad de la información, no se trata de impedir el uso de TIC sino de conciliar estas con el respeto de la dignidad del hombre. Como principales resultados están la importancia de las resoluciones de la Corte Constitucional en donde se precisa la incorporación en el Derecho de nuevos conceptos relacionados con esta garantía. Cardinalmente, la libertad informática y autodeterminación informativa se presentan como instituciones jurídicas orientadas a tutelar no solamente el “acceso” sino también el “control” sobre los datos personales. Por ello, en la era tecnológica se concluye que el Hábeas Data debe garantizar la libertad informática en lo concerniente al tratamiento “ilegítimo” y “no autorizado” de la información personal.

Resumo: O artigo discute as implicações jurídicas que derivam do fenómeno tecnológico denominado por “contact tracing”, o qual consiste numa técnica de rastreio através do tratamento massivo de dados pessoais de um grande volume de sujeitos. O objetivo é que este tratamento permita descobrir situações patológicas ligadas ao novo SARS-CoV2, adotando posteriormente um conjunto de ações que procuram mitigar os efeitos negativos deste vírus. Mas, contudo, levantam-se um conjunto de questões que merecem resposta, designadamente sobre a necessidade dos dados pessoais dos sujeitos, a sua legitimidade no tratamento e quais os limites dos poderes estaduais? Assim, quais os contextos de legitimidade e de necessidade de tratamento dos dados pessoais? Será que a necessidade dos dados pessoais pressupõe a ablação da tutela dos dados pessoais necessários ao controlo dos efeitos derivados do surto pandémico? Traçando o processo de tutela dos dados pessoais objeto de tratamento pelos Estados, a fim de dar cumprimento aos desideratos de prevenção e mitigação dos efeitos negativos despoletados pelo novo SARS-CoV2, será possível concluir pelo interesse público em detrimento dos interesses egoístas dos titulares dos dados pessoais? Ou será necessário adotar as medidas garantísticas consideradas suficientes e que não desconfigurem a posição central e matricial que o homem deve assumir num Estado baseado no respeito pela dignidade da pessoa humana? Procuraremos, com o presente artigo, dar resposta a estas questões enunciando a nossa posição e abordando as mesmas segundo uma visão europeia e atendendo ao quadro normativo de Direito da União Europeia e atendendo ao Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados, em vigor desde 2018 em todos os Estados-Membros e países, espaços ou territórios que tenham ligações com sujeitos residentes em qualquer dos Estados-Membros da União Europeia.Palavras-chave: COVID-19. Tutela Dados Pessoais. Saúde Pública. Contact tracing. Abstract: The article discusses the legal implications arising from the technological phenomenon known as "contact tracing", which consists of a tracking technique through the massive processing of personal data of a large volume of subjects. The aim is that this processing allows the discovery of pathological situations linked to the new SARS-CoV2, subsequently adopting a set of actions that seek to mitigate the negative effects of this virus. However, a set of questions arise that deserve an answer, namely about the need for the subjects' personal data, their legitimacy in the processing and what are the limits of state powers? Thus, what are the contexts of legitimacy and necessity of the processing of personal data? Does the necessity of the personal data presuppose the abrogation of the protection of personal data necessary to control the effects derived from the pandemic outbreak? Tracing the process of protection of personal data being processed by States in order to meet the desiderata of prevention and mitigation of the negative effects triggered by the new SARS-CoV2, is it possible to conclude that the public interest prevails over the selfish interests of the holders of personal data? Or is it necessary to adopt the guarantee measures considered sufficient and that do not disfigure the central and central position that man must assume in a State based on the respect for the dignity of the human being? With this article, we will try to answer these questions by stating our position and addressing them from a European perspective and taking into account the legal framework of European Union law and the General Data Protection Regulation, in force since 2018 in all Member States and countries, areas or territories that have links with subjects residing in any of the Member States of the European Union.Keywords: COVID-19. Protection personal data. Public health. Contact tracing.

En Ecuador, el derecho de acceso a la información se encuentra tutelado a través de dos mecanismos constitucionales, el hábeas data, y la acción de acceso a la información pública. Si bien el objetivo de cada recurso es salvaguardar el derecho antes mencionado, el contenido y alcance de cada uno es diferente. Mientras el hábeas data permite el acceso y manejo de la información personal, la acción de acceso a la información pública abre las puertas al escrutinio de la sociedad en el trabajo de la Administración Pública. Sin embargo, como se analizará en líneas posteriores, existen casos en los que acceder a la información de un desaparecido o fallecido es una tarea imposible, sobre todo cuando se trata de datos personales o hechos que rodearon la situación de su destino. Por esta razón, el presente ensayo tiene como propósito estudiar el alcance de la acción constitucional de acceso de información pública y del hábeas data, para luego verificar sus limitaciones al derecho de información, y cómo ello afecta a la potestad de los familiares del fallecido o del desaparecido para acceder a datos veraces sobre el paradero del mismo. Tras entender los limitantes de dichas acciones, se comprobará la existencia del vacío legal en que se incurre en el Ecuador y su posible solución.

ABSTRACT The right to be forgotten is recognized by the brazilian courts as embodied in the protection of human dignity. However, in the contemporary virtual environment, this right faces severe difficulties to be made effective, demanding instruments compatible with i) the dynamics of virtual relations; ii) the importance of conflicting — personal and public — legal assets; iii) the functioning mechanisms of virtual structures; and iv) the technical capacity for cessation or mitigation of the damage of the individuals involved. In this context, this research analyzes the viability of procedural protection of the right to be forgotten in Brazil through the de-indexing of data, recognizing the active role of search engine companies in its effectiveness before media companies. Methodologically, the study is based on a documentary research, done on a sampling of the brazilian legal literature and of the paradigmatic judgments of the brazilian Superior Court of Justice (SCJ). Also, a qualitative research was carried out, as it analyzed the foundations and effects verified in the samplings of those documents. There was also a quali-quantitative research of the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice aiming to verify if there is jurisprudence, or only isolated decisions. The deductive method was used, with the major premise — taken to be true — that it is possibile to extend the application’s spectrum of the protection of the right to be forgotten, and secondly, that the SCJ has a conservative position regarding the role of search engines. KEYWORDS: Civil Procedural Law; Data de-indexing; Right to be forgotten; Search engines. RESUMOO direito ao esquecimento é reconhecido pelo Judiciário como inserido na tutela da dignidade da pessoa humana. Entretanto, no ambiente virtual contemporâneo, esse direito enfrenta severas dificuldades para ser efetivado, demandando instrumentos compatíveis com a dinamicidade das relações virtuais, a importância dos bens jurídicos — pessoais e públicos — em conflito, os mecanismos de funcionamento das estruturas virtuais e a capacidade técnica dos sujeitos envolvidos para cessação ou mitigação do dano. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa analisa a viabilidade de tutela processual do direito ao esquecimento no Brasil por meio da desindexação de dados, reconhecendo-se o papel ativo das empresas motores de busca na sua efetivação perante as empresas de comunicação. Metodologicamente, o trabalho se fundamenta em uma pesquisa documental, feita sobre uma amostragem da literatura jurídica brasileira e de julgados paradigmáticos do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). Outrossim, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa qualitativa, pois analisou os fundamentos e efeitos verificados nas amostragens daqueles documentos. Houve, ainda, uma pesquisa qualiquantitativa, dos julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça objetivando verificar se há jurisprudência, ou apenas julgados isolados. Empregou-se o método dedutivo, tendo por premissa maior, considerada verdadeira, a possibilidade de ampliar o espectro de aplicação da proteção do direito ao esquecimento, e por segunda premissa, que o STJ apresenta posição conservadora em relação ao papel dos motores de busca. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Processo civil; Desindexação de informações; Direito ao esquecimento; Motores de busca.

Existe um consenso de que o desenvolvimento de um país depende da qualidade da sua educação. Assim, a Avaliação de Desempenho Docente (ADD) surgiu porque o Ministério da Tutela acredita que esta pode contribuir para a qualidade da educação, bem como para a valorização e o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional dos professores. Todavia, o tema é complexo, tendo dado origem a intensa contestação docente e sindical em Portugal. Este estudo pretendeu conhecer como os professores percecionam a avaliação de desempenho. Para tal, procedeu-se a uma investigação quantitativa numa amostra constituída por 240 professores a exercerem funções em Portugal Continental, aos quais administrámos um inquérito por questionário. Os dados recolhidos foram tratados e analisados utilizando a técnica de modelação de equações estruturais. As principais conclusões apontam, quanto ao género, habilitações académicas e tempo de serviço, para a existência de algumas associações com a perceção que os professores possuem sobre a adequação da avaliação de desempenho. Os resultados revelam ainda que os professores que apresentam um melhor entendimento sobre a avaliação de desempenho consideram cumprir mais os objetivos e manifestam ter melhor prática científica e pedagógica, sendo também aqueles que manifestam menor perceção da adequação do processo de avaliação docente.Palavras-chave: Avaliação; Desempenho; Professores ABSTRACTThere is a consensus about the idea that the development of a country depends on the quality of its education. The Teaching Performance Assessment arises because the Ministry of Education believes that it can contribute to the quality of education, as well as to the personal and professional development of the teachers. However, the issue is complex and it gave origin to intense teaching and union´s contestation in Portugal. This research aimed to know how teachers perceive teaching performance assessment. We carried out a quantitative research study with a sample of 240 teachers, to whom we applied a questionnaire. The data were treated and analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. The main conclusions point to, concerning gender, academic abilities and time of service, the existence of some associations with the perception that teachers have about the adequacy of the performance assessment. Results reveal that the teachers who present a better understanding about the performance evaluation consider to better attain its objectives; they also demonstrate a better scientific and pedagogical practice, and show less appreciation of the adequacy of the teacher evaluation process. Keywords: Assessment; Performance; Teachers

O avanço tecnológico mundial trouxe diversos benefícios para a humanidade, dentre os quais se destaca a velocidade na comunicação e de informação. Junto a isso, porém, verifica-se a propagação em massa de dados carentes de veracidade e/ou não contemporâneos, os quais ocasionam sofrimento e transtornos aos indivíduos envolvidos e expostos publicamente. Nesta perspectiva, busca-se analisar a aplicabilidade do Direito ao Esquecimento, considerando-se (i) os direitos da personalidade, constantes no Código Civil (art. 11-21), (ii) o direito à vida privada, intimidade e honra (art. 5º, X, CF), (iii) o princípio da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana (art. 1º, III, CF), bem como (iv) o direito de expressão/informação. Atenta-se, também, ao Marco Civil da Internet (Lei nº 12.965/2014) em cotejo com a nova Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (13.709/2018) e ao Enunciado 531 da VI Jornada de Direito Civil, que assegura a tutela judicial para resguardo do esquecimento de qualquer pessoa. Trata-se, pois, de compreender as possibilidades de invocar o esquecimento como direito, perspectiva que admite que um fato, mesmo que verídico, ocorrido em determinada época, deixe de ser revelado ao público, ou, ainda, possibilita que este seja retirado dos meios de comunicação.Palavras-chave: Direito ao esquecimento. Sociedade da informação. Direitos da personalidade. Dignidade da pessoa humana.ABSTRACTThe technological advance in the world has brought several benefits for humanity, among which the speed in communication and information is highlighted. Alongside this, however, there is the mass propagation of data lacking veracity and/or non-contemporaneous, which cause suffering and disruption to the individuals involved and publicly exposed. In this perspective, it is sought to analyze the applicability of the Right to Be Forgotten, considering (i) the personality rights contained in the Civil Code (article 11-21), (ii) the right to privacy, intimacy and honor (article 5º, X, CF), (iii) the principle of the Dignity of the Human Person (article 1, III, CF), as well as (iv) the right of expression/information. Attention is also given to the Civil Internet Framework (Law no. 12.965/2014) – making a brief comparison of this with the new General Law of Protection of Personal Data (Law no. 13.709/2018) – and to Statement 531 of the VI Civil Law Day, which ensures judicial protection to protect any person from being forgotten. It is therefore necessary to understand the possibilities of invoking oblivion as a right, a perspective that admits that a fact, even if true, occurred at a given time, is no longer revealed to the public, or even allows it to be taken from the public media. Keywords: Right to be forgotten. Information society. Personality rights. Dignity of human person.

<p>SIGMA tutoring is conducted in a church, namely the HKBP Binong Permai Tangerang. Because of the pandemic of COVID-19 in 2021, parents of church congregations have complaints about learning difficulties experienced by their children while online learning. The problem arises because the material studied by their children is quite difficult for their parents to guide. A solution is needed to overcome these problems, namely through Sigma tutoring. Sigma tutoring is implemented online by providing individual guidance for students. Online tutoring is being implemented currently according to government recommendations, it is prohibited to conduct face-to-face meetings between individuals. Even though by online learning, Sigma tutoring has a positive impact, namely that students/tutees feel helped by their learning difficulties, and tutors who are students can further hone their teaching skills through this Sigma tutoring. </p><p><strong><br /></strong><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABASTRACT</strong>: Bimbingan belajar SIGMA dilaksanakan di sebuah gereja yakni HKBP Binong Permai Tangerang. Akibat Pandemi akibat COVID-19 pada tahun 2021 ini, orang tua dari jemaat gereja memiliki keluhan atas kesulitan belajar yang dialami anak-anaknya saat belajar online. Permasalahan muncul karena materi yang dipelajari oleh anak-anaknya cukup sulit untuk dibimbing oleh orang tua mereka. Dibutuhkan solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, yakni melalui bimbingan belajar Sigma. Bimbingan belajar Sigma adalah bimbingan belajar yang dilaksanakan secara online, dengan memberikan bimbingan per individu untuk peserta didik. Bimbingan belajar secara online sedang marak dilaksanakan karena saat ini sesuai anjuran pemerintah melarang untuk melakukan pertemuan tatap muka antar personal. Meskipun dilakukan secara online, bimbingan belajar Sigma memberikan dampak positif yakni peserta didik/tutee merasa terbantu kesulitan belajarnya serta Tutor yang adalah mahasiswa dapat semakin mengasah kemampuan mengajarnya melalui bimbingan belajar Sigma ini.</p>

Desde los primeros capítulos de la construcción europea con el Tratado de Roma (1957) que cumple 60 años, la jurisprudencia dictada por el Tribunal de Justicia ha sido determinante para la dimensión constitucional del ordenamiento comunitario. En una secuencia de decisiones históricas, el TJ ha afirmado su primacía, eficacia vinculante y su unidad garantizando su interpretación y aplicación uniforme, pero también, sobre todo, los derechos fundamentales dimanantes de las tradiciones constitucionales comunes como fuente del Derecho europeo (principios generales). Esta doctrina se consolida en Derecho positivo, al fin, con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa (TL) en 2009, incorporando el TUE, el TFUE, y, relevantemente, la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la UE (CDFUE) con el «mismo valor jurídico que los Tratados» y, consiguientemente, parámetro de validez de todo el Derecho derivado, así como de enjuiciamiento de la compatibilidad de la legislación de los EE.MM con el Derecho europeo.La doctrina del TJUE sobre derechos fundamentales ha sido su proyección sobre la protección de datos en el marco de los derechos a la vida privada, a la privacidad frente a la transferencia electrónica de datos y al acceso a la tutela judicial de estos derechos (art. 7, 8 y 47 CDFUE). En ella conjuga los principios de reserva de ley (respetando su contenido esencial) y de proporcionalidad y necesidad de las medidas que les afecten. Pero, además, esta doctrina ha adquirido un impacto decisivo en la articulación jurídica de la relación transatlántica entre la UE y EEUU, confrontando los estándares de protección de datos a ambos lados del Atlántico e imponiendo garantías de un «nivel de protección adecuado» para los ciudadanos europeos. Este artículo examina el impacto de dos recientes sentencias relevantes del TJ —Asunto Digital Rights Ireland (2014) y Asunto Schrems (2015)— sobre el Derecho derivado (Directiva de Conservación de Datos de 2006, Directiva de Protección de Datos de 1995, y Decisión de «adecuación» de la Comisión Europea de 2000) y sobre instrumentos de Derecho internacional (Acuerdo Safe Harbour) entre la UE y EEUU. Impone, como consecuencia, no sólo una negociación que repare las deficiencias detectadas en ambas resoluciones sino una actualización del Derecho europeo (nuevo Data Protection Package en 2016) y una novedosa Ley federal de EEUU que por primera vez ofrece a los ciudadanos europeos acceso al sistema de recursos judiciales ante los tribunales estadounidenses en la defensa del derecho a la protección de datos (Judicial Redress Act, 2016).Right from the first very chapters of the European construction under the Treaty of Rome (1957), which turns 60 this year 2017, the jurisprudence by the Court of Justice has truly been decisive to shape the constitutional dimension of the European Community legal order. In a series of historical decisions, the CJEU has affirmed its primacy, its binding efficacy and unity, while guaranteeing its uniform interpretation and implementation. But it has also, above all, enshrined the fundamental rights resulting from the common constitutional traditions as a source of European Law (i.e general principles). This legal doctrine has been ultimately consolidated in positive Law, finally, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (TL) in 2009, incorporating the TEU, the TFEU and, most notably, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFREU) with the «same legal value as the Treaties». Charter Fundamental Rights have turned to be, consequently, a parameter for examining the validity of secondary EU legislation, as well as for scrutinizing and reviewing the standard of compatibility of the national legislation of EU Member States with European law. The legal doctrine of the ECJ on fundamental rights has been particularly relevant in its impact on the data protection in the framework of the rights to privacy, privacy with regard to the electronic data transfer, and access to judicial protection of these rights (art. 7, 8 and 47 CFREU). It combines the principles of reservation of law (in due respect of its essential content) as well as proportionality and necessity for legislative measures that might affect them. But, moreover, this doctrine has had a decisive impact on the legal articulation of the so-called transatlantic partnership between the EU and the US, confronting data protection standards on both sides of the Atlantic and imposing guarantees of an «adequate level of protection» for all European citizens. This paper explores the impact of two recent relevant decisions by the ECJ — its rulings on Digital Rights Ireland case (2014) and on the Schrems case (2015) — upon the secondary EU legislation (Data Retention Directive of 2006, Data Protection Directive of 1995, and the «adequacy» Decision of the European Commission of 2000), as well as upon International Law instruments (Safe Harbour Agreement) between the EU and the US. It imposes, as a consequence, not only a negotiation that remedies the shortcomings detected in both decisions, but also a compelling updating of European law itself (new Data Protection Package in 2016) and a new US federal law, which, for the first time ever, provides European citizens with access to judicial remedies in U.S. Courts in defending their right to data protection (Judicial Redress Act, 2016).

Background. Physical activity is a way to help people to acquire skills, knowledge and positive attitudes towards optimal growth, gaining general health and living happy moments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of general physical education classes on personality traits and mental well-being of female students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The target population included all female medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The participants of the experimental group were selected from among the students who had taken the one-credit general physical education course while the participants of the control group had not taken the general physical education course. The students completed the Berne Reuters Personality Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in two stages (first semester and end of semester). The general classes of the experimental group were conducted for 12 weeks and each week a 90-minute session was held from 8.30 am to 10 am. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and analysis of covariance. Results. The results showed that general physical education classes had a significant effect on all six personality traits studied and the students' mental well-being (happiness) (P=0.001). This period increased the traits of self-confidence, sociability and excellence and decreased the traits of nervousness, introversion and self-being of the participants and also increased the mental well-being of the experimental group (p<0.05) Conclusion. Doing sports activities promotes personality traits and students' mental well-being. Background One way to prevent mental injuries is to identify the factors associated with it, and personality traits and mental well-being are among the most stable psychological structures while physical activity as a way to help people to achieve Skills, knowledge and positive attitudes is in line with optimal growth, gaining general health and creating happy moments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of general physical education classes on personality traits and mental well-being of female students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TBZMED). Methods The present research is quasi-experimental and the research design is pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all female medical students of TBZMED, Tabriz, Iran. Among them, 120 people were selected through voluntary sampling and divided equally into experimental groups (those who had a general physical education unit in this semester) and control (those who did not have a general physical education unit). The participants of the experimental group were selected from among the students who had taken the one-credit general physical education course and a total of 60 people were selected as the participants of the experimental group. The participants of the control group were also selected from the dormitories of TBZMED students then completed the Bernreuter Personality Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in two stages (first semester and the end of semester). The general classes of the experimental group were conducted for 12 weeks and each week a 90-minute session was held for 12 sessions under the tutelage of a teacher and from 8.30 to 10 in the morning. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and analysis of covariance at the significance level of α <0.05 to analyze the data. Results The results showed that general physical education classes had a significant effect on all six personality traits studied and students' mental well-being (happiness) (P=0.001). This period increased the traits of self-confidence, sociability and excellence while decreasing the traits of nervousness, introversion and self-being of the participants and also increasing the mental well-being of the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusion Given that college life is associated with complex stresses, it seems that it may be possible to cope with such stresses and even enjoy college life by gaining psychological abilities through participation in activities Sports. Practical Implications Performing physical exercises in general physical education classes in the present study improved the scores of all personality components studied, i.e. programs and activities implemented in physical education classes increased extraversion, self-confidence, and sociality. It reduces the nervousness and excellence of students and also promotes the physical and mental health of students. Based on the findings of this study, sports exercises can be used to improve the physical and mental condition of students. Also, based on the studies conducted on the subject and examining the factors of mental well-being and personality factors of students and studying the methods and strategies ahead, it is expected that appropriate policies will be taken to increase the productivity of university students. Ethical Considerations All ethical issues related to research have been considered in the study. Confidentiality of information and the right to withdraw from research have been reserved for participants at all times. Among the ethical issues of the project in the research were: Before starting the work, the participants gave their consent. They were informed about the subject and method of implementation. The personal information of the candidates was protected, and in case of any disturbances, the necessary instructions were provided to the candidates to follow up. Participation in the study had no financial burden on the participants. Conflict of Interest In the present study, the authors had no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank all the participants and people who contributed to the present research.

Le procedure di informazione e consenso sono garanzia primaria di corretto svolgimento delle ricerche cliniche. Quando applicate al puro utilizzo di dati già conferiti, sono considerate garanzia di confidenzialità. Tuttavia, si rileva che la macchinosità e complessità delle procedure di informazione e consenso al puro impiego dei dati medici in forma anonima, nel contesto di studi osservazionali e di registri, introducono un errore sistematico nella raccolta dei dati. Ciò può rendere inutile lo studio per la popolazione in genere e, nel caso di registri di patologie croniche o recidivanti, anche per lo stesso soggetto, sia che conferisca, sia che scelga di non conferire i dati. Le procedure attualmente impiegate negli studi osservazionali, che sono direttamente mutuate da quelle in uso per gli studi intervenzionali, non sembrano quindi adeguate a garantire il migliore interesse del soggetto e della collettività. A ciò si aggiungono i problemi generati dalla legislazione di tutela della riservatezza, che non sembrano tenere conto della reale possibilità che venga tutelata - con adeguate procedure - la completa anonimità dei dati clinici personali, pur mantenendo la possibilità di verifica a pubblica garanzia della credibilità. Una possibile soluzione potrebbe essere almeno la estrema semplificazione delle procedure, o meglio il conferimento al Comitato di Etica competente della possibilità di autorizzare l’impiego aggregato di dati già esistenti nei documenti dell’istituzione, senza necessità di consenso specifico individuale. Queste ipotesi, tuttavia, potrebbero essere considerate solo in studi puramente osservazionali (registri di popolazione, registri per patologia o studi osservazionali analoghi). Per studi simili, quali i registri per farmaco (che richiedono informazione specifica e potrebbero implicare procedure aggiuntive) o gli studi di fase IV (che potrebbero anche essere intervenzionali e quindi richiedere specifica informazione o procedure aggiuntive), il Comitato di Etica dovrebbe comunque valutare studio per studio quali procedure di informazione e consenso siano più adeguate. ---------- Information and consent procedures are the main guarantee that clinical investigations are correctly performed. When applied to the exclusive aggregation of already recorded data, are considered guarantee of confidentiality. However, the complexity and intricacy of information and consent procedures to the pure aggregation of anonymously conferred data, within the context of observational studies and of registries, is found to introduce a bias in data collection. Such bias can render useless the investigation, for the population in general and, in the case of registries of chronic or recurrent diseases, for the very subject who confers or chooses not to confer the data. The procedures which are currently in use in observational studies, directly derived from those used in the interventional studies, do not appear therefore appropriate to guarantee the best interest of the subject and of the community. Additional problems derive from the legislation designed to safeguard the privacy. This appears not to account for the true possibility that complete anonymity of personal clinical data can be ensured - with appropriate procedures - still maintaining the possibility of verification to provide public guarantee of credibility. A possible solution could be at least an extreme simplification of the procedures or, even better, the responsible Ethics Committee could be made accountable for authorising the aggregate use of data already existing in the Institution’s documents, without the need for a specific individual consent. These hypotheses, however, can only be considered within the frame of purely observational studies (population registries, illness registries and similar observational studies). For analogous studies such as the drug registries (that might need specific information and additional monitoring procedures) or the phase-IV studies (that may also be interventional and require specific information or additional procedures), the Ethics Committee should evaluate study by study which information and consent procedures are most appropriate for the individual investigation.

Resumo A alta capacidade de disseminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2 fez com que vários países passassem a adotar providências excepcionais. Para assegurar a eficiência na fiscalização do cumprimento dessas determinações, os países começaram a valer-se da tecnologia da informação, entre elas o desenvolvimento de aplicativos de contact tracing. O uso dessa tecnologia enseja uma intervenção estatal no direito à privacidade, pois implica o tratamento de dados pessoais, de modo que se questiona a sua constitucionalidade no contexto do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir da análise da sua proporcionalidade. Este trabalho, portanto, objetiva, com base no estado da arte apresentado, identificar os limites legais e constitucionais da utilização dos aplicativos de contact tracing pelo Estado brasileiro em um contexto de pandemia à luz do direito à privacidade, em face do conteúdo da LGPD e a partir da aplicação do critério da proporcionalidade. Nesse cenário, questiona-se: diante da colisão entre a proteção aos dados pessoais, o direito à privacidade e a tutela da saúde pública, é proporcional que o Estado faça uso de aplicações de contact tracing? A pesquisa fez uso do método dedutivo e pautou-se em uma análise exploratória e interdisciplinar, recorrendo tanto à dogmática jurídico-constitucional quanto ao conhecimento técnico da tecnologia da informação. É possível concluir que as aplicações de contact tracing devem ser construídas de modo a seguir o protocolo da descentralização, utilizando uma abordagem baseada em proximidade e técnicas seguras de transmissão de dados e encriptação de informações para facilitar a anonimização dos dados.

A PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS PESSOAIS NA INTERNET NO BRASIL: ANÁLISE DE DECISÕES PROFERIDAS PELO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA ON INTERNET IN BRAZIL: ANALYSIS OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENTS Francieli Puntel Raminelli*Letícia Bodanese Rodegheri** RESUMO: As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) estão cada vez mais inseridas no cotidiano dos indivíduos sendo, muitas vezes, ignorado o seu potencial ofensivo. Isso se mostra factível quando se trata da proteção de dados pessoais, que, se mal empregados, podem ser comercializados e causarem danos aos titulares. A União Europeia possui inúmeras diretrizes para a regulamentação do tema, as quais foram seguidas por outros países como, por exemplo, a Argentina. No Brasil, apesar da edição da Lei n.º 12.965, de 2014, ainda restam muitas questões não regulamentadas, cuja solução fica a cargo do Poder Judiciário, que as soluciona de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico existente no país. O presente trabalho objetiva, utilizando-se do método de abordagem dedutivo, apresentar o tema em sua perspectiva teórica, analisar a lei Argentina existente, como um marco referencial e, ao final, examinar o tratamento da matéria no Brasil, por meio de algumas decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Para tanto, também foi empregado o método de procedimento monográfico (estudo de caso) juntamente com a técnica de pesquisa documental. Conclui-se ser necessária e emergencial a regulamentação da proteção aos dados pessoais no Brasil, devendo ser utilizadas as diretrizes já existentes em outros países como parâmetro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Proteção de dados pessoais. Direito à Intimidade. Direito à Privacidade. Lei Argentina de Proteção de Dados. Jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. ABSTRACT: The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are increasingly embedded in daily life, but their offensive potential is often ignored. When the protection of personal data fails, the information can be commercialized and cause damage to the users. The European Union has numerous guidelines for the regulation of the subject, which were followed by other countries, such as Argentina. In Brazil, despite the enactment of the Law n.º 12.965/2014, there are still many unregulated issues, which are solved only through litigation, in accordance with the existing legal system in the country. Through a deductive method of approach, this research aims to present the theme in its theoretical perspective, analyzing the existing law in Argentina and examining the legal treatment in Brazil, with especial attention to Supreme Court decisions. In this intention, a study case method and a documental technique of research were adopted. The conclusion is that it is necessary to regulate the protection of personal data in Brazil, embracing the guidelines of other countries as parameters. KEYWORDS: Protection of personal data. Right to Privacy. Argentinean Law on Data Protection. Supreme Court Judgments. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 A Tutela da Intimidade e dos Dados Pessoais na Internet. 2 A Proteção dos Dados Pessoais na America Latina: a Experiência Argentina. 3 O Tratamento dos Dados Pessoais no Brasil: Casos Concretos. Considerações Finais. Referências.* Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, com período de pesquisa e atuação com professora convidada na Universidade de Sevilla, Espanha. Professora da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e da Faculdade de Direito de Santa Maria (FADISMA). Membro do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Direito e Internet, registrado no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).** Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul.

The focus of this paper is to investigate the process of becoming an effective student tutor based on perspectives from other student tutors and my own self-reflection, while working at Kanda University of International Studies. The data on which this research is based was from a survey for student tutors registered in the spring semester of 2018. The survey consisted of questions about student tutors’ motivation and approaches to their tutoring sessions, individual interviews with current tutors and weekly written reflections on my own sessions. It discusses challenges that those student tutors faced such as differences in tutoring style, personal English levels, motivation and tutor autonomy. It also explores the reasons why peer tutoring programs are highly beneficial to students. This paper also offers suggestions for future student tutors and tutees as well as for school administrators. Peer supported learning has been studied by many researchers and the benefits are well documented: improving relationship building skills, self-esteem, social competence and psychological well-being (Briggs, 2013). However, there has only been limited research analyzing how student tutors and tutees have changed over the course of their sessions and created a deep positive learning relationship. When I first became a student tutor, instructors who were in charge of this tutoring program shared a lot of information with us, such as sample questions to ask students and materials to use in sessions. Administrative support given by the instructors was very helpful but it was slightly too general and I struggled with how to improve my sessions. After discussing the situation with professors at my institution, I obtained many useful ideas and significantly improved relationships with my students. This paper discusses my experiences as a peer tutor and the process of how I became a more efficient tutor while investigating how other peer tutors struggled and improved their tutoring skills.

INTERNET E PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS PESSOAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DAS NORMAS JURÍDICAS BRASILEIRAS A PARTIR DAS REPERCUSSÕES DO CASO NSA VS. EDWARD SNOWDEN INTERNET AND PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA: AN ANALYSIS OF BRAZILIAN LEGAL STANDARDS THROUGH THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE CASE NSA VS. EDWARD SNOWDEN Salete Oro Boff*Vinícius Borges Fortes** RESUMO: A Constituição Federal do Brasil, no artigo 5º, inciso X, assegura a inviolabilidade da vida privada, da intimidade e da honra como um direito fundamental. O Marco Civil da Internet instituiu, no Brasil, diversidade de princípios e parâmetros para a regulação da internet no país. Observa-se, assim, a existência de uma lacuna no sistema jurídico brasileiro, de norma e infraestrutura, para a efetivação da garantia ao direito à proteção dos dados na internet como em outros países. Esta pesquisa busca responder em que medida a norma jurídica brasileira esta adequada como resposta aos atos de vigilância e monitoramento de informações e dados pessoais dos usuários praticada pela NSA – National Security Agency, a partir dos objetivos de (i) observar e mapear a interação de diálogos sociais e institucionais dos Estados Unidos na formação do backlash do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden; (ii) observar e mapear os resultados da formação do backlash do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden a partir do reconhecimento da violação do direito à privacidade e à proteção dos dados pessoais como violação de direitos humanos; (iii) observar e mapear as normas jurídicas brasileiras constituídas a partir da compreensão jurídica da internet e as repercussões do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. A pesquisa desenvolve o método de análise do mapeamento crítico, analisando comparativamente a interação de diálogos sociais e institucionais nos Estados Unidos na formação do backlash no caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden, relacionado à vigilância e monitoramento de dados e informações pessoais pela agência estadunidense. O mapeamento crítico proposto nessa pesquisa leva em consideração os marcos regulatórios para a governança da internet no Brasil, e que tenham por escopo assegurar a proteção jurídica do direito à privacidade, à inviolabilidade dos dados pessoais, em equilíbrio com o direito ao acesso à informação, sobretudo em relação ao tema do estudo, que se concentra na compreensão de que a violação do direito à privacidade e à proteção dos dados pessoais configura uma transgressão aos direitos humanos. A pesquisa identifica que o Brasil possui normas jurídicas que atendem parcialmente aos anseios da sociedade em relação à proteção de dados pessoais, especialmente após a repercussão dos atos de vigilância em massa promovidos pelo governo dos EUA. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Privacidade. Vigilância em massa. Ciberespaço. NSA vs. Edward Snowden. ABSTRACT: Brazilian Federal Constitution, Article 5, section X, ensure the inviolability of privacy, intimacy and honour as a fundamental right. The Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights (also called ‘Marco Civil da Internet’) instituted a diversity of principles and parameters for regulation of Internet in Brazil. Therefore, it can be verified the existence of a gap in Brazilian legal system, which cannot assure as effective guarantee to the right to data protection on the Internet as identified in other countries. This research seeks to analyze to what extent the Brazilian legal rules are appropriate to answer acts of surveillance and monitoring of information and personal data of users practiced by the NSA - National Security Agency. Its aim is (i) to observe and map the interaction between social and institutional dialogues in US in the backlash formation of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden case; (ii) to observe and map the results of the formation of the backlash of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden case through the recognition of the infringement of the right to privacy and protection of personal data as an infringement of human rights; and (iii) to examine and map Brazilian legal rules established based on a legal understanding of the Internet and the repercussions of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden. This research was developed through the method of analysis of critical mapping, comparatively analysing the interaction of social and institutional dialogue in the United States in the formation of backlash of NSA vs. Edward Snowden, which was related to the surveillance and the monitoring of data and personal information by the US agency. The critical mapping proposed in this study takes into account regulatory frameworks for the governance of the Internet in Brazil that have the scope to ensure legal protection of the right to privacy and inviolability of personal data, in balance with the right of access to information. The research emphasizes the understanding that the infringement of the right to privacy and the protection of personal data constitutes a violation of human rights. The study identifies that Brazil has legal rules that partially meet social concerns regarding the protection of personal data, especially after the impact of actions of mass surveillance promoted by the US government. KEYWORDS: Privacy. Surveillance. Cyberspace. Human rights. NSA vs. Edward Snowden. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 Internet, ciberespaço e sociedade: a violação de direitos e o uso de dados pessoais. 1.1 A sociedade da relevância, o Estado de vigilância e a surveillance. 2 Uma análise da violação de dados pessoais na internet a partir do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. 2.1 O Direito brasileiro e as repercussões do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. 2.1.1 A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais em um contexto constituído a partir de uma compreensão jurídica da internet. Conclusão. Referências.* Pós-doutora pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Doutora em Direito pela Universidade do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rio Grande do Sul.** Doutor em Direito pela Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, na linha de pesquisa Direitos Fundamentais e Novos Direitos. Professor do curso de Direita da Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rio Grande do Sul.

The first year of higher education (HE) marks one of the most significant transitions in a student’s life. Within the U.K., the subject area of Sport and Exercise Science (SES) has a problem with effectively supporting and retaining students as they transition into HE. If students’ capabilities to successfully transition are to be fully understood and resourced, it is necessary for research to foreground students’ lived realities. Utilising letter to self-methodology, 58 s- and third-year undergraduate SES students wrote to their younger self, providing guidance on how to successfully transition into HE. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Six themes and four sub-themes were identified. Following the development of a single composite version of an “Older, wiser self letter” to represent the identified themes, this resource was integrated into the institution’s pastoral care resources and sessions where personal tutors connected with their tutees. Student member reflections were completed to gather feedback regarding the resource’s effectiveness. The composite letter provides an authentic account of how to face obstacles encountered as students transition into HE. Students’ member reflections highlighted that the letter was a valuable resource as a prompt for discussion regarding their experiences of transitioning into HE. When in the student journey the letter was read was particularly important. The value of this composite letter lies in the implementation of tutor-tutee and student peer-peer conversations at key “moments” throughout their journey in HE, helping students understand the challenges and opportunities for success during transition.

L’acquacoltura ha sempre rappresentato un’importante attività di allevamento animale e mai come oggi ha assunto un’importanza crescente dovuta ad una sempre maggior domanda di consumo annuo pro capite di pesce che, tuttavia, ha comportato una contestuale diminuzione dell’apporto della pesca. La movimentazione di pesce vivo è parte integrante della attività di piscicoltura in tutta Europa. Negli ultimi decenni in Italia l’allevamento del pesce e di altre specie acquatiche è stato in costante aumento, stabilizzandosi solo negli ultimi anni. Si è registrato un sempre maggiore interesse alle pratiche di acquacoltura utilizzate e ai relativi problemi di benessere dei pesci da parte del legislatore, nel campo della ricerca e da parte dei consumatori. I dati dimostrano che l’acquacoltura è un settore in crescita: nell’anno 2016 sono stati trasportati e introdotti in Italia oltre 72 milioni di Kg. di pesce vivo (35.5% trote – 14.6% spigole e orate – 4% pesce gatto e anguille) e si prevede che a livello mondiale nel 2030 il 60% del pesce consumato sarà di allevamento. In Italia le specie più trasportate sono le orate, le spigole nelle fasi giovanili e le trote. La maggior parte delle specie di pesce che sono allevate vengono spostate almeno una volta durante il loro ciclo produttivo, mentre alcuni animali vengono movimentati più volte. In acquacoltura sono allevate e trasportate oltre 60 specie diverse di pesci (oltre 30 specie in Europa). Se ne deduce che quantità di animali trasportati e la e la lunghezza durata del viaggio possono variare considerevolmente, in funzione del ciclo produttivo e delle necessità commerciali, che talvolta possono cambiare anche nel corso dello stesso anno. Il trasporto dei pesci è forse il più difficile e delicato rispetto alle altre specie di vertebrati, per cui ne deriva che un piccolissimo errore nelle varie fasi di trasporto ne comprometterebbe il benessere degli animali nonché una perdita economica nel settore. L’azione di protezione e di mantenimento delle condizioni di benessere del pesce vivo durante le operazioni di trasporto, che dovrebbe essere un dovere morale dell’allevatore e/o autotrasportatore, è un obbligo sancito dalla legislazione vigente e comporta una responsabilità legale sia degli operatori del settore, sia delle autorità competenti preposte ai controlli, le quali devono avere una alta professionalità e competenza nel corso delle operazioni ispettive e di vigilanza. Nelle attività di trasporto del pesce, è necessario eseguire le operazioni secondo specifici protocolli operativi, allo scopo di non pregiudicare lo stato di salute e indirettamente anche il valore economico degli animali oggetto di movimentazione. E’ rilevante quindi che gli operatori e il personale addetto siano formati e preparati per garantire ai pesci un trasporto senza stress. A tal proposito è importante sottolineare l’importanza fondamentale della figura del veterinario, il quale rappresenta oggi la sola figura professionale e con competenze scientifiche a cui la legge attribuisce il compito-dovere di verifica e di controllo delle condizioni degli animali e dei loro prodotti, nello specifico anche del pesce, ivi compresi i provvedimenti a tutela della protezione del benessere dell’animale durante il trasporto e che comportano, inoltre, anche la valutazione delle condizioni di dolore, stress, o sofferenze evitabili nel corso delle operazioni. Con il presente ‘Manuale’, vengono riportate una serie di misure specifiche da applicare nella gestione del trasporto su strada del pesce vivo, al fine di definire ed individuare le condizioni ottimali di benessere nel corso delle movimentazioni.

RIASSUNTOScopo – 1. Effettuare un censimento di tutte le Strutture Residenziali (SR) psichiatriche presenti in Italia (Fase 1); 2. Condurre una approfondita valutazione delle strutture e dei pazienti ospitati in un campione rappresentativo pan al 20% delle SR censite (Fase 2); 3. Attivare programmi specifici di formazione per il personale delle SR (Fase 3). Metodi – Per la raccolta dei dati di Fase 1 e stata elaborata una scheda apposita. Questa scheda e stata somministrata, sotto forma di intervista strutturata, direttamente ai responsabili delle SR; in molti casi le informazioni sono state integrate con quelle fornite direttamente da operatori delle SR o dei Dipartimenti di Salute Mentale (DSM). Risultati – Al termine della Fase 1 sono state censite (maggio 2000) 1370 SR con 4 o più posti residenziali, con un numero totale di posti pari a 17138, un numero medio di 12.5 posti per SR ed un tasso di posti residenziali per 10000 abitanti pari a 2.98 (superiore allo standard del Progetto Obiettivo Tutela della Salute Mentale 1998-2000, pari a 2/10.000). II tasso di posti residenziali e pari a poco meno di 3/4 del tasso stimato da Ruggeri et al. (2000) di pazienti con disturbi mentali gravi e persistenti di tipo psicotico (13.9 per 10000). La dotazione di SR e risultata molto variabile tra le varie aree d'Italia. La maggioranza delle SR (51%) e stata attivata dal gennaio 1997 in poi; circa i tre quarti delle SR hanno una copertura assistenziale 24 ore su 24. I DSM gestiscono direttamente oltre la meta delle SR; la grande maggioranza delle SR (78%) e finanziata direttamente dal Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN). La meta circa delle SR (49%) ospita prevalentemente pazienti compresi nella fascia di eta tra 40 e 59 anni. Per quanto riguarda gli operatori, nelle SR lavorano 11240 operatori a tempo pieno, più una quota significativa di operatori a tempo parziale; il numero medio totale di operatori per SR e di 13.6. Circa il 40% degli operatori delle SR non ha una qualificazione specifica di tipo psichiatrico. Il totale dei pazienti ospitati nelle SR e di 15943; di essi, il 58% non e mai stato ricoverato in Ospedale Psichiatrico (OP), mentre il 40% circa lo e stato; una piccola quota (1.6%) e stata ricoverata in Ospedale Psichiatrico Giudiziario (OPG). Infine, nel corso del 1999 il 38% delle SR non ha dimesso nessun ospite, il 31% ha dimesso un massimo di due ospiti, e soltanto nel 31% circa delle SR sono stati dimessi tre o più ospiti. Discussione – Dal PROGRES emerge un'ampia variabilita nella dotazione di SR tra le varie Regioni e P.A., che e correlata alia dotazione di altre strutture assistenziali psichiatriche. La maggior parte delle SR fornisce un'assistenza di tipo intensivo, e sembra mancare quel range differenziato di strutture, in termini di intensita assistenziale, livelli di autonomia, ecc, da molti considerato come ottimale per il trattamento prolungato di pazienti gravi con livelli di disabilita che fluttuano nel tempo. Le SR hanno un ridotto turn-over, il che pone dei problemi rispetto alia possibility di una futura, ulteriore espansione di queste strutture. Conclusioni – Il progetto PROGRES sta fornendo importanti informazioni relative ad un'intera tipologia di strutture, che riveste un particolare rilievo per l'attuale sistema dei servizi psichiatrici. L'esperienza fatta con il PROGRES dimostra inoltre che e possibile, utilizzando le risorse disponibili all'interno del SSN, progettare e portare avanti, con efficienza e in tempi rapidi, progetti di ricerca multicentrici di ampia portata.

Il progresso compiuto dalla medicina in tutti i suoi settori fa emergere sempre più questioni che non sono più solo di tipo clinico ma che anche inevitabilmente pongono interrogativi di tipo etico. Attraverso gli strumenti che la scienza offre si è portati a riflettere non solo sulla validità clinica di una scelta circa un percorso di cura e l'iter attraverso cui affrontarlo, ma anche sull'opportunità di intraprenderlo, sulla proporzionalità dell'intervento e sull'effettivo beneficio. La professione medica nell'analisi di un riscontro sociale, è continuamente a confronto con i vari punti di vista per cui non sempre la soluzione felice di un caso appare uguale anche per gli altri. L'etica medica considera l'individuo come un agente morale, come persona in toto i cui diritti devono essere rispettati per quanto riguarda le decisioni sulla propria vita. L'evoluzione della ricerca scientifica ha completamente sconvolto la fase di progressiva transizione verso il termine della vita, portandolo ad un rilevante prolungamento della durata media, di fronte anche ad un male degenerativo, suggerendo l'approccio alla malattia con strumenti atti a conciliare un equilibrio, anche quando la cura non vuol dire per forza guarigione. L'obbiettivo da tutelare e realizzare è l'attenzione per il malato, perseguire il suo migliore interesse di fronte alle più svariate fasi delle patologie croniche, ricorrendo ai più attuali sistemi di cura, per il vantaggio psico-fisico del paziente e per una corretta ed etica gestione delle risorse disponibili offerte. L'approccio con il malato non si traduce solo come cura del corpo ma anche come attenzione agli aspetti psicologici, la cui mancata considerazione rischia di amplificare i sentimenti di disagio, solitudine e dolore. Il rapporto con il malato include molto spesso un'equipe di medici che collaborano con i suoi familiari, portando avanti un ideale di assistenza umanizzata, proprio perchè a volte un paziente desidera empatia e comprensione oltre la semplice terapia medica, favorendo così un percorso di sollievo al suo stato. La valutazione della qualità della vita o della diversa condizione di salute, è del tutto soggettiva: ogni individuo è assolutamente unico ed irripetibile, con i suoi valori e le sue scelte di libertà che rispecchiano la propria dignità e ne esprimono il rispetto, anche quando, spesso, ci si trova di fronte a un punto di non ritorno. ---------- The progress achieved in all fields of medicine does not longer raise clinical issues only, but also ethical ones. The instruments that science offers lead us to think not only about the clinical validity of the choice of therapy and the process to deal with, but also about the opportunity of undertake it, the proportionality of intervention and the actual benefits. Hardly a good solution seems to be good to others, because, in the analysis of a social comparison, the medical profession is always compared with various points of view. Medical ethic considers the individual as a person and a subject whose rights and decisions regarding its life, are binding. The evolution of scientific research has completely unsettled the phase of gradual transition to the end of life, bringing it to a relevant protraction of the average lifespan, even in case of degenerative condition, suggesting the approach to disease with instruments able to strike a balance, even when therapies don’t bring to healing. The goal to achieve is the care for the patient, to pursue his personal interest in all the phases of a chronic pathology resorting to the most up-to-date medical approaches, to take the best of patient’s psychophysical resources but with a correct and ethical resource management too. The approach to the patient does not include the healing only, but the care of patient’s state of mind, because a careless approach would increase patient’s malaise, his feelings of loneliness and pain. The relation with a sick person often includes a team of medics co-operating with patient’s family, pursuing an ideal of humanized medical assistance, because sometimes a patient needs empathy and comprehension beyond medical therapy. The quality-of-life evaluation or the different health condition, is utterly subjective: every single person is absolutely unique, with his value system and his choices reflecting his dignity even when, often, approaching a point of no return.

To sin by silence, when we should protest,Makes cowards out of men.— Ella Wheeler WilcoxProtest is culturally entwined in historical and juro-political realities and is a fundamental element of the exercise of individual and collective rights. As our title notes, while there are currently many ‘protests in progress’ around the world, there is also a great deal of ‘progress in protest’ in terms of what protests look like, their scale and number, how they are formed and conducted, their goals, how they can be studied, as well as the varying responses formed in relation to protest. The etymology of protest associates two important dynamics pertaining to the topic. Firstly, a protest is something that is put forward, forth, or toward the front (from the Latin pro); essentially, it is in one manner or another, made publically. Secondly, it suggests that a person or persons have beared witness (testis) and instead of remaining silent, have made a declaration or assertion (testari). In other words, someone has made public their disapproval or objection. The nine articles that comprise this issue of M/C Journal on ‘protest’ reminds us of these salient elements of protest. Each, in their own way, highlight the importance of not remaining silent when faced with an injustice or in order to promote social change. As Bill McKibben (7) outlines in his foreword to an excellent collection of protest documents, ‘voices of protest ... are often precisely what propels human civilisation forward and allows it to become unstuck’. However, not all forms of contemporary protest shares ideological or progressive aims. Here, we might consider the emergence of contentious formations such as the alt-right and antifa, what is considered ‘fake’ or ‘real’, and ongoing conflicts between notions of individual and collective rights and state sovereignty.This modest but insightful collection demonstrates the broad scope of this field of inquiry. This issue explores the intersections among social justice, identity and communications technology, as well as the convergences and divergences in the form, function and substance of protest. Through an analysis of protest’s relationship to media, the author’s highlight the possibilities of protest to effect social change. The issue begins with Lakota screenwriter and activist Floris White Bull’s (Floris Ptesáŋ Huŋká) discussion of the documentary AWAKE, a Dream from Standing Rock (2017) and the #NODAPL protest. The film, split into three parts, takes a poignant and quite personal look at the native-led peaceful resistance at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in North Dakota in 2016. This protest involved tens of thousands of activists from all over the world who opposed the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) which was to transport fracked oil directly underneath the Missouri River and through sovereign Lakota land (see Image 1). However, the events at Standing Rock were not a single-issue protest and brought activists together over a range of interrelated issues including environmental protection, human rights, water security, community health and Native American sovereignty. The Water Protectors were also forced to contest racist and disparaging media representations. As such, Standing Rock remains a site of cultural exchange and learning. These protests are not historical, but instead, are an ongoing struggle. The film AWAKE is important as testimony to the injustices at Standing Rock. A short description of the film is first provided in order to provide some additional context to perspectives addressed in the film. From there, White Bull has been invited to respond to questions posed by the editors regarding the Standing Rock Protests and documentary films such as AWAKE. As an Indigenous person fighting for justice, White Bull reminds readers that ‘[t]he path forward is the same as it has always been – holding on to our goals, values and dignity with resilience’.Image 1: Dakota Access Pipeline Protesters, 2016. Photo credit: Indigenous Environmental Network.Cat Pausé and Sandra Grey use an example of fat shaming to investigate how media impacts body politics and determines who is enfranchised to voice public dissent. Media becomes a mechanism for policing and governing bodily norms and gendered identities. As well as outlining a brief history of feminist body activism, the authors draw on personal experience and interview material with activists to reflect on fat embodiment and politics. Also informed by intersectional approaches, their work alerts us to the diverse vectors by which injustice and oppression fall on some bodies differently as well as the diverse bodies assembled in any crowd.Greg Watson suggests that “[c]ontemporary societies are increasingly becoming sites in which it is more difficult for people to respectfully negotiate disagreements about human diversity”. Drawing on his experiences organising Human Libraries throughout Australia, Watson argues these spaces create opportunities for engaging with difference. In this sense Human Libraries can be considered sites which protest the micropublics’ “codes of civility” which produce everyday marginalisations of difference.Micropolitics and creative forms of protest are also central to Ella Cutler, Jacqueline Gothe, and Alexandra Crosby’s article. The author’s consider three design projects which seek to facilitate ethical communication with diverse communities. Drawing on Guy Julier’s tactics for activist design, each project demonstrates the value of slowing down in order to pay attention to experience. In this way, research through design offers a reflexive means for engaging social change.Research practices are also central to making visible community resistance. Anthony McCosker and Timothy Graham consider the role of social networking in urban protests through the campaign to save the iconic Melbourne music venue The Palace (see Image 2). Their article considers the value of social media data and analytics in relation to the court proceedings and trial processes. Given the centrality of social media to activist campaigns their reflections provide a timely evaluation of how data publics are constituted and their ongoing legacy.Image 2: Melbourne’s Palace Theatre before demolition. Photo Credit: Melbourne Heritage Action.For Marcelina Piotrowski pleasure is central to understanding data production and protest. She draws on a Deleuze and Guattarian framework in order to consider protests against oil pipelines in British Columbia. Importantly, through this theoretical framework of ‘data desires’, pleasure is not something owned by the individual subject but rather holds the potential to construct generative social collectivities. This is traced through three different practices: deliberation in online forums; citizen science and social media campaigns. This has important implications for understanding environmental issues and our own enfolding within them. Nadine Kozak takes a look at how Online Service Providers (OSPs) have historically used internet ‘blackouts’ in order to protest United States government regulations. Kozak points to protests against the Communications Decency Act (1996) which sought to regulate online pornographic material and the Stop Online Piracy Act (2011) which proposed increased federal government power to take action against online copyright infringement. Recently, the United States Congress recently passed the Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) and the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act (SESTA), which hold OSPs liable for third-party content including advertising for prostitution. However, despite condemnation from the Department of Justice and trafficking victims, OSPs did not utilise blackouts as a means to protest these new measures. Kozak concludes that the decision to whether or not to utilise blackout protests is dependent on the interests of technology companies and large OSPs. It is evident that most especially since Donald Trump popularised the term, ‘fake news’ has taken a centre stage in discussions concerning media. In fact, the lines between what is fake and what is official have become blurred. Most recently, QAnon proponents have been attending Trump rallies and speeches giving further visibility to various conspiracy narratives stemming from online message boards (see Image 3). Marc Tuters, Emilija Jokubauskaitė, and Daniel Bach establishe a clear timeline of events in order to trace the origins of ‘#Pizzagate’; a 2016 conspiracy theory that falsely claimed that several U.S. restaurants and high-ranking officials of the Democratic Party were connected with human trafficking and an alleged child-sex ring. The authors investigate the affordances of 4chan to unpack how the site’s anonymity, rapid temporality and user collectivisation were instrumental in creating ‘bullshit’; a usage which the authors suggest is a “technical term for persuasive speech unconcerned with veracity”. This provides an understanding of how alt-right communities are assembled and motivated in a post-truth society. Image 3: QAnon proponents at Trump rally in Tampa, 31 July 2018. Photo credit: Kirby Wilson, Tampa Bay Times.Finally, Colin Salter analyses protests for animal rights as a lens to critique notions of national identity and belonging. Protests on whaling in the Southern Ocean (see Image 4) and live export trade from Australia continue to be highly contested political issues. Salter reflects on the ABC’s 2011 exposé into Australian live animal exports to Indonesia and the 2014 hearings at the International Court of Justice into Japanese whaling. Salter then traces the common elements between animal rights campaigns in order to demonstrate the manner in which the physical bodies of animals, their treatment, and the debate surrounding that treatment become sites for mapping cultural identity, nationhood, and sovereignty. Here, Salter suggests that such inquiry is useful for promoting broader consideration of efficacious approaches to animal advocacy and social change.Image 4: The ship Bob Barker, rammed by the Japanese whaling vessel Nishin Maru. Photo credit: Sea Shepherd Facebook Page. As indicated in the opening paragraphs, it is crucial for people committed to social justice to publically raise their voices in protest. As such, we would like to thank each of the authors for their important contributions to this issue on ‘protest’. In its own way, each contribution serves doubly as a form of protest and a means to understand the topic more clearly. There is solidarity evidenced in this issue. Taken as a whole, these articles attest to the importance of understanding protest and social change.ReferencesMcKibben, B. "Foreword." Voices of Protest: Documents of Courage and Dissent. Eds. Frank Lowenstein, Sheryl Lechner, and Erik Bruun. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2007. 7-8.Wilcox, E.W. "Protest." Poems of Problems. Chicago: W.B. Conkey Company, 1914.

Depression memes are a widespread phenomenon across all social media platforms. To get your hit of depression memes, you can go to any number of pages on Facebook, the subreddit “2me4meirl”, where the posts that are “too real” for more mainstream subreddits go, but nevertheless counting over one million subscribers or, on Instagram, and find innumerable accounts dedicated to “sad memes”, many with tens to hundreds of thousands of followers. In a recent study, depression memes were found to be responsible for 35 per cent of the content researchers analysed in the “#depressed” hashtag on Instagram (McCosker and Gerrard). As a subculture, it is one that has truly embraced the polyvocality of memes, allowing many voices to speak at once through their lack of fixed meaning (Milner). In depression memes, polyvocality allows the user to identify with any number of anxieties affectively represented by the memes without being authentically tied to them, under the guise of irony. Therefore, depression memes find themselves being used in a myriad of ways that do not refer to a stable structure of meaning. This allows me to problematise their roles as both masks and intimate texts within an ironic meme culture.Drawing on traditional readings of irony such as Wayne C. Booth but also contemporary approaches to authenticity, mask cultures and meme culture (de Zeeuw; Tuters), this article situates depression memes specifically within neoliberal regimes of feeling, manifested both in online practices of authenticity and the subject of value (Skeggs and Yuill) and in discourses of resilience and accountability surrounding mental health (Fullagar et al.; James; McCosker). It argues that an internet depression culture based on the principles of dissimulation serves both the purpose of protection from recuperation by dominant narratives but paradoxically creates an ambiguity that generates that risk. In this way, I speak to current anxieties surrounding memes, including ambiguity, irony, and identity formation.Internet Depression Culture Intrinsic to their nature as memes, depression memes can be found in a variety of spaces, formats and platforms. The ones below (Figure 1) circulate on mainstream social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram through accounts dedicated to “sadposting” or the sharing of mental illness memes. They refer to overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a lack of will to live and a desire to recover. In their recent study on hashtagging depression on Instagram, McCosker and Gerrard found memes to be responsible for a wide range of content in the “depressed” hashtag on the platform. They argue that the use of the hashtag “depressed” is primarily as a “memetic device, often with a sense of irreverence, subversiveness and pathos, but in an effort to use the connective power of the popular tag to gain attention and Likes” (McCosker & Gerrard 9). Intimacy and memes as identity performance are therefore intimately intertwined, espousing the memetic logic that there is “safety in relatability” (Ask and Abidin 844), which is dependent on “connecting to common anxieties in a pleasurable, noncompromising way” (Kanai 228).Figure 1. Depression Memes. Sources, from left to right. Top row: <https://www.instagram.com/p/Bl5p88Tg8Cw/>; <https://www.facebook.com/mentallythrillmemes/>; <https://twitter.com/animatedtext>. Bottom row: <https://lovenotlogic.tumblr.com/post/168640369069>; <https://disasterlesbian.com/post/158174792381>; <https://www.facebook.com/mentallythrillmemes>.Indeed, meme culture depends both on the notion that certain forms of content can be relied on to “gain attention and likes” and increase a user’s social capital, but can also be interpreted as intimate and private forms of expression. The popularity of depression memes is a testament to this principle, but at the heart of this culture is a usage of irony that remains ambiguous and undefined. Whether these texts can be found to reflect genuine feelings of relatability is complex, but ultimately irrelevant. As Burton remarks on the culture of Kek, “sociologically speaking”, the sharing of these memes still constitutes a cultural engagement. Therefore, what I refer to as internet depression culture must be understood not as an attitude of self-presentation, but an inter-affective network that relies on precarious and overwhelmingly ironic objects whose authenticities as intimate texts are dependent on volatile and unstable structures of meaning.Wayne C. Booth’s A Rhetoric of Irony tells us that for an expression to be understood as ironic, their meaning needs to be reconstructed by the reader and intended by the author. The reader must therefore draw from the cultural and historical context of the expression to reconstruct covert meaning that the author intended. The inferential process draws from the context of the expression to give meaning to irony. Online, the cultural context in which depression memes have risen to popularity is precisely that which gives them their reason for being. To understand this, we need to realise that, for the last decade, the symptoms that depression memes cultivate have been lying dormant under the tyranny of happiness era of social media (Freitas). I tie this notion to the doctrine of authenticity behind the identity imperative of social media platforms like Facebook (Van Dijck), and contrast it to the forms of subjectivisation anonymous or pseudonym-based cultures on platforms like 4chan embody. Within this dialectic, memes have arisen as the logic of the Internet, and irony as their social contract (Tuters; Burton). New forms of sociality that manifest within this culture are necessarily ambiguous and risk-filled ones, and need to be explored.From the Happiness Effect to a New Sensibility In The Happiness Effect, Donna Freitas investigated social media usage in young adults by surveying over 800 college students about the relationship between social media and their emotional well-being. Her results allowed her to coin the term “happiness effect”, when: “young people feel so pressured to post happy things on social media”. She writes: “most of what everyone sees on social media from their peers are happy things; as a result, they often feel inferior because they aren’t actually happy all of the time” (14). Feelings of inadequacy result when users interpret what other users post to be authentically felt, despite themselves feeling “pressured” to post a certain type of content, one they do not resonate with but fabricate for the purpose of posting. Indeed, the authenticity imperative behind identity-based social media is what defines our relationship to it.Identity-based platforms like Facebook rely on allowing the user to create an identity on their site, but demand from users that the platform be used for “‘expressing who they are’, implying that users do not “perform” their identity on Facebook; they are the selves they portray on Facebook” (Kant 34). As always, this must be situated within the commercial logic behind the seemingly “free” and “public” service the platform offers. Multiplicity and having “multiple identities” (van Dijck) does not cooperate with Facebook’s platform logic because it does not produce valuable legible data which conforms to “normative, regulatory and commercially viable frameworks” (Kant 35). As Skeggs and Yuill note, the contemporary neo-liberal imperative to perform and authorize one’s value in public is more likely to produce a curated persona rather than the “authentic” self demanded by Facebook (380). The happiness effect manifests this. Despite not being legitimate, an identity must be curated to fit in with the other performed personas on the platforms, which are taken as authentic.To many, the irony that makes depression memes such as those in Figure 1 work is in their subversion of the happiness effect and the authenticity imperative. The meaning to be reconstructed in a depression meme consists in peeling back the layer that demands from us to act as the best, happiest, version of ourselves online. Simply put, it unmasks the actual authentic self behind the curated one. Therefore, the self made visible by partaking, sharing or liking depression memes is not necessarily the best one, but, fundamentally, it is a more authentic one. Indeed, it seemed that, in the early phase of its life, users were enamoured with depression memes because it released them from the burden of identity management. What emerged in this phase of the depression memes movement was the perception of a new sensibility based on a more authentic intimacy than had ever been associated with memes. Press coverage of the topic continued to celebrate the emancipatory potential of depression memes, citing the movement as reflective of a new, more sentimental public made possible by the internet (Roffman).As has been argued before by McCosker, the forms of digital intimacy that render personalised distress visible are ones entrenched in visibility and authenticity, pillars of the face culture of Facebook. Comments on memes or reviews of depression meme pages continuously cited relatability and visibility as their reason for identification with the page. Users felt that these memes allowed them to be seen online, with their mental illness, and feel intimately connected to other viewers; “it feels good to know that other people go through the same thing as me” (Figure 2). Though it is a form of public performance, the intimacy generated here feels inherently private because it relies on unravelling certain structures of meaning. This is a skill that, users imply, can only be attained by having experienced the feelings evoked in the depression memes. In these comments, intimacy is a form of identity performance, and a discourse of accountability underpins one of authenticity. Irony, though present, is quickly reconstructed and explained away into more stable structures of meaning through these discourses.Figure 2. Reviewers of “Mentally thrill memes” on Facebook. Irony and Masked PracticesHowever, the tension produced within the user’s psyche by years of subjectivisation and the “curated self” has taken its toll. The social contract of irony in digital culture has come just in time to recuperate authenticity from the burden of management it was placing on its subjects. I’ve spoken to the use of irony as generative of new forms on intimacy, but here I turn to how irony can simultaneously be adopted for the purposes of evading that stifling regime of the self and doctrine of authenticity. In terms of platform moderation in the case of sensitive or problematic issues, subversion through irony allows an alternative discursive economy to exist by evading censorship. When it rejects models through which the self can be turned into data by turning its back on commensurable ways of displaying public emotion, it is a commentary on the authenticity culture of social media. In this, it reflects practices of dissimulation.Ideologically, anonymity and multiplicity in the “deep vernacular web” stands in antithesis to the doctrine of authenticity. Anonymised imageboard cultures such as those found on 4chan have moulded themselves as the Other to the straightforward intentionality of profile based social media (de Zeeuw, Between). Their truth is in their collectivistic rejection of authenticity, constituting an anti-personal, faceless and authorless mass, infamous for their subversion through trolling. They obey an Internet logic that can be summarised as follows; “the internet is not serious business, and anyone who thinks otherwise should be corrected and is, essentially, undeserving of pity” (Tuters). In this, the logic of dissimulation operates as their reason for being. Dissimulation entails a play with identity, one not interested in stability but more in the constant deferral of meaning and self. This negotiation is based on evading the notion of the self in order to gain further freedom through collective play. For these anonymised and anti-personal cultures, the value of dissimulation is to mediate their relationship to society at large.Indeed, as Daniel de Zeeuw notes, mask cultures’ play with identity is not simply a reactionary movement against the subjectivisation of social media but can be understood as part of a rich carnivalesque tradition which revels in the potential of the mask. In this case, the collective culture gathers around the picture of the mask as a symbol of the “dialectic between the masked mass and the authorial, personal self” (de Zeeuw, Immunity 276). The notion that a more authentic, truer self lies under a series of masks is also one taken up by psychoanalysis and various schools of thought. In this way, irony has often been compared to “peering behind a mask” (Booth 33), leading to its valorisation as an act of dissimulation by these cultures. Taking as gospel that “there is no true Self, only an endless series of interchangeable masks” (Lovink 40), for these cultures the mask “is the work of art that best exemplifies the detachment achieved through irony” (Trilling 120). However, irony “risks disaster more aggressively than any other device” (Booth 41). The potential that mask cultures value irony for also creates risk because it trains readers to expect something but never tells us when to stop interpreting its irony. The emancipatory capacity of irony then, is a tension-filled one.Ironic Depression MemesDepression memes I addressed before peel back the layers of the happiness effect and social media cultures by legitimising themselves through authenticity. I turn now to ironic memes about depression memes and their tie to the principles of dissimulation as influenced by mask cultures. Meme culture’s existence across social media platforms, and structural nature as logic of ironic undermining means that, once depression memes were praised in earnest as the new sensibility of the Internet, the next step for the depression memes movement was to be deeply disingenuous and self-aware about the promise of authenticity they were offering. Memes about depression memes are meta memes that are self-reflective about the depression meme movement, referencing using memes to combat loneliness, sadness or overthinking in an ironic way.Figure 3. Ironic memes referencing the use of depression humour. Sources, from left to right. Top row: <https://www.instagram.com/p/B3aH9cmIr1L>; <https://www.reddit.com/r/MemeEconomy/comments/8wotcn/invest/>; <https://jennyhoelzer-deactivated2016120.tumblr.com/post/153443805168/>. Bottom row: <https://twitter.com/animatedtext>; <https://www.instagram.com/p/B0ZsQAMHiAU>; <https://www.reddit.com/r/2meirl4meirl/comments/8se3l5/2meirl4meirl/>.Ironic depression memes can be found on the same platforms other depression memes circulate in, existing as a parallel discourse to, and meta-commentary on, the celebratory, cathartic engagement in depression memes as seen on Facebook. They acknowledge the use of the mask, drawing attention to the divide between one’s chosen digital self-presentation and offline identity. Through this, they re-edify boundaries that depression memes were praised as obliterating. In the ironic memes above, presenting yourself as depressed online is okay, but actually being depressed is no laughing matter (actual suicide = no), and therefore should not be memed about. Memes are a mask that depressed millennials offer to other depressed millennials, to be used against depression, sadness, and overthinking, but mostly to hide that, though the memes are “ironic”, the depression is still very much “chronic”.Ironic depression memes shed the burden of cultures of authenticity and accountability when they disavow the notion of a fixed self. The use of the meme as a mask evokes a privacy and anonymity found within irony that rejects the contemporary mediation of mental ill health through a set of discourses based in neoliberal personhood (Fullagar et al.; McCosker). The bonds being made here are supposedly private, revelling in the facelessness of collective irony, but both weak and risky. The value of the meme is defined by the acknowledgement of the usage of the mask to hide emotions still too taboo or painful to publicly gesture too. Though depression memes undermine that authenticity and accountability should be the pillars of mental health discourse, their use of irony creates unstable ground for a new structure of feeling to emanate from these memes. Irony is about expecting something to mean something else, therefore valuing one set of meaning over another (Booth 33). If the new set of meaning fundamentally cannot be identified, which is key in dissimulation and mask-cultural practices, then this new culture opens up ambiguity which can be recuperated by dominant narratives. In this way, I argue that dissimulation serves the purposes of protection from the mediation of depression through individualising discourse, but paradoxically creates an opening to do so. Wholesome Memes and Resilience I turn now to how “wholesome memes” provide non-ironic commentary on the irony of memes. I argue that, even in a logic removed from the authenticity imperative of face media, and therefore from a notion of identity and profile based interaction, narratives of accountability still recuperate the subversion of depression memes. In the case of depression memes, discourses of resilience and overcoming are promoted as the “correcting” set of values, preferential to the ambiguous multiplicity of dissimulation. Figure 4. “Fixedyourmeme” wholesome memes making use of editing and re-writing.The “wholesome memes” movement aims to edit and correct depression memes, such as examples from a Tumblr page entitled “fixed your meme”. These memes take on popular meme formats that are either neutral and open to remixing, or are known in popular meme culture to be predetermined. On the right, “My memes are ironic, my depression is [chronic]” is a popular motif whose grammar is predetermined (seen in Figure 3) but also an easily deciphered subtext, even if written over, if one is well-versed in meme culture and the mechanisms through which it replicates itself. The explicit editing and re-writing, crossing out the “toxic” message to make apparent the re-writing of the narrative, is purposeful here. The relation to resilience is built as much inside and outside the text. It serves to exemplify the overcoming of the mental illness and the move towards a radical attitude of self-love and recovery. Wholesomeness, positivity, wellness and self-care are the keywords. In these texts, the wellness industry serves as a counter-narrative, preaching a discourse that dictates: “it is within an individual’s power and even a moral obligation to be happy” (Garde-Hansenand Gorton 104).When I refer to resilience, I refer to a specific kind of discourse as coined by Robin James that follows the logic of acknowledging and overcoming damage in order to be “rewarded with increased human capital, status, and other forms of recognition and recompense” (19). Overcoming brings added human capital because it demonstrates resilience which boosts society’s resilience. When depression memes render embodied suffering visible and publicly intelligible, they perform resilience through a therapeutic narrative. In these types of narratives, we see what Fullagar et al. describe as “affective work and action which is required in efforts to be ‘happy’ and achieve ‘normality’” that “commonly evokes a particular form of introspection and surveillance” (10). In this way, wholesome memes can be thought of as an affective assemblage that recuperates narratives of subversion as embodied by ironic memes and mask cultures, thereby “re-ordering flows through capitalist relations that exploit the connection between desire and lack” (Holland 68). Conclusion Internet depression culture operates at the crux of meme culture and neoliberal subjectivisation by both enacting and overcoming mental health regimes of care through irony. The irony within depression memes to be reconstructed is dependent on two structures of meaning. The first is the one within which the memes are being read and interpreted, namely an online meme culture and its collective irony imperative, which I argue is also a parallel discursive area of the neoliberal subjectivisation of value on social media. The second is a product of years of increasing individualisation of mental health discourse, one that emphasises resilience and overcoming in line with values of authenticity and accountability. In different Internet cultures, the intersection of these two contexts manifests differently. Online, irony and polysemy are both tools of subversion and privacy. However, cultures of play are constantly challenged by social media and places where dominant narratives are ones of authenticity and accountability. Depression memes demonstrate that irony can be mobilised into authentic flows of intimacy in the context of certain dominant discourses.Figure 5. “I thought it was just memes”. Source: <https://thisiselliz.com/post/152882025410>.ReferencesAsk, Kristine, and Crystal Abidin. “My Life Is a Mess: Self-Deprecating Relatability and Collective Identities in the Memification of Student Issues.” Information, Communication & Society 21.6 (2018): 834-850.Booth, Wayne C. A Rhetoric of Irony. 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"Digital Mental Health and Visibility: Tagging Depression." In Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication. Eds. Paul Messaris and Lee Humphreys. New York: Peter Lang, 2017.Milner, Ryan M. “Pop Polyvocality: Internet Memes, Public Participation, and the Occupy Wall Street Movement.” International Journal of Communication 7 (2013): 2357-2390.Rottenberg, Jonathan. “Ending Stigma by All Memes Necessary.” Huffington Post, 10 Apr. 2014. <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-rottenberg/depression-stigma_b_5108140.html>.Skeggs, Beverley, and Simon Yuill. “Capital Experimentation with Person/a Formation: How Facebook's Monetization Refigures the Relationship between Property, Personhood and Protest.” Information, Communication & Society, 19.3 (2016): 380-396.Trilling, Lionel. Sincerity and Authenticity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, [1974] 2009.Tuters, Marc. "LARPing & Liberal Tears: Irony, Belief and Idiocy in the Deep Vernacular Web." In Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right. 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Se admite que, al menos, una de cada cinco ciudadanas de la UE ha sido víctima de violencia doméstica, y creemos que, por desgracia, todavía es más frecuente en España, para ello se propuso un estudio gestionado por Socidrogalcohol, subvencionado por el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, del que se van a derivar otros hacia otras comunidades más específicamente. Objetivos: Objetivo general: relacionar el consumo de alcohol y los malos tratos a la pareja, así como algunos factores asociados al mismo. Objetivos específicos: conocer algunos aspectos vinculados a las características sanitarias y sociales de las mujeres que hubieran podido sufrir malos tratos. Metodología: Se estudió una muestra de mujeres de la provincia de Valencia, entre mujeres que habían sufrido malos tratos y se hallaban en centros de acogida como grupo general y entre mujeres que participaban en asociaciones de alcohólicos rehabilitados o centros de atención al alcoholismo, fundamentalmente como esposas, como grupo específico, que quisieran voluntariamente participar. Siendo la muestra final de 148 mujeres. Las variables que se estudiaron fueron las características sociodemográficas, violencia y malos tratos en hogar, denuncias problemas legales, asociación entre alcohol y violencia familiar.Es un estudio abierto, muestra con participación voluntaria. Se puede definir como descriptivo y al que queremos establecer algunas comparaciones entre ambos entre ambos grupos de mujeres, sin llegar a ser un grupo control. Se ha realizado con cuestionario elaborado ad hoc para la recogida de dicha información y obtenida con personal entrenado en los servicios sociales y de atención a mujeres. Resultados: El 62% eran mujeres de centros de acogida y el resto en centros de alcoholismo. Las edades más frecuentes oscilaban entre los 36-45 años. Una mayoría de ellas estaba o había estado casada por la iglesia o por lo civil. Los ingresos mensuales se situaban entre las de 100.000 pesetas o menos. Un 77% de ellas había tenido hijos. El 49% eran amas de casa y un 40% trabajaban en casa y fuera de ella. Los trabajos más frecuentes fueron las limpiezas, administrativas y hostelería. Sus parejas tenían trabajo remunerado en un 34% en el grupo general y 42% entre las del grupo específico Un 18% consumía alcohol habitualmente y un 63% no bebía. Un 56% de las parejas del grupo general bebía y actualmente no lo hacía un 25,7%. Entre ellos había un 46% de bebedores diarios o casi diarios, aunque hay que decir que de las mujeres que respondieron, un 60% no sabía exactamente cuánto bebía ni con qué frecuencia lo hacia. Por lo que respecta al grupo específico, a pesar de ser centros de rehabilitación de alcohólicos un 11% de ellos seguía bebiendo. Al menos, un 30% de ellas había recibido tratamiento psiquiátrico, por ansiedad o depresión. Al menos, un 18% de sus parejas había recibido tratamiento psiquiátrico. Entre los antecedentes de agresiones en las familias, nos respondieron que un 23% de ellas habían sufrido malos tratos en su familia, especialmente procedentes de sus padres. La mayoría de las agresiones fue de tipo físico y psicológico, seguido de violencia sexual en el grupo general. En el grupo específico, predominaban las que respondieron que habían sido malos tratos psicológicos. El inicio de las agresiones en el grupo general fue al año de matrimonio, seguidas de las que nos mencionaron que habían sido maltratadas ya en el noviazgo y al nacer el primer hijo. Por lo que respecta a los motivos del inicio de las agresiones fueron los siguientes: desconfianza en sí mismos, problemas económicos, problemas laborales y por el consumo de alcohol de la entrevistada. Los motivos para plantearse las denuncias fueron: la pérdida de miedo al agresor, el miedo a la muerte, la mayor ayuda de la administración y una mayor sensibilidad social. No denunciaron por: dependencia económica, miedo a represalias, nuevo comportamiento del marido, vergüenza y sentimientos de culpa. Entre las consecuencias de los malos tratos podemos encontrar: síntomas depresivos, miedo a las represalias, miedo a perder la tutela de los hijos, intentos de suicidio, inicio consumo de alcohol. Hemos cruzado una serie de variables que definirían al alcohólico como es el consumo del mismo, la frecuencia y la cantidad, con variables como los motivos para iniciar los malos tratos, tiempo en qué empezaron los malos tratos y el haber denunciado los malos tratos, encontramos que hay correlaciones significativas entre consumo de alcohol de la pareja y el haber tenido problemas laborales y problemas económicos y su consumo de alcohol, el haber empezado los malos tratos en el noviazgo. El número de consumiciones correlaciona significativamente con: su consumo de alcohol, los celos y problemas de salud mental, junto con su costumbre de pegar a las mujeres. La frecuencia de consumo de alcohol de la pareja ha correlacionado significativamente con: iniciar las agresiones al nacer el primer hijo. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos nos permiten afirmar que el consumo de alcohol de las parejas ha sido una causa frecuente entre las mujeres maltratadas, así como nos encontramos con un perfil aproximado de las características de estos grupos de mujeres que, por desgracia son frecuentes en nuestro país. AbstractIt is admitted that, at least, one of each five citizens of the EU has been victim of domestic violence, and we believe that, unfortunately, it is still more frequent in Spain. It is intended a study carried out by Socidrogalcohol, subsidized by the National Plan on Drugs, of which will be derived others specifically toward other more communities. Objectives: General Objective: to relate the consumption of alcohol and the rough treatments to the couple, as well as some factors associated to the same one. Specific objectives: to know some aspects linked to the sanitary and social characteristics of the women that had been able to suffer rough treatments.Methodology: a sample of women of the province of Valencia was studied, among women that had suffered rough treatments and they were in welcome centers as general group and among women that participated in recovery alcoholic’ associations or centers of attention to the alcoholism, fundamentally like wives, as specific group that wanted voluntarily to participate. Being the final sample of 148 women. The variables that were studied, were the sociodemographic characteristics, violence and rough treatments at home, accusations of legal problems, association between alcohol and family violence. It is an open study, it shows with voluntary participation. It can be defined as descriptive and to the one that want to stablish some comparisons between both between both women’s group, whitouth ending up being a group control. It has been carried out with questionnaire elaborated ad hoc for the collection of this information and obtained with personnel trained in the social services and of attention to women. Results: 62% were women of refuge centers and the rest in centers of alcoholism. The mos frequent ages oscillated among 36-45 years. A majority of the were or had benn married by the Church or for the Civil way. The monthly revenues were located among those of 100.000 Spanish Pesetas or less. 77% of them had had children. 49% were housewives and 40% they worked at home and outside of her. The most frequent works were the cleanings, administrative and hostelry. Their couples had work remunerate in 34% in the general group and 42% among those of the specific group. 18% Habitually consumed alcohol and 63% didn’t drink. 56% Of the couples of the general group drank and at the moment didn’t make it 25,7%. Among them there were 46% of daily or almost daily drinkers, although it is necessary to say that of the women that responded, 60% didn’t know exactly how much they drank, neither with what frequency him toward. Regarding the specific group, in spite of being rehabilitation centers of alcoholic 11% of them it continued drinking. At least, 30% of them had received psychiatric treatment, for anxiety or depression. At least, 18% of its couples had received psychiatric treatment. Among the antecedents of aggressions in the families, they responded us what 23% of them had suffered rough treatments in its family, specially coming from its parents. Most of the aggressions were of physicial and psychological type, followed by sexual violence in the general group. In the specific group, those that responded prevailed that they had been rough psychological trataments. The beginning of the aggressions in the general group went to the year of marriage, followed by those that mentioned us that they had already been mistreated in the courtship and when being born the first son. Regarding the reasons of the begginning of the aggressions they were the following ones: distrust in themselves, economic problems, labor problems and the consumption of the interviewee’s alcohol. The reasons to think about the accusations were: the loss of fear to the aggressor, the fear to the death, the biggest help in the administration and a bigger social sensibility. They didn’t denounce for: economic dependence, fear to reprisals, the husband’s new behaviour, shame and blame feelings. Among the consequences of the rough treatments we can find: depressive symptoms of the rough treatments, fear to the reprisals, fear to lose the guides of the children, suicide intents, beginning consumption of alcohol. We have crossed a series of variables that they would define the alcoholic as itis the consumption of the same one, the frequency and the quantity, with variables as the reasons to begin the rough treatments, time in waht the bad are significant correlations among consumption of alcohol of the couple and having had labor problems and economic problems and their consumption of alcohol, the jealousies and problems of mental health, together with its habit of hitting the women. The frequency of consumption of alcohol of the couple has correlated significantly with: to begin the aggressions when being born the first son. Conclusions: The obtained data allow us to affirm that the consumption of alcohol by the couples has been a frequent cause among the battered women, as well as we meet with an approximate profile of the characteristics of these groups of women that, unfortunately they are frequent in our country.