Articles de revues : « Turkey – Economic conditions – 19th century »

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CİHAN TEMİZER, Nihal. « Comparative efficiency and capacity analysis of Waqf Agricultural Enterprises (19th century Ottoman and the 21st century Turkey : Aegean Example) ». Journal of Life Economics 8, n^o 3 (31 juillet 2021) : 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.3.02.

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In the study, the foundation olive groves as the foundation agricultural enterprises in the 19th century Ottoman Empire Aegean Region and the 21st century Ayvalik Waqf Olive Groves Management Directorate are examined in terms of productivity and capacity. When the Aegean Region waqf agricultural enterprises were examined in the 19th century, generally waqf olive groves were found. In addition, today's Ayvalık agricultural waqf enterprise is examined. When doing research, Ottoman Archive documents and Ayvalık Waqf Olive Groves reports are used. In the waqf olive groves; When we make a comparison on the basis of villages, today's productivity has increased three times at most in some villages, sometimes the same, sometimes less, compared to the 19th century. Although today's socio-economic conditions and technology are in a better state, there has not been a serious difference in productivity. In the Ottoman Empire, foundation agricultural enterprises were operated by the method of tax-farming. Since today’s waqf agricultural enterprises are operated in a similar way to the tax farming method, we can say that olive groves are operated by modern tax-farming method.

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Wariboko, Nimi. « Liverpool Merchants in 19th-Century Niger Delta ». Social Sciences and Missions 31, n^o 3-4 (17 août 2018) : 310–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03103001.

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Abstract How does religion or worldview affect business practices and ethics? This tradition of inquiry goes back, at least, to Max Weber who, in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, explored the impact of theological suppositions on capitalist economic development. But the connection can also go the other way. So the focus of inquiry can become: How does business ethics or practices affect ethics in a given nation or corporation? This paper inquires into how the political and economic conditions created and sustained by nineteenth-century trading community in the Niger Delta influenced religious practices or ethics of Christian missionaries. This approach to mission study is necessary not only because we want to further understand the work of Christian missions and also to tease out the effect of business ethics on religious ethics, but also because Christian missionaries came to the Niger Delta in the nineteenth century behind foreign merchants.

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Mau, V. « Modernization under Conditions of Political Stability (Reforms of the Second Half of XIX Century : Logic and Stages of Complex Modernization) ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, n^o 9 (20 septembre 2009) : 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-32-50.

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The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.

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Erdogan, Memduh. « Economic Thinking of Arab Muslim Writers During the Nineteenth Century ». Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 8, n^o 2 (15 août 2021) : 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/br3132.

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A unique contribution of the book is its depiction of economic thought through the lenses of many personalities representing varied sections of the society. So, by gathering these personalities of statesmen to literati, Islahi tries to present an encompassing spectrum of the economic thought produced in the 19th century with an exclusive look to the Arab world. Moreover, Islahi puts an effort to contextualize the views of these personalities with references to the political and economic conditions surrounding them.

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Sepetcioğlu, Tuncay Ercan. « Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century : Migration and Settlement ». Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi 1, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2020) : 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52108/2757-5942.1.1.3.

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The Cretan Turks (and now their descendants) are a group of people who originally had lived in the Island of Crete till 1923 when the Obligatory Population Exchange Agreement signed between Turkey and Greece. Through almost the entire 19th century, as a result of Greek revolts one after another in different times in history and the public order on the island was disrupted, the Cretan Turkish population in fear of their lives left their living places, became refugees and the demographic structure of the island changed in favor of the Orthodox Christians. Among those migrations, the biggest and the most decisive on the political future of the island is the Heraklion Events that started in 1897 which resulted in the migration of at least 40,000 Turks. This population movement is particularly important as it caused the expansion of Cretan Turks to very different regions. The present existence of a Cretan community in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Libya, the Rhodes and Kos Islands of Greece, along with (albeit few) Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, the Island of Cyprus and Palestine happened due to this immigration movement. This article approaches the immigration and settlement process that happened at the very end of the 19th century as a result of a revolt in Crete, in a sudden and involuntary manner, in a period where the Ottoman Empire suffered from political, economic and social difficulties. Tracking the official records and by fieldwork where and how immigrants settled, how many and where new settlements were founded for them were analyzed with the methodological approaches of history and historical anthropology.

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Jadhav, Avkash Daulatrao. « The Role of British Legislations and the Working Class Movement in Bombay : A Historical Study of the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891 in India. » International Social Sciences Review 1 (14 mars 2019) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-socialrev.v1.1965.

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India has been a country to raise inquisitiveness from ancient times. The era of colonialism in India unfolds many dimensions of struggle by the natives and the attempts of travesty by the imperialist powers. This paper will focus on the two landmark legislation of the end of the 19th century specifically pertaining to the labour conditions in India. The changing paradigms of the urban and rural labour underwent a phenomenal change by the mid 19th century. The characteristic which distinguishes the modern period in world history from all past periods is the fact of economic growth.

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Kharina, Natakia S. « Tobolsk Bishop's house in the 19th century. » Historical and social-educational ideas 12, n^o 6 (29 décembre 2020) : 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2020-12-6-72-80.

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The study of various aspects of the Russian Orthodox Church history continues to be significant and relevant in modern science. From the second half of 15th – beginning of 16th centuries, we can speak about the emergence of two issues that will become the major touch points of Church and State. The strengthening of the absolute monarchy in the 18th century leads to the emergence of a new bureaucratic system in the state administration. These changes will inevitably affect the Tobolsk Bishop's house, and the conditions which it was placed in after 1764 led to changes in the principles of its organization and a significant restructuring. Therefore, the research objective is to redesign the process of socio-economic, political and cultural development of the Tobolsk Bishop's house in the 19th century. Various types of sources were used for the study: legislative and regulatory acts, published and archived materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Documents of management and record keeping of the Tobolsk Bishop's house occupy a special place, in particular the materials of the General paperwork management of Church institutions: ordinances, regulations, correspondence materials of local ecclesial authorities, reports of Siberian metropolitans to the Synod, etc. The study approach and methodological tools made it possible to achieve the goal and solve the research problems. The study shows that after the reform of 1764, the Tobolsk Bishop's house lost its former land holdings for a certain period, and like other diocesan departments, it was transferred to the state allowance. Diocese abolition to the episcopate, which deprived the former political influence, certainly had negative features. However, in the 19th century, there can be seen a gradual way out of the situation and the former possessions and property return, which to some extent allows to return to the former position of a large feudal lord of Western Siberia.

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Hudson, Kenneth, et Andrea Coukos. « The Dark Side of the Protestant Ethic : A Comparative Analysis of Welfare Reform ». Sociological Theory 23, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00240.x.

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This article examines the impact of the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism on the recent welfare reform movement and the 19th-century campaign to abolish outdoor relief. Contemporary advocates of welfare reform adopted the 19th-century model of charity organization and reform as their exemplar. The welfare reform movement focused on the morals of the poor and “welfare dependence,” while the 19th-century movement attempted to eliminate the distribution of aid outside the poorhouse and to discourage “indiscriminate almsgiving”“ on the part of individuals. We argue that the Protestant ethos represents a uniquely Anglo-American variety of Calvinist Puritanism. We also show that while this ethos is a fairly constant component of American culture it has under certain conditions produced severe retrenchments in aid to the poor that is welfare reform and the abolition of outdoor relief. These conditions include the presence of a tight labor market and political mobilization by advocates of reform. Drawing on Ragin's (1987) model of conjunctural causation, we argue that both conditions must be met before such reform movements are likely to occur. We also employ the comparative method to show why alternative explanations based on economic and demographic factors are inadequate to explain the events in question.

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WARNER, CAROLYN M. « The Political Economy of 'quasi-statehood' and the demise of 19th century African politics ». Review of International Studies 25, n^o 2 (avril 1999) : 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599002338.

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This article challenges two prevailing views of the failure by African polities to attain sovereign statehood in the late 19th century by providing evidence from two case studies showing that many African polities were not 'quasi-states,' lacking the empirical political and economic capacity to join the international community of sovereign states. Nor were they unable to sustain or promote international commerce. Instead, when heightened international economic competition threatened the profits of European traders, European interests pressed for pro-expansionist policies and for conditions deemed necessary for the success of European commerce.

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Hawk, Barry E. « English Competition Law Before 1900 ». Antitrust Bulletin 63, n^o 3 (11 juillet 2018) : 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.

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English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.

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Carson, Scott Alan. « Net nutrition on the late 19th and early 20th century American Great Plains : a robust biological response to the challenges to the Turner Hypothesis ». Journal of Biosocial Science 51, n^o 5 (26 février 2019) : 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000014.

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AbstractIn 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner proposed that America’s Western frontier was an economic ‘safety-valve’ – a place where settlers could migrate when conditions in eastern states and Europe crystallized against their upward economic mobility. However, recent studies suggest the Western frontier’s material conditions may not have been as advantageous as Jackson proposed because settlers lacked the knowledge and human capital to succeed on the Plains and Far Western frontier. Using stature, BMI and weight from five late 19th and early 20th century prisons, this study uses 61,276 observations for men between ages 15 and 79 to illustrate that current and cumulative net nutrition on the Great Plains did not deteriorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, indicating that recent challenges to the Turner Hypothesis are not well supported by net nutrition studies.

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Stepanova, L. G. « Economic Data in the Surveyors’ Field Notes on the Crimean Economy at the Turn of the 19th Century ». Herald of an archivist, n^o 4 (2020) : 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-983-994.

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The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the source documents used by land surveyors to compile Economic Notes to the General Land Survey plans. The landmarking on the Crimean Peninsula began in the late 18th century, but by the early 19th century it was judged premature and suspended until development of special rules taking into account the peculiarities of land use in the region. And yet the field notes of land surveyors on the Crimean Peninsula of the turn of the 19th century preserve primary economic information to a greater extent than those on other territories of the Russian Empire. This information is presented in the “Skazki to the Economic Land Survey,” data collected from the local population. Skazki (“tales”) containing initial data for Economic Land Survey remain a poorly studied and rarely encountered source. Their identification in these field notes makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the Economic Land Survey and to restore the information excluded from the Brief Economic Notes and descriptions of specific lands in the lost Full and Cameral Economic Notes. The discovered “Skazki to the Economic Notes” on the Tauride gubernia are a unique source that makes it possible to assess the economy of Crimea at the turn of 19th century. They characterize natural environment, economic activities on the peninsula and occupations of its population, provide information on the soil conditions, available water resources, common species of trees, animals, birds, and fish. In their structure, they coincide with the skazki compiled in other regions of Russia, but have characteristic features that are associated with the identity of the Crimea and its economic condition in the late 18th century. The process of the Crimea development made its own adjustments to the land survey documentation. Unlike other regions, here the authors of the skazki were not only landowners’ attorneys, but also land owners themselves — local beys and murzes. The introduction of the skazki into scientific use opens opportunities for comparing their data with the preserved texts of the Economic Notes and for studying the history of the region at the micro level of individual settlements.

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Köse, Nesibe, H. Tuncay Güner, Grant L. Harley et Joel Guiot. « Spring temperature variability over Turkey since 1800 CE reconstructed from a broad network of tree-ring data ». Climate of the Past 13, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2017) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1-2017.

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Abstract. The meteorological observational period in Turkey, which starts ca. 1930 CE, is too short for understanding long-term climatic variability. Tree rings have been used intensively as proxy records to understand summer precipitation history of the region, primarily because they have a dominant precipitation signal. Yet, the historical context of temperature variability is unclear. Here, we used higher-order principle components of a network of 23 tree-ring chronologies to provide a high-resolution spring (March–April) temperature reconstruction over Turkey during the period 1800–2002. The reconstruction model accounted for 67 % (Adj. R2 = 0.64, p < 0.0001) of the instrumental temperature variance over the full calibration period (1930–2002). The reconstruction is punctuated by a temperature increase during the 20th century; yet extreme cold and warm events during the 19th century seem to eclipse conditions during the 20th century. We found significant correlations between our March–April spring temperature reconstruction and existing gridded spring temperature reconstructions for Europe over Turkey and southeastern Europe. Moreover, the precipitation signal obtained from the tree-ring network (first principle component) showed highly significant correlations with gridded summer drought index reconstruction over Turkey and Mediterranean countries. Our results showed that, beside the dominant precipitation signal, a temperature signal can be extracted from tree-ring series and they can be useful proxies in reconstructing past temperature variability.

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Chapanov, Akhmed K. « AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN RESEARCHERS OF THE 19TH – 20TH CENTURIES. THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY AND ARCHIVES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ». History and Archives, n^o 1 (2021) : 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2021-1-105-120.

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The article analyzes the role of Austrian and Hungarian researchers of the 19th – 20th centuries in studying the history of the Ottoman Empire. It is noted that the earliest publications of the Ottoman documents were made in the first half of the 19th century. The orientalists J. von Hammer-Purgstall, A. Geway and A. Vambery made a significant contribution to the search for and use of archival documents during this period. In the first half of the 20th century, the Turkish scientists, with the active assistance of several European Orientalists, such as I. Karachon, P. Wittek and L.Fekete, began to reveal the contents of some Ottoman archives and systematize the documents. As a result of the activities of these researchers, a new stage was set in the study of the Ottoman history, diplomacy, and paleography, as well as in the development of archives administration in Turkey. The author concludes that the publication of the Ottoman documents, which contain valuable information about the socio-economic and political life of all the peoples of the Empire, contributed to the further scientific interest and analysis of the Ottoman documents. The studies conducted by the AustroHungarian scientists revealed that the archives of Turkey contain a large number of valuable materials that are important for studies in the history of the Turkish people and the peoples of the Arab countries, the Balkans, Iran, the Caucasus and all the countries that were under the Ottoman rule.

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ZARINEBAF-SHAHR, FARIBA. « SHIREEN MAHDAVI, For God, Mammon, and Country (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1999). Pp. 304. » International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, n^o 2 (mai 2001) : 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801222065.

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The social and economic history of the Qajar period has not received much attention from Iranian or Western scholars. The present book has partly filled this gap by focusing on the biography of a leading Iranian merchant and entrepreneur, Haj Muhammad Hasan Amin al-Zarb. It complements the few existing studies by Issawi (1971), Ashraf (1980), and Natiq (1992) on the economic history of 19th-century Iran. The author shows that the expansion of foreign trade in Iran benefited many native merchants, who successfully used their entrepreneurial skills, experience of the internal market conditions, and family networks to gain an important social and economic place during the 19th century. The Qajar ruler Nasir al-Din Shah encouraged and supported native merchants and provided them with important privileges and concessions. Many leading Iranian merchants, such as Amin al-Zarb, engaged in regional and international trade, set up family firms, and performed important banking functions for the state. Further, they used their capital to invest in manufacturing, mining, communication networks, and education. In the absence of an economic and political infrastructure and state support, their achievements were of limited success. Nevertheless, they left an important legacy of social and political engagement that continued to shape the course of Iranian history in the 20th century.

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Sujana, Ahmad Maftuh, et Saeful Iskandar. « Jihad dan Anti Kafir dalam Geger Cilegon 1888 ». Tsaqofah 17, n^o 1 (28 juin 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/tsaqofah.v19i1.3167.

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Colonial exploitation that occurred in the 19th century in the archipelago. Creating conditions that can encourage people to carry out social movements that are dominated by continuous economic, political and cultural conditions and have led to the disorganization of traditional societies and their institutions. The entry of the Dutch in the 19th century began to cause enormous problems for the people of Banten, because the changes made by the Dutch government changed the system of government created by the Sultanate of Banten. From the traditional government structure switched to the Modern (European) government system. This has a negative impact on the structure of people's lives. Banten Ulama with the spirit of jihad, the spirit of anti-Islam, sometimes even the spirit of Nativism and Revivalism, became the driving force for various social movements that flourished in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries this movement was a historical symptom of the indigenous peasant society. Almost all of these social movements occur due to high tax collections and heavy work that puts pressure on farmers. So that in this case, the kiai's leadership in carrying out the movement against the invaders is all based on the same motivation and conditions, namely maintaining aqidah and worship. Against munkar, polytheism and kufr which are carried out in the framework of munkar ma'ruf nahyi deeds. Everything is based on sincerity to fortify Islam from the influence that damages Islamic aqidah, worship and mu'amalah. This is clearly manifested in the history of struggle which was marked by Ulama throughout the archipelago

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Volkov, Maksim. « Financial and economical activity of Orthodox monasteries of Tambov Eparchy in the 18th–19th centuries ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, n^o 179 (2019) : 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-121-130.

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The relevance of our study is due to the recent trends of comprehensive consideration of issues related to the financial, economic and economic activities of Orthodox monasteries. In the conditions of the revival of monastic life in modern Russia these aspects of monastic work are of particular interest to researchers and allow us to draw some historical parallels, as well as to comprehend many related issues in this direction. The study was tasked with presenting a genera-lized summary analysis of the economic status of Orthodox male monasteries of the eparchy dur-ing the synodal period, as well as reviewing the main articles of income and expenditure of mone-tary amounts. The facts collected and systematized in this study are intended to reveal the specifics and peculiarities of ownership of the male monasteries with their lands. Land tenure and various economic objects were a powerful economic help in the conditions of the established division of monasteries into regular and non-standard types after the 1764 reform. As a result, from the second half of the 18th century, most of the cloisters were forced to seek new non-state sources of income. In the process of the gradual accumulation of the land fund over the next century, the role of economic possessions, which, as a rule, were leased and provided a solid and stable extrabudgetary income, both in regular and non-standard monasteries, increased.

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İslamoğlu, Huri. « Beyond Histories of Stagnation to “Living” Histories of Possibilities ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, n^o 3 (26 juillet 2012) : 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000487.

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A central question of economic history since the 19th century has been why capitalist development (often identified with modern transformation) took place in western Europe and not in other parts of the world, notably, in China and Islamic lands, which experienced commercial expansion and the beginnings of industrial development. Diverging patterns of institutional change in the West and elsewhere, representing divergent responses to changing conditions of trade and production, have attracted historians’ attention especially at moments of dramatic institutional shifts such as those of the 19th century. These moments coincided with the establishment of the hegemony of one region over others. With respect to the Ottoman Empire, Islam and its institutional deficiencies—most notably, of its law—have been invoked as explanations for the region's inability to achieve modern economic development. Scholars have portrayed a pragmatist state culture as responsible for the empire's longevity, while the same scholars also held that culture responsible for impeding liberal market development by allowing intensive state intervention in the economy.

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CARSON, SCOTT ALAN. « INEQUALITY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH : EVIDENCE FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY MISSOURI STATE PRISON ». Journal of Biosocial Science 40, n^o 4 (juillet 2008) : 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002489.

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SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. Moreover, a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century African-Americans in US border-states. This paper introduces a new data set from the Missouri state prison to track the heights of comparable black and white men born between 1820 and 1904. Modern blacks and whites come to comparable terminal statures when brought to maturity under optimal conditions; however, whites were persistently taller than blacks in the Missouri prison sample by two centimetres. Throughout the 19th century, black and white adult statures remained approximately constant, while black youth stature increased during the antebellum period.

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Pavlov, K, A., et O. B. Klochkov. « Protection of State Border in Caucasus at End of 19th Century : Karsk Border Brigade ». Nauchnyi dialog, n^o 5 (28 mai 2021) : 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-5-413-426.

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The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

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Akolzina, Marina. « County towns merchants’ agricultural enterprise of Tambov Governorate in the 19th century ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, n^o 182 (2019) : 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-182-232-242.

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We center on the issue of studying merchant land ownership and land use in Tambov Governorate in the 19th century. The relevance of this study is due to the need to fill the source and historiographical gap in the study of the Russian version of social and economic business ac-tivities in the agricultural sector in the pre-reform period. The results are promising for solving the problems facing the agriculture of our region at the present stage. Currently, one of the priorities of social and economic development of the Tambov Region is to increase the competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex, the qualitative development of rural areas. The scientific novel-ty is associated with the consideration of merchant farms through the analysis of innovative forms formation of rationalism and entrepreneurship in agriculture at the micro level. Consideration of the merchant activities conditions allows to fully disclose previously unknown aspects of social modernization, to characterize the specifics of the entrepreneurial functions implementation in the agricultural sector, to assess the dynamics of new forms of economy development in our region in the pre-reform period. The activities of entrepreneurs in the agricultural business, their role in the process of agricultural society modernization in Russia is still undisclosed in concrete historical manifestations. Issues of the private-owned merchant farms development in Tambov Governorate has not yet been the subject of serious scientific analysis.

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Goncharov, Yu M. « Housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century ». VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n^o 1(48) (2 mars 2020) : 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-48-1-11.

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The study of housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century con-stitutes an important and scientifically relevant problem of everyday history. Housing conditions are one of the most important indicators of the level and lifestyle of the population. This subject matter has so far received little attention from historians. The study is aimed at identifying the specifics of the housing conditions in an important province of the late Russian Empire. In order to study provincial housing conditions in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, a fairly wide range of sources was used: records of city magistracies; statistical studies, with one-day city censuses being of particular value; memoirs of contemporaries; periodicals, etc. The concept of the dwelling existing in the cities of pre-revolutionary Russia differed slightly from that in rural areas. While in villages the concept of the dwelling, as a rule, meant a ‘family home’, in towns, the concepts of ‘flat’ or ‘room’ were of par-ticular importance. Some townspeople lived in their own houses, others rented out their property (‘apartments’, ‘rooms’ or even ‘part of a room’), while those having no property were forced to rent it. One of the most common types of buildings was a two-family house, whose lower floor was usually occupied by the owners and the upper floor was rented out. Most of the buildings were modest-looking, with many of them being battened and painted. Most often the territory of the yard was fenced, with a large high gate being placed in the middle of the fence, behind which there was a house on the left; outbuildings and sheds on the right; stables at the back of the house; as well as a vegetable garden next to the house. The housing conditions varied significantly among different population groups. Changes that occurred in the housing conditions in the region in the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century were primarily associated with the socio-economic development of post-reform Siberia. Rapid population growth often resulted in slum development. Urban planning reflects new trends, intensi-fied following the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which helped overcome the economic and cultural isolation from the central regions of the Empire.

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Frizen, Dmitry Ya. « The Economy of the Kazakhs of the Ural and Turgai Regions in the Second Half of the 19th Century ». Herald of Omsk University. Series : Historical Studies 7, n^o 4 (28) (28 décembre 2020) : 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(4).151-156.

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This article examines the process of development of the Kazakh economy, in the conditions of socio-economic and political transformations of tsarism in the Steppe territory. On the basis of a wide range of sources were studied peculiarities of cattle, agriculture, trade and economic relations in the Kazakh society.

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Barus, Saparudin, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, Yety Rochwulaningsih et Endang Susilowati. « Environmental Influences on Trade Activities in the 19th Century East Coast Sumatra ». E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020) : 07048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207048.

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This study examines the factors supported on the relationship between environmental or regional conditions affected the development of trading activities. To examine this problem, historical methods are used which include four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Meanwhile, this study used a geostrategic and geopolitical approach. The result shows that the dynamic trade activity in the East Sumatra Region in the 19th century was inseparable from the strategic regional position which faces directly to the Malacca Strait which is the center of the largest maritime economic activity in the Southeast Asian region as well as connecting the 'world' from the east and west. Therefore, geopolitically, there were many forces fighting over the region including the Sumatra coastal area which importantly become the hinterland area for the international trading commodity, especially to Asia and Europe. It was evidenced by a large number of foreign investors developing tea plantations in the East Sumatra region which then stimulated the growth of ports in the coastal regions of East Sumatra with very dynamic trading activities.

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Yenigun, Cuneyt, et Saranjam Baig. « Turkish Public Perceptions About Oman ». European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2020) : 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v3i4.515.

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Oman has long lasting peaceful relations with its neighbours and the world. It is a small size Arabian Gulf state with very rich natural resources. Relations between Oman and Turkey was very pleasant in 15-19th centuries. A century of interrupted relations has started to resurrect in the recent years with the new economic, political treaties and socio-cultural relations between two nations. Turkey and its policies, TV serials, and political leaders are very well known in Oman, whereas Oman is not very familiar to the Turkish people. In this research, to understand the level of Oman’s image in Turkey, a survey was orchestrated on more than 500 respondents and striking findings demonstrate that Oman is not well-known well in Turkey. The survey was conducted physically in the shopping malls in Istanbul and virtually via online questionnaire. Social representation of the survey overlaps on the Turkish social facts. In comparison with Europeans and Asians, the Turkish public knows Oman more than double of the world public opinion. For example, the location of Oman is known 51.9% in Turkey, but 38.2% in the world; the existence of general elections in Oman is known in Turkey on the level of 32.7%, whereas in Europe 16.3%. This study, as a primary resource, shares and interprets the result of conducted survey and then suggests some policy alternatives to Oman to be known better in Turkey and the world as a public diplomacy tool.

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Suzuki Him, Miki. « A Comparative Analysis of Familialist Modernisation and Gender Inequality : Turkey and Japan ». Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies 20, n^o 1 (29 mai 2019) : 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i1.54.

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Turkey and Japan are among the lowest-ranked countries in various gender gap indexes despite their economic achievement. To understand the phenomena, this study explores a question how the experiences of Turkey and Japan converge and diverge in the early struggles for modernisation and a new gender order through an interpretive comparative historical analysis. This study shows that notwithstanding geographical distance, cultural variances and different courses of industrialisation, Turkey and Japan have a number of common historical backgrounds which makes a comparative study interesting. Both countries played a leading role in its region in terms of modernisation, industrialisation and women’s emancipation between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Yet in both countries women were emancipated but unliberated; they gained civil rights but their empowerment was controlled judicially and ideologically. The two countries also share a socio-demographically similar experience of “semicompressed modernity” which made them opt for familialism as a welfare model today. This familialism is both part of their neoliberalisation programme of social policy and their self-Orientalist response to global capitalist economy. This study argues that it is questionable if familialism secures the family. It is also questionable if women’s labour force participation in flexible employment contributes gender equality. Apart from the similarities in state policies, Turkey’s experience diverts from that of Japan. One of the most significant variances is that more women in Turkey tend to postpone labour force participation rather than childbirth while it is the opposite in case of Japan. In face of neoliberalising global economy, both Turkey and Japan have carried out drastic reforms since the 1980s yet again without liberating women.

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Bilousova, Liliia. « Emigration of Jews from Odessa to Argentina in the Late 19th - Early 20th century ». Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni : naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, n^o 29 (10 novembre 2020) : 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.036.

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The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties

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Dalgat, Elmira M. « THE TOWN AND THE SEA. PETROVSK AT THE CASPIAN SEA ». History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 17, n^o 4 (29 décembre 2021) : 859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch174859-873.

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The article attempts to demonstrate the transformation of the Russian military fortification Petrovskoe at the coast of the Caspian Sea into the large industrial center of the Dagestan region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, as well as to examine the role of the seaport in its economic development. Since 40s of the 19th century, the fort Petrovskoe was a transit point for cargo, transported by sea from Astrakhan for the Russian army, which was involved in war in Dagestan. The author considers the development of sea trade between Astrakhan, Baku and Petrovsk after the latter received the status of a city. The role of Petrovsk in the international trade in the Caspian Sea is shown. As new sources, we introduced data from the Statistical Committee of the Dagestan Region from the Central State Archives of the Republic of Dagestan, as well as materials from the collections of the State Historical Archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan. When writing the article, the author involved works of domestic and global historiography. The methodological basis of the article is the principle of historicism, which presupposes the study of any phenomenon in specific historical conditions and connections, as well as taking into account the decisive role of economic foundations for the development of society. The article reveals the development of Petrovsk and its seaport in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, when Dagestan was integrated into the economic life of the Empire. Archival materials, published sources and historical literature were used when writing the paper. The author highlights that in the following third of the 19th century, sailing ships were replaced by steamships in the Caspian Sea. The place, occupied by the Petrovsky port among the ports of Russia in the Caspian is demonstrated. The article considers the goods brought to Petrovsk by sea and exported from it. The foundation of the textile factory “Caspian Manufactory” in Petrovsk in 1899 became possible thanks to the port. The construction of the Vladikavkaz railway intensified its role in the 90s of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the city of Petrovsk and its port played an important role in the process of integration of Dagestan into the economic space of the Russian Empire, and in the emergence of capitalist relations in the region.

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O'Hara, Jonathan. « Late 19th century administrative reform in America : re-articulating Hamiltonian thought ». International Review of Administrative Sciences 75, n^o 1 (mars 2009) : 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099512.

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In this article, the intellectual thought of a group of key late 19th century national administrative reformers is isolated and analyzed. These reformers were interested in reforming the civil, military and business administrative functions of the executive branch to provide for greater elite administrative supervision over and intervention in the national society and economy. The reformers often articulated their reform purposes, motives and goals in the Hamiltonian language of administrative authority and popular deference to executive administrative counsels. An important key to understanding this article is recognizing that while environmental social and economic conditions had changed significantly for the Gilded Age reformers since the American constitutional founding, many elements of the Hamiltonian tradition still resonated with the reformers a full century later. In this way, the historically transmitted ideology and rhetoric of Hamiltonian thought can be seen as having an independent, causative impact on the administrative reformers' purposes, motives and goals related to executive administrative reform. Points for practitioners This article explores an era of American administrative reform that should be of interest to practitioners of administration in other countries. The article's narrative displays a route to reform that is distinct from the more conventionally studied pathways of bureaucratic efficiency and administrative legal mechanisms applied to administrative organizations. The particular American ideas and thinkers examined in this article give a glimpse of a pathway to reform that is absent in many other societies.

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Koryś, Piotr. « Złote łany, ziemniaczane pola i zagony buraków. Roślinny krajobraz polskiej wsi w perspektywie historii gospodarczej ». Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, n^o 1 (460) (11 juillet 2018) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1841.

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The article discusses the role of plants in Poland’s economic development over the last 500 years. The author presents the role of five plants in the history of Poland’s development: cereals (wheat and rye), potatoes, sugar beet and rape. The specificity of the economic development of modern Europe has made Poland one of Europe’s granaries and an important exporter of cereals. This shaped the civilization of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and contributed to its fall due to institutional specificity. In the 19th century, potatoes played an important role in the population development of Polish lands, as they helped feed the rapidly growing population. The spread of sugar beet cultivation created the conditions for the development of modern sugar industry in the second half of the 19th century. It became one of the first modern branches of the food industry in Poland and contributed to the modernization of the village. Quite recently, oilseed rape was to become a plant that would bring back the times of agricultural sheikhs – no longer the nobility would trade in cereals on the European markets, but entrepreneurs producing a vegetable substitute for diesel oil.

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ZHITIN, Ruslan Magometovich. « MODELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION ESTATES IN THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, n^o 176 (2018) : 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-146-153.

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We examine the peculiarities of the economic activity of landlords in the late 19th and early 20th century. The origins of conservative approaches to the development of private estates are analyzed, the reasons that led some nobles to proceed to successful management are revealed. The urgency of work is determined by the importance of studying the most optimal forms of socio-economic modernization of the post-reform agricultural sector. An analysis of the published sources shows that the majority of owners turned to traditional methods of economic activity. A promising area was the transfer of land in rent. Evaluating the advantages of city life, they completely broke ties with rural life and moved to the cities. Only a small, economically active stratum of landowners, under new conditions, could create self-sufficient capitalist farms. They modernized the estates that belonged to them, introduced into the practice of administration progressive management methods, rationally using available economic resources. Analyzing the sources of rationalization of exemplary estates, we turned to the memoirs of A.A. Fet, A.N. Engelhardt, S.F. Sharapov. The success of modernization of estates, in their opinion, was associated with attention to specific aspects of the farms economy, the introduction of new production technologies, administrative activities rationalization.

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Вихрущ, Наталія, Оксана Дунець et Ольга Шумська. « AN OVERVIEW OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES) ». Молодий вчений, n^o 1 (101) (31 janvier 2022) : 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-1-101-32.

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All educational processes are continuous and dynamic by their nature due to constant changes in current demands of the societies to the content of education. All countries try to develop a unique educational system that is able to achieve comprehensive educational objectives. Under such conditions, the study of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century is relevant for pedagogical science. The choice of this historical period is due to the significant rise of French schooling due to political, economic and cultural changes. The research methodology involved: bibliographic search, comparative analysis, systematization and theoretical generalization. The article analyses the peculiarities of the development of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries). The analysis of educational reforms of the studied period is carried out. The main socio-economic and political factors influencing the state and functioning of secondary education in France are considered. Regularities of structuring curricula for secondary schools in France are singled out.

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Marney, Ludmila, et Boris Nosov. « The Problem Concerning Integrity of the National Economy in the Divided Polish Lands : The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830) ». Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n^o 3 (55) (26 janvier 2022) : 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-181-194.

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The article considers the history of the Polish national economy and national market in the period of emergence of so-called bourgeois nations in Europe, when lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were partitioned between three powers: the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The history of nations in the 19th century is often studied in such conditions when the part of the ethnic community became the part of the foreign country as it occurred with Poland. Under the foreign domination, ethnic and national development factors as well as cultural and political separation of the Polish society from societies of Russia, Austria and Prussia remained intact for a long time and developed in their own way. Those tendencies especially appeared in the system of the national economy, which was the fundament of the nation as the historical community. The separate economic policy of the Kingdom of Poland created a basis of the national market and the national economy not only for the Kingdom itself, but for all Polish lands. The article shows that the economic unity of the Polish lands had been existing up to the last decades of the 19th century, when centripetal forces became to prevail in the economic development of Russia, Austria and Prussia due to the industry and capital concentration. It was the main reason of disintegration of the Polish economic space

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Arsentyev, Viktor M., et Andrey E. Makushev. « THE ALAFUZOV FAMILY FIRM IN THE CONDITIONS OF CORPORATIZATION IN THE LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY ». Ural Historical Journal 75, n^o 2 (2022) : 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-185-194.

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The article attempts to consider the influence of the family principle on property relations, the management system and the functioning of industrial business in the process of transition of an individual-private enterprise into a joint-stock format. The solution of this problem was carried out on the example of one of the largest joint-stock companies in the Middle Volga region “Commercial and industrial company of Alafuzov factories and plants”. The authors also examines participation of the state in resolving contradictions between representatives of the “founding family” and third-party shareholders is considered separately. The study draws upon scientific literature, published sources, archival materials, which were first introduced into scientific circulation. Conceptually, the study is based on the following provisions. On the one hand, the informal rules developed during the functioning of the family institution had a significant impact on business relations, bringing their own specifics into the organization of Russian business. On the other hand, the new realities of a market economy with a rather pronounced focus on industrialism set their own rules of the game, forcing entrepreneurs who realized their economic interests in the format of a family business to take account of the formal restrictions and laws of a rapidly complicating market. It is shown that the increase in the number of business relations actors observed during the transition to associated forms of entrepreneurship due to the inclusion of third parties in the family business created the need to maintain a balance of individual and group interests, led to the interaction of informal and formal rules, giving rise to a very colorful and mosaic picture of joint-stock companies’ activity.

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Plieva, Zalina T. « Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus ». Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, n^o 4 (25 décembre 2021) : 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-49-56.

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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.

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Intigam Ahadova, Omriyya. « XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər ». SCIENTIFIC WORK 82, n^o 9 (17 septembre 2022) : 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/82/35-42.

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One of the main reasons for migration can be the economic conditions at any time. The Gajar era in the history of Iran was the beginning of political, social, cultural, and economic developments in the face of Western civilization, and Azerbaijan was the main center for exporting immigr ants to the Caucasus, which in turn was the result of Iran's nationwide economic stagnation on the one hand, and the result of attractive fields on the other hand. Employment was beyond the borders, especially in the Caucasus. Therefore, the current research, relying on the social, economic, and historical situation prevailing in Iran in the 19th century, examines the economic conditions of Iranian migration to the South Caucasus with two different approaches. In the first approach, it deals with the role of internal factors in Iran's economy, the ruling tyranny, the state of society, industry, and trade, and the second approach includes the role of external factors, the development of foreign trade, and the influence of foreign capital in Iran's economy. The focus of the historiographical analysis of the articles is what dimensions of the identity of Iran's economy in the first half of the 19th century. How the historiographical sources played the social economic role in representing its meanings and concepts? Based on reliable domestic and foreign sources, in response to issues such as the reason for the migration of Iranians to the South Caucasus and the prevailing social and economic conditions in the 19th century. Keywords: Iranian history, Gajar, economy, economic factors, industry oil, trade and immigration Ömriyyə İntiqam qızı Əhədova XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər Xülasə Miqrasiyanın əsas səbəblərindən biri kimi daim iqtisadi şəraiti ön plana çəkmək olar. İran tarixində Qacar dövrü Qərb mədəniyyəti ilə qarşılıqlı şəkildə iqtisadi, mədəni, siyasi dəyişikliklərin başlanğıcı idi və Azərbaycan mühacirlərin Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının əsas mərkəzi olmuşdur ki, bu da öz növbəsində bir tərəfdən İranı öz cənginə alan iqtisadi tənəzzülün, digər tərəfdən isə sərhəddən o tərəfdə, xüsusilə Qafqazda cəlbedici məşğulluq sahələrinin mövcudluğunun nəticəsi idi. Odur ki, bu məqalədə XIX əsrdə İranda hakim olan iqtisadi, ictimai və tarixi vəziyyətə əsaslanaraq iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının iqtisadi zəmini iki fərqli yanaşma çərçivəsində tədqiqata cəlb edilir. Birinci yanaşmada İran iqtisadiyyatının daxili vəziyyəti, hakim zümrənin zorakılığı, sosial şərait, sənaye və ticarət məsələləri təhlil edilir, ikinci yanaşma isə İran iqtisadiyyatında xarici amillərin rolu, xarici ticarətin inkişafı, xarici kapitalın İran iqtisadiyyatındakı təsirinə əsaslanan tədqiqatı özündə ehtiva edir. Məqalə müəllifinin tarixi təhlilinin diqqət mərkəzində XIX əsrin birinci yarısında İranın iqtisadi kimliyinin hansı sərhədlərə malik olması və ona məxsus məna və məfhumların yenidən ifadə edilməsində tarixi mənbələrin hansı iqtisadi-ictimai rolu oynaması problemi yer almışdır. Bu baxımdan adıçəkilən tədqiqat iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza mühacirətinin səbəbləri və XIX əsrdə hökm sürən iqtisadi və sosial vəziyyət haqqında mötəbər daxili və xarici mənbələrə əsaslanaraq, təsviri və analitik təhlil metodları əsas alınmaqla hazırlanmışdır. Açar sözlər: İran tarixi, Qacar, iqtisadiyyat, iqtisadi faktor, neft sənayesi, ticarət və emiqrasiya

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Medvedeva, Natalia V. « Development of Social Infrastructure : Experience of Zemstvo Administration ». Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, n^o 4 (141) (29 décembre 2021) : 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-4-118-126.

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The article is devoted to the study of domestic experience in the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century. A retrospective analysis made it possible to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the zemstvo system of self-government. With the help of a comparative method, trends in the financial and economic support of zemstvo bodies at various stages of the zemstvo reform were identified, and an analysis of key indicators of the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century was carried out. The work shows that it was thanks to the zemstvo reform that the necessary conditions were created for the infrastructural development of cities and villages. Zemstvo institutions took responsibility for ensuring most of the spheres of life, which were not a priority for state authorities; contributed to the spread of education and culture in cities and villages. That is why the successful practices of zemstvo administration require new understanding during the development of modern social policy and the reform of local self-government in Russia.

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Luh, Andreas. « Großunternehmen und Betriebssport in Deutschland vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Ein (zu) wenig beachtetes sozial- und sporthistorisches Phänomen ». STADION 44, n^o 2 (2020) : 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-300.

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Since the end of the 19th century, company sports appeared as a part of company’s social welfare policy. Large companies in Germany still offer company sport activities as a part of voluntary social benefits today, but their scope, kind and function have changed enormously. The present study focuses on the development of company sports during the German Empire, its expansion and institutionalization as a part of company’s social welfare policy in the Weimar Republic as well as its restructuring in the context of the efforts of the German Labour Front in NS Germany. Furthermore, the study examines the reorganization of company sports based on social partnership concepts and corporate identity - and corporate social responsibility strategies in the Federal Republic of Germany. It asks, what kind of changes took place in company sports in Germany under the conditions of a structural changing economic and capitalist system from the 19th to the 21st century, in four political epochs of German history, from the German Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany?

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Baycar, Kazim. « Ottoman Integration into the European Metric System and the Standardization of Scales, 1860–1930 ». Archiv orientální 89, n^o 3 (16 janvier 2022) : 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.3.589-613.

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Even though the integration of the Ottoman Empire into the European metric system can be traced back to the mid-19th century, the process was only fully completed during the Kemalist Revolution in the 1930s. During the Imperial period, the Ottomans’ main motivation for using modern scales was to avoid the variations in the units of weights and measures that had arisen as a result of its technical and economic relations with Europe. In addition, the introduction of the new system was intended to secure the unification of the different traditional scales used in different parts of the Empire. During the Republican period, this motivation also included some ideological concerns. Using Ottoman archival documents, this article sketches out the entire process of integration into the European metric system and the standardization of weights and measures in the Ottoman Empire. In addition, it explains why this whole process lasted for sixty years, and how the Republican regime of modern Turkey was finally able to complete it. The article argues that it was the state capacity, methodology, and specific characteristics of modern Turkey as a nation-state that ultimately enabled it to fully introduce the European metric system.

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Drakopoulou, Eugenia. « "Pittura Romeica" in Italy : Artistic transfers across the Adriatic sea (18th - 19th centuries) ». Historical Review/La Revue Historique 13 (24 février 2017) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.11553.

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The complex historical reality of the Adriatic region, an area located even today on the borderline between East and West, is reflected in the works of religious painting and in the painters’ geographical movements. The art of Orthodox regions was mainly influenced by Venice, but also by the rest of Italy, and, as a result, a unique art emerged in the Ionian Islands, which remained under Venetian control until the end of the eighteenth century. In the course of the eighteenth century, political and economic conditions contributed to the growth of the Orthodox communities in Italy. Their members were interested in the art of the country where they lived and prospered, but they simultaneously wished to preserve the “pittura romeica” in the decorations of churches and in the icons used for their personal worship. From Naples to the cosmopolitan Trieste, Orthodox painters, coming mainly from the Ionian Islands, produced artworks which were adapted to the new surroundings, thereby making the Adriatic region once again a privileged area for cultural exchanges.

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Chernyaeva, Irina V., et Lidiya V. Balakhnina. « On the issue of pricing works of art in the process of historical development of artistic practices ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 59 (2021) : 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-59-321-329.

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In modern art practice, the issue of formation of symbolic and economic value of works of art remains acute and relevant. In the history of art art historians, curators, and art critics used to determine symbolic value. The issue of formation of economic value of works of art is still debatable. The task of the study is to identify features of the pricing of works of art inherent in individual periods of the development of artistic practices in a historical context. The authors address the issue retrospectively, considering the relationships between art and market, originated in the 18th century in Holland. The paper conducts a detailed analyze of the epistolary heritage of P. M. Tretiakov, concluding that in the 19th century it was the professional environment that acted as a regulator of the pricing of works of art. Economic conditions of the 20th century in the domestic art put to the forefront state insurance or state order, therefore the volume of payment of works depended on regalia and social status of an artist. The situation of the beginning of the 21st century brought not only new forms and mechanisms to the art market as Internet trading, corporate collecting, art banking, but also new problems that influenced the pricing process.

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Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kriuchkova et Ashot A. Melkonyan. « Керман и Систан в экономической конкуренции России и Великобритании в Восточной Персии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. » Oriental Studies 15, n^o 5 (26 décembre 2022) : 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-919-929.

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Introduction. The economic development of Eastern Persian provinces Kerman and Sistan — and the latter’s role in Russian-British economic rivalry — throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries remains somewhat understudied in both Russian and foreign historiographies. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of key trends in the development of Sistan and Kerman at the turn of the 20th century and their significance in foreign economic activities of both Great Britain and Russia. Materials and methods. The paper investigates reports by Russian diplomats to have headed Consulates to Kerman and Sistan. The employed research methods are the historical/genetic, historical/comparative, and historical/typological ones. Results. Russian diplomats paid great attention to peculiarities of Kerman and Sistan’s development, with due regard of their ethnic compositions, climatic conditions, and economic potentials. The article emphasizes that for a long time foreign trade of Kerman and Sistan was dominated by the British Empire which used, first of all, the potential and experience gained by India in organizing trade with Persia. The analysis of the Russian diplomatic reports shows since the late 19th century Russia — driven by its own foreign economic ambitions in Eastern Persia — was showing great interest in these provinces. St. Petersburg was aware of the impossibility of maintaining political dominance in Persia without strengthening its economic presence in the country, including in regions traditionally dominated by the British Empire. This initiative of St. Petersburg caused great concern in London. Conclusions. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Russia succeeded in challenging the positions of the British Empire in Sistan and Kerman markets, even in the segment of textile exports traditionally dominated by Great Britain. At the same time, when it comes to describe the obvious achievements of Russia in Persia’s eastern provinces it should be noted that Russian entrepreneurs showed little interest in developing trade with Kerman and Sistan. Therefore, most foreign economic operations were to be implemented with the active participation of Russian diplomatic missions. However, on the eve of WWI Russia’s entrepreneurs did take an initiative of their own, and thus paved further trade success in Sistan and Kerman.

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Sosin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. « Population of the Yakut Region in the First Third of the XIX Century as a Subject of Historical and Demographic Research in the Post-Soviet Period ». Общество : философия, история, культура, n^o 12 (11 décembre 2020) : 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2020.12.20.

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The paper is focused on the reviewing historical aspects of demographic changes in the Yakutsk region in the first third of the XIX century in the con-text of the analysis of population size. Based on the generalization of the available information collected by modern scientists in the course of research work, the idea of the social structure of the indigenous and migratory strata of the population of Yakutia in the first third of the 19th century is given. It is con-cluded that its numerical strength cannot be called stable. This is due to the pronounced influence of the socio-economic conditions of the region, the spread of the benefits of civilization on the life of nomadic peoples, military operations, the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the region, etc. The insufficient study of migration processes in the terri-tory of the Yakutsk region by scientists of the post-Soviet period is emphasized. The historiographic description of the structure of the population of Yakutia in the first third of the 19th century by mod-ern historians is reduced mainly to the presentation of data on its general composition, while age, gen-der, class and confessional differentiation of the inhabitants of the region is of interest.

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Gafarov, Anvar Ajratovich, et Mariam Arslanovna Galeeva. « Socio-Political Aspects of Russian Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca in the XIX-Th Century ». Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (8 décembre 2020) : 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.03.

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Starting from the middle of the 16-th century, during the foreign policy expansion increase, the ethno-confessional diversity of the Russian state was steadily increasing. The imperial policy aimed at assimilating non-Russian peoples sharply raised the issue of their identity preservation. For domestic Muslims, an important factor in cultural and confessional identity provision was the preservation and development of their traditional ties with the Islamic world. Various political, economic, cultural, and other contacts maintained with the countries of the Muslim East have become the basis for the stability of the Muslim community in Russia under imperial pressure. In this system, a special role was originally played by the Hajj (Muslim pilgrimage to the holy places in the Hejaz), which the official administration had to reckon with. The aim of the proposed study is to identify socio-political aspects, socio-political conditions, and the specifics of the Hajj implementation in the 19th century. After the analysis of office documentation, travel notes of Muslim pilgrims, and expert assessments of orientalists, the authors concluded that, despite the increasing opposition from the authorities, the significance of the Hajj intensifies in the 19th century. Hajj became not only the factor of opposition to imperial acculturation, but also a channel for presentation the ideas of renewal.

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Fedina, I. M. « Socio-Economic Policy of Russia on Black Sea Coast of Caucasus in Second Half of 19th Century ». Nauchnyi dialog 11, n^o 10 (7 janvier 2023) : 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-10-497-512.

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The problematic issues of the socio-economic policy of Russia in the development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of scientific research is explained not only by the growing public interest in the processes of regional history, but also by the need for scientific understanding and study of the development of the strategically important South Russian region. The localization of creative research was carried out, first of all, on insufficiently covered issues in the scientific literature, and often on historical subjects that were practically not considered by researchers. Particular attention in the study is paid to the description of the migration movement to the eastern Black Sea region and the formation of settlements. The projects of scientists, officials of various departments to improve economic development were considered. The features of land use and land management of coastal settlements are revealed. The role of the state in the development and expansion of the settlement network is characterized. It has been established that the construction of sustainable communications (highways, railways, sea routes) contributed to the consolidation of Russian influence on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. It is shown that communications, habitation of the lands of the coastal strip provided the resort development of the Eastern Black Sea region from the end of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the uncertainty of land use boundaries, as well as the attraction to the region of the population unfamiliar with local natural and climatic conditions, the lack of communications in every possible way slowed down the development of the region.

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Salomatina, Sofya A., et Vladislav Y. Ivakin. « Harvest, railway transportation and banking services to the agriculture in the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Empire in the late 19 th century ». Russian Journal of Economics 7, n^o 2 (9 juillet 2021) : 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.51709.

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This paper studies the influence of the service sector (joint-stock commercial banks and railways) on the economic development of agricultural regions within the Russian empire in the second half of the 19th century, using the case of the Central Black Earth region. The study compares yield data for major crops, railroad transportation of grain and flour, and the banking services to agriculture producers and traders. Statistical analysis of this data disproves the prevailing historical economic viewpoint which claims that agricultural exports were not accompanied by bank support, because it did not take into account a rather high level of infrastructure around the Riga–Oryol railway trunk, which was formed back in the 1870s. The exports in this region consisted of the prior year’s harvest, which indicated a rather developed system of crop storage and accompanying banking services. The study reveals a dramatic growth in the services sector throughout the Central Black Earth region during the 1890s. In previous decades, this system could not be extended to the entire region due to a long history of unfavorable conditions in the agricultural and banking sectors. Thus, banking services in Russia at the end of the 19th century were provided to not just industrial and stock markets customers. In those regions dominated by agriculture, services infrastructure had been oriented towards this sector.

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Pakhar, Lyudmila I. « «Superfluous people» as social and philosophical problem of the 21st century ». Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, n^o 3 (2020) : 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-3-448-458.

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The article deals with the problem of «superfluous people» in the contemporary socio-cultural reality. This term appeared in Russian literature and journalism in the middle of the 19th century to describe people who, with all their external well-being, were dissatisfied with their own life. In contrast to this interpretation, the English economist T. Malthus defined «superfluous people» as the population that consumes resources with minimal profit. The author of the article is in search for the answer to the question why in the contemporary world there is an increase in the number of «superfluous people» in the Malthus’s sense, that is the outcasts, the unemployed, and people who do not fit the standards of consumer society. According to the author, the reason is the distortion of social attitudes in developed countries of the West. The global economic crisis, especially in the context of COVID-19, requires a change in the liberal economic course. The author suggests adjusting the Russian economic policy taking into account the constant sanctions imposed by the West against the Russian Federation. In these conditions, the most appropriate option is the mobilization economic policy. The government should ensure the creation of enterprises for manufacturing import-substituting products, which would protect the country’s economy from the inevitable collapse. Significant attention and support should also be given to the social sphere, which would provide the population with a sufficient number of jobs. These actions of the government would support the country’s economic and social stability, thus making it possible to avoid mass unemployment.

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Petrov, Vladimir I. « Interregional comparative characteristics of the national composition of the population of the Middle Volga region and the Southern Urals of the second half of the 19th century. » Historical and social-educational ideas 13, n^o 2 (29 avril 2021) : 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-2-128-150.

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The paper presents a comparative analysis and characteristics of the social and everyday life of the peoples who inhabited the regions from 1867 to the end of the 19th century. Russian population in the provinces of the Middle Volga region had a larger share than in the Southern Urals, but the overall percentage of the Russian population decreased in the Middle Volga region, which is caused by a weak influx of Russians from the central part of Russia, the outflow of this part of the population to other parts of the country, the migration process of non-Russian peoples to the Middle Volga, the difference in the birth rate of representatives of the peoples. The population of the Middle Volga region and the Southern Urals by the end of the 19th century was distinguished by an exclusively multinational composition, which was due to the historical features of the settlement of the peoples of Russia, the socio-economic conditions of the development of the provinces and the migration processes (what exactly). Provincial cities were places of concentration of a more diverse population in national terms, in contrast to the inhabitants of counties and volosts, and centers of intensive interethnic contacts.

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Zyskina, Esther. « From Ally to Enemy : the Ottoman Empire in Publicistic Works by Ephraim Deinard ». Tirosh. Jewish, Slavic & ; Oriental Studies 18 (2018) : 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3380.2018.18.2.2.

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The paper considers is the transformation of the image of the Ottoman Empire in the publicistic texts by Ephraim Deinard, outstand ing Jewish writer and journalist of the turn of the 19th and 20th centu ries. The research was based on two Deinard’s works, “Atidot Israel” (“The Future of Israel”, 1892) and “Tzion be’ad mi?” (“Zion for Whom?”, 1918), which deal with a variety of topics, including Deinard’s opinion on the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the radical change of his position from the statements in “Atidot Israel” to those in “Tzion be’ad mi?” is observed. Deinard discusses the following three aspects, each case being a vivid example of this controversy: 1. The Ottoman government’s attitude towards Jews and the pros pects of the collaboration of the Jewish community with the government; 2. The economic situation in the Ottoman Empire and its foreign policy; 3. The culture and cultural policy in the Ottoman Empire. Deinard’s interest in Turkey was initially caused by his Zionist views, as the Land of Israel was part of the Ottoman Empire. Later, after World War I and especially after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the Zionists placed their expectations on Britain, while Turkey, after losing the war and the territory so important for Jews, could no more be praised by Dei nard. In addition, Deinard had lived in the USA for more than 30 years by 1918, and it is merely logical that his publicistic works were aimed against the USA’s enemy in World War I. This shift looks especially interesting when looked at through the context of the history of the Russian Jewish Enlightenment. A very simi lar process occurred in the ideology of the Russian maskilim in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th century, they believed that the Jews should be integrated in the Russian society and viewed the Russian government as their ally. The Russian authorities, correspondingly, tried to assimilate the Jews and to make them an integral part of the society. However, af ter the pogroms of 1880s, the authorities’ attitude towards Jews changed dramatically, and so did that of the maskilim towards the government. Laws regarding Jews were tightened and became openly anti-Semitic, and the maskilim started to criticize the state instead of hoping for col laboration with it. Deinard’s works used for this research date to a later period. More over, the aforementioned events influenced his positive attitude towards the Ottoman Empire: concerning the status of Jews in the both countries, Deinard opposed Turkey to Russia. Eventually, however, Turkey took the same place for Deinard as Russia did for his predecessors, the maskilim. His hopes for collaboration with the state were just as replaced by disap pointment and criticism. To conclude, the above similarity may suggest that the shift in Dein ard’s views might have correlated with the change in the ideology of the Russian maskilim.

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Ozola, Silvija. « ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES IN LIEPAJA’S CENTER DUE TO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ». SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (21 mai 2019) : 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol4.3706.

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In Liepaja, until 1703 economic developed on the Trade Port channel’s southern embankment. The main traffic flow changed his direction: from the port to the New Market leads Great (Latvian: Lielā) Street, at which end a wooden bridge was built over the channel. In the 19th century, the Administrative Center formed at the New Market Square’s vicinity. Streets connected squares and green structures in a united system. The Rose Square was set up instead the New Market. During World War II, the building at embankments and Great Street was destroyed. Using the Master Plan, approved in 1950, architect Vladimir Kruglov created the Detailed Plan for developed of Liepaja Center and Great Street. A reinforced-concrete bridge was built across the channel. Until the 100th Anniversary of the Proclamation of Independence of Latvia, the bridge was expanded, but Great Street was reconstructed. The object of the research – the city center of Liepaja and Great Street. Research problem – architectural changes of the city center of Liepaja and Great Street has studied not sufficiently. Research novelty – architectural analysis of the city center of Liepaja and Great Street. The goal of the research – to determine the typical changes in planning of the city center and Great Street in the context of Liepaja urban development. Main methods applied – analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.

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