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1
Zobl, Franz Xaver. « Regional economic development under trade liberalisation, technological change and market access : evidence from 19th century France and Belgium ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3755/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This PhD thesis analyses the spatial dimension of economic development in 19th century France and Belgium. During the 19th century Western European economies underwent a socio-economic and technological transformation to sustained rates of economic growth. The integration of domestic and foreign markets driven by declining transport costs and the reduction of trade barriers, shaped the economic geography of Western Europe. Consisting of three articles, this PhD thesis provides detailed empirical analyses of the spatial effects of trade liberalisation, technological change as well as the relative importance of market access and factor endowments. The first article studies the spatial effects of the Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 which lifted all import prohibitions on British manufacturers, exposing French producers to intensified British competition. The results show that increased British competition has led to a shift in the spatial distribution of French production and employment. Regions located closer to Britain lost employment and output shares in industries which experienced a rising importance of British imports. The second article analyses the interrelatedness between the diffusion of power technologies and urbanisation. I ask the research question whether French adherence to water power, and slow diffusion of steam technologies, was associated with low urbanisation, limited gains from urban agglomeration and through this mechanism constrained economic development. I find that steam-powered firms were around twice as likely to be located in urban regions while water-powered firms were highly associated with rural municipalities. Moreover, urban firms paid higher wages and were more productive than their rural counterparts. The third article studies the importance of access to coal and markets to explain regional patterns of Belgian industrialisation. The analysis shows that both access to coal and markets played important roles, suggesting that supply and demand factors should be seen as necessary rather than sufficient conditions of 19th century industrialisation.
2
Breashears, Margaret Herbst. « An Analysis of Status : Women in Texas, 1860-1920 ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279203/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examined the status of women in Texas from 1860 to 1920. Age, family structure and composition, occupation, educational level, places of birth, wealth, and geographical persistence are used as the measurements of status. For purposes of analysis, women are grouped according to whether they were married, widowed, divorced, or single.
3
PAVLENKO, Olga. « Overcoming uncertainty : Moscow merchants’ wealth and inheritance in the second half of the nineteenth century ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/67252.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 29 May 2020 (Online)Examining Board: Prof. Youssef Cassis (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Andrei Markevich (NES, Moscow, External Advisor); Prof. Alexander Etkind (EUI); Prof. Tracy Dennison (Caltech)
In recent years, there has been an explosion of literature about material inequality and the historical linkages between socio-economic disparities and inheritance strategies. These studies mainly focus on Western Europe and North America, while histories of personal wealth in the Russian Empire are underrepresented. My dissertation investigates the role of social stratification and private property rights in the accumulation and redistribution of personal wealth among the Russian urban population. I particularly focus on guild merchants during the second half of the nineteenth century. I have examined this group because merchants straddled social estates (as defined by law), class (as defined by socio-economic activity) and most were successful in the accumulation of personal assets. In investigating the membership books of Moscow guild merchants, last wills, inheritance valuations, wardships, and other sources, I show that guild merchants successfully managed low social and economic appreciation of mercantile agency imposed by the authorities and were able to accumulate wealth. The moderate, yet stable, number of guild merchants was the result of a fledgling internal market rather than ineffective business practices. The proportion of transmitted inheritances to the Gross National Product was low (4 percent), which suggests that inheritances benefitted the lives of urban Muscovites, but only moderately. The social inequality of wealth distribution was high (150 times between honorary citizens and artisans in Moscow in 1892), though between 1888 and 1908 the number of testators in the Russian Empire increased two times and value of transmitted inheritances increased by 12 percent. Excluding guild merchants, the rest of the urban population preferred single universal inheritance transmission. Guild merchants, however, chose more egalitarian, gender-neutral bequeathing patterns which lowered successor’s future income uncertainty. The variations and shifts in bequeathing patterns suggest that the less egalitarian inheritance strategies (embraced by the majority of the urban population) were balanced by higher value inheritances among guild merchants which applied more egalitarian inheritance strategies. As a result, the level of material inequality was likely moderate in comparison to other countries, and the urban population was less destitute than previously described in other studies. Thus, my research contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence and accurate estimations of the levels of personal wealth along social and geographic lines in late Imperial Russia.
4
Kafadar, Cemal 1954. « When coins turned into drops of dew and bankers became robbers of shadows : the boundaries of Ottoman economic imagination at the end of the sixteenth century ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75361.
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Starting from the final decades of the sixteenth century, Ottoman intellectuals were deeply concerned with what they perceived to be the decline of their traditional order. This decline consciousness, which later crystallized into a reform literature, is reflected in the works of this period's major historians.Chapter I surveys the development of Ottoman historiography prior to the late sixteenth century, with the aim of highlighting the novelty of the critical perspectives developed by historians of the era like Ali, Lokman and Selaniki. The attitudes and analyses of these historians concerning disturbing economic processes such as monetary turbulence and price movements constitute the focus of Chapters II and III respectively. These chapters argue that Ottoman decline consciousness grew partly in response to a keen awareness of newly emerging social and economic forces that Ottoman reform literature chose not to understand and accomodate but to resist and suppress. The failure of Ottoman intellectuals to come to terms with the new market forces of the early modern world was not due to an anti-mercantile bias, but to the primacy of politics in the Ottoman order. Chapter IV traces the international commercial activities of Ottoman Muslims in the context of a comparison between Ottoman decline consciousness and European mercantilism.
5
Papadia, Andrea. « Government action under constraints : fiscal development, fiscal policy and public goods provision during the Great Depression and in 19th and early 20th century Brazil ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3683/.
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This dissertation is composed by three papers whose unifying themes are the origin and impact of fiscal institutions. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it highlights the usefulness of the concept of fiscal capacity for the macroeconomics and international finance literatures by demonstrating its impact on sovereign default and fiscal dynamics during the Great Depression. Limits to the ability to tax have clear implications for macro-financial research, but are neglected by much of the literature. Second, my work contributes to the fiscal and state capacity literature by focusing on municipal level fiscal institutions in Brazil. Although research in this field is burgeoning, our understanding of the origin and impact of fiscal institutions in many parts of the world, including Latin America, is still very limited, particularly at the sub-national level. In terms of structure, the dissertation is a backwards journey from the impact of fiscal institutions to their origin. The first paper studies one of the ultimate outcomes of fiscal dynamics – sovereign default – by analyzing the debt crisis of the 1930s. The second paper takes the collapse in public revenues during the Great Depression as a starting point and demonstrates that fiscal institutions were a fundamental factor in the dynamics of fiscal aggregates. By shifting the focus to a single country and a different time period – the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries – the third paper demonstrates that slavery was deeply detrimental to the development of local governments’ ability to tax and provide fundamental growth and welfare-enhancing public goods in Brazil.
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Cox, Christopher R. « Synthesizing the Vertical and the Horizontal : A World-Ecological Analysis of 'the Industrial Revolution', Part I ». PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1944.
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'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.
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Shields, Francine. « Palm oil & ; power : women in an era of economic and social transition in 19th century Yorubaland (south-western Nigeria) ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1926.
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This study looks at the economic, political and social history of women in the Yoruba area of south-western Nigeria in the 19th century using contemporary sources which have remained previously largely untapped for historical studies of women. The century encompassed many key historical developments which affected women; in particular, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade and the growth of an export trade in locally produced palm oil and kernels. Whereas the slave trade had been dominated by men, the processing, transport and trade of palm produce was dominated by women. The extent, nature and effects of women's role in this and other industries such as pottery manufacture, dyeing and food vending, which also expanded and developed during this period, are examined. As demand for palm produce and other goods increased, the labour of both free-born and slave women became more valuable since it was vital for industry at all stages. The study looks at changing labour demands and sources and alterations in the established pattern of the sexual and generational division of labour. Important changes in gender relations are evident and the study illuminates how tensions between men and women and between women themselves were manifest and how both men and women expressed and dealt with these problems. Economic changes were accompanied by largely internal political developments which favoured a few wealthy women. overall, many men perceived and/or experienced that increasing female autonomy posed a threat to the established patriarchal order. The evidence represented in the thesis clearly shows how men attempted to subordinate women in general, tap into their income and limit their political involvement, mainly through the development of exploitative and restrictive aspects of male-dominated politico-religious cults, which were directed specifically at women.
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De, Wit Christoffel Hendrik. « Die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap in die Wes-Kaap, 1838-1961, met spesiale verwysing na die sosio-ekonomiese en politieke omstandighede van sy lidmate ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50598.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the history of the Berlin Missionary Society (BMS) that commenced their work in 1834 in South Africa. Due to financial reasons the ZuidAfrikaansche Zendinggenootskap (SASG), which coordinated missionary work in South Africa, requested the BMS to take over their activities at the missionary station Zoar in the Little Karoo. Their missionary work ofthe BMS rapidly extended to the neighbouring Amalienstein, then Ladismith, Anhalt-Schmidt (Haarlem), Riversdale, Herbertsdale, Mossel Bay, Laingsburg and Cape Town. Culturally and ethnologically, the field of work of the missionaries of the BMS in the northern provinces differed radically from that of their colleagues in the Western Cape. By 1838 the coloured communities of the Western Cape were already well acquainted with Western culture as well as with the Christian religion. This did not prevent the missionaries from applying a strict pietistic and patriarchal approach towards the coloured people they worked amongst. As the owners of the land on which these missionary stations were established, the missionaries laid down strict rules and regulations and were able to control the spiritual and material behaviour of the members of their congregations. Their approach had two important effects: The mlSSionanes, m emphasising the important role of education, opened doors to better living conditions for the various communities on a short term basis that eventually created socio-economic empowerment. On the other hand, it led to opposition from within these communities, which in later years would have a profound influence on the political mobilisation of the coloured population of the Western Cape. Financial problems and poverty became an integral part of the history of the BMS in the Western Cape- and for that matter, in South Africa. This was especially apparent during the first half of the twentieth century, when two world wars had a devastating effect on their work. The effects during this time on the BMS and the communities they served were two-fold: Due to financial constraints, the BMS increasingly handed over spiritual and educational work to local pastors and teachers. Secondly, the missionaries came to associate themselves with the rise of Afrikaner nationalism. Their low profile in opposing the developing policy of apartheid - and even tacit approval of it - not only led to a break with the committee in Berlin, but also to the estrangement of many of their church members. In 1961, the year in which a republican form of government was established in South Africa and the Berlin Wall was erected, the German Lutheran missionary societies amalgamated to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa (ELCSA) and the traditional missionary work of the BMS came to an end. Compared with the missionary activities of the much larger Dutch Reformed Church in the Western Cape, the role of the BMS may seem less relevant. When the impact of the work of the missionaries and their dedicated coloured church members are considered, their contribution to education and human development, is far bigger than their numbers represent. This allows them a place in the history and development of the Western Cape with its cultural diversity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap (BSG) wat in 1834 in Suid-Afrika begin werk het. Sendingwerk onder die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap het in 1838 toevallig begin toe die Zuid-Afrikaanse Zendinggenootskap (SASG) die BSG versoek het om weens finansiele redes die sendingbedrywighede by Zoar in die Klein Karoo oor te neem. Van hier af het die sendingaksie vinnig uitgebrei na die nabygelee Amalienstein en daama na Ladismith, Haarlem in die Langkloof, Riversdal, Herbertsdale, Mosselbaai, Laingsburg en Kaapstad. Kultureel en etnologies het die sendelinge in die Wes-Kaap se bedieningsveld radikaal verskil van die van hulle kollegas in die noordelike provinsies. Die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap was teen 1838 alreeds met die Westerse leefwyse en kultuur bekend en was ook reeds in kontak met die Christelike boodskap. Dit het die sendelinge in hierdie gebied - met hulle sterk pietistiese agtergrond - nie verhoed om 'n sterk en streng patriargale benadering ten opsigte van hulle gemeentelede te volg nie. Om woonverblyf op die sendingstasies te bekom moes lidmate van die BSG die reels en regulasies wat die sendelinge neergele het, streng navolg. Hierdeur kon die sendelinge beheer oor hulle gemeentelede se geestelike en materiele lewe uitoefen. Hierdie benadering het twee belangrike uitvloeisels onder die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap tot gevolg gehad. Eerstens het dit vir hierdie gemeenskappe opvoedkundige deure oopgemaak wat hulle lewenskwaliteite op korttermyn verbeter het en op 'n langer termyn hulle sosio-ekonomiese posisie verbeter het. Tweedens het dit egter ook tot weerstand gelei waarin die stem van hierdie gemeenskappe vir die eerste keer gehoor is en wat in later jare 'n beduidende invloed op die politieke toekoms van hierdie gemeenskappe sou he. Finansiele probleme en armoede het soos 'n goue draad deur die geskiedenis van die BSG in die Wes-Kaap geloop. Dit was veral die geval gedurende die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu toe twee Wereldoorloe 'n verwoestende effek op die genootskap se werksaamhede gehad het. Dit het twee belangrike uitvloeisels tot gevolg gehad: Eerstens was die genootskap gedwing om geestelike en opvoedkundige werk al hoe meer aan gekleurde werkers oor te laat- wat op sigself 'n bemagtigingsproses tot gevolg gehad het. Tweedens het die sendelinge van die BSG hulle al hoe meer met opkomende Afrikaner nasionalisme - en dus die ontplooiing van apartheid - vereenselwig wat nie alleen 'n breuk met die komitee in Berlyn tot gevolg gehad het nie, maar ook met hulle gekleurde gemeentelede wat aan die ontvangkant van rassesegregasie en diskriminasie was. Teen die einde van 1961, wat saamgeval het met die oorgang na 'n republikeinse staatsvorm in Suid-Afrika en die oprigting van die Berlynse Muur, het die verskillende Duitse Lutherse sendinggenootskappe saamgesmelt om die Evangeliese Lutherse Kerk van Suid-Afrika (ELKSA) te vorm en het die tradisionele sendingwerk van die BSG in Suid-Afrika tot 'n einde gekom. Gemeet aan die omvang van die werksaamhede van 'n kerkgenootskap soos die NG Kerk in die Wes-Kaap, veral tydens die twintigste eeu, mag die rol van die BSG gering voorkom. Op die langtermyn gesien is die invloed van die Berlynse sendelinge (en hul nageslag wat hulle permanent in Suid-Afrika gevestig het), asook die bruin lidmate van die BSG, in hierdie streek buite verhouding groot; veral ten opsigte van onderwys en opvoeding. Hiermee verdien die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap 'n staanplek in die ryk skakering van die W es-Kaapse geskiedenis.
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St, John Ian. « A study of the problem of work effort in British industry, 1850 to 1920 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72e07126-716e-47d1-9d97-04725e128098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis investigates the factors determining the effort put forth by industrial workers in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth. Why was so much energy and of such kinds put into work, and neither more nor less? What was the contribution of culture and institutions? And in which ways, if any, did the conduct of labour change over time? Labour effort contributes significantly to productivity differentials, between factories and across nations, and its study thus sheds light on that slackening of Britain's economic performance which historians have detected in the late Victorian period. Yet it is, additionally, a subject of interest in its own right. Work was the preponderating element in a man's daily experience, and much of the wide range of factory life found reflection in the matter of how hard he laboured and in what way. Indeed it is the contention of this thesis that an explanation of the level and forms of effort in the late nineteenth century must make reference to the workshop environment and its associated customs and social relationships. These arguments are illustrated by detailed studies of the shoe and flint-glass trades. Despite obvious contrasts between these industries, important similarities are found to exist in the issues surrounding labour effort. In both industries operatives limited output; shoe and glass employers alike contributed to the failure to fully realise the productive potential of their establishments; the social equilibrium of both industries was subject to mounting competition from overseas - a challenge compounded in the shoe trade by rapid technical change; and in each case these disruptive tendencies eventuated in industrial confrontations which, however apparently successful for employers, left the fundamental characteristics of industrial organisation unchanged. These themes were common, not merely to glass and shoe manufacture, but to a range of major industries. The culture of output limitation was, we conclude, widespread in industry in this period, and emerged from similar reasons out of similar contexts.
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Kong, Yuk Chui. « Jewish merchants' community in Shanghai : a study of the Kadoorie Enterprise, 1890-1950 ». HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/417.
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Following the footsteps of British merchants, Jewish merchants began migrating to China's coastal ports starting from the 1840s. Small in their number, they exerted great influence on Shanghai's economic development. The community of Jews from Baghdad, for instance, wielded enormous clout in coastal China's economic and financial markets. To fill the gap of the economic and financial activities of the Jewish merchants' community in the existing literature, this dissertation considers Jewish economic activities in Shanghai using the Kadoorie enterprise as a case study. It examines the emergence, development and retreat of the Jewish merchants' community and argues that the Jewish merchants' community seized the opportunity of the changing political and economic environment in China to engage in the capital market in Shanghai and to enlarge their influence in the Chinese economy. Through the case study of the Kadoories, this dissertation focuses on the financial side of their operations and suggests that the Jewish merchants' community in Shanghai had established their identity and status in the Far East through expanding their economic influences. This dissertation starts by analyzing how the Kadoories knocked over the obstacles on the problem of nationality and started their business in Shanghai with the British legal tools. It further investigates their methods of raising capital and highlights their economic contributions. This dissertation examines the business strategies of the Jewish merchants, as a migration diaspora given the vagaries of the global economy and the changing political situation in coastal China. It then explores the interactions and power struggles between the Kadoories and their business partners to explain the business network of the Jewish merchants and account for the building up of the economic influence of the Jewish merchants' community in China. Furthermore, the case study examines how the Jewish merchants adapted their business strategies in response to political and economic changes. Examining the economic activities of these Jewish merchants provides insight into China's economic history. The case study of the Kadoories also reveals the fluctuations in Shanghai's economy and the characteristics of economic changes in contemporary China. Finally, this dissertation highlights the retreat of the Kadoories from Shanghai after 1945. At present, the Kadoories are still conducting business in China.
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Yamin, G. M. « The causes and processes of rural-urban migration in 19th and early 20th century India : the case of Ratnagiri district ». Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2232/.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the growth of large scale labour migration from Ratnagiri district during the nineteenth century. It is argued firstly that for an understanding of the origins of migration from Ratnagiri it is necessary to investigate the socio-economic structure of the district, since exogenous demand for labour cannot explain many aspects of the pattern of migration from Ratnagiri, nor can it explain the high rate of migration compared to other areas with similar access to labour markets. It is argued that regional and gender patterns of migration from Ratnagiri can be partly explained by the structure of demand for labour within the district; but that the scale of migration can most convincingly be explained in terms of the acute poverty of sections of the rural population. It is argued that this poverty cannot be ascribed to demographic pressure in the early nineteenth century, since population in the district did not rise rapidly until migration was already underway. It is instead suggested that the poverty of many cultivators in the earlier nineteenth century was an outcome of the spread of a village zamindari system in Ratnagiri during the late eighteenth century, the impact of which was intensified by legal changes introduced under British rule; the consequent concentration of landholding in the hands of the village zamindars led to higher exactions on the lower caste cultivators, which stimulated emigration in the mid nineteenth century. Furthermore, it is suggested that the land tenure system was at the root of the problems of agricultural development which the district faced later in the nineteenth century. When population rose In the mid nineteenth century, the extension of cultivation put pressure on the fragile ecology of the district, which led to rapid deforestation and falling yields per acre. it is argued that though cultivation intensified In Ratnagiri during the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the output per head nonetheless probably fell, and the system of land tenure discouraged the adoption of many strategies which might have raised output per head, thus perpetuating the poverty which, it is argued, lay at the root of out-migration from Ratnagiri.
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Hogg, Grace Laing. « The legal rights of masters, mistresses and domestic servants in Montreal, 1816-1829 / ». Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59245.
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In early nineteenth century Lower Canada, a direct relationship existed between the colony's laws of employment and the nature of its economy. As the artisanal and manufacturing centre of British North America, Montreal, in the first third of the century, had a pre-industrial economy. Its legal treatment of the master/servant relationship was established and directed by masters, and drew heavily upon the spirit of the pre-industrial traditions of English common law, emphasizing the criminal liability of servants failing to respect contractual obligations. Montreal's domestic servants, who were drawn from the poor and popular classes, and included mostly women and minors, were often at the greatest disadvantage in this legal system, because of their gender and economic backgrounds. Not only did their masters and mistresses have economic and social advantages, but they also controlled the legal system.
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Downing, Arthur Michael. « The friendly planet : friendly societies and fraternal associations around the English-speaking world, 1840-1925 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:363dd204-d5f5-4639-bafd-31fd20d1ab95.
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Friendly societies and fraternal associations were self-governing convivial clubs that provided members with mutual aid in case of sickness or death. Over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries they blossomed around the English speaking world, attracting millions of members. Combining archival research and quantitative methods, this thesis is the first multi-national economic history of the friendly societies and fraternal associations. How effective were these organisations as insurers? Were they able to overcome the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection? Were they significant in generating 'social capital'? How were they affected by the emergence the welfare state?
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Marshall, Richard Graham. « A social and cultural history of Grahamstown, 1812 to c1845 ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002401.
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This thesis examines the development of Grahamstown from its inception in 1812 to the mid-1840s, paying particular attention to the social and cultural life of the town. It traces the economic development of the town from a military outpost to a thriving commercial settlement, noting the essential factor of the town's proximity to the Cape frontier in this process. The economic interaction between diverse groups in the town mirrors the social and cultural interaction which occurred between British settlers, Khoekhoe and Africans. The result of these interactions was the creation of a new, distinctively South African urban society and culture, despite the desire of the white settlers to reproduce a “typical” English environment in their new home. The conflict between attempts to anglicise the urban environment and the realities of Grahamstown's situation on a colonial frontier was reflected in the architecture and layout of the town. Attempts to recreate an English social environment also failed. New classes arose in the town in response to the economic opportunities available on the frontier. Although some settlers prospered, many did not, and the presence of an impoverished white working class undermines settler historians' picture of settler success and affluence. The poorest people in the town, though, were the increasing numbers of Khoekhoe and Africans who migrated from the surrounding countryside, and who were unequally incorporated into the urban community as a colonial labouring class. In response to these unique circumstances, white settlers in Grahamstown developed a powerful political and propaganda machine, which helped lay the foundations of a distinct settler identity in the eastern Cape.
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Richardson, Frances Ann. « Rural change in north Wales during the period of the Industrial Revolution : livelihoods, poverty and welfare in Nantconwy, 1750-1860 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a94a14ee-c647-4215-9795-a3e22ce6b919.
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This thesis explores how a typical area of rural Wales participated in and was shaped by social and economic change during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It investigates how increasing numbers of people made a livelihood in the Caernarvonshire hundred of Nantconwy over the period 1750-1860, including the role of women in the local economy. A wide range of record types are used to explore inter-relationships between population growth, agriculture, proto-industry, the organisation of farming households, and the livelihoods of the poor. The thesis covers a key gap in the historical literature, as most studies of agrarian change at this period concentrate on England, and there has been little investigation of the experience in rural Wales. Unlike many parts of England where economic modernization was accompanied by growing inequality involving a transition from a household economy to a capitalist tripartite society of landowners, tenant farmers and landless wage labourers, Nantconwy experienced a growth of subsistence smallholding, as more people faced with a shortage of waged employment sought to make a livelihood from the land. Family by-employment and proto-industry also played a crucial role in the local economy. Bringing the commons and wastes into private ownership had relatively little impact on the poor, but smallholders' livelihoods were adversely affected after 1815 by the mechanization of spinning and declining earnings from stocking knitting. Living standards began to improve after 1830 with the expansion of male employment in slate quarrying, while the role of women on family farms was enhanced. Parishes evolved a low-cost system of poor relief which supported mainly older residents who were no longer able to quite make ends meet from the traditional cottager economy, while encouraging the young to leave the land or migrate to local towns or quarrying areas with better employment prospects.
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Jacino, Ramatis. « O trabalho do negro livre na cidade de São Paulo 1872-1890 ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-06072007-104911/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ao final do século XIX, a riqueza resultante do crescimento da cafeicultura e a entrada de milhares de imigrantes europeus, provocou um crescimento inédito da cidade de São Paulo. Em paralelo, a escravidão ia se extinguindo e reforçando o contingente de negros livres, que se somavam a massa de pobres de outras etnias, motivo de preocupação da classe dominante. Disputando os espaços da cidade e os postos de trabalho, estes grupos sociais protagonizaram conflitos internos, entre outros grupos sociais e com o Estado, opressivo e discriminador. A crescente população de negros livres, no entanto, inseria-se no mercado de trabalho a medida que a escravidão ia acabando. Aquela inserção foi abortada com a consolidação do trabalho assalariado e o surgimento de teorias racistas, que empurra-os para fora do mercado formal, obrigando-os a sobreviverem nas franjas da sociedade, exercendo trabalhos informais, pouco valorizados econômica e socialmente ou a marginalizar-se.By the end of the XIX century, the wealth produced by the expansion of coffee plantations and the arrival of thousands of European immigrants, brought about an unprecedented growth to the city of São Paulo. Simultaneously, as slavery became extinct and the ever-growing contingent of free blacks added to the masses of other poor ethnic groups, the dominant class\'s concern rose. Striving for space in the cities and for a place in the labor market, these social groups staged conflicts internally, against other social groups and against an oppressive and discriminatory State. The rising population of free blacks, however, joined the labor market as slavery declined. Such process is aborted with the consolidation of labor and the emergence of racist theories that push them out of the formal market, forcing them to survive on the fringes of society, either by performing informal jobs of little economic and social value or resorting to crime to make a living.
17
Withall, Caroline Louise. « Shipped out ? : pauper apprentices of port towns during the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1870 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:519153d8-336b-4dac-bf37-4d6388002214.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.
18
Defraigne, Jean-Christophe P. L. G. « De l'intégration nationale à l'intégration continentale : analyse de la dynamique d'intégration supranationale européenne et de ses liens avec les changements technologiques des processus de production dans une perspective de long terme ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211359.
Texte intégral
19
Larbi, Kninah. « L'évolution des structures économiques, sociales et politiques de la ville de Fès au XIXe siècle "1820-1912" : l'ouverture au marché mondial et ses conséquences ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212107.
Texte intégral
20
Michaux, Marianne. « Entre politique et littérature : les écrivains belges du réel (1850-1880) ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212119.
Texte intégral
21
ÇELIK, Semih. « Scarcity and misery at the time of 'abundance beyond imagination' : climate change, famines and empire-building in Ottoman Anatolia (c. 1800-1850) ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47944.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 12 September 2017Examining Board: Prof. Luca Molà European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Suraiya N. Faroqhi Istanbul Bilgi University (External Supervisor); Prof. Stéphane Van Damme European University Institute; Prof. Alan Mikhail Yale University
This study examines the effects of climate change on the early-nineteenth century socio-political transformation of the Ottoman Empire by analyzing the institutionalization of an imperial political-ecology, and the transformation of socio-ecologies of the imperial subjects as a reaction to both the climate change and the development of the imperial political ecology. It is argued that the first official weather forecasts, the first Ottoman natural history museum (1836-1848) and model farms of the 1840s were institutional outputs of a significant change in the perception of nature of Ottoman administrators. On the other hand, that perception, which tended to understand nature more and more as a commodity and a scientific object was reacted and challenged by Ottoman subjects in a variety of ways ranging from resistance, to adaptation, and invention of new tactics to cope with its effects. Abstaining from felling trees for the Tersane-i Amire, incendiarism, altering established labor-relations and migration against the will of the state were among the most common practices. It is argued that the resulting dialectic between an ideology based on expert knowledge and identity, and one based on local knowledge became a decisive factor in the empire-building practices and the direction of reforms during the second half of the century. The same dialectic made visible the reasons of the 'failure' of Ottoman state in natural disaster relief after the 1830s, especially during the famine of 1845-50. Dependence of Ottoman administration on centrally appointed expert-bureaucrats and their ideology in comparison to pre-1840 famines, limited the ability of the state to take immediate action and its capacity to negotiate with local elites, merchants, producers and consumers. Famine-time charity and philanthropy have become practices through which a new imperial identity was negotiated between the central authorities, local elites and common subjects of the empire.
22
LAINS, E. SILVA Pedro. « Foreign trade and economic growth in the European periphery : Portugal,1851-1913 ». Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5868.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 29 June 1992Examining Board: Prof. Albert Carreras, EUI ; Prof. Alan Milward, London School of Economics (supervisor) ; Prof. Patrick O'Brien, University of London ; Prof. A.H. de Oliveira Marques, New University of Lisbon ; Prof. Leandro Prados de la Escosura, University Carlos III, Madrid ; Prof. Jaime Reis, New University of Lisbon
23
Meikle, B. « Cronyism, muddle and money : Land allocation in Tasmania under the Waste Lands Acts, 1856-1889 ». Thesis, 2014. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22425/1/Whole-Meikle-thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the granting of self-government to the colonies of eastern Australia in the 1850s, each colony became responsible for its own land legislation. Each produced legislation that enabled settlement by small farmers, the selectors. In New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland this led to conflict between the selectors and those who had previously established their sheep runs on the land, the squatters, as they became known in Australia. The land legislation also enabled the development of agriculture in those colonies. Tasmania produced twenty-one Waste Lands Acts over a period of thirty-one years, and introduced a number of land schemes to attract immigrants. In spite of these attempts, the Tasmanian economy remained in depression, agricultural output declined, and immigration stagnated.
This thesis argues that the Waste Lands Acts of Tasmania were critical for the economic development of the country. Under British rule, the land legislation had created a monopoly in which the large landholders, the pastoralists, controlled the best land and the parliament. After self-government, the Waste Lands Acts determined how and where people lived and they determined the economic and political relationships between the small farmers and the monopolists.
This thesis has two major lines of enquiry. The first is centered on the land legislation, the Waste Lands Acts of Tasmania, under which land was alienated from 1858 to 1889. The second examines the way people lived under the provisions related to small farming. The main sources used include the legislation, the parliamentary papers, the parliamentary debates, and the official archives. A number of farm diaries and associated correspondence, from both the Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office (TAHO) and from private collections, have been used, as well as contemporary newspapers and journals.
The thesis has three parts. The first contains introductory material. It examines the systems of land alienation and the way people lived under these prior to self-government. It then provides an economic history for the period studied here, 1858 to 1890. The second part analyses the Waste Lands Acts, the debates that drove them, their provisions, their economic impact and the way the new settlers lived under them. The third part is a case study of an agricultural area opened for settlement under the Waste Lands Acts.
This thesis contributes to knowledge by providing an economic and social history of a period previously little studied. It found that democratization of land ownership, a major driving force behind the land legislation in the other Australian colonies, was largely absent in Tasmania. Instead, the Waste Lands Acts were driven by the ideal of improvement, which was to be achieved by settling yeoman farmers on the land. Their implementation was flawed. The financial constraints, under which the Tasmanian government operated, meant the primary purpose of the land legislation must be to raise revenue, not encourage agriculture. They fuelled a pastoral land grab. Settlement of agricultural lands and exploration of the rich mineral lands were delayed by the practice of withdrawing lands from selection on the grounds that they might be auriferous. The operation of the Waste Lands Acts was further hampered by the refusal of the Legislative Council, Tasmania’s upper house in parliament, to agree to the construction of roads and bridges in the new areas being opened up. This prolonged the economic depression. In spite of these hindrances, selectors did establish new farms, contributing to the restructuring of agriculture and helping to fuel the development of regional economies.
24
Callebert, Ralph. « Cities and the origins of capitalism in Natal : the role of cities and towns in the incorporation of Natal in the capitalist world-system, 1837-1899 ». Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1568.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation looks at the role cities and towns played in the incorporation of Natal into the capitalist world-system. It looks at which urban network came into existence and how this interacted with the development of the economy. It also looks at the cities themselves and how these were the locus of important class and racial struggles. The period that was researched is the second half of the nineteenth century, more concretely from 1837, the year that the voortrekkers crossed the Drakensberg into Natal, to 1899, the year that the Boer War started. The main economic activity in Natal for most of this period was the transit trade. This was also at least partly by default, as commercial settler agriculture was not very successful. This resulted in a pattern of settlement that was characterised by two primate cities, Durban and Pietermaritzburg, and very little urban development in most of the countryside. The pattern of settlement also followed the main trade route. The nature of railway development entrenched this pattern by not fostering agricultural development as the railways were mainly built to serve the trade. The dominance of the commercial elites led to policies that were rather beneficial for the merchants than for the settler farmers, the labour and 'native' policy and the railway development illustrate this. By the end of this period things however started to change, the settler elite became more influential and the pattern of settlement started changing. The urban history of colonial Natal also shows that things do not just turn out as they are planned by governments, elites or 'capital'. The ideal of the white city turned out to be impossible to achieve and also providing a large docile, dependent and cheap black labour force was not a straightforward task. The cities offered Africans and Indians plenty of opportunities to eke out an independent existence in or on the fringes of town, which put them in a strong bargaining position. This led the administration to use a wide range of techniques of social engineering, which in the twentieth century evolved into almost complete urban segregation.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.
25
FAZIO, Antonella. « Land distribution, prices and ownership : the case of Cundinamarca during the second half of the 19th century ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28038.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 9 September 2013Examining Board: Professor Federico Giovanni, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla, European University Institute Professor Fabio Sánchez Torres, Universidad de los Andes (External Supervisor) Professor Joan Rosés, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
During the 19th century Export Economy had consequences on land markets. In this way, some "institutional arrangements” in land property rights were required, which had consequences on land prices, distribution and ownership. Due to the difficulty for collecting quantitative information, they are few quantitative writings about land for the case of Colombia. In this sense, the aim of this work is to understand, through quantitative information, the importance that land and land property rights had in Colombian history and its current economic performance. I will take into consideration the Region (Departamento) of Cundinamarca. As primary sources I used the information contained in the Cadastres Surveys made in 1878 and in 1890 and in the land deeds taken from the office of Notaría I in Bogotá (1868-1900). Based on this quantitative information this book is composed by three chapters. First chapter reveals that in Cundinamarca land was distributed in an unequal manner (land gini were quite high). Nevertheless, this research goes beyond this result of land inequality. In fact, contrary to the traditional neo-institutionalism point of view this research proves that land concentration not necessarily led to bad economic outcomes but that may lead to good or bad outcomes in human capital accumulation, depending on the institutional context. The second chapter that composes this research is about the trend of "urban” land prices in Cundinamarca (1868-1900). In this chapter I estimated a deflated series of land prices using the information of the Notaryś I office from Bogotá. The last chapter analyzes the relationship between Export Economy, land ownership, prices and distribution (Gini).
26
Glowacki, Amy E. « Old Ward Four, Indianapolis, 1870 : A Comparison of the Adult, Male African-American and White Populations ». Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4965.
Texte intégral
27
Manning, Mary C. « “Just arrived from the East” : manufactured and imported building materials in early nineteenth-century Indiana ». 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1632466.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the availability and use of manufactured and imported
building materials in southern and central Indiana before 1850. Specifically, it seeks to
identify the extent to which materials such as paint, machine-cut nails, window glass and
prefabricated sash, architectural hardware, and cast iron stoves were imported into the
region from both foreign and domestic sources. It examines the transition from handmade
and hand-wrought to standardized, mass-produced, and prefabricated building materials
and explores the impact of emerging American consumerism, changing economic policy,
and advancements in technology and transportation on the built environment of the
Indiana frontier.Historical context -- Whitewash and paint -- Wrought and cut nails -- Window glass and prefabricated sash -- Architectural hardward -- Cast iron stoves.
Department of Architecture
28
Gökalp, Deniz 1978. « Beyond ethnopolitical contention : the state, citizenship and violence in the 'new' Kurdish question in Turkey ». Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3720.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation aims to illuminate the changing nature of the Kurdish contention in Turkey since the 1990s as well as its ubiquitous dissemination among the Kurdish grassroots through examining the repercussions of political violence and the relocation of the grassroots from rural to urban centers. My understanding of the recent internal displacement of Kurdish citizens in Turkey in the late 1980s, but en masse in 1990s relates the issue to three overarching intertwined trajectories; 1) the end of the cold war, resulting in the changing nature of political violence and of identity politics; 2) the incursion of neoliberalism and the changing paradigms regarding the nature of state-society relations, resulting in a tendency for decentralization and a decline in the welfare functions of the state 3) the increasing salience of new international concerns--particularly international human rights rhetoric--and their influence domestically. Against this backdrop, I examine how the displacement of Kurdish citizens on a large scale has become part of the changing nature of the Kurdish Question, and in turn has started to redefine its contemporary face in Turkey in the 1990s. I argue that following the 1990s, the Kurdish question in Turkey has [re]surfaced as 1) a problem of political legitimacy between the state and (Kurdish) citizens affected by conflict and displacement 2) an ethno-nationalist claim, 3) a poverty and social citizenship problem. I analyze these three propositions in relation to three main processes. First, I propose that new dynamics have been introduced into the state/center-citizen/periphery relations, through which 'legitimate' Kurdish citizens and secure spaces/geographies are distinguished by the Turkish state in contrast to the 'illegitimate,' 'so-called', 'undeserving' and/or 'suspicious' ones. This process, in turn, brought in question the legitimacy of the state in the eyes of the displaced Kurdish citizens. Second, previously existing Kurdish contention has turned into an ethno-political issue, which is entrenched among the Kurdish masses mired in poverty in the urban centers of southeastern Turkey. Finally, the discontents of neoliberal restructuring in the form of poverty, unemployment and social exclusion have converged with the ethnicized discontent prevailing among the Kurdish masses in the city centers in southeastern Turkey.
29
CAPPELLI, Gabriele. « The uneven development of Italy’s regions, 1861-1936 : a new analysis based on human capital, institutional and social indicators ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33868.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 21 November 2014Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI and RSCAS (Supervisor); Professor Michelangelo Vasta, University of Siena (External Supervisor); Professor Giovanni Federico, University of Pisa; Professor Joan Roses, London Schools of Economics and Political Science.
This thesis sheds new light on the process of economic divergence that characterized Italy’s regions in the second half of the nineteenth century and the Interwar period. It shows that social capital had a limited impact on the regions’ economic fortune prior to the Great War. Further, only specific dimensions of social capital affected regional economic growth. Instead, the country’s regional inequalities grew large as a result of different endowments of human capital. In turn, human capital differences inherited from pre-unification states remained large as a result of public policy, which established a decentralized education system in 1859. This choice delayed convergence in primary schooling across regions, because of the tight connection between municipal fiscal capacity and the supply of schools and teachers. Centralized education, introduced with the Daneo-Credaro Reform in 1911, loosened this link and favoured regional convergence in human capital. Contrary to expectations, local institutional mechanisms did not play a large role in the growth of mass education: a detailed analysis of the determinants of primary schooling across Italy’s provinces in the years 1871 – 1911 confirms that local economic conditions influenced the development of human capital far more than political participation and access to local decision-making. These results cast doubt on recent interpretations of the socioeconomic divergence experienced by Italy’s regions. While further research is needed on the link between local institutions and the development of basic education, this work calls for a renewed focus on the way that central policy affected regional divergence and Italy’s overall economic development before the Second World War.
30
SCHRAM, Albert. « The impact of railways : growth and development in the northern Italian economy 1856-1884 ». Doctoral thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5972.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 24 November 1994Examining Board: Prof. Albert Carreras (supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Richard Griffiths (co-supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Peter Hertner (European University Institute) ; Prof. Jeffrey Williamson (Harvard University) ; Prof. Vera Zamagni (University of Bologna)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
31
« The circulation of foreign silver coins in southern coastal provinces of China, 1790-1890 ». 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896464.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gong Yibing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-121).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter I. --- Basic Monetary Terms --- p.9
Basic Functions of Money --- p.10
China´ةs Bimetallism --- p.16
The Terminology --- p.19
Chapter Chapter II. --- The Influx of Foreign Silver Coins into China --- p.22
Chapter Chapter III. --- The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins --- p.39
The Spread of Foreign Silver Coins in China --- p.39
Case Study I: Fujian --- p.46
Case Study II: Guangdong --- p.65
Case Study III: Jiangsu and Zhejiang --- p.82
Conclusion --- p.101
Bibliography --- p.108
32
Cupka, Head Kevin M. « Archaeology of the Hoosier hills : exploring economic and material conditions at the Charley Farmstead ». 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1629782.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Charley farmstead in Harrison County, Indiana represents a significant archaeological resource within a region that has been largely neglected by historians and historical archaeologists alike. The farm was settled by George Charley, a Revolutionary War veteran from Virginia, in 1810, and was continuously occupied for two centuries. This study presents the results of an archaeological investigation at the site that included primary document research, mapping of the architectural landscape, a soil resistance survey, subsurface testing, and the analysis of historic materials. The data collected was used to interpret the material and economic conditions experienced at the site during the nineteenth century. From this data it appears that the Charley farmstead was a diverse and successful agricultural operation that began as a subsistence-level corn and swine farm, adopted market-dependent surplus agriculture by the mid-nineteenth century, and followed general trends towards increased market-dependence and consumerism into the twentieth century.Department of Anthropology
33
BOHÓRQUEZ, Jesús. « Globalizar el sur : la emergencia de ciudades globales y la economía política de los imperios portugués y español : Rio de Janeiro y La Habana durante la era de las revoluciones ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45564.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 13 January 2016Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute; Professor Regina Grafe, European University Institute; Professor Leonor Freire Costa, ISEG; Professor Joseph Fradera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
The dissertation focuses on the political economy of the Portuguese and Spanish empires during the Age of Revolutions, tracing the rise of Rio de Janeiro and Havana as global cities. It examines the political economy of the emergence of two global ports in the LusoHispanic Atlantic and appraises institutional dynamics instead of merely exploring the nature of institutions. This work contributes to the field of global history by offering an Atlantic history in global perspective. It proposes a Hemispherical Atlantic and simultaneously discloses its connections with the Indian Ocean. As a substitute of a local/global dichotomy, the dissertation resorts to the use of three different dimensions (markets, institutions and agents), which do not necessarily follow a path from global to local. The first part analyses the cities’ integration into imperial and global markets as well as their participation into much larger global commodity chains. It considers not only markets’ trends but also the emergence of translocal markets. The financing of Slave trade in the South Atlantic and flour trades in the North Atlantic are thoroughly researched. The second section emphasises on institutions and their impact on agent’s behaviour. It mainly refers to formal institutions as well as their dynamics. It fundamentally focuses on institutions governing exchange: customs houses, taxes and corporations, and carefully integrates emulation in the design, creation and evolution of formal institutions. Finally, the third section explores networks, agency relations and privateorder institutions. Besides trust and reputation, merchants’ status was crucial in the configuration and evolution of networks. Credit, multidirectional capital flows, and the consignment system are studied through the meticulous examination of merchants businesses in Africa, New England and the Peninsula, offering new insights on Asian textiles in the Caribbean markets and the slave traffic in Brazil. This thesis investigates the complexities of governance that took place in the Iberian empires, and revises images of absolutist power, centralization or negotiation. It argues that the empire’s organization was highly hierarchical (which differs from centralization) and claims that such a rigid hierarchical organization prevented to some extend institutional change and innovation. In so doing, it underlines the need for an intermediate approach between “black legend” absolutist versions and revisionist “pink histories” of the Iberian empires.
34
White, John Matthew. « On the road to Nerrigundah : an historical anthropology of indigenous-settler relations in the Eurobodalla region of New South Wales ». Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109810.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Aside from notable exceptions, the nature and variety of Indigenous participation in
Australian settler economies has been largely neglected in the anthropological and
historical literature. In the Eurobodalla region of the New South Wales south coast,
there has been a significant disjuncture in the regional literature between anglocentric
local histories, and research that acknowledges Aboriginal people through historical
investigations or through the collection of oral histories. There is also a significant
gap in the anthropological literature between the early ethnographies, specific studies
on Aboriginal labour and social conditions that were biased by ideological
presuppositions, and recent work undertaken in relation to judicial processes.
This thesis combines theorising of intercultural domains with a utili sation of notions
of economic hybridity to examine the history of settler-Indigenous relations in the
Eurobodalla and the character of emergent complexes of transactions that entailed a
highly plural range of intercultural interactions, which transformed both Indigenous
and settler subjectivities. The thesis is grounded in historical and local specificity
while it places 'the local' within a broader geopolitical context. Drawing on both
anthropological and historical approaches, the thesis argues that present socioeconomic
conditions in south coast Aboriginal communities can only be understood
through the broader historical context.
The thesis examines the highly localised character of the changes brought about by
European colonisation and the gradual expansion of the settler economy in the
Eurobodalla during the early-mid 19th
century. Aboriginal people were drawn into the
emerging settler economy through reciprocal relationships of labour, while the
presence of settlers was also incorporated into pre-existing, dynamic patterns of
economy and sociality. The evidence suggests that semi-nomadic patterns of mobility
persisted well into the 20th
century, despite the efforts of the Aborigines Protection
Board to curtail this movement. The period between the 1940s and 1970s is
remembered as a relatively bounded era in which Aboriginal families were both on
the run from ' the welfare', and following patterns of seasonal movement (or 'beats').
Aboriginal people were broadly employed in forestry work and seasonal vegetable
picking until both industries collapsed in the late 1970s. Through a range of factors,
including industry decline, increases in Indigenous political agency, the provision of
town housing, welfare and citizenship entitlements and generational change,
Aboriginal people in the Eurobodalla have experienced a fraught transition to the era
of so-called 'self determination'.
The thesis also seeks to 'muddy the waters' of some widespread, but erroneous,
generalisations about settler-Indigenous relations and the manifestation of government
policies. It identities several historical moments (or processes) that are comparable to
trajectories of settler-Indigenous relations elsewhere in Australia. In doing so, this
thesis makes a contribution to knowledge by providing a localised and historically situated
case study o f settler-Indigenous relations. Research of this type has the
potential to mediate the extreme positions generated by the ' history wars'.
35
« Rethinking state-society relationships : emergence of civil society at Canton in late Qing, 1896-1911 ». 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889827.
Texte intégralRésumé :
by Cheng Chi-man, Francis.Thesis submitted in: December 1998.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.iii
List of Figures --- p.v
Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION
Background of This Study --- p.1
Aims and Objectives --- p.6
Conceptual Framework --- p.7
Civil Organization --- p.12
Civil Society --- p.14
State-Society Relationship --- p.15
justification of this study --- p.20
A Methodological Note --- p.24
Chapter Outline --- p.26
Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED
Introduction --- p.30
Western Tradition --- p.35
Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36
Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37
Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39
Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43
Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45
Civil Society in Poland --- p.45
Chinese Tradition --- p.48
Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50
Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53
Concluding Remarks --- p.56
Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING,"
Introduction --- p.59
Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61
Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64
Co-hong System： Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69
Guilds of Merchant： A Long Haul --- p.76
Concluding Remarks --- p.80
Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911"
Introduction --- p.84
Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86
Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89
Concluding Remarks --- p.93
Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY?
Introduction --- p.96
Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98
Autonomy over Finance --- p.103
Autonomy over Activities --- p.106
Functions of the Chamber --- p.108
Participation in Public Affairs --- p.114
Concluding Remarks --- p.120
Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- "DISCUSSION OF POLITICAL-ECONOMIC- CULTURAL DYNAMIC: AN EXPLANATION FOR RISE OF INTERPENETRATED MODE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911"
Introduction --- p.125
Decline of State --- p.128
Acceleration of Commercialization --- p.135
Integration of Merchant Culture --- p.142
Concluding Remarks --- p.149
Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- CONCLUSION
Concluding Review of Study --- p.154
Suffocation of Emerged Civil Society --- p.164
Achievement of Idea of Civil Society --- p.167
Limitations of Study and Future Development --- p.169
Appendices --- p.171
Bibliography --- p.177
Chinese Bibliography --- p.193
Glossary --- p.200
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Clarke, Sharyn Beth. « The creation of the Torrens : a history of Adelaide’s river to 1881 ». Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/70153.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the destruction of the Torrens River as a natural river ecology and its recreation as an artificial one. The fragile watercourse was transformed in the nineteenth century into an artificial lake on a European scale. The author presents the reasons behind the changes which took place, covering both physical changes and society’s altering conceptions of the river. The period of study ranges from the Kaurna people’s life, which adapted around the river they called Karrawirraparri, to the damming of the river in 1881.Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2005
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Retseck, Hilary A. « Madison, Indiana's saddletree industry and its workers, 1860-1930 ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)A foreign concept to most twenty-first century individuals, a saddletree provides support and acts as the framework to saddles, giving saddlers a base on which to add cushioning, stretch leather, and create beautiful or functional saddles. Saddletree factories were an integral part of Madison, Indiana’s late nineteenth-century economy. As one of the Ohio River town’s leading industries, saddletree shops employed approximately 125 men during 1879, Madison’s peak saddletree production year, and made Madison a national center of saddletree production. However, the industry faded into oblivion as the beginning of the twentieth century, leaving the men drawn to these shops in the 1870s and 1880s to find new opportunities. While past historians contributed to the fields of industrial and economic history by studying large industries engaged in mass production in major urban areas, Madison’s saddletree workers represent a view of nineteenth-century specialized production. This thesis examines the saddletree industry’s place in Madison during the late nineteenth century and the lives of saddletree workers during and after the industry’s peak. My findings, based off extensive digital research and tools utilized in earlier social mobility studies, create a nuanced view of Madison’s relationship to the saddletree industry, saddletree makers, and what the industry’s collapse meant to saddletree factory employees.
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PRAT, SABARTES Marc. « Fabricantes, comerciantes y banqueros : las estructuras comerciales de la industria algodonera catalana en el mercato español (1840-1936) ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6336.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 23 June 2006Examining board: Giovanni Federico ; Jaime Reis (supervisor) ; Roberto Romano ; Carles Sudrià
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Wilson, Julianne Elizabeth. « A changing rural economy and its implications for the Overberg, 1838-1872 ». Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23135.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Overberg, incorporating the present-day districts of
Swellendam, Caledon and Bredasdorp, forms a geographic microcosm
in the south-western Cape. The area, with its Mediterranean
climate and undulating hills of Bokkeveld shales and weathered
Table Mountain Sandstone, is well adapted for arable and pastoral
agriculture.
Original settlement was by the Khoi who by 1710 had succumbed to
cumulative disintegrative forces. They presented little
resistance to the vanguard of white settlers who by 1710 were
receiving land grants in the area. By 1838 the area was
optimally settled for the extensive ranching of that time and
pressure on the land was becoming acute. There was little scope
for British immigrants to obtain land among the Dutch settlers.
Grain farming offered little reward as the area was isolated from
the Cape Town market by hazardous mountain ranges.
The conversion of the indigenous hairy sheep to wool-bearing
Merinos which occurred during the 1830s provided the area with
an added income. Wool provided a product which modified Overberg
agriculture from its quasi-subsistence form to commercial
farming. The wool produced in the area was generally of a high
quality and it commanded a consistent price on the world market,
a factor which contributed to the financial stability of the
area.
The increased income from wool provided scope for unprecedented
commercial activity. The new found wealth which was diffused
among the white farmers raised their standard of living. Predial
labour did not, however, experience commensurate material gains.
The social and cultural milieu was not profoundly affected but
material prosperity fostered greater political awareness among
wool farmers, a factor which was to bolster Afrikaner national
movements after 1870.History
D. Litt. et Phil. (History)
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Masumbe, Benneth Mhlakaza Chabalala. « The Swiss missionaries' management of social transformation in South Africa (1873-1976) ». Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/695.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research surveys the Swiss missionaries' management of social transformation in South Africa (1873-1973). It has as its major focus the management of schools, hospitals and churches as the primary institutions of social change in society. The researcher's realisation that more often than not, the changes brought to bear on proselytes by the change forces take time to manifest themselves vividly induced him to extend the scope to include the dawn of the new political dispensation in this country in 1994. This need not surprise the readership as the triadic approach, which is synonymous with historical analyses compels researchers to avail readers of what happened in the past, present as well as what is likely to occur in future. In other words, readers will encounter the ethnic nationalism engineered by different change agents in this country and the repercussions thereof, and the schism within the Swiss Mission in South Africa/Evangelical Presbyterian Church in South Africa that started in 1989 and became reality in 1991. Finally, the thesis also appraises readers of what should be done in periods of rapid social change.Educational Studies
D.Ed. (History of Education)
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Giacomelli, Angela Marie. « The Indianapolis Wholesale District : A Regionally Significant Business Center ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3620.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)During the latter half of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century, the Indianapolis Wholesale District (IWD) operated as a local and regional commercial hub. Analysis of the IWD’s relationship with the railroad network in Indiana points to a widening of trade, yet regional focus due to transportation restrictions. The growth and subsequent specialization of wholesale trading in the district catered to primarily local and regional audiences. Examining the physical presence of the IWD in downtown Indianapolis uncovers the built environment of a midwestern business district. This research project argues for the local and regional significance of the Indianapolis Wholesale District. Additionally, this thesis demonstrates the need to pursue the overlap in specialization, the morphology of warehouses, and transportation development to understand a business district as part of a larger process of American economic development.
42
Wernicke, Rose. « The Farmland Opera House : culture, identity, and the corn contest ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4663.
Texte intégral
43
Palk, Debbie. « The economics of trade on the Eastern Cape Frontier, 1820-1860 : a study of the glass and metal artefact assemblages from Huntley Street, Farmerfield and Fort Double Drift ». Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24549.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosaThe collections-based research reported upon in this dissertation focuses on three sites in the Eastern Cape: Huntley Street in Grahamstown, Farmerfield, a nearby Wesleyan mission station, and Fort Double Drift, a British fortification on the Great Fish River. The collection, which is housed in the Albany Museum, derives from Patrice Jeppson’s excavations, completed in the 1980s. Analyses of the excavated glass and metal, augmented by a close reading of tender and shopkeepers’ advertisements in The Graham’s Town Journal, chronicle how merchants, settlers, soldiers, missionaries and local African communities were involved in, and affected by, trade between 1820 and 1860. The study explores aspects of the mercantile economy, consumerism and military provisioning relating to a wide range of imported glass and metal merchandise. The burgeoning trade linked various enterprises, groups and individuals through monetary and social transactions, reflecting the steady incorporation of the Eastern Cape into the British colonial trading network.
Die versamelingsgebaseerde navorsing waaroor in hierdie verhandeling verslag gedoen word, fokus op drie terreine in die Oos-Kaap: Huntley-straat in Grahamstad, Farmerfield, ’n nabygeleë Wesleyaanse sendingstasie, en Fort Dubbeldrif ’n Britse vesting aan die Groot-Visrivier. Die versameling, wat in die Albany-museum gehuisves word, is afkomstig van Patrice Jeppson se opgrawings, wat in die 1980's voltooi is. Ontledings van die opgegraafde glas en metaal, aangevul deur ’n grondige studie van tender- en winkelieradvertensies in The Graham’s Town Journal, boekstaaf hoe handelaars, setlaars, soldate, sendelinge en plaaslike Afrika-gemeenskappe by handel tussen 1820 en 1860 betrokke was, en daardeur beïnvloed is. Die studie verken aspekte van die handelsekonomie, verbruikerisme en militêre bevoorrading met betrekking tot ’n wye verskeidenheid ingevoerde glas- en metaalhandelsware. Die bloeiende handel het verskeie ondernemings, groepe en individue deur monetêre en sosiale transaksies met mekaar verbind, wat die geleidelike opname van die Oos-Kaap in die Britse koloniale handelsnetwerk weerspieël.
Uphando lwezinto eziqokelelweyo ekunikwe ingxelo ngalo kule disetheyishini, lugxile kwiindawo ezintathu eziseMpuma Koloni ezizezi: eHuntley Street eRhini, eFarmerfield, esisitishi seMishini yamaWesile, naseFort Double Drift, eyinqaba yamaBhilitane ekwiGreat Fish River. Le ngqokelela, egcinwe eAlbany Museum, isuka kwizinto ezazigrunjwe nguPatrice Jeppson, grunjo olo olwagqitywa phaya koo1980. Uphononongo lweeglasi neentsimbi ezagronjwayo, oluxhaswa nakukufundwa kweentengiso ezakhutshwayo zeethenda nezoonovenkile kwi-The Graham’s Town Journal, lunika iinkcukacha zeendlela abarhwebi, abemi ababesuka kwamanye amazwe aphesheya kweelwandle, abefundisi ababesuka kwamanye amazwe, amajoni noluntu olumnyama lwaloo mimandla ababebandakanyeka ngayo nebabechatshazelwa ngayo lurhwebo olwaqhubeka phakathi ko-1820 no-1860. Olu phando luvelela imiba yoqoqosho lorhwebo, ukhuselo lwabathengi, nobonelelo lwezinto zomkhosi lwezinto eziliqela zeeglasi nezentsimbi. Olu rhwebo olwaluhlumile lwahlanganisa amashishini ahlukileyo, amaqela kunye nabantu nje abazimeleyo ngokuthi barhwebelane ngeemali nangezinto zentlalo, yaye oku kubonisa ukungeniswa kweMpuma Koloni kuthungelwano lorhwebo lobukoloniya lwamaBhilitane.
Anthropology and Archaeology
M.A. (Archaeology)