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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Rich, Timothy S., et Vasabjit Banerjee. « Running Out of Time ? The Evolution of Taiwan's Relations in Africa ». Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no 1 (mars 2015) : 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400106.
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This article highlights the precarious nature of Taiwan's diplomatic relations in Africa. Whereas Cold War rationales initially benefitted Taiwan, economic interests now appear to incentivize African countries to establish relations with China. Through qualitative and quantitative data covering much of the post-World War II era, this analysis argues that economic factors have trumped political rationales for Taiwanese–African relations. In addition, this article problematizes both conceptions of diplomatic recognition and Taiwan's enduring relations with Africa.
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GRUNDLINGH, ALBERT. « THE KING'S AFRIKANERS ? ENLISTMENT AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA'S DEFENCE FORCE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–45 ». Journal of African History 40, no 3 (novembre 1999) : 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007537.
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In contrast to the situation in Commonwealth countries such as Canada and Australia, South Africa's participation in the Second World War has not been accorded a particularly significant place in the country's historiography. In part at least, this is the result of historiographical traditions which, although divergent in many ways, have a common denominator in that their various compelling imperatives have despatched the Second World War to the periphery of their respective scholarly discourses.Afrikaner historians have concentrated on wars on their ‘own’ soil – the South African War of 1899–1902 in particular – and beyond that through detailed analyses of white politics have been at pains to demonstrate the inexorable march of Afrikanerdom to power. The Second World War only featured insofar as it related to internal Afrikaner political developments. Neither was the war per se of much concern to English-speaking academic historians, either of the so-called liberal or radical persuasion. For more than two decades, the interests of English-speaking professional historians have been dominated by issues of race and class, social structure, consciousness and the social effects of capitalism. While the South African War did receive some attention in terms of capitalist imperialist expansion, the Second World War was left mostly to historians of the ‘drum-and-trumpet’ variety. In general, the First and Second World Wars did not appear a likely context in which to investigate wider societal issues in South Africa.
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Atwood, Elizabeth, et Sara Pietrzak. « Full-court press : How segregationist newspapers covered the championship season of an integrated Virginia high school basketball team ». Newspaper Research Journal 39, no 3 (septembre 2018) : 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532918796229.
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This qualitative study examines how two small Virginia newspapers that had opposed school integration covered an integrated high school boys basketball team that won a state championship three years after the school admitted African American students. While previous studies of sports journalism have found evidence of racial bias in the depiction of black athletes, this study finds values governing community journalism, including local boosterism, trumped racial bias.
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Hargreaves, Tracy. « The Power of the Ordinary Subversive in Jackie Kay's Trumpet ». Feminist Review 74, no 1 (juillet 2003) : 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400068.
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In Jackie Kay's award-winning novel, Trumpet (1998), the main character Joss Moody, a celebrated jazz trumpet player, is discovered upon his death to be anatomically female. The essay traces both postmodern and humanist affirmations of constructions of self-hood. Situating Virginia Woolf's version of a metaphysical and escapist androgyny as one kind of aesthetic against the material politics of the transgendered subject, the essay argues that Kay's novel can be seen as part of a 20th century tradition of literature and film which satirizes, parodies and painfully exposes the discontinuities of dominant sex–gender systems. The essay ends by arguing that Kay also develops these systems by imbricating sex and gender within a series of dislocated familial, sexual and racial identities, beginning with the arrival of Joss's African father in Scotland at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Nzigou Doubindou, Elie Chrisnel, et Alexandra C. Ley. « Flower morphological differentiation and plant-pollinator interactions among sympatric Aframomum species (Zingiberaceae) with floral trumpet type in the tropical African rainforest ». Plant Ecology and Evolution 154, no 3 (23 novembre 2021) : 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1860.
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Background and aims – Diversification in plant-pollinator interactions based on floral diversity is potentially a mechanism of coexistence in angiosperms. However, besides high floral diversity, some genera seemingly exhibit the same floral type in many of their species. This contradicts some expectations of competitive exclusion. We thus tested on a finer flower morphological scale whether five sympatric Aframomum species (61 spp., Zingiberaceae) in southeastern Gabon exhibiting the same general floral type (trumpet) were differentiated, and whether this resulted in different “pollinator niches”.Material and methods – We carried out a detailed survey measuring 18 flower morphological parameters as well as nectar volume (μl) and sugar concentration (% Brix) on five flowers per species and locality. Furthermore, we observed inflorescence phenology and pollinator activity from 8 am to 4 pm for 12 to 50 hours per species and conducted pollinator exclusion experiments.Key results – This study proves fine-scale flower morphological and resource differentiation within the trumpet floral type. Pollination-relevant parts of the flowers, however, remain constant across species. Our pollinator observations reveal the same broad bee pollinator spectrum for all observed simultaneously flowering sympatric species.Conclusion – As we could not detect a pollinator-based differentiation in the studied sympatric Aframomum species we assume that species boundaries developed randomly by genetic drift during geographic isolation in the past. The trumpet floral type and its pollinator guild, however, were maintained due to similar selection pressures in comparable habitats during isolation and are potentially an advantage for increased pollinator attraction through co-flowering.
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Klassen, Pamela E. « The Robes of Womanhood : Dress and Authenticity among African American Methodist Women in the Nineteenth Century ». Religion and American Culture : A Journal of Interpretation 14, no 1 (2004) : 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2004.14.1.39.
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AbstractScholars of American religion are increasingly attentive to material culture as a rich source for the analysis of religious identity and practice that is especially revealing of the relationships among doctrine, bodily comportment, social structures, and innovation. In line with this focus, this article analyses the ways nineteenth-century African American Methodist women turned to dress as a tool to communicate religious and political messages. Though other nineteenth-century Protestants also made use of the communicative powers of dress, African American women did so with a keen awareness of the ways race trumped clothing in the semiotic system of nineteenth-century America. Especially for women entering into public fora as preachers and public speakers, dress could act as a passport to legitimacy in an often hostile setting, but it was not always enough to establish oneself as a Christian lady. Considering the related traditions of plain dress and respectability within the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, this essay finds that AME women cultivated respectability and plainness within discourses of authenticity that tried—with some ambivalence—to use dress as a marker of the true soul beneath the fabric. Based primarily on the autobiographical and journalistic writings of women such as Jarena Lee, Amanda Berry Smith, Hallie Q. Brown, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, as well as accounts from AME publications such as the Christian Recorder and the Church Review, and other church documents, the essay also draws on the work of historians of African American women and historians of dress and material culture. For nineteenth-century AME women, discourses of authenticity could be both a burden and a resource, but either way they were discourses that were often remarkably critical, both of selfmotivation and of cultural markers of class, race, and gender in a world that made a fetish of whiteness.
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Robertson, O. Nicholas, et Robert M. Adelman. « Race, Ethnicity, and the American Criminal Justice System : The Perceptions and Experiences of West Indian Men ». Race and Justice 9, no 4 (27 avril 2017) : 434–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368717705961.
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Using in-depth interview data from 30 young Black men of West Indian background, we examine their experiences with and perceptions of the American criminal justice system. Their experiences lead these men to contend that the system, especially police authorities, do not differentiate between Blacks based on ethnicity and subsequently treat West Indians and African Americans in a similar manner, that is, race trumps ethnicity. These men discuss their concerns about stereotypes of minorities, especially as they are reflected in the media, as the primary reasons for their treatment. However, these men also provide nuanced accounts in which not all system actors engage in discriminatory behavior. These accounts rest on an immigrant lens regarding criminal justice, which may indicate a more favorable outlook compared to their native-born Black counterparts. Overall, though, the interview data suggest that a Black–White divide regarding such perceptions will persist in an era of substantial sociodemographic change.
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Ohaekwusi, Anthony Chuwkuebuka. « Bauman on Moral Blindness ». Forum Philosophicum 23, no 1 (2018) : 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/forphil20182313.
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This article analyzes Zygmunt Bauman’s notion of moral blindness against the backdrop of his designation of modern culture as a dynamic process of liquefaction constantly dissolving every paradigm and subject to the flexible and indeterminate power of individual choice. Bauman argued that the social conditions of this radically individualistic liquid modernity result in a kind of moral insensitivity that he calls adiaphorization. Adiaphorization for him places certain human acts outside the “universe of moral obligations.” It defies the entire orthodox theory of the social origins of morality as it reveals that some dehumanizing monstrous atrocities like the holocaust and genocides are not exclusively reserved for monsters, but can be attributable to “frighteningly normal” moral agents. The present text therefore attempts to discuss the various moral implications of Bauman’s analysis of moral blindness, with a view to highlighting its weaknesses. It moves on to explore Bauman’s recourse to Emmanuel Levinas’ ethics of the “face of the Other” as a viable ethical remedy that trumps the uncanny effects of this whole adiaphorization effect. Finally, the paper further advances his call for a rediscovery of the sense of belonging, by appealing to some major insights originating from African traditions of ethical communalism in order to propose a possible route towards the avoidance and amelioration of this moral challenge.
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FOX, ASHLEY M. « THE HIV–POVERTY THESIS RE-EXAMINED : POVERTY, WEALTH OR INEQUALITY AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HIV INFECTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ? » Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no 4 (4 janvier 2012) : 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000745.
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SummaryAlthough health is generally believed to improve with higher wealth, research on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa has shown otherwise. Whereas researchers and advocates have frequently advanced poverty as a social determinant that can help to explain sub-Saharan Africa's disproportionate burden of HIV infection, recent evidence from population surveys suggests that HIV infection is higher among wealthier individuals. Furthermore, wealthier countries in Africa have experienced the fastest growing epidemics. Some researchers have theorized that inequality in wealth may be more important than absolute wealth in explaining why some countries have higher rates of infection and rapidly increasing epidemics. Studies taking a longitudinal approach have further suggested a dynamic process whereby wealth initially increases risk for HIV acquisition and later becomes protective. Prior studies, conducted exclusively at either the individual or the country level, have neither attempted to disentangle the effects of absolute and relative wealth on HIV infection nor to look simultaneously at different levels of analysis within countries at different stages in their epidemics. The current study used micro-, meso- and macro-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 170 regions within sixteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa to test the hypothesis that socioeconomic inequality, adjusted for absolute wealth, is associated with greater risk of HIV infection. These analyses reveal that inequality trumps wealth: living in a region with greater inequality in wealth was significantly associated with increased individual risk of HIV infection, net of absolute wealth. The findings also reveal a paradox that supports a dynamic interpretation of epidemic trends: in wealthier regions/countries, individuals with less wealth were more likely to be infected with HIV, whereas in poorer regions/countries, individuals with more wealth were more likely to be infected with HIV. These findings add additional nuance to existing literature on the relationship between HIV and socioeconomic status.
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Guaragna, M. A., J. Lamborn, D. Groth-Helms, S. Juszczak, D. Mollov, B. Lockhart, T. van Schadewijk, J. Hammond et R. Jordan. « First Report of Nerine yellow stripe virus in Amaryllis in the United States ». Plant Disease 97, no 10 (octobre 2013) : 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1042-pdn.
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Ornamental flower bulbs (including true bulbs, bulbils, corms, tubers, and rhizomes) are increasingly important floriculture crops. Amaryllis is a small genus of flowering bulbs, with two species. The South African native, Amaryllis belladonna, also known as belladonna lily, Jersey lily, naked lady, Amarillo, or March lily, is one of numerous ornamental species with the common name “lily” due to their flower shape and growth habit. Amaryllis are popular for their 6- to 10-inch trumpet shaped colorful flowers that are borne on 1- to 2-foot stalks. In January, 2011, a home gardener in California observed mosaic symptoms on the leaves of A. belladonna growing in her garden. Leaf samples were sent to Agdia Inc. for testing. Samples tested positive for the presence of Potyvirus in a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR screen using universal potyvirus primers (2) yielding the expected ∼1,600-bp product corresponding to the partial nuclear inclusion body (NIb) gene, full-length coat protein (CP) gene, and 3′ end untranslated region (UTR). Electron microscopy of symptomatic leaves confirmed the presence of filamentous potyvirus-like particles. The RT-PCR amplicon was cloned and sequenced (2); the 1,616-bp consensus sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JX865782). NCBI BLAST analysis of the consensus sequence revealed highest identities with isolates of Nerine yellow stripe virus (NeYSV; family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus). Pair-wise analyses of the 261 amino acid sequence of the predicted CP had 88% sequence identity with a Stenomesson isolate reported from the Netherlands (EU042758); 87% identity with Hymenocallis and Nerine isolates, both also from the Netherlands (EF362622 and EF362621, respectively); and, 86% with two New Zealand isolates infecting Amaryllis or Vallota (FJ618537 and DQ407932, respectively). The five Netherlands and New Zealand isolates are more closely related to each other than to the U.S. isolate as they share 93 to 98% CP identity. When using viral genome sequence relatedness as a criterion for defining potyvirus species, isolates with CP amino acid identity greater than 80% are considered the same species (1). The predicted coat protein gene of the California isolate was sub-cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET44 EK/LIC. Serological analysis of coat protein expressing clones in ELISA and Western Blot analysis using a potyvirus broad-spectrum reacting monoclonal antibody PTY-2 (3) and a NeYSV-specific rabbit antiserum (Applied Plant Research, Lisse, The Netherlands) resulted in positive reactions. NeYSV has previously been reported in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand. Based on the results of electron microscopy, RT-PCR, nucleotide and amino acid identity, and serological reactivity, we identify this virus as a U.S. isolate of NeYSV, NeYSV-US. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Nerine yellow stripe virus in the United States. Development of antisera specific to this U.S. isolate is in progress. References: (1) A. Gibbs and K. Ohshima. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 48:205, 2010. (2) R. L. Jordan et al. Acta Hortic. 901:159, 2011. (3) R. L. Jordan and J. Hammond. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991.
Thèses sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Chandler, Paul. « The township trumpet educator ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53180.
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Thesis (MMus) -- Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to address some shortcomings of brass tuition in South Africa. It is unique in its approach in concentrating on musicians from previously disadvantaged communities, although the content of the document can be equally successfully applied to brass teaching in general. The study differs from any previous written material on this topic in that it takes the background of the previously disadvantaged educator and learner into consideration. It therefore does not assume that the learner can read music or that the educator has any formal training. The challenge is thus to write a document to provide the educator and learner with basic information in a medium that does not take anything for granted and that also offers some practical guidance in already existing projects. As a starting point a background is offered to produce a general overview of the problem. My research has convinced me that a document which consists only of a written text would not be sufficient to guide the educator and learner. I have therefore set out to accompany the text document with a practical trumpet manual. South African melodies were predominantly used as study material. This offers the opportunity to all South African learners from different cultural backgrounds to identify with the study material. My literature review includes a selection of the most commonly used beginner brass manuals in South Africa. For practical reasons I made use of abbreviations in the trumpet manual to indicate the source of a particular melody.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: GEEN
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Stuart, Karen Dawn. « Robert Musil and the (de)colonization of "This True Inner Africa" ». Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3259368.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 26, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 357-368).
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Lapoorta, J. J. « Black theology : a quest for a true humanity in South Africa ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14341.
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Bibliography: leaves 150-158.The Apartheid ideology and political system in South Africa has caused blacks to experience their blackness negatively. Being black is the reason for their pain and suffering. This is not merely a political problem but in its deepest sense it is a theological problem because it has caused doubt in the hearts and minds of blacks, as to whether they are created in the image and likeness of God. Apart from that Apartheid also presented itself as a command of God, and as such it is a pseudo- religion. In the thesis this problem is examined from a biblical-theological perspective. Chapter one looks at humans created in the image of God, the dignity which implies their right and their equality before God. After investigating the insight of a cross-section of theologians, it is clear that the dignity of all people irrespective of race and colour is beyond dispute. Chapter two examines the black experience against the biblical background. Despite the theoretical consensus regarding human dignity, blacks are experiencing their blackness in a negative sense. The reason for this is the negative anthropology of white theology. Chapter three discusses the emergence of the critical conscious- ness towards the negative anthropology. The Black Consciousness philosophy played a positive role in countering this negative anthropology. Black Theology used these insights to develop a positive anthropology. It brought awareness of human dignity, but it did not lead to action. Chapter four discusses the total liberation from all situations of oppression, exploitation and dehumanization. The basis for this liberation is found both in the Old and New Testaments. In this regard the Exodus Paradigm and the Nazareth manifesto play significant roles as biblical models for total liberation. From these paradigms it is concluded that Yahweh in the Old Testament is the Liberator of the oppressed, and that New Testament salvation in Christ, links up with the Exodus model in which God sides with the oppressed. Biblical liberation and salvation is not merely spiritual but involve the total human. Chapter five looks at the sources from which Black Theology draws in an attempt to define its positive anthropology. Apart from the already mentioned biblical sources and Black Consciousness ' it also draws from the black experience and the Traditional African Religions. The final conclusions are that black theology brought a new appreciation to the fact that blackness is a gift of God and not a curse. The liberation of humans, an important emphasis in black theology is firmly grounded in the scriptures and involves the total being. That black theology is not racism in reverse, nor is it an ideology, but a quest for humanity, firmly grounded in the biblical tradition.
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Medd, Hannah B. « Predicting South Africa 's true marine biodiversity : a comparison of methods ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6136.
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Word processed copy.Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-89).
The aims of this thesis are to estimate how many marine species remain to be described in this region and which areas are most in need of additional sampling effort.
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Mattheyse, Mary (Mary Elizabeth). « An analysis of health reporting in three South African women's magazines : Fairlady, Sarie and True Love ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17456.
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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Health reporting in South African women’s magazines has not previously been assessed. Therefore, a content analysis of health reporting in three South African monthly women’s magazines, Sarie (S), Fairlady (F), and True Love (T), was carried out from February 2005–January 2006. Total coverage of health issues was analysed, as well as coverage of 11 specific aspects of health, namely: sexual and reproductive (‘Sexual’), men’s, women’s, cardiac (‘Heart’), spiritual ‘Spirit’), mental and emotional (‘Mental’), diet and nutrition (‘Diet’), sport and exercise (‘Sportex’), health-related items not covered by the other categories (‘General’), pseudoscience with regard to health issues (‘Pseudo’) and parenting and child care (‘Parent’). True Love devoted most space to all health items combined (17,7% of total subject material), compared with 13,8% for Sarie and 11,7 % for Fairlady. The top three categories (20,1%, 19,7% and 16,3% of total health coverage) were the ‘Mental’, ‘General’ and ‘Sexual’ categories, respectively. Comparisons of categories among the magazines showed the following trends for the most coverage: ‘Sexual’ (T); women’s (F), ‘Spirit’ (T), ‘Mental’ (S); and ‘Diet’ (F). T was the only magazine to carry articles in the ‘Parent’ category. However, statistical analyses showed that the only significant differences were in women’s (F>T); ‘Spirit’ (F>S; T>S); ‘Mental' (S>F) and ’Diet’ (F>S). The reporting in the magazines was not found to be balanced as regards the emphasis given to certain aspects of health. The most striking imbalance was that no information was given regarding prevention of HIV/Aids, now the leading cause of death in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mate van gesondheidsverslaggewing in Suid-Afrikaanse vrouetydskrifte is nog nie voorheen bepaal nie. Daar is dus ‘n inhoudsanalise gedoen van die gesondheidsverslaggewing van drie Suid-Afrikaanse vrouetydskrifte, Sarie (S), Fairlady (F), and True Love (T), wat maandeliks verskyn, vanaf Februarie 2005–Januarie 2006. Die totale dekking van gesondheidskwessies is geanaliseer, sowel as die dekking van 11 spesifieke aspekte van gesondheid, nl.: seksueel en reproduksie (‘Seksueel’), mans, vrouens, hart (‘Hart’), geestelik (‘Geestelik’), emosioneel (‘Emosioneel’), dieet en voeding (‘Dieet’), sport en oefening (‘Sport’), gesondheidsverwante kwessies wat nie deur ander afdelings gedek is nie (‘Algemeen’), pseudo-wetenskap met verwysing na gesondheidskwessies (‘Pseudo’) asook ouerskap en kindersorg (‘Ouer’). Gesamentelik het True Love (17,7% van totale onderwerp inhoud) die meeste plek afgestaan aan gesondheidsverwante kwessies, in vergelyking met 13,8% vir Sarie en 11,7 % vir Fairlady. Die top drie afdelings (20,1%, 19,7% en 16,3% van die totale gesondheidsdekking) was ‘Geestelik’, ‘Algemeen’ en ‘Seksueel’ respektiewelik. ‘n Vergelyking van die verskillende afdelings tussen die tydskrifte het die volgende tendense vir die meeste dekking getoon: ‘Seksueel’ (T); vroue (F), ‘Geestelik’ (T), ‘Emosioneel’ (S); and ‘Dieet’ (F). T was die enigste tydskrif wat artikels in die ‘Ouer’ afdeling gepubliseer het. Statistiese analises het egter getoon dat die enigste insiggewende verskille in die ’vroue’ (F>T); ‘Geestelik’ (F>S; T>S); ‘Emosioneel' (S>F) en ’Dieet’ (F>S) afdelings voorgekom het. Daar is gevind dat rapportering in die betrokke tydskrifte ongebalanseerd was ten opsigte van sekere aspekte van gesondheid. Die grootste gebrek was dat daar geen inligting oor die voorkoming van MIV/Vigs verskaf is nie, alhoewel dit bekend is dat dit nou die hoof oorsaak van sterftes in Suid-Afrika is.
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Madlela, Khulekani. « Black hair politics : the representation of African women on True Love magazine front covers and hair advertisements ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65573.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The literature about race and gender includes extensive research on the representation of black women. However, most of these studies have been conducted in the West; only a few have been done in Africa in general and in South Africa in particular. To address this gap, I use quantitative content and visual semiotic analysis to examine selected examples of South African True Love magazine?s front-page covers and hair advertisements and how these represent black African women. Paying particular attention to hair, this thesis examines the hair products, hair types, lengths, colours and hairstyles that feature prominently in the visual texts. By doing so, it seeks to uncover the myths and ideologies that are constructed and promoted. This study also employs focus group interviews to find out to what extent the images on the covers and advertisements influence the respondents? self-esteem and hair styling practices, while also exploring their own perceptions of black hair. The results of the semiotic analysis and quantitative content analysis showed that True Love has increased the visibility of black African women. Through a survey questionnaire and focus group interviews, this study found that respondents attached different meanings to hair. My study found that the intersectionality of race, gender and class impacted on the selected black African women?s notions of black hair. In terms of their hairstyling practices the study found that the respondents embraced both Westerncentric and Afrocentric styles. However, with respect to hair types and styles featured on True Love covers and advertisements, a quantitative content analysis suggests that the Westerncentric ideal of long, straight hair dominated. Additionally, hair altering and enhancement products featured prominently, as if to suggest that black hair is only beautiful when it is altered. The respondents? perceptions provided new insights on black hair and styling. My research suggests that hair styling among black African women is a complex issue. Black hair is a politically charged subject, and hairstyling and hair care routines are governed by social, cultural, religious, economic and political factors. For instance, it emerged that the reason for relaxing hair has little to do with emulating „white? standards or copying ideals promoted in True Love; it is mainly associated with maintenance as most respondents pointed out that they relaxed their hair to make it easier to comb and style. In addition, some wear long hair for professional reasons, while others adopt long weaves to attract men. Furthermore, True Love presents the different faces of black African women by portraying them as mothers, wives, married and single, and as glamorous, independent and successful career women. Nevertheless, the magazine still uses stereotypical tropes by objectifying, infantilising, and hyper-sexualising them in many cases. The findings support the claim that the dominant ideologies of patriarchy, capitalism and consumerism are a consistent pattern throughout the covers and advertisements. Additionally, from the above it is clear that the magazine presents contradictory messages about black femininities owing to its diverse readership and various factors such as global trends, commercial considerations and ownership structure, which influence the content that is published. These findings provide insights that have implications for hair brands that advertise in True Love.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Visual Arts
PhD
Unrestricted
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Scullin, Bethany L. « "Being True" : How African American Adolescent Male Students Participate in a Culturally Relevant Literature-Based Reading Curriculum ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1416441802.
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Rhodes, Sarah. « The true nature of collaboration : what role does practice play in collaboration between designers and African craft producers ? » Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2015. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/8729/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this research is to examine the role of practice in collaboration between designers and African craft producers in order to develop a different methodology for future exchanges that can be more sustainable and equitable. It looks to determine how craft and design practices can act as tools for communication and exchange, to examine how to foster meaningful collaboration when the relationship of those involved is inequitable and to develop a co-creation methodology for practice, capitalising on the differing skills, experiences and cultures of those involved. The research explores collaboration through making with two Cape Town based, craft businesses - Imiso Ceramics and Kunye - investigating the interactions that occur between the collaborators. A critical contextual review reveals the majority of such partnerships are instigated from the top down with an emphasis on product development. This study proposes that the focus is shifted to one that is human-centred, where the process of collaboration between the people involved is foregrounded. By strengthening the collaborative relationships and giving all participants an equal voice, the process becomes more productive, with product development an inherent result. Using a practice based, participatory design methodology, the work draws on the African notion of ubuntu, which speaks of people's interconnectedness. Applying the cross-disciplinary practices of all three collaborators, products are developed, provoking a dialogue that challenges the designer's role in the developing world. The research culminates in an exhibition of the journey, conversations, issues and outcomes that occurred throughout. The exhibition provides an opportunity to provoke a conversation with the stakeholders, listening to their experiences and gaining their feedback on the work presented. Practical exercises for participatory design in future cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary contexts are presented.
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Gaines, Adam W. « Work of Art : the life and music of Art Farmer ». Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1317924.
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Lindeque, Barend. « Turnover tax : is it too good to be true for micro-business in South Africa ? an exploratory study ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30665.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Presumptive taxes are normally used for taxing the hard-to-tax informal taxpayers, i.e. those who have not registered and remain outside the normal tax net. These taxes are also used by tax authorities in an attempt to reduce the compliance cost. The importance of small business and the stimulus to create jobs form a focal point for government. The South African Revenue Service introduced a turnover tax system available to micro-businesses in South Africa. For this study, data was collected by distributing an internet-based questionnaire to registered micro-businesses to determine both the effect of the turnover tax system on compliance cost and the general view of the new tax system held by micro-business owners. The compliance costs associated with the turnover tax have been identified and discussed. Micro-business owners indicated a positive attitude to the turnover system despite the negative reaction by tax practitioners in the market place. The introduction of the turnover tax system has had an impact on the compliance cost of micro-businesses, resulting in the owners beginning to move away from the costly services of tax practitioners to actively submitting their returns and taking control of their own tax affairs. The turnover tax system is aimed at reducing the cost of compliance.Afrikaans: Veronderstellingsbelasting word gewoonlik aangewend om die moeilik belasbare informele belastingpligtige, met ander woorde diegene wat nie geregistreer het nie en buite die normale belastingvangnet val, te belas. Dié belasting word ook deur belastingowerhede aangewend in „n poging om die nakomingskoste te verminder. Die belangrikheid van kleinsake-ondernemings en die stimulus om werk te verskaf vorm „n sentrale fokuspunt vir die regering. Die Suid Afrikaanse Inkomstediens het „n omsetbelastingstelsel vir mikro-besighede in Suid-Afrika ingestel. Vir die doel van hierdie studie, is data versamel deur „n internetgebaseerde vraelys aan geregistreerde mikrobesighede te versprei om die effek van omsetbelasting op nakomingskoste asook die algemene beskouing van die eienaars van mikro-besighede ten opsigte van die nuwe belastingstelsel te bepaal. Die nakomingskoste wat met omsetbelasting gepaard gaan, is geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Die eienaars van mikro-besighede het „n positiewe houding jeens die omsetbelastingstelsel geopenbaar ten spyte van negatiewe reaksie van belastingpraktisyns in die mark. Die instelling van die omsetbelastingstelsel het „n impak op nakomingskoste van mikrobesighede, wat daartoe lei dat die eienaars begin weg beweeg van die duur dienste van belastingpraktisyns om hul belastingopgawes in te dien. Hulle neem self beheer oor hul belastingsake. Die omsetbelastingstelsel is daarop gemik om die nakomingskoste te verminder.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
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Livres sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Trumpet story. London : Macmillan, 1990.
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Wynton Marsalis : Trumpet genius. New York : F. Watts, 1999.
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D, Sims Darryl, dir. Sound the trumpet ! : Messages to empower African American men. Valley Forge, PA : Judson Press, 2002.
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H, Jackson David, et Brown Canter, dir. Go sound the trumpet ! : Selections in Florida's African American history. Tampa : University of Tampa Press for the Florida A&M University Department of History, Political Science/Public Administration, Geography, and African American Studies, 2005.
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Awmiller, Craig. Wynton Marsalis : Gifted trumpet player. New York : Children's Press, 1996.
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Blowing the trumpet in open court : Prophetic judgment and liberation. Trenton : Africa World Press, 2003.
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Oates, Stephen B. Let the Trumpet Sound. New York : HarperCollins, 2009.
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Lay that trumpet in our hands. New York : Bantam Books, 2002.
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Boggs, Johnny D. Lonely trumpet : A western story. Waterville, Me : Five Star, 2002.
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Phillips, D. Y. Love trumps game : A novel. New York : Strebor Books, 2009.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Qobo, Mzukisi. « US–Africa’s Engagement from Clinton to Trump ». Dans International Political Economy Series, 113–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86410-1_6.
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Butler, Johnnella E. « African American Literature and Realist Theory : Seeking the “true-true” ». Dans Identity Politics Reconsidered, 171–92. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403983398_12.
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Veit, Alex. « Class-Based Communities : The Postcolonial Reform of School Education in South Africa ». Dans International Impacts on Social Policy, 131–44. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_11.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractWhen the African National Congress (ANC) assumed governmental powers in South Africa in 1994, it needed to confront the enormous educational disparities created by apartheid and colonial rule. However, remaining true to the ideals of the democratic struggle while also following neoliberal prescriptions of fiscal austerity presented a massive contradiction. To appease anxious white middle-class parents and offer new opportunities to its non-white constituency, the new government adopted the language of communitarianism, popular throughout the Anglophone world. The concept of community-run schools served to reconcile the contradictory demands of economic neoliberalism and political deracialisation. However, the poor and overwhelmingly non-white population was effectively still excluded from the elite, formerly white schools.
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Robertson, Winslow, et Owakhela Kankhwende. « U.S. Strategy Vis-À-Vis China’s Presence in the African Continent : Description and Prescription ». Dans From Trump to Biden and Beyond, 61–79. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4297-5_5.
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Callahan, Allen Dwight. « Introduction : “Figures of the True” ». Dans African American Religious Life and the Story of Nimrod, 1–11. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610507_1.
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Matolino, Bernard. « Is Land Reform the Last Step Towards Africans’ Total Emancipation and True Empowerment ? » Dans Philosophical Perspectives on Land Reform in Southern Africa, 183–200. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49705-7_10.
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Narh, Peter. « Traversing State, Agribusinesses, and Farmers’ Land Discourse in Kenyan Commercial Intensive Agriculture ». Dans African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation, 181–97. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_9.
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AbstractFrom a qualitative study of sugarcane production in Chemelil(western Kenya) and insights drawn from the Kenyan land reform enacted in 2012, this study contends that the goal of land reform to provide farmers with certainty of rights to land to invest in and benefit from agriculture is heavily weakened by the farmers’ lack of control over agricultural inputs. Land reform and intensive agriculture, such as sugarcane production, share the same market-based land discourse, where land is considered an environmental asset to be harnessed efficiently for high productivity. Although this discourse supports the application of high inputs for maximum agricultural outputs, it has also eroded farmers’ power and control over their lands. This loss of power and control occurs through the supply of high-cost agricultural inputs from external sources, such as state research agencies and the Chemelil Sugar Company. The control of inputs by sources external to farmers stifles possible farm-based innovations that could reduce farming costs. The chapter, thus, contends that, although land reform aims at farmers’ utmost benefit from land, the farmer’s lack of control over agricultural inputs limits the benefits they derive from land use for intensive agriculture; this is especially true in the case of small-scale farmers.
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Locke, Mamie E. « The Perils of Populism, Racism, and Sexism : The Trump Lesson Plan for African Americans and Women ». Dans Get Your Knee Off Our Necks, 83–110. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85155-2_2.
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Troeger, Sabine. « Just Societal Transformation : Perspectives of Pastoralists in the Lower Omo Valley in Ethiopia ». Dans African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–21. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_265-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractPastoralists’ livelihoods in Africa are highly endangered by adverse forces – the climate change being one among those. Against this background, climate change adaptation is conceptualized as strategic agency in the field of risk-laden livelihood environments, that is, agency in the face of risky options and non-calculable uncertainties.The chapter conceptualizes pastoralists’ livelihoods exposed to a four-fold hierarchy of environmental risks and forces defining the actors’ arena of strategic decision making: From the global scale of ever extending impacts by the climate change imperative, to the national scale of government policies in terms of decentralization, challenging people to govern and define their communal efforts in terms of climate change adaptation, and down to the regional scale, which in the presented case is dominated by a large-scale investment, the Kuraz Sugar Development Project, which again confronts local actors with adverse forces toward villagization and eviction from pasture grounds. Right at the end of this hierarchy and in accordance with discourses on “climate services,” the end-users and local actors, the pastoralists, are confronted with and offered a product that they can input into their decision making: cattle feed from the residues of the irrigated sugar cane. The question remains whether substantive aspects of processes turning into true environmental and social justice in terms of recognition, procedures, and distribution will be paid attention to.
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Troeger, Sabine. « Just Societal Transformation : Perspectives of Pastoralists in the Lower Omo Valley in Ethiopia ». Dans African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–21. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_265-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractPastoralists’ livelihoods in Africa are highly endangered by adverse forces – the climate change being one among those. Against this background, climate change adaptation is conceptualized as strategic agency in the field of risk-laden livelihood environments, that is, agency in the face of risky options and non-calculable uncertainties.The chapter conceptualizes pastoralists’ livelihoods exposed to a four-fold hierarchy of environmental risks and forces defining the actors’ arena of strategic decision making: From the global scale of ever extending impacts by the climate change imperative, to the national scale of government policies in terms of decentralization, challenging people to govern and define their communal efforts in terms of climate change adaptation, and down to the regional scale, which in the presented case is dominated by a large-scale investment, the Kuraz Sugar Development Project, which again confronts local actors with adverse forces toward villagization and eviction from pasture grounds. Right at the end of this hierarchy and in accordance with discourses on “climate services,” the end-users and local actors, the pastoralists, are confronted with and offered a product that they can input into their decision making: cattle feed from the residues of the irrigated sugar cane. The question remains whether substantive aspects of processes turning into true environmental and social justice in terms of recognition, procedures, and distribution will be paid attention to.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Ntozi, James, et George Kibirige. « Three decades of training government statistical staff in developing countries : the African experience ». Dans Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93402.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Almost all official statistical services in Africa were introduced during the colonial era with the setting up of statistical units in the colonies and territories whose functions were largely determined by the ruling colonial powers. In East Africa, the service was set up in 1926 as the Statistical Section of the East African Governors' Conference with a mandate of "collecting statistics gradually, on the same method, throughout the territories, and to tabulate and compare results so that true inferences can be drawn" (Singh, 1971). Nigeria's statistical office was established in 1947 wither personnel deployed from the Treasury, Customs and Office of the Chief Secretary.
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Grundling, J. P., et L. Steynberg. « Academic entrepreneurship : Challenges facing South Africa ». Dans 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268488241.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Academic entrepreneurship in general implies ipso facto the involvement of academic staff in commercial activities in a system that builds on university-industry relations. In this relationship it is expected from industry to acquire knowledge from institutions of higher education and to utilize this knowledge in the innovation process. On the other hand, academic entrepreneurship also occurs within the national boundaries of a specific country possessing a distinct history and culture. In the case of South Africa, the entrepreneurial culture was build over more than three centuries, 1652 to 1994, on an institutionalized political system of racial segregation. True democracy was only achieved in April 1994 when South Africans saw the first-ever democratic vote and election in South Africa. This paper intends to analyze and evaluate the challenges of academic entrepreneurship for institutions of higher education in South Africa following a historical and survey research design approach. The results revealed that higher education institutions in South Africa, despite remarkable achievements, are still struggling to comply with the demands of the knowledge economy and in the enhancement of academic entrepreneurship.
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Ronchi, Alfredo M. « African heritage : A true asset ». Dans 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530671.
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Lunalo, John, Maxwell Fundi, Danny Parsons, Lily Clements, David Stern et Roger Stern. « Key features and educational uses of the file menu in r-instat ». Dans Teaching Statistics in a Data Rich World. International Association for Statistical Education, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.17707.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As part of the African Data Initiative, this poster focusses on the file menu of R-Instat and in particular the features relating to datasets. Statistical education is brought to life through the use of interesting and relevant data to engage learners in their tasks. The poster illustrates some key aspects of the import facilities and presents the richness of the inbuilt data library. It mentions some of the key ways in which these file features can and have been used for teaching and learning to change this situation. Particular attention will be drawn to the value of a true problem based approach where the students start with a problem and some data and are free to use an appropriate methods for the analysis. The key to this approach is to have data which is rich enough that a combination of approaches yields more insights than any single analysis. Transforming statistics education with R-Instat and projects could be a first step towards an African Data Revolution.
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Obasi, Nwele, J. « Law, Politics and Leadership in Contemporary Africa – An Examination of Facts ». Dans 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n3p6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Every society need to deal with legal matters, solve political and leadership problems, and, because of the nature of legal, political and leadership tasks as daunting issues, a scholarly solicitor and/or advocacy approach may be very necessary to prevent disputes and prosecution problems of leadership issue in Africa. Corruption and Fraud has been an endemic issue in the global political affairs for ages, and recently cybercrime has joined the litany of the cankerworm that impede success of democracy and development and social tranquility of nations, especially arising from electoral issue fraud. To control and manage human resource capital, in relation to stock of or supply of mineral resources, material and financial, money, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person, organization or state, to establish an effective and viable economy, individuals, organizations and governments need to maintain true leadership principles and political order that follow rules of law. It is a fact that Africa as a part of the world, especially in the new global politics tries to align to the protection of its environment against corruption and fraud. This study examines the level, and the indices of corruption and fraud in relation to true leadership principles and political order that follow rules of law in Africa. Primary and secondary data were used in this research, which aims at discovering appropriate measures to squarely or effectively address crimes related to misuse of political and leadership powers and corruption, economic fraud and cybercrime in Africa. Binary logistic regression and chi-square were applied. The findings reveal that economic development, politics, democracy and rule of law has a nexus to addressing the complex nature of entrenching true democracy; fighting corruption, fraud, and cybercrime in individual, organization, and government. The findings further indicate that coordinated and coherent academic/intellectual crossroad crusade is what is needed/required to restore Africa to glory land. Keywords: Law, Politics, Leadership, Contemporary Africa, Corruption, Fraud, Cybercrime, Economic Development Proceedings Reference Format
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Sbiga, H., et N. Mousa. « Prediction of True Resistivity and Resistivity index using Neural Networks with Different Combinations of Wireline Logs ». Dans SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/175826-ms.
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van Borselen BV, R. G., S. Barnes, R. F. Hegge et P. Aaron. « True-azimuth 3-D Multiple Prediction – A Step Change in Multiple Elimination – Method and Examples ». Dans EAGE Marine Seismic Workshop : Focus on Middle East and North Africa 2009. Netherlands : EAGE Publications BV, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146203.
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Aniebo, Igolo Nonye. « Renewable and Unconventional Energies ». Dans SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207209-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Renewable and unconventional energies have finally moved from the realm of ideas to fact. They, as was expected and feared, have forced deep changes in world economies. Fortunately, they have, at the same time, begun to fulfill an aspect of the dream that made them an alluring idea in the first place- help humanity fight climate change. For decades, large scale exploitation of energy has been the preserve of industrialized nations. It is therefore understandable that they would lead the push for the practicalization of renewables and unconventional energies. Since the nations occupy less than a third of the world, their diminished carbon footprint will not be enough to reverse the effects of climate change. The objective of this research is to posit that just as these nations initiated and were mainly responsible for the excessive and unregulated use of fossil fuels all over the world, they should also try to do the same for renewables if they want to save humanity from the devastating effects of climate change. Nigeria, like most countries in Africa, is a case in point. Her fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas were brought on stream in the twentieth century to satisfy foreign demands. Now that these demands have found other sources, a chaotic operation has been left for the locals to vandalize or operate, further creating a disastrous situation that will speed up climate change. What is true for Nigeria is equally true for more than 50 other foreign created/controlled countries of Africa, the second largest continent globally. Evaluation of research on renewable energy and Nigeria will be done to lay the facts bare and show the things that have to be put in place to start the process. The result will show that while there are constraints, Nigeria as a country will greatly benefit from policies based on renewables and unconventional energies.
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Makhubela, Tebogo V., J. D. Kramers, D. Scherler, H. Wittmann, P. H. G. M. Dirks et S. R. Winkler. « COSMOGENIC 10BE AND 26AL STUDIES OF THE RISING STAR SITE, CRADLE OF HUMANKIND, SOUTH AFRICA : MYSTERY OF THE TRUE DENUDATION RATES ». Dans GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-297563.
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Andoniu, Alexandru, Jérôme de Lauzon, Remco Hageman, Pieter Aalberts, Didier L'Hostis et Alain Ledoux. « Validation of Spectral Fatigue Assessment of a West-Africa FPSO Using Full-Scale Measurements ». Dans Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31166-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In order to ensure structural integrity and safe operations, fatigue assessment of structural details is a key aspect of design and verification procedures for FPSOs. Spectral fatigue analysis is widely used in the offshore industry to assess damage induced by wave loading. However, the actual fatigue accumulation endured by units in operations usually differs from predictions due to the assumptions made at the design stage. One of the sources of uncertainty is the representation of the encountered sea states. The objective of this paper is to use in-situ measurements as a reference for evaluating the accuracy of spectral fatigue analysis and to investigate the influence of wave energy description on the fatigue assessment. Structural health monitoring systems have been increasingly used in the last decade in the offshore industry as they constitute a valuable source of information regarding the actual operating conditions, structural response, or encountered environmental conditions. This data can be used to update fatigue assessment in order to determine the remaining service life, understand how the structure is aging, or support for decision making regarding inspections, maintenance, or lifetime extension. The work presented is based on such information gathered during a measurement campaign performed on a spread-moored FPSO in West Africa. Measured strain time histories at several locations on the hull have been used to derive the actual fatigue damage endured by the unit. These damages are compared to the ones determined from spectral fatigue analysis using stress transfer functions obtained from frequency domain hydro-structure computations. Multiple analyses have been performed to evaluate the impact of different sources of statistical wave data and wave energy descriptions on the fatigue assessment. The wave conditions used originate from wave buoy measurements and hindcast data. Overall, the good agreement between full-scale measurements and calculations confirms the suitability of spectral methods for determining fatigue damage. When incomplete information is available, which is often true in the case of wave statistics, assumptions have to be made regarding parameters such as spectrum shape or wave spreading. However, using the full description of wave energy spectra, if available, can be a way of reducing uncertainties and removing unnecessary assumptions in such analysis. The results of this work show how fatigue assessment can be improved by gaining insight into the different sources of uncertainty, notably the sea state representation. With increasing focus on digital solutions, these results show realistic potential for virtual hull monitoring solutions based on accurate numerical models and realistic representation of wave conditions.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Truppe africane"
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Moore, Mick. Glimpses of Fiscal States in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a widespread perception that taxing in sub-Saharan Africa has been and remains fraught with problems or government failure. This is not generally true. For more than a century, colonial administrations and independent states have steadily developed the capacity to routinely collect more substantial revenues than one might expect in a low-income region. The two main historical dimensions of this collection capacity were (a) powerful, centralized bureaucracies focused on achieving revenue collection targets and (b) large, taxable international trade sectors. In recent decades, those centralized bureaucracies have to some extent been reformed such that in structure and procedure they resemble more closely tax administrations in OECD countries. More strikingly, nearly all states have adopted VAT and found it to be a very powerful revenue collection instrument. However, the tax share of GDP has been broadly constant for several decades, and it will be hard to increase it. It is difficult for African governments to effectively tax transnational corporations, especially in the mining and energy sectors, which are of growing importance. Tax administrations continue to approach richer Africans with a light touch, and to exaggerate the potential for taxing small-scale (‘informal’) enterprises. The revenue operations of sub-national governments are often opaque. Ordinary people often pay large sums in ‘informal taxes’ that are generally regressive in impact. And the standard direction of travel in the reform of tax policy and administration is not appropriate to those large areas, especially in the Sahel, that are afflicted by internal and cross-border armed conflicts.
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Schwartz, William Alexander. The Rise of the Far Right and the Domestication of the War on Terror. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.62762.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Today in the United States, the notion that ‘the rise of the far right’ poses the greatest threat to democratic values, and by extension, to the nation itself, has slowly entered into common sense. The antecedent of this development is the object of our study. Explored through the prism of what we refer to as the domestication of the War on Terror, this publication adopts and updates the theoretical approach first forwarded in Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, the Law and Order (Hall et al. 1978). Drawing on this seminal work, a sequence of three disparate media events are explored as they unfold in the United States in mid-2015: the rise of the Trump campaign; the release of an op-ed in The New York Times warning of a rise in right-wing extremsim; and a mass shooting at a historic African American church in Charleston, South Carolina. By the end of 2015, as these disparate events converge into what we call the public face of the rise of the far right phenomenon, we subsequently turn our attention to its origins in policing and the law in the wake of the global War on Terror and the Great Recession. It is only from there, that we turn our attention to the poltical class struggle as expressed in the rise of 'populism' on the one hand, and the domestication of the War on Terror on the other, and in doing so, attempt to situate the role of the rise of the far right phenomenon within it.
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Butler, Nadia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, Barbara Muzzulini et Olivia Tulloch,. Key Considerations : Improving Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine Amongst Women in South Sudan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Disparities in vaccine equity exist on a global scale, but also within countries. While in high income countries slightly more women than men tend to be vaccinated, the opposite is true in low income countries. In South Sudan, as of September 2021, 28% of people who had received a COVID-19 vaccine were women. This rate then increased markedly, reaching 41% by January 2022. This brief explores some of the reasons behind the low uptake amongst women during the initial phases of the roll-out and the contributing factors to the increase over time. This brief draws on evidence from academic and grey literature, dashboards and datasets on COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and consultations with partners working in the COVID-19 response. It also reviews some of the interventions to increase uptake amongst women and provides considerations for partners working on vaccine demand promotion. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines and was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica (led by Nadia Butler). Contributions and reviews were provided from response partners in South Sudan and international experts (UNICEF, IFRC, South Sudan Red Cross, Internews, Anthrovisions Productions, WHO, WFP, and the Humanitarian Country Office and Anthrologica). It was requested by the UNICEF East and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo et Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty ? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.