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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Tree risk »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 9 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Li, Haibin, Xiaowei Zhang, Zeqing Li, Jian Wen, and Xu Tan. "A Review of Research on Tree Risk Assessment Methods." Forests 13, no. 10 (2022): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101556.

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As an important part of the urban environment, trees have certain risks while living in harmony with humans. For example, the failure of trees in extreme weather may cause casualties and damage to public and private; the decline and death of old and valuable trees can have an impact on the diversity and cultural value of trees. This paper outlines the theories related to tree risk and the development of tree risk assessment, evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various tree risk assessment methods in existing studies, and explains some factors affecting the bearing capacity and related applications using knowledge of tree mechanics. Approaches in modern probing techniques are applied to study the response and loading of tree crowns and branches under wind loads, the application of different non-destructive testing techniques in visual assessment for detecting internal defects and root distribution of trees, and the role and impact of objective quantitative test results on tree risk assessment. Finally, the future development direction of tree risk assessment is predicted, which provides an important reference for research on tree risk assessment.
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Browell, Mike F. "TREE RISK ASSESSMENT." Arboricultural Journal 20, no. 1 (1996): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1996.9747094.

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Hanum, S. F., I. D. P. Darma, M. B. Atmaja, and G. E. A. Oktavia. "Tree Risk Assessment with Sonic Tomograph Method at Bali Botanical Garden." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 26, no. 3 (2020): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.3.233.

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Safety perception is the most important part of people's choice in determining tourist sites. Standing trees that are prone to falling are very dangerous for both visitors and employees. Standing tree with decay wood inside is often the cause of tree failure. Therefore, there is a need for research examining the risk of collection and non-collection trees in Bali Botanical Garden. Tree risk checks were carried out using the Tree Risk Assessment method from the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), which has been modified. The result of this research gives valuable information for the manager to determine tree handling to minimize tree risk.
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Walker, Mathew, and Gregory Dahle. "Likelihood of Failure of Trees Along Electrical Utility Rights-of-Way: A Literature Review." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48, no. 4 (2022): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.018.

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Utility vegetation managers need tools to predict tree-related risks and knowledge of the necessary management prescriptions to reduce the risk of windthrow damage to utilities’ electrical infrastructure. This review focuses on key studies involving the likelihood of failure of trees, beginning with a description and discussion of failure in trees, followed by an examination of methodologies that have been used to assess tree failure, before concluding with a review of factors which have been found to influence tree failure. Ultimately, a better understanding of the likelihood of failure of individual trees and the relationships governing tree failure and vegetation-related outages may allow for significant advances in the risk management of utility infrastructure.
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Judice, Abbie, Jason Gordon, Jesse Abrams, and Kris Irwin. "Community Perceptions of Tree Risk and Management." Land 10, no. 10 (2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101096.

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Urban forests (trees growing in urban and peri-urban areas, including villages and large cities) are vital to mitigating the effects of climate change and urbanization but require special considerations such as risk mitigation in developed landscapes. Despite abundant research on risk perceptions of natural hazards, there is limited knowledge about risk perceptions associated with urban trees. As such, this research examines community perceptions of urban tree risk mitigation with a focus on four cities in the U.S. south. To better understand risk perceptions and mitigation, this study employs key informant interviews with community members. Guided by a socio-ecological resilience framework, the findings identify factors affecting resident attitudes towards tree management on the individual parcel and the community levels. The findings benefit tree risk governance in the face of climate variability, which increases societal and environmental vulnerability in urban settings.
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Hart, Keiron. "Tree risk assessment manual." Arboricultural Journal 36, no. 3 (2014): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2014.930244.

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Bakken, Stephen. "Group-Tree Hazard Analysis." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, no. 3 (1995): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1995.025.

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Tree hazard control programs focus on individual tree risk analysis. Although microsite conditions are often evaluated, whole forests or groups of trees are rarely considered. A tree hazard program was initiated at a northern California state park in 1969. Since then, hundreds of trees have been removed from the campground to reduce the agency's liability. Nevertheless, hundreds more trees have failed, causing injury and property damage. Traditional single tree risk assessment proved to be inadequate to stabilize this forest. Consequently, the environmental dynamics of the entire forest were assessed, and every tree was evaluated for its positive or negative contribution to the long term stability of the forest.
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Suchocka, Marzena, Tatiana Swoczyna, Joanna Kosno-Jończy, and Hazem M. Kalaji. "Impact of heavy pruning on development and photosynthesis of Tilia cordata Mill. trees." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256465.

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Tree pruning is carried out to reduce conflict with infrastructure, buildings, and any other human activity. However, heavy pruning may result in a diminished tree crown capacity for sugar production and exposure to fungal infection. This risk leads to a decrease in tree stability or vigour. In this work, we analysed the effect of heavy pruning of roadside trees on the photosynthetic performance process compared to neighbouring unpruned trees. Four years of tree crown growth was studied by terrestrial imaging. Tree vitality (Roloff’s classification) and risk (Visual Tree Assessment) were evaluated. Over-pruned trees showed intensified photosynthetic efficiency during the growing season following pruning. Particularly ET0/TR0 and PIABS tended to increase in pruned trees while higher Fv/Fm was noted only in late October, suggesting delayed leaf senescence. After four years, pruned trees rebuilt their crowns, however not in their entirety. Results obtained from biometric, vitality, and risk assessment showed high differentiation in pruned tree crown recovery. Our results revealed that despite the intensified efforts of trees to recover from wounding effects, severe pruning evokes dieback occurrence and a higher risk of failure in mature trees.
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Sreetheran, M., M. Adnan, and A. K. Khairil Azuar. "Street Tree Inventory and Tree Risk Assessment of Selected Major Roads in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, no. 5 (2011): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.030.

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Tree planting programs in Malaysia have progressed as planned. However, the subsequent management of the street trees, particularly at Kuala Lumpur City Hall, is not well undertaken due to inadequate information for management and maintenance purposes. There has never been a systematic tree survey conducted to inventory street trees in Kuala Lumpur. With this, a survey was conducted to collect comprehensive information on tree structure, species composition, species diversity, and tree defects and disorders. A total 2,191 street trees were surveyed.
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Guggenmoos, Siegfried. "Effects of Tree Mortality on Power Line Security." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 29, no. 4 (2003): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2003.022.

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Others have reported that instances where trees grow into lines rarely result in power outages. The vast majority of tree-related outages stem from tree failure, particularly if outages during severe weather events are included. Generally, tree­conductor conflicts resulting from tree failure are classified as unpreventable because the trees are located outside the right-of-way. In the emerging competitive environment, utilities will require a means of decreasing so-called unpreventable outages. The primary locations for unpreventable outages are areas where lines run adjacent to or through natural forest tree stands. Tree mortality exposes a power line to a high risk of tree incidents over time. The risk to the line is directly related to the number of trees within striking distance of the line. Conventional clear widths leave a substantial residual tree risk. Hazard tree removal programs do not provide enduring reliability gains. A new mathematical model, the optimal clear width calculator, is used to assess the tree risk over variable clear widths and line heights. The risk ratings in the output line strike probability charts permit quantitative comparisons of construction and maintenance options. The line strike probability chart indicates that there is a point of diminishing return in line security for dollars invested in additional clear width.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Limér, Christoffer, and Erik Kalmér. "Monte Carlo Tree Search for Risk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297695.

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The idea of using artificial intelligence to evaluatemilitary strategies is relevant for a large number of governmentstoday. With programs like AlphaZero beating world championsin games of ever-increasing complexity, military adaptations areprobably not far away, if they are not in use already. Partof these programs’ recent success is due to a heuristic searchalgorithm called Monte Carlo Tree Search. In this project,we explored the possibility of using this algorithm to build aprogram capable of playing the strategy board game of Riskat a high level. The complexity and stochastic dynamic ofthe game demanded the use of chance nodes and aggressivegameplay limitations, known as action-pruning. By changing theconditions and game environment of the algorithm, we observedperformance differences, mainly simulation length considerablyimproved convergence. We suggest that the created program,optimized with correct algorithm parameters, has the potentialof playing Risk at a high level.<br>Tanken att använda artificiell intelligensför att evaluera militära strategierär relevant för ett stortantal regeringar idag. När program så som AlphaZero slårvärldsmästare i allt mer komplexa spel bör militära tillämpningarinte ligga långt borta, om de inte redanär implementerade. Endel av programmens framgång kan härledas till dess användningav en heuristisk sökalgoritm, kallad Monte Carlo-Trädsökning. Idet här projektet, utforskade vi möjligheten att använda dennaalgoritm för att konstruera ett program, kapabel att spela detstrategiska brädspelet Risk på en hög nivå. Spelets komplexitetoch stokastiska natur krävde användning av så kallade ”chance-nodes” och en aggressiv användning av spelbegränsningar kändasom ”action-pruning”. Genom attändra villkoren och spelmiljönför algoritmen observerades prestandaförändringar, där konver-gensen i huvudsakökade vid begränsningar av möjliga val. Viföreslår att det skapade programmet, optimerat med korrektaalgoritmparametrar, har potentialen att spela Risk på en högnivå.<br>Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm
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Sandqvist, Joakim, and Erik Byström. "A Framework For Analysing Investable Risk Premia Strategies." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147547.

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The focus of this study is to map, classify and analyse how different risk premia strategies that are fully implementable, perform and are affected by different economic environments. The results are of interest for practitioners who currently invest in or are thinking about investing in risk premia strategies. The study also makes a theoretical contribution since there currently is a lack of publicised work on this subject. A combination of the statistical methods cluster tree, spanning tree and principal component analysis are used to first categorise the investigated risk premia strategies into different clusters based on their correlation characteristics and secondly to find the strategies’ most important return drivers. Lastly, an analysis of how the clusters of strategies perform in different macroeconomic environments, here represented by inflation and growth, is conducted. The results show that the three most important drivers for the investigated risk premia strategies are a crisis factor, an equity directional factor and an interest rate factor. These three components explained about 18 percent, 14 percent and 10 percent of the variation in the data, respectively. The results also show that all four clusters, despite containing different types of risk premia strategies, experienced positive total returns during all macroeconomic phases sampled in this study. These results can be seen as indicative of a lower macroeconomic sensitivity among the risk premia strategies and more of an “alpha-like” behaviour.<br>Denna studie fokuserar på att kartlägga, klassificera och analysera hur riskpremie-strategier, som är fullt implementerbara, presterar och påverkas av olika makroekonomiska miljöer. Studiens resultat är av intresse för investerare som antingen redan investerar i riskpremiestrategier eller som funderar på att investera. Studien lämnar även ett teoretiskt bidrag eftersom det i dagsläget finns få publicerade verk som behandlar detta ämne. För att analysera strategierna har en kombination av de statistiska metoderna cluster tree, spanning  tree  och  principal  component  analysis  använts.  Detta  för  att  dels  kategorisera riskpremie-strategierna i olika kluster, baserat på deras inbördes korrelation, men också för att finna de faktorer som driver riskpremiestrategiernas avkastning. Slutligen har också en analys över hur de olika strategierna presterar under olika makroekonomiska miljöer genomförts där de makroekonomiska miljöerna representeras av inflation- och tillväxtindikatorer. Resultaten  visar  att  de  tre  viktigaste  faktorerna  som  driver  riskpremiestrategiernas avkastning  är  en  krisfaktor,  en  aktiemarknadsfaktor och  en  räntefaktor.  Dessa  tre  faktorer förklarar ungefär 18 procent, 14 procent och 10 procent av den undersökta datans totala varians. Resultaten  visar  också  att  alla  fyra  kluster,  trots  att  de  innehåller  olika  typer  av riskpremiestrategier,  genererade  positiv  avkastning  under  alla  makroekonmiska  faser  som studerades. Detta resultat ses som ett tecken på en lägre makroekonomisk känslighet bland riskpremiestrategier och mer av ett alfabeteende.
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Tejedor, Garavito Natalia. "Impact of climate change on extinction risk of montane tree species." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2014. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21485/.

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The potential impacts of climate change on many species worldwide remains unknown, especially in those tropical regions that are centers of endemism and are highly biodiverse. This thesis provides an insight into the extinction risk of selected tree species using different species distribution modelling techniques and reviewing the current conservation status on montane forest in the Tropical Andes. Starting with a global analysis, the potential impacts of climate change on montane ecoregions is investigated, by identifying those that are more vulnerable to the expected changes in temperature and precipitation, from global predictions under different climate change scenarios. It then gives an insight on the current and potential threats to biodiversity in the Andean region, including the identification of those that are most likely to be responsible for increasing the extinction risk of the species. With the use of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, selected tree species were assessed to identify their extinction risk. Information on the species’ current distribution was collated and used to estimate their potential distribution under climate change, by using different modelling techniques. These results were used to reassess the species using the IUCN Red List and establish the changes in Red List Category. Lastly, it provides a discussion that integrates all the results obtained throughout the thesis, to explore the implications for conservation, in order to highlight the overriding importance of including threatened tree species to target conservation efforts in the region, while considering the uncertainties that surround predictions under climate change scenarios, modelling techniques and the use of the IUCN Red List.
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Srivastava, Anurag. "Generalized Event Tree Algorithm and Software for Dam Safety Risk Analysis." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/32.

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ABSTRACT: Event tree analysis is a most commonly used method in dam safety risk analysis modeling. Available software tools for performing event tree analyses lack the flexibility to efficiently address many important factors in dam safety risk analysis. As a result of these practical limitations, spreadsheets have been used, sometimes including Visual Basic macros, to perform these analyses. However, this approach lacks generality and can require significant effort to apply to a specific dam or to modify the event tree structure. In response to these limitations, here a generalized event tree analysis tool, DAMRAE (DAM safety Risk Analysis Engine), has been developed. It includes a graphical interface for developing and populating an event tree, and a tool for calculating and post-processing an event tree risk model for dam safety risk assessment in a highly flexible manner. This thesis describes the underlying theoretical and computational logic employed in the current version of DAMRAE, and provides a detailed example of the calculations in the current version of DAMRAE for an application to a US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) dam. The thesis closes with some conclusions about the capabilities of DAMRAE and a summary of plans for its further development.
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Wang, Yanjun. "Development of a computer-aided fault tree synthesis methodology for quantitative risk analysis in the chemical process industry." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1347.

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There has been growing public concern regarding the threat to people and environment from industrial activities, thus more rigorous regulations. The investigation of almost all the major accidents shows that we could have avoided those tragedies with effective risk analysis and safety management programs. High-quality risk analysis is absolutely necessary for sustainable development. As a powerful and systematic tool, fault tree analysis (FTA) has been adapted to the particular need of chemical process quantitative risk analysis (CPQRA) and found great applications. However, the application of FTA in the chemical process industry (CPI) is limited. One major barrier is the manual synthesis of fault trees. It requires a thorough understanding of the process and is vulnerable to individual subjectivity. The quality of FTA can be highly subjective and variable. The availability of a computer-based FTA methodology will greatly benefit the CPI. The primary objective of this research is to develop a computer-aided fault tree synthesis methodology for CPQRA. The central idea is to capture the cause-and-effect logic around each item of equipment directly into mini fault trees. Special fault tree models have been developed to manage special features. Fault trees created by this method are expected to be concise. A prototype computer program is provided to illustrate the methodology. Ideally, FTA can be standardized through a computer package that reads information contained in process block diagrams and provides automatic aids to assist engineers in generating and analyzing fault trees. Another important issue with regard to QRA is the large uncertainty associated with available failure rate data. In the CPI, the ranges of failure rates observed could be quite wide. Traditional reliability studies using point values of failure rates may result in misleading conclusions. This dissertation discusses the uncertainty with failure rate data and proposes a procedure to deal with data uncertainty in determining safety integrity level (SIL) for a safety instrumented system (SIS). Efforts must be carried out to obtain more accurate values of those data that might actually impact the estimation of SIL. This procedure guides process hazard analysts toward a more accurate SIL estimation and avoids misleading results due to data uncertainty.
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Adams, Henry D., Greg A. Barron-Gafford, Rebecca L. Minor, et al. "Temperature response surfaces for mortality risk of tree species with future drought." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626267.

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Widespread, high levels of tree mortality, termed forest die-off, associated with drought and rising temperatures, are disrupting forests worldwide. Drought will likely become more frequent with climate change, but even without more frequent drought, higher temperatures can exacerbate tree water stress. The temperature sensitivity of drought-induced mortality of tree species has been evaluated experimentally for only single-step changes in temperature (ambient compared to ambient + increase) rather than as a response surface (multiple levels of temperature increase), which constrains our ability to relate changes in the driver with the biological response. Here we show that time-to-mortality during drought for seedlings of two western United States tree species, Pinus edulis (Engelm.) and Pinus ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson), declined in continuous proportion with increasing temperature spanning a 7.7 degrees C increase. Although P. edulis outlived P. ponderosa at all temperatures, both species had similar relative declines in time-to-mortality as temperature increased (5.2% per degrees C for P. edulis; 5.8% per. C for P. ponderosa). When combined with the non-linear frequency distribution of drought duration-many more short droughts than long droughts-these findings point to a progressive increase in mortality events with global change due to warming alone and independent of additional changes in future drought frequency distributions. As such, dire future forest recruitment patterns are projected assuming the calculated 7-9 seedling mortality events per species by 2100 under business-as-usual warming occur, congruent with additional vulnerability predicted for adult trees from stressors like pathogens and pests. Our progressive projection for increased mortality events was driven primarily by the non-linear shape of the drought duration frequency distribution, a common climate feature of drought-affected regions. These results illustrate profound benefits for reducing emissions of carbon to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources and slowing warming as rapidly as possible to maximize forest persistence.
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Bolin, Jakob, and Nico Palmroos. "Monte-Carlo Tree Search Used for Fortification in the Game of Risk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297698.

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The strategy game Risk is a very popular boardgame, requiring little effort to learn but lots of skill to master.The aim of this project is to explore the fortification phase of thegame, where the player’s troops are moved between territories.Our method is based on adapting Monte Carlo tree search(MCTS) to Risk. To improve the troop movements, we proposetwo techniques, hierarchical search and progressive bias. Thesemethods, combined with other extensions of MCTS are thencompared against a baseline player of the game. Our results showthat hierarchical search improved the MCTS agent’s playingpower and the progressive bias have potential to improve theagent but needs further investigation.<br>Strategispelet Risk är ett väldigt populärt brädspel som är lätt att lära sig men svårt att bemästra. Syftet med detta projekt är att utforska spelets befästningsfas, där spelarens trupper flyttas mellan territorier. Vår metod är baserad på en anpassning av Monte Carlo trädsökning (MCTS) till Risk. För att förbättra trupprörelserna föreslår vi två tekniker, ”hierarchical search” och ”progressive bias”. Dessa metoder, i kombination med andra tillägg av MCTS, jämförs sedan mot en standard agent i spelet. Våra resultat visar att hierarchical search förbättrade MCTS agentens spelstyrka och att progressivce bias har möjlighet att förbättra agenten men kräver fortsatt utforskning.<br>Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm
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Metzroth, Kyle G. "A Comparison of Dynamic and Classical Event Tree Analysis for Nuclear Power Plant Probabilistic Safety/Risk Assessment." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306185445.

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Osborn, Douglas M. "Seamless Level 2 / Level 3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment Using Dynamic Event Tree Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1372524956.

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Kevorkian, Christopher George. "UAS Risk Analysis using Bayesian Belief Networks: An Application to the VirginiaTech ESPAARO." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73047.

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Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SUAVs) are rapidly being adopted in the National Airspace (NAS) but experience a much higher failure rate than traditional aircraft. These SUAVs are quickly becoming complex enough to investigate alternative methods of failure analysis. This thesis proposes a method of expanding on the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method to a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model. FTA is demonstrated to be a special case of BBN and BBN can allow for more complex interactions between nodes than is allowed by FTA. A model can be investigated to determine the components to which failure is most sensitive and allow for redundancies or mitigations against those failures. The introduced method is then applied to the Virginia Tech ESPAARO SUAV.<br>Master of Science
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Livres sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Anderson, Walter C. Assessing risk to plantation investments from insect attacks. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1987.

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L, Skinner N., Wood S. T, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Division of Safety Issue Resolution., Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and EG & G Idaho., eds. Fault tree, event tree, and piping & instrumentation diagram (FEP) editors, version 4.0: Reference manual. Division of Safety Issue Resolution, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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Nair, K. S. S. Pest outbreaks in tropical forest plantations: Is there a greater risk for exotic tree species? Center for International Forestry Research, 2001.

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Stuart, Mark. Wood processing industry: Work related musculoskeletal disorder risk factors for selected jobs : preliminary results. Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention, 1995.

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Stuart, Mark. Wood processing industry: Work related musculoskeletal disorder risk factors for selected jobs : preliminary results. Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention, 1995.

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Hoff, Petrus. CO₂, a gift from heaven: The blue CO₂ booklet. Eburon, 2009.

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Ramón, Ramos Torre, García Selgas Fernando, and Ariño Villarroya Antoni, eds. Globalización, riesgo, reflexividad: Tres temas de la teoría social contemporánea. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1999.

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Glasserman, Paul, and Mark Nathan Broadie. Hedging with trees: Advances in pricing and risk managing derivatives. Risk, 1998.

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Boyson, Sandor, Thomas M. Corsi, and Lisa H. Harrington. X-SCM: The new science of X-treme supply chain management. Routledge, 2010.

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Harrington, Lisa H. X-treme supply chain management: The new science of volatility management. Routledge, 2010.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Flaus, Jean-Marie. "Fault Tree Analysis." In Risk Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118790021.ch12.

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Flaus, Jean-Marie. "Event Tree and Bow-Tie Diagram Analysis." In Risk Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118790021.ch13.

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Berk, Richard. "Tree-Based Forecasting Methods." In Criminal Justice Forecasts of Risk. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3085-8_5.

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Wiseman, D. "Attack tree analysis." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-154.

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Berk, Richard. "Tree-Based Forecasting Methods." In Machine Learning Risk Assessments in Criminal Justice Settings. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02272-3_5.

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Lakatos, Michael, and Alexandra Fischer-Pardow. "Nonvascular Epiphytes: Functions and Risks at the Tree Canopy." In Treetops at Risk. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_23.

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Hughes, Trevor J. "Risk Assessment Techniques – HAZOP, Fault Tree, Event Tree, and Other Methods." In Catastrophic Incidents. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360759-29.

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Frankel, Ernst G. "Application of Fault Tree and other Network Techniques." In Systems Reliability and Risk Analysis. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2776-6_11.

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Frankel, Ernst G. "Failure Mode and Effects Analysis — Fault Tree Analysis." In Systems Reliability and Risk Analysis. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2776-6_5.

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Lee, D. A., and J. M. Browne. "Implications of varying probability in fault tree analysis." In Probabilistic Risk and Hazard Assessment. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742037-18.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Majdara, A., and T. Wakabayashi. "Computerized fault tree construction for improved reliability analysis." In RISK ANALYSIS 2010. WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk100141.

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Bhatti, Ali. "Xmas Tree Risk Ranking." In SPE Middle East Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/153679-ms.

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Smith, Curtis L., and James K. Knudsen. "Current Status of the SAPHIRE Risk Analysis Software." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41950.

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As a supporting organization for risk activities at a variety of government agencies including the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Department of Energy (DOE), the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has been a principal developer of probabilistic risk and reliability analysis tools for over 35 years. The current state-of-the-practice has evolved to the use of the SAPHIRE software. This tool started in the mid-1980s as part of the NRC’s general risk activities. In 1986, work commenced on the precursor to the SAPHIRE software — this software package was named IRRAS. While limited to the analysis of only fault trees of medium size, version 1 of IRRAS was the initial step in the progress that today has led to the SAPHIRE software, software that is capable of running on multiple processors simultaneously and is able to handle extremely complex analyses. SAPHIRE has been designed to handle large fault trees, where a tree may have up to 64,000 basic events and gates. To handle the fault trees, two mechanisms for developing and modifying the fault tree are available — a graphical editor and a hierarchical logic editor. In risk applications, there are two predominant event tree analysis methods, the “large event tree” approach and the “fault tree linking” approach. A couple of key identifying attributes of the large event tree approach is that the number of accident sequences becomes very large (measured in the millions or more) and the event tree branches are represented by probability values. For the fault tree linking approach, the number of sequences is low and fault trees represent the event tree branch points. The INL has designed SAPHIRE to handle both event tree methods. SAPHIRE uses logic models to determine minimal cut sets. Once the dominant cut sets are determined, the group of cut sets must be quantified to determine the overall probability of frequency. After the cut sets are generated, they are used to obtain the importance measures for each basic event in the cut sets. The resultant cut sets are also used to propagate (using either Monte Carlo or Latin Hypercube sampling) the basic event’s epistemic uncertainty.
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Zafirovski, Zlatko, Vasko Gacevski, Zoran Krakutovski, Slobodan Ognjenovic, and Ivona Nedevska. "Methodology for tunnel risk assessment using fault and event tree analysis." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1051.

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The intense demand and construction of tunnels is accompanied by uncertainties. The reason for appearance of uncertainties are the complex solutions and conditions for these structures. Location and dimensions are becoming more challenging, and the construction is predicted in complexed geological conditions, leading to application of new approaches, methodologies and technologies by the engineers. Most of the uncertainties and unwanted events in tunnelling occur in the construction phase, which generally leads to economic consequences and time losses. For easier handling of the uncertainties, they should be anticipated and studied within a separate part of each project. One of the newer approaches to dealing with uncertainties is hazard and risk assessment and defining ways to deal with them i.e. management. Hazards and risks can be analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative analysis, examines the causes and consequences in more detail way and gives explanation of the dependencies. With the quantitative approach, a more valuable information for decision-making can be provided. There are various models and methods used for the quantification of hazards and risks. This paper presents a methodology in which the fault tree analysis and event tree analysis are used in combination to obtain quantitative results. The fault tree analysis is used for assessment of various hazards and the different ways and reasons that cause them. The event tree analysis is a method for assessing the possible scenarios, which follow after a certain hazard i.e. the consequences that may occur in the project. These trees represent graphic models combined with a mathematical (probabilistic) model, which give the probability of occurrence of the risks.
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Yaakob, Razali, Norwati Mustapha, Ahmad Ainuddin B. Nuruddin, and Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang. "Modeling forest fires risk using spatial decision tree." In 2011 3rd Conference on Data Mining and Optimization (DMO). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dmo.2011.5976512.

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Khalid, Nur Izyan Mustafa, Nur Farah Najeeha Najdi, Nurul Faziera Khairul Adlee, Masnita Misiran, and Hasimah Sapiri. "Assessing railway accident risk through event tree analysis." In THE 4TH INNOVATION AND ANALYTICS CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION (IACE 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5121060.

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Grimmeisen, Philipp, Artur Karimov, Mihai A. Diaconeasa, and Andrey Morozov. "Demonstration of a Limited Scope Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Autonomous Warehouse Robots With OpenPRA." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69998.

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Abstract Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is an indispensable technology to evaluate the risk, dependability, and resilience characteristics of safety-critical systems. Therefore, PRA uses widely adopted methods, such as classical event trees, fault trees, Markov chains, Bayesian networks, and their numerous combinations. To analyze challenging failure scenarios of modern, intelligent, autonomous, and highly dynamic Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the integration of multiple PRA methods is needed. This paper presents a PRA approach based on classical Event Tree Analysis (ETA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and provides the technical description of a new open-source software platform called OpenPRA. Besides, this paper describes a representative case study from the autonomous system domain, focusing on autonomous warehouse robots.
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Zeng, Jidong, Dan Ling, Yu Liu, Song Wang, and Chuanhao Wu. "Fuzzy fault tree analysis of mask stage." In 2012 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icqr2mse.2012.6246234.

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Lubis, M. Oky Zuhdi Alwan, Achmad Widodo, and Gunawan Dwi Haryadi. "Risk Assessment of Gas Pipeline using Risk based Inpection and Fault Tree Analysis." In The 7th Engineering International Conference (EIC), Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and Application on Green Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009006100430047.

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Grantham Lough, Katie. "Detailed Risk Analysis for Failure Prevention in Conceptual Design: RED (Risk in Early Design) Based Probabilistic Risk Assessments." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35386.

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Avoiding product recalls and failures is a must for companies to remain successful in the consumer product industry. Large numbers of failed products result in significant profit losses do to repair or replacement costs as well as untraceable costs of reputation damage among customer bases. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is key to preventing product failures. When risks are adequately identified and assessed the potential product failures can be mitigated and save lives as well as company profit. Risk mitigation is more effective the earlier it can be applied in the design process; therefore, the identification and assessment of risk through PRA techniques is most beneficial to the company when employed early in the design process. This paper presents new techniques for performing four common PRAs, preliminary hazards analysis (PHA), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis (FTA), and event tree analysis (ETA), during the conceptual phase of design, when products have yet to assume a physical form. The backbone for the application of these PRA techniques during the conceptual design phase is the Risk in Early Design (RED) Method. RED generates a listing of potential product risk based on historical failure occurrences. These risks are categorized by function, which enables this preliminary risk assessment to be performed during conceptual design. A risk analysis is performed for a bicycle that demonstrates the powerful failure prevention ability of RED and PRA during conceptual product design with a Consumer Product Safety Commission recall.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Tree risk"

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Salafia, Carolyn M., Dawn P. Misra, Michael Yampolsky, and Theresa Girardi. Placental Vascular Tree as Biomarker of Autism/ASD Risk. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575079.

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Zio, Enrico, and Nicola Pedroni. Uncertainty characterization in risk analysis for decision-making practice. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/155chr.

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This document provides an overview of sources of uncertainty in probabilistic risk analysis. For each phase of the risk analysis process (system modeling, hazard identification, estimation of the probability and consequences of accident sequences, risk evaluation), the authors describe and classify the types of uncertainty that can arise. The document provides: a description of the risk assessment process, as used in hazardous industries such as nuclear power and offshore oil and gas extraction; a classification of sources of uncertainty (both epistemic and aleatory) and a description of techniques for uncertainty representation; a description of the different steps involved in a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) or Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA), and an analysis of the types of uncertainty that can affect each of these steps; annexes giving an overview of a number of tools used during probabilistic risk assessment, including the HAZID technique, fault trees and event tree analysis.
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Patev, Robert C., Chandra Putcha, and Stuart D. Foltz. Methodology for Risk Analysis of Dam Gates and Associated Operating Equipment Using Fault Tree Analysis. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441161.

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Knox, N. W., and R. W. Eicher. Mort User's Manual: For use with the Management Oversight and Risk Tree analytical logic diagram. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5254810.

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Denman, Matthew R., Katrina M. Groth, Jeffrey N. Cardoni, and Timothy A. Wheeler. Advance Liquid Metal Reactor Discrete Dynamic Event Tree/Bayesian Network Analysis and Incident Management Guidelines (Risk Management for Sodium Fast Reactors). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177842.

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Knox, N. W., and R. W. Eicher. MORT User's Manual for use with the Management Oversight and Risk Tree analytical logic diagram. [Contains a list of System Safety Development Center publications]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7041102.

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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, Do Trong Hoan, Hoang Nguyen Viet Hoa, and Nguyen Duy Khanh. Understanding tree-cover transitions, drivers and stakeholders’ perspectives for effective landscape governance: a case study of Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province, Viet Nam. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21023.pdf.

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Integrated landscape management for sustainable livelihoods and positive environmental outcomes has been desired by many developing countries, especially for mountainous areas where agricultural activities, if not well managed, will likely degrade vulnerable landscapes. This research was an attempt to characterize the landscape in Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province in Northwest Viet Nam to generate knowledge and understanding of local conditions and to propose a workable governance mechanism to sustainably manage the landscape. ICRAF, together with national partners — Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute — and local partners — Son La Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Son La Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Chieng Yen Commune People’s Committee — conducted rapid assessments in the landscape, including land-use mapping, land-use characterization, a household survey and participatory landscape assessment using an ecosystem services framework. We found that the landscape and peoples’ livelihoods are at risk from the continuous degradation of forest and agricultural land, and declining productivity, ecosystem conditions and services. Half of households live below the poverty line with insufficient agricultural production for subsistence. Unsustainable agricultural practices and other livelihood activities are causing more damage to the forest. Meanwhile, existing forest and landscape governance mechanisms are generally not inclusive of local community engagement. Initial recommendations are provided, including further assessment to address current knowledge gaps.
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Yuval, Boaz, and Todd E. Shelly. Lek Behavior of Mediterranean Fruit Flies: An Experimental Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575272.bard.

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The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest of fruit trees, causing significant economic damage both in the U.S. and in Israel. Control efforts in the future will rely heavily on the sterile insect technique (SIT). Success of such operations hinges on the competitive ability of released males. The mating system of the medfly is based on leks. These are aggregations of sexually signaling males that attract females (who then select and copulate a courting male). A major component of male competitiveness is their ability to join existing leks or establish leks that are attractive to wild females. Accordingly, we identified leks and the behaviors associated with them as critical for the success of SIT operations. The objectives of this proposal were to determine 1. what makes a good lek site, 2. what are the energetic costs of lekking, 3. how females choose leks, and finally 4. whether the copulatory success of sterile males may be manipulated by particular pre-release diets and judicious spatial dispersal. We established that males choose lek sites according to their spatial location and penological status, that they avoid predators, and within the lek tree choose the perch that affords a compromise between optimal signalling, micro-climatic conditions and predation risk (Kaspi &amp; Yuval 1999 a&amp;b; Field et al 2000; Kaspi &amp; Yuval submitted). We were able to show that leks are exclusive, and that only males with adequate protein and carbohydrate reserves can participate (Yuval et al 1998; Kaspi et al 2000; Shelly et al 2000). We determined that females prefer leks formed by protein fed, sexually experienced males (Shelly 2000). Finally, we demonstrated that adding protein to the diet of sterile males significantly enhances their probability of participating in leks and copulating wild females (Kaspi &amp; Yuval 2000).
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Young, Craig. Problematic plant monitoring in Arkansas Post National Memorial: 2006–2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286657.

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Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover, distribution, and location of these plants is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing these species. Based on surveys conducted in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2019, Heartland Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 28 potentially problematic plant taxa in Arkansas Post National Memorial. Of the 23 species found in 2019, we characterized 9 as very low frequency, 7 as low frequency, 5 as medium frequency, and 2 as high frequency. Cover of all species was low with a single species slightly exceeding a 1-acre threshold based on a midpoint estimate. Efforts to control the woody invasive black locust, Chinese privet, and hardy orange appear to have successfully reduced the cover of these plants across the Memorial Unit. Japanese stiltgrass may have been increasing as recently as 2015, but a combination of recent flooding and control efforts may have stemmed the spread of this invasive grass. Efforts to control localized patches of Chinaberry tree also appear to have reduced the cover of this species. Outside of the problematic species currently subject
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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