Articles de revues : « Tree monitoring »

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Yang, Zi, Ka Wai Hui, Sawaid Abbas, Rui Zhu, Coco Yin Tung Kwok, Joon Heo, Sungha Ju et Man Sing Wong. « A Review of Dynamic Tree Behaviors : Measurement Methods on Tree Sway, Tree Tilt, and Root–Plate Movement ». Forests 12, n^o 3 (22 mars 2021) : 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030379.

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Urban forest ecosystems are being developed to provide various environmental services (e.g., the preservation of urban trees) to urban inhabitants. However, some trees are deteriorated asymptomatically without exhibiting an early sign of tree displacement, which results in a higher vulnerability under dynamic wind loads, especially during typhoon seasons, in the subtropical and tropical regions. As such, it is important to understand the tilt and sway behaviors of trees to cope up with the probability of tree failure and to improve the efficacy of tree management. Tree behaviors under wind loads have been broadly reviewed in the past literature, yet thorough discussions on the measurement methods for tree displacement and its analysis of broadleaf specimens are lacking. To understand the behavioral pattern of both broadleaf and conifer species, this paper presents a detailed review of sway behavior analysis from the perspectives of the aerial parts of the individual tree, including tree stem, canopy, and trunk, alongside a highlighted focus on the root–plate movement amid the soil-root system. The analytical approaches associated with the time-space domain and the time-frequency domain are being introduced. In addition to the review of dynamic tree behaviors, an integrated tree monitoring framework based on geographic information systems (GIS) to detect and visualize the extent of tree displacement using smart sensing technology (SST) is introduced. The monitoring system aims to establish an early warning indicator system for monitoring the displacement angles of trees over the territory of Hong Kong’s urban landscape. This pilot study highlights the importance of the monitoring system at an operational scale to be applicable in the urban areas showcasing the practical use of the Internet of Things (IoT) with an in-depth understanding of the wind-load effect toward the urban trees in the tropical and subtropical cities.

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Tyburski, Łukasz, et Paweł Przybylski. « Health condition of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Kampinos National Park – preliminary studies ». Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2016) : 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0027.

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Abstract In 2015 in Kampinos National Park (KNP), monitoring of tree crown condition was conducted in specimens of the Scots pine, which is the dominant tree species in the park (73.3%). The monitoring was aimed at providing information about the health of pine trees in the national park area. The monitoring was conducted on 26 plots throughout the park. The stands where the pine is not a dominant species were omitted. On each plot, 20 trees were subjected to assessment. In total, 520 pine trees were examined. The monitoring was conducted by the assessment of tree crowns based on the adapted forest monitoring methodology conducted as part of National Environmental Monitoring. On the basis of the monitoring, it was found that 75.4% of the trees are characterised by slight defoliation and 94.4% of the specimens were not found to have discoloration of the assimilation apparatus. No differences were found between areas situated closer and further from the administrative borders of Warsaw. On the basis of the monitoring, it was found that the pine trees in KNP are in a good health condition. Dendrometric measurements show that the average diameter at breast height (DBH) of the analysed trees is 26.6 cm. The average height of the trees is 20.4 m. The average age of the examined tree stands is 84. The monitoring will be continued in subsequent years in order to record the changes taking place in tree crowns.

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Abimanyu, Bondan, Rahmat Safe’i et Wahyu Hidayat. « Application of Forest Health Monitoring Method in Assessing Tree Damage in Metro Urban Forests ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, n^o 3 (29 septembre 2019) : 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl37289-298.

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The assessment of tree condition is very important to ensure visitor safety and to maintain the sustainability of Metro Urban Forest. However, data and information on the condition of trees in six locations of Metro Urban Forest are not yet available. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess tree damage in each Metro Urban Forest. Evaluation of tree damage such as location, type, and level of tree damage was conducted for each tree in accordance with the damage criteria of the Forest Health Monitoring method. Data were then analyzed by calculating the damage index and tree damage level index. The results showed that the vegetation in Metro Urban Forests was dominated by trees with the healthy condition of 1.549 trees or 87% of the total trees, hence the Metro Urban Forests could be considered safe for visitors. The level of tree damage in each Metro Urban Forest is as follows: 3% in Islamic Center Urban Forest, 9% in Tesarigaga Urban Forest, 12% in Bumi Perkemahan Urban Forest, 13% in Linara Urban Forest, 23% in Terminal 16c Urban Forest, and 23% in Stadion Urban Forest at 23%. Overall tree damage in the Metro Urban Forest reached 232 trees or 13% of the total trees. Tree maintenance in each urban forest in Metro City is needed to maintain tree health, the safety of visitors, and improve the quality of the urban environment. Keywords: damaged trees, Forest Health Monitoring, Metro Urban Forests

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Fuentes, Sigfredo, Eden Tongson et Claudia Gonzalez Viejo. « Urban Green Infrastructure Monitoring Using Remote Sensing from Integrated Visible and Thermal Infrared Cameras Mounted on a Moving Vehicle ». Sensors 21, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2021) : 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010295.

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Climate change forecasts higher temperatures in urban environments worsening the urban heat island effect (UHI). Green infrastructure (GI) in cities could reduce the UHI by regulating and reducing ambient temperatures. Forest cities (i.e., Melbourne, Australia) aimed for large-scale planting of trees to adapt to climate change in the next decade. Therefore, monitoring cities’ green infrastructure requires close assessment of growth and water status at the tree-by-tree resolution for its proper maintenance and needs to be automated and efficient. This project proposed a novel monitoring system using an integrated visible and infrared thermal camera mounted on top of moving vehicles. Automated computer vision algorithms were used to analyze data gathered at an Elm trees avenue in the city of Melbourne, Australia (n = 172 trees) to obtain tree growth in the form of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and tree water stress index (TWSI), among other parameters. Results showed the tree-by-tree variation of trees monitored (5.04 km) between 2016–2017. The growth and water stress parameters obtained were mapped using customized codes and corresponded with weather trends and urban management. The proposed urban tree monitoring system could be a useful tool for city planning and GI monitoring, which can graphically show the diurnal, spatial, and temporal patterns of change of LAIe and TWSI to monitor the effects of climate change on the GI of cities.

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Martiansyah, Irfan, Rizmoon Nurul Zulkarnaen, Muhammad Rifqi Hariri, Prima Wahyu Kusuma Hutabarat et Fitri Fatma Wardani. « Tree Health Monitoring of Risky Trees in the Hotel Open Space : A Case Study in Rancamaya, Bogor ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 10, n^o 2 (14 mars 2022) : 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v10i2.570.

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Tree health monitoring of risky trees is necessary, especially in areas with a high level of accessibility, such as in hotels and tourist areas. The increased accessibility of hotel visitors and the green space require increased awareness of the risk of falling trees. This research aimed to estimate the amount of internal decay and damage of living trees, with special attention to the large tree in the open space of R Hotel Rancamaya. Tree health monitoring was carried out using two approaches, namely visual observation Sonic Tomography method. The visual parameters were observed following the standard method of the International Society of Arboriculture. A total of 8 trees consists of four types of plants such as Melia azedarach, Durio zibethinus, Falcataria falcata, and Ficus subcordata. The eight trees visually showed no significant damage to their organs. The results of internal trunk inspection by PiCUS-3 Sonic Tomograph also showed a similar result with decay or weathering ranges ranging from 1-3% in healthy trees, except for the stem base of tree 7 (M. azedarach) with weathering of 18%. Handling that needs to be done on six trees at the green area hotel is through light pruning and installing warning signs so that visitors and staff are careful in the tree area. Substantial pruning is recommended specifically for tree 7 because there is significant weathering, and it could be dangerous if the tree is not appropriately handled. The assessment showed that mitigation, warning signs, and physical handling are essential to prevent any unpredicted fallen trees, especially for tree 3 (D. zibethinus) and tree 7 (M. azedarach). Keywords: hotel open space, risky trees, Sonic Tomography, tree health monitoring, visual observation

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Klobucar, Blaz, Johan Östberg, Märit Jansson et Thomas Barfoed Randrup. « Long-Term Validation and Governance Role in Contemporary Urban Tree Monitoring : A Review ». Sustainability 12, n^o 14 (11 juillet 2020) : 5589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145589.

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Urban trees provide important ecosystem services, across ownership and governance structures, and tree inventories are an important tool enabling urban foresters and green space managers to monitor and perform the sustainable management of urban trees. For optimal management of urban trees, a better understanding is needed concerning how urban tree inventories can provide long-term monitoring overviews across administrative borders, and how inventory protocols should be adapted to address specific practitioner issues. In this review, 98 articles on urban tree inventories were examined, the primary focus being sampling design. A governance arrangement approach was applied to identify the policy-making arrangements behind the inventories. Stratification is commonly used in the sampling design, despite being problematic for long-term representativeness. Only 10% of the stratification sampling designs identified were considered as having long-term validity. The studies frequently relied on an individual sampling design aimed at a particular issue, as opposed to using an existing longitudinal sampling network. Although private trees can constitute over 50% of the urban tree population, 41% of the studies reviewed did not include private trees at all. Urban tree inventories focused primarily on tree data on a local scale. Users or private tree owners are commonly not included in these studies, and limited attention is paid to economic, cultural or social factors. A long-term validation of sampling methods in urban areas, and a multi-lateral approach to tree inventories, are needed to maintain long-term operational value for local managers in securing ecosystem service provisions for entire urban forests.

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Buckelew Cumming, Anne, Michael Galvin, Robert Rabaglia, Jonathan Cumming et Daniel Twardus. « Forest Health Monitoring Protocol Applied to Roadside Trees in Maryland ». Arboriculture & ; Urban Forestry 27, n^o 3 (1 mai 2001) : 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.015.

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The Maryland Roadside Tree Law places trees in all public road rights-of-way in the State of Maryland, U.S., under the jurisdiction of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources-Forest Service. Passed in 1914, this law is one of the oldest tree conservation laws in the United States. However, little statistical data have ever been generated related to Maryland's roadside trees. This paper provides a methodology for assessing the condition of roadside trees by combining GIS tools, rights-of-way definitions, and components of a national forest health monitoring program. The assessment of roadside trees was carried out in six of Maryland's most urbanized jurisdictions. Results indicate that 14% of Maryland's roadsides are tree lined and that the trees are in good health based on crown and damage indicators collected. Shannon-Weaver index and importance values were calculated to describe species diversity. Views on the efficacy of the law in protecting roadside trees in light of the findings, and the findings themselves, are discussed.

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Wang, J., et R. Lindenbergh. « VALIDATING A WORKFLOW FOR TREE INVENTORY UPDATING WITH 3D POINT CLOUDS OBTAINED BY MOBILE LASER SCANNING ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (30 mai 2018) : 1163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1163-2018.

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Urban trees are an important component of our environment and ecosystem. Trees are able to combat climate change, clean the air and cool the streets and city. Tree inventory and monitoring are of great interest for biomass estimation and change monitoring. Conventionally, parameters of trees are manually measured and documented in situ, which is not efficient regarding labour and costs. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) has become a well-established surveying technique for the acquisition of geo-spatial information. Combined with automatic point cloud processing techniques, this in principle enables the efficient extraction of geometric tree parameters. In recent years, studies have investigated to what extend it is possible to perform tree inventories using laser scanning point clouds. Give the availability of a city of Delft Open data tree repository, we are now able to present, validate and extend a workflow to automatically obtain tree data from tree location until tree species. The results of a test over 47 trees show that the proposed methods in the workflow are able to individual urban trees. The tree species classification results based on the extracted tree parameters show that only one tree was wrongly classified using k-means clustering.

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Kepic, Anton, et Tristan Campbell. « Geophysical Monitoring Tree Root Zones ». ASEG Extended Abstracts 2003, n^o 2 (août 2003) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003ab084.

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Yamagata, H., K. Noda, J. J. Randall, H. Kamiya et K. Oki. « Consecutive monitoring method for pecan orchards and discovery of a mysterious circle in a pecan orchard with UAV ». Optical Review 28, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2021) : 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-021-00696-y.

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AbstractIn this study, we established consecutive monitoring methods using UAV in pecan orchards of 64 ha each, in San Simon, Arizona, USA. Activity monitoring, tree height map creation and ground surface temperature analysis of trees by UAV with near infrared (NIR)/TIR camera were conducted for pecan orchards in San Simon, Arizona, USA. Using established continuous monitoring methods, the UAV images of a 3-year-old pecan orchard showed circular traces of alfalfa cultivation prior to installation of pivot irrigation that was previously not observed. Tree growth measurements was compared to the trees planted inside and outside of the circle. Growth and tree health activity was found to be better when the trees were outside of the circle.

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Albuquerque, Rafael Walter, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, Søren Ingvor Olsen, Julio Ricardo Caetano Tymus, Cintia Palheta Balieiro, Hendrik Mansur, Ciro José Ribeiro Moura, João Vitor Silva Costa, Maurício Ruiz Castello Branco et Carlos Henrique Grohmann. « Forest Restoration Monitoring Protocol with a Low-Cost Remotely Piloted Aircraft : Lessons Learned from a Case Study in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 12 (19 juin 2021) : 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122401.

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Traditional forest restoration (FR) monitoring methods employ spreadsheets and photos taken at the ground level. Since remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) generate a panoramic high resolution and georeferenced view of the entire area of interest, this technology has high potential to improve the traditional FR monitoring methods. This study evaluates how low-cost RPA data may contribute to FR monitoring of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by the automatic remote measurement of Tree Density, Tree Height, Vegetation Cover (area covered by trees), and Grass Infestation. The point cloud data was processed to map the Tree Density, Tree Height, and Vegetation Cover parameters. The orthomosaic was used for a Random Forest classification that considered trees and grasses as a single land cover class. The Grass Infestation parameter was mapped by the difference between this land cover class (which considered trees and grasses) and the Vegetation Cover results (obtained by the point cloud data processing). Tree Density, Vegetation Cover, and Grass Infestation parameters presented F_scores of 0.92, 0.85, and 0.64, respectively. Tree Height accuracy was indicated by the Error Percentage considering the traditional fieldwork and the RPA results. The Error Percentage was equal to 0.13 and was considered accurate because it estimated a 13% shorter height for trees that averaged 1.93 m tall. Thus, this study showed that the FR structural parameters were accurately measured by the low-cost RPA, a technology that contributes to FR monitoring. Despite accurately measuring the structural parameters, this study reinforced the challenge of measuring the Biodiversity parameter via remote sensing because the classification of tree species was not possible. After all, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and thus different species have similar spectral responses in the visible spectrum and similar geometric forms. Therefore, until improved automatic classification methods become available for tree species, traditional fieldwork remains necessary for a complete FR monitoring diagnostic.

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Zulkarnaen, Rizmoon Nurul, Fitri Fatma Wardani, Prima Wahyu Kusuma Hutabarat, Irfan Martiansyah et Muhammad Rifqi Hariri. « Tree Health Assessment of Lauraceae Collections in Bogor Botanic Gardens using Forest Health Monitoring Method ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2021) : 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v9i3.527.

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Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG) is an ex-situ plant conservation area with thousands of plant collections. The trees of the Lauraceae in BBG experienced the highest number of deaths among other families. However most of them were categorized as young planting years (0-15 years). A tree health monitoring in the Lauraceae needs to be conducted to provide an overview, trend, and value of the level of damage. Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method was carried out on two plots consisting of 149 trees. FHM can identify the types and levels of damage through monitoring and recording a series of tree damage. The results showed that among 149 trees, with 103 healthy, 9 lightly damaged, 10 moderately damaged, 15 heavily damaged, and 12 dead. The damage was primarily found in the stem (63 trees), the crown branch (51 trees), and the roots (13 trees). The severity of the damage was mainly at a mild level (0-19%). The cause of the damage is discussed. Further observations and frequent monitoring of the health of the Lauraceae need to be conducted by management to reduce the number of dead collections of the family. Keywords: botanic gardens, Forest Health Monitoring, lauraceae, tree health

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Krause, Stuart, Tanja G. M. Sanders, Jan-Peter Mund et Klaus Greve. « UAV-Based Photogrammetric Tree Height Measurement for Intensive Forest Monitoring ». Remote Sensing 11, n^o 7 (28 mars 2019) : 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070758.

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The measurement of tree height has long been an important tree attribute for the purpose of calculating tree growth, volume, and biomass, which in turn deliver important ecological and economical information to decision makers. Tree height has traditionally been measured by indirect field-based techniques, however these methods are rarely contested. With recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technologies, the possibility to acquire accurate tree heights semi-automatically has become a reality. In this study, photogrammetric and field-based tree height measurements of a Scots Pine stand were validated using destructive methods. The intensive forest monitoring site implemented for the study was configured with permanent ground control points (GCPs) measured with a Total Station (TS). Field-based tree height measurements resulted in a similar level of error to that of the photogrammetric measurements, with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.304 m (1.82%) and 0.34 m (2.07%), respectively (n = 34). A conflicting bias was, however, discovered where field measurements tended to overestimate tree heights and photogrammetric measurements were underestimated. The photogrammetric tree height measurements of all trees (n = 285) were validated against the field-based measurements and resulted in a RMSE of 0.479 m (2.78%). Additionally, two separate photogrammetric tree height datasets were compared (n = 251), and a very low amount of error was observed with a RMSE of 0.138 m (0.79%), suggesting a high potential for repeatability. This study shows that UAV photogrammetric tree height measurements are a viable option for intensive forest monitoring plots and that the possibility to acquire within-season tree growth measurements merits further study. Additionally, it was shown that negative and positive biases evident in field-based and UAV-based photogrammetric tree height measurements could potentially lead to misinterpretation of results when field-based measurements are used as validation.

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Li, M., et W. Yao. « 3D MAP SYSTEM FOR TREE MONITORING IN HONG KONG USING GOOGLE STREET VIEW IMAGERY AND DEEP LEARNING ». ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-3-2020 (3 août 2020) : 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-3-2020-765-2020.

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Abstract. In densely built urban areas such as Hong Kong, the positive effect of urban trees is to help maintain high environmental and social sustainability for the city while unmanaged trees lead to negative effects such as accidents, outbreaks of pests and diseases. The public awareness of urban tree population has been increasing and preserving all the benefits offered by trees, a continuous monitoring concept would be required. In this work, an efficient 3D map system for tree inventory in Hong Kong is presented to the based on automated tree detection from publicly available Google street view (GSV) panorama images. First, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) based object detector and classifier – YOLOv3 with pretrained model is adopted to learn GSV images to detect tree objects. GSV depth image has been utilized to decode depth values of each GSV panorama image and will provide accurate information to calculate the tree geographic position. A “field of view” filter was designed to remove duplicated tree detection within the overlapped areas followed by spatial clustering applied to further increase the tree localization accuracy. The average distance between the detected trees and ground truth data was achieved within 3 meters for selected roads used for the experiment. Second, a 3D Map platform prototype for facilitating the urban tree monitoring and management was developed. Currently, there is no true 3D platform for interpreting the results of tree records in Hong Kong city areas. With the help of webGL technology, contemporary browsers are able to show 3D buildings, terrain and other scene components together with the obtained tree records in an open source 3D GIS platform, the level of visualization is enhanced as all the detected trees are placed on the 3D digital terrain model. Consequently, it is easy for end-users to know the actual position of the trees and their distribution.

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Češljar, Goran, Filip Jovanović, Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac, Ilija Đorđević, Suzana Mitrović, Saša Eremija, Tatjana Ćirković-Mitrović et Aleksandar Lučić. « Impact of an Extremely Dry Period on Tree Defoliation and Tree Mortality in Serbia ». Plants 11, n^o 10 (11 mai 2022) : 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101286.

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This paper presents research results on forest decline in Serbia. The results were obtained through monitoring defoliation of 34 tree species at 130 sample plots during the period from 2004 to 2018. This research aimed to determine whether the occurrence of defoliation and tree mortality were caused by drought. Defoliation was assessed in 5% steps according to the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) methodology. All the trees recorded as dead were singled out, and annual mortality rates were calculated. To determine changes in air temperature and precipitation regimes during the study period, we processed and analysed climatic data related to air temperature and precipitation throughout the year and in the growing season at 28 main weather stations in Serbia. Tree mortality patterns were established by classifying trees into three groups. The first group of trees exhibited a gradual increase in defoliation during the last few years of monitoring, with dying as the final outcome. The second group was characterised by sudden death of trees. The third group of trees reached a higher degree of defoliation immediately after the first monitoring year, and the trees died after several years. Tree mortality rates were compared between years using the Standardised Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the most common methods used to monitor drought. The most intensive forest decline was recorded during the period from 2013 to 2016, when the largest percentage of the total number of all trees died. According to the annual mortality rates calculated for the three observation periods (2004–2008, 2009–2013, and 2014–2018) the highest forest decline rate was recorded in the period from 2014 to 2018, with no statistically significant difference between broadleaved and coniferous tree species. As the sample of coniferous species was small, the number of sample plots should be increased in order to achieve better systematic forest condition monitoring in Serbia. The analysis of the relationship between defoliation and climatic parameters proved the correlation between them. It was noted that the forest decline in Serbia was preceded by an extremely dry period with high temperatures from 2011 to 2013, supporting the hypothesis that it was caused by drought. We therefore conclude that these unfavourable climatic conditions had serious and long-term consequences on forest ecosystems in Serbia.

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Pertiwi, Dina, Rahmat Safe'i, Hari Kaskoyo et Indriyanto Indriyanto. « IDENTIFIKASI TIPE KERUSAKAN POHON MENGGUNAKAN METODE FOREST HEALTH MONITORING (FHM) ». PERENNIAL 15, n^o 1 (8 juillet 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v15i1.6033.

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Trees are an important part of the compilation of forest ecosystems blocks of collections of plants and/or animals, Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park, Lampung Province. Block collection of plants and or animals serves as a place for collecting, protecting and preserving biodiversity. The problems that occur in this block are changes in forest areas, initially primary forests become mixed forests due to land clearing. Land clearing causes various types of tree damage which causes a decrease in tree health and forest health, so it is necessary to identify tree damage conditions. The purpose of the study was to determine the condition of tree damage based on the location of tree damage, type of tree damage and severity. Identification is carried out using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method, the measurement parameter is the condition of tree damage. The study was conducted in June 2018 in a collection block of plants and / or animals Tahura WAR Kelurahan Sumber Agung, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung covering 141.18 ha. The sampling intensity used was 2.30%, data collection was carried out in eight FHM cluster clusters. Based on the results of the study there were 144 individual trees that were damaged. The location of damage occurs mostly in the roots and the lower part of the stem is 29%, the lower stem is 18% and the branches are 15%. There were 11 types of damage observed with the largest type of damage, namely open wounds by 46%, broken or dead branches by 17%, cancer by 9% and leaves, shoots or shoots damaged by 9%. The most severe severity is found in the severity of 20% with a percentage of 39%, severity of 30% with a percentage of 35% and severity of 40% with a percentage of 7%.

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Watmough, Shaun A. « An evaluation of the use of dendrochemical analyses in environmental monitoring ». Environmental Reviews 5, n^o 3-4 (1 décembre 1997) : 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a97-010.

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Dendrochemical techniques have been used to monitor historical changes in soil and atmospheric chemistry since the early 1970s. The development of dendrochemistry in environmental monitoring was prompted by early studies which reported that changes in Pb deposition along roadsides and in industrial areas were reflected by changes in the Pb content of tree rings. Early studies were inconclusive; some authors have stated that tree-ring chemistry is not a useful indicator of pollution episodes and that some tree species are clearly better spatial indicators of pollution than historical monitors. This is due to a number of complicating factors, including potential radial translocation of elements, radial tendencies in element concentration from pith to bark, and physiological differences between heartwood and sapwood. A more detailed understanding of element cycling in trees is needed, as at present, the application of dendrochemistry to historical environmental monitoring is strongly dependent on the choice of tree species and the elements to be studied. There is no general consensus as to which tree species are best suited for dendrochemical studies. There are many reports in which the analyses of tree-ring chemistry have been successfully used to reconstruct trace-metal deposition from a variety of sources, including automobiles, metal refineries, and coal burning. Changes in tree-ring chemistry in recent decades have coincided with hypothesized changes in soil chemistry believed to be a result of acidic deposition onto poorly buffered soils. Indications of changes in groundwater quality, volcanic eruptions, and even climate change have been reported to be preserved in the chemical composition of tree rings. An improvement in analytical techniques has allowed multielement analysis on whole wood samples, with very low detection limits and extremely high spatial resolution, enabling intra-annual changes in element composition of tree rings to be determined. The application of dendrochemistry in environmental monitoring is promising, and with a more detailed understanding of nutrient and metal cycling in trees, dendrochemical studies will continue to provide useful information on historical pollution loadings and changes in soil and atmospheric chemistry that is unobtainable from any other source.

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Tang, Xu, Haotian You, Yao Liu, Qixu You et Jianjun Chen. « Monitoring of Monthly Height Growth of Individual Trees in a Subtropical Mixed Plantation Using UAV Data ». Remote Sensing 15, n^o 2 (5 janvier 2023) : 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020326.

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The assessment of changes in the height growth of trees can serve as an accurate basis for the simulation of various ecological processes. However, most studies conducted on changes in the height growth of trees are on an annual scale. This makes it difficult to obtain basic data for correcting time differences in the height growth estimates of trees within a year. In this study, the digital elevation models (DEMs) were produced based on stereo images and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Individual tree crowns were segmented by employing the watershed segmentation algorithm and the maximum value within each crown was extracted as the height of each tree. Subsequently, the height growth of each tree on a monthly-scale time series was extracted to simulate the time difference correction of regional tree height estimates within a year. This was used to verify the feasibility of the time difference correction method on a monthly scale. It is evident from the results that the DEM based on UAV stereo images was closely related to the DEM based on UAV LiDAR, with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.96 and RMSE = 0.28 m. There was a close correlation between the tree height extracted from canopy height models (CHMs) based on UAV images and the measured tree height, with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.99, and RMSE = 0.36 m. Regardless of the tree species, the total height growth in each month throughout the year was 46.53 cm. The most significant changes in the height growth of trees occurred in May (14.26 cm) and June (14.67 cm). In the case of the Liriodendron chinense tree species, the annual height growth was the highest (58.64 cm) while that of the Osmanthus fragrans tree species was the lowest (34.00 cm). By analyzing the height growth estimates of trees each month, it was concluded that there were significant differences among various tree species. In the case of the Liriodendron chinense tree species, the growth season occurred primarily from April to July. During this season, 56.92 cm of growth was recorded, which accounted for 97.08% of the annual growth. In the case of the Ficus concinna tree species, the tree height was in a state of growth during each month of the year. The changes in the height growth estimates of the tree were higher from May to August (44.24 cm of growth, accounting for 77.09% of the annual growth). After applying the time difference correction to the regional tree growth estimates, the extraction results of the changes in the height growth estimates of the tree (based on a monthly scale) were correlated with the height of the UAV image-derived tree. The correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.26 m were obtained. The results demonstrate that changes in the height growth estimates on a monthly scale can be accurately determined by employing UAV stereo images. Furthermore, the results can provide basic data for the correction of the time differences in the growth of regional trees and further provide technical and methodological guidance for regional time difference correction of other forest structure parameters.

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Ahmad, A. G., M. M. Harahap et N. I. Putratama. « Tree damage index in Taman Merdeka, Binjai City, North Sumatra Province ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1115, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012043.

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Abstract Tree damage is one of the important indicators for tree health monitoring. Data on tree damage conditions will be very useful for city park managers to determine tree care measures. The purpose of this study was to determine the index of tree damage in Taman Merdeka, Binjai City, North Sumatra Province. The assessment of the three parameters (location of damage, type of damage, and level of damage severity) on the tree damage indicators refers to the Forest Health Monitoring method developed by the USDA Forest Service (1997). A total of 86 (eighty six) individual trees from 15 (fifteen) tree species growing in Taman Merdeka – Binjai City were successfully measured for their damage conditions. The results of this study indicate that overall the trees that grow in Taman Merdeka Binjai City are in good condition. This can be seen from the absence of trees that have a heavy damage index. The results of this study showed that as many as 47,67% of tree species growing in Taman Merdeka – Binjai City had a moderate damage index, dan as many as 52,33% had a low damage index. Five species of trees are known to have moderate damage, namely mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), saga (Adenanthera pavonina), dadap merah (Erythrina christagali), ketapang kencana (Terminalia mantally), and mangga (Mangifera indica).

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Isaacson, S., S. Rachmilevitch, J. E. Ephrath, S. Maman et D. G. Blumberg. « MONITORING TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN ARID ZONE THROUGH MULTIPLE TEMPORAL SCALES : INTEGRATION OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS, CHANGE DETECTION AND FIELD LONG TERM MONITORING ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (21 juin 2016) : 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-513-2016.

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High mortality rates and lack of recruitment in the acacia populations throughout the Negev Desert and the Arava rift valley of Israel have been reported in previous studies. However, it is difficult to determine whether these reports can be evidence to a significant decline trend of the trees populations. This is because of the slow dynamic processes of acaia tree populations and the lack of long term continuous monitoring data. We suggest a new data analysis technique that expands the time scope of the field long term monitoring of trees in arid environments. This will enables us to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes of these populations. <br><br> We implemented two different approaches in order to expand the time scope of the acacia population field survey: (1) individual based tree change detection using Corona satellite images and (2) spatial analysis of trees population, converting spatial data into temporal data. The next step was to integrate the results of the two analysis techniques (change detection and spatial analysis) with field monitoring. This technique can be implemented to other tree populations in arid environments to help assess the vegetation conditions and dynamics of those ecosystems.

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Isaacson, S., S. Rachmilevitch, J. E. Ephrath, S. Maman et D. G. Blumberg. « MONITORING TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN ARID ZONE THROUGH MULTIPLE TEMPORAL SCALES : INTEGRATION OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS, CHANGE DETECTION AND FIELD LONG TERM MONITORING ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (21 juin 2016) : 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-513-2016.

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High mortality rates and lack of recruitment in the acacia populations throughout the Negev Desert and the Arava rift valley of Israel have been reported in previous studies. However, it is difficult to determine whether these reports can be evidence to a significant decline trend of the trees populations. This is because of the slow dynamic processes of acaia tree populations and the lack of long term continuous monitoring data. We suggest a new data analysis technique that expands the time scope of the field long term monitoring of trees in arid environments. This will enables us to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes of these populations. <br><br> We implemented two different approaches in order to expand the time scope of the acacia population field survey: (1) individual based tree change detection using Corona satellite images and (2) spatial analysis of trees population, converting spatial data into temporal data. The next step was to integrate the results of the two analysis techniques (change detection and spatial analysis) with field monitoring. This technique can be implemented to other tree populations in arid environments to help assess the vegetation conditions and dynamics of those ecosystems.

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., Supriyanto, et Taufik Iskandar. « PENILAIAN KESEHATAN KEBUN BENIH SEMAI Pinus merkusii DENGAN METODE FHM (FOREST HEALTH MONITORING) DI KPH SUMEDANG Health Assessment for Seedling Seed Orchard of Pinus merkusii Using FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) Method in KPH Sumedang ». Journal of Tropical Silviculture 9, n^o 2 (25 février 2019) : 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.9.2.99-108.

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Pine (Pinus merkusii) is tree species that provides timber and gum rosin. To meet the needs of wood and non wood (gum rosin) products, planting by using superior or high quality seeds are needed. Seed procurements for planting are obtained from seedling seed orchard (SSO). However, Cijambu’s SSO was attacked by pine woolly aphid (Pineus boerneri). Therefore, assessment of Cijambu’s SSO needs to be done to evaluate the severity pest attacks that could affect to the quality and the quantity of seed production. Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method is one of the methods to assess the health level of a stand. The number of trees found in all cluster plots in Cijambu’s SSO were 270 trees. Based on the value of the VCR (Visual Crown Rating), the trees located in all cluster plot have health level between low to high. Based on the value of the VCR showed 38.52% (104 trees) having VCR’s value was high, 49.26% (133 trees) having VCR’s value was middle; 12.22% (33 trees) having VCR’s value was low; and no tree having very low VCR’s value. The average of VCR’s value in all cluster plots were 3.25 and classified as middle health. Based on the value of TDLI (Tree Damage Level Index) from 270 trees in all cluster plot showed that 189 trees (70.00%) in healthy condition; 69 trees (25.56%) in slight damage condition; 11 trees (4.07%) in middle damage condition; and 1 tree (0.37%) in heavy damage condition. The value of damage in all cluster plots (ALI) was 261.22 and classified as in health condition. The trees located in all cluster plots were mostly suitable to be seed sources as 242 trees (89.63%), while 28 trees (10.37%) were not suitable for seed sources.Keywords: Forest Health Monitoring, Pinus merkusii, seedling seed orchard, Tree Damage Level Index, Visual Crown Rating

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Gopalakrishnan, Gayathri, M. Cristina Negri, Barbara S. Minsker et Charles J. Werth. « Monitoring Subsurface Contamination Using Tree Branches ». Ground Water Monitoring & ; Remediation 27, n^o 1 (janvier 2007) : 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00124.x.

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Kuntadi, Kuntadi, et Ragil S. B. Irianto. « The impact of leaf-eating caterpillars (Heortia vitessoides) infestation on agar trees in Carita forest research station, Province of Banten ». Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 7, n^o 1 (27 mars 2018) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss1pp25-35.

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The gregarious caterpillars of Heortia vitessoides Moore is a major defoliator of agar trees. The pest seriously threatens the existing agar tree plantation that has been widely cultivated in the community. Pest attacks began to occur in Indonesia since 2005, resulting in the damage and death of agar tree plants in various regions.To determine the impact of pest attack, a study was conducted through periodic monitoring at agar plantation in Carita Forest Research Station (CFRS), Banten Province, from April 2012 to March 2015. Monitoring was conducted in three plots of agar plantations. Each plot consists of six permanent subplots and in each subplot 15 samples of agar tree were randomly choosen. Data were collected and analyzed on monthly basis according to the intensity of defoliation and the mortality of agar trees. Defoliation intensity was determined by the percentage number of trees suffering defoliation in four damage categories, i.e.: light (10-25%), moderate (25-50%), heavy (50-75%), and severe (75-100%). Tree mortality was calculated as the annual percentage of dead trees. The study showed that the defoliation occurred throughout the year in varying degrees of damage. The monthly percentage of defoliated trees is about 30-70% annualy. The high percentage of tree defoliation mainly occurs during dry and early rainy season (June-December). Higher percentage of heavy and severe defoliations were found mostly at seedling. Repeated heavy defoliation causes stunted growth and tree mortality. Early monitoring and control of pests are very important to be done regularly to prevent the damage wider and heavier.

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Tedders, W. L., et B. W. Wood. « Pyramidal Traps for Monitoring the Presence of Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) ». Journal of Entomological Science 30, n^o 4 (1 octobre 1995) : 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.4.534.

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Pyramidal traps constructed of masonite and painted to reflect light levels ranging from 1 to 84% reflectance (black, shades of gray and white) were evaluated for attractiveness to adult pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn). Black (1% reflectance) and dark gray (5% reflectance) were found to be more attractive to weevils than traps having greater reflectance (lighter grays and white). Dark gray traps captured almost 9 fold more weevils than did standard cone emergence traps. Dark gray traps also captured weevils in orchards after the emergence period as indicated by screen cone traps. Trap distances of 1.9 and 4.6 m from tree trunks did not influence trap effectiveness. Trap density of 4/tree did not provide an economic level of weevil control as measured by number of infested nuts per tree. Traps positioned on the eastern side of trees caught more weevils (α ≤ 0.05) than traps on the northern side, but captures were not significantly different from those positioned at the southern and western sides of trees.

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Przewoźna, Patrycja, Paweł Hawryło, Karolina Zięba-Kulawik, Adam Inglot, Krzysztof Mączka, Piotr Wężyk et Piotr Matczak. « Use of Bi-Temporal ALS Point Clouds for Tree Removal Detection on Private Property in Racibórz, Poland ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 4 (19 février 2021) : 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040767.

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Trees growing on private property have become an essential part of urban green policies. In many places, restrictions are imposed on tree removal on private property. However, monitoring compliance of these regulations appears difficult due to a lack of reference data and public administration capacity. We assessed the impact of the temporary suspension of mandatory permits on tree removal, which was in force in 2017 in Poland, on the change in urban tree cover (UTC) in the case of the municipality of Racibórz. The bi-temporal airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds (2011 and 2017) and administrative records on tree removal permits were used for analyzing the changes of UTC in the period of 2011–2017. The results show increased tree removal at a time when the mandatory permit was suspended. Moreover, it appeared that most trees on private properties were removed without obtaining permission when it was obligatory. The method based on LiDAR we proposed allows for monitoring green areas, including private properties.

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Salsabila, Religiana, Hariyadi Hariyadi et Nyoto Santoso. « Tree Health Management Strategy in Cianjur Urban Forest ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, n^o 1 (29 janvier 2021) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1986-103.

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Urban forests have a high intensity of exposure from external factors such as air pollution and human activity disturbances. As a result, fallen trees and tree defects often occurred and can endanger the people around the city. This study aimed to assess tree health in Cianjur Urban Forest and formulate tree health management strategies. The tree health assessment used the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method. The management strategy was formulated using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Matrix and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Tree sampling using FHM plots determined about 534 trees from 30 species. The results showed that Cianjur Urban Forest had high land productivity and biodiversity. The canopy condition was 86.41% in good condition. The results revealed that 92.70%, 5.34%, 1.31%, and 0.56% of the trees were in healthy, lightly, moderately, and heavily damaged conditions, respectively. The tree species that suffered the most damage was Acacia denticulosa. The most types of tree damage were leaf damage and rotten wood. Cianjur Urban Forest benefits the community as a place for natural tourism, sports, education, and expand job opportunities. However, the management of Cianjur Urban Forest has not been implemented effectively. There are three priority strategies to improve tree health management in Cianjur Urban Forest, i.e., conducting the assessment, evaluation, and action on damaged trees, community cooperation, institutional strengthening development programs, and optimizing collaboration and government commitment with managers.Keywords: Forest Health Monitoring, SWOT analysis, QSPM matrix, urban forest

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Marenče, Jurij, Bogdan Šega et Dominika Gornik Bučar. « Monitoring the Quality and Quantity of Beechwood from Tree to Sawmill Product ». Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, n^o 1 (9 décembre 2019) : 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2020.613.

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The analysis evaluates the potential and methods of the respective assessment of beech trees, beech logs and sawn timber. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the quality of the incoming raw material (tree) on the quality and quantity of products – obtained at the sawmill. The study presents a model that indicates the relations between the assessment of the quality of a standing beech tree and the quality of the sawmill products obtained from its wood. In addition, relations between individual quality classes of sawlogs, pulpwood, energy wood and sawn timber are shown. Standing trees were assessed in three sites according to the national 5-grade quality scale, assortments produced from selected trees pursuant to the EN 1316-1 standard, and sawn timber produced from assortments according to the rules of the European Organisation of the Sawmill Industry (EOS). In total, 87.04 m3 of timber was harvested. In higher quality trees (quality 1 and 2), the shares of sawlogs were between 53% and 72% of gross tree volume, but in the poorest quality trees, the shares were only between 23% and 36%. What remained was pulp and energy wood. In trees of excellent quality (quality 1), sawlogs of the highest quality prevailed (A and B quality grade), while sawlogs of C and B quality prevailed in trees of lower quality. Covered knots and heart defects were typically the decisive criteria for classifying sawlogs quality in all three sites. A total of 30,786 m3 of unedged timber was sawn from the sawlogs, which comprised 35% of the total gross quantity of trees on average. Nine percent of the sawn timber was classified into the A–EOS class (top quality), 27% into the B–EOS class and 47% into the C–EOS class. Seventeen percent of the timber was only suitable for post-processing. The crucial criteria for classifying sawn timber were as follows: dead and rotten knots, heart, curvature and cracks. Above-average sawlogs (A and B quality grade) was mainly obtained from trees of better quality. Relations between the quality of trees, sawlogs and sawn timber indicated the suitability of classifying standing trees and sawlogs, since it was possible to produce sawn timber of higher quality from quality trees or logs. The model presents a rare attempt to establish and monitor quality and quantity from standing tree to end product.

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Vanesah Sitinjak, Ekindo, Duryat . et Trio Santoso. « Status Kesehatan Pohon Pada Jalur Hijau Dan Halaman Parkir Universitas Lampung ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 4, n^o 2 (23 mai 2016) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl24101-108.

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Campus of University Lampung was one of the urban green open spaces which has ecological, social, cultural, and aesthetic. The frequency of broken branches and fallen trees indicated that many of trees were in unfavorable conditions. Identification of the tree health status was an important effort in order to manage trees properly, according to silviculture theorems. The study aimed (1) to figure out the trees health status in the green line along the street and parking area in University of Lampung, (2) figure out pests and diseases and also and human disturbance that cause the tree damage. The Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method was employed to identifie the tree health status. The result of research showed that, majority (92.29%) of trees in the green line and the parking area of Lampung University were in health condition, and only a small percentage (7,81%) were identified in light damaged, medium demaged, and hard damaged. Generally, there were nine types of tree damage that most found. Those damage were discoloration of leaves (10.48%), open wounds (10.38%), fruiting bodies (4.11%), cancer (3.80%), epifit (2.26%), leaf buds damage (1.23%), fractures branches/trunks (1.54%), branchis (0.92%), and resinosis (0.51%). Keywords: Forest Health Monitoring (FHM), urban forest of Unila, tree health, plant diseases

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Hobart, Marius, Michael Pflanz, Cornelia Weltzien et Michael Schirrmann. « Growth Height Determination of Tree Walls for Precise Monitoring in Apple Fruit Production Using UAV Photogrammetry ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 10 (21 mai 2020) : 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101656.

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In apple cultivation, spatial information about phenotypic characteristics of tree walls would be beneficial for precise orchard management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can collect 3D structural information of ground surface objects at high resolution in a cost-effective and versatile way by using photogrammetry. The aim of this study is to delineate tree wall height information in an apple orchard applying a low-altitude flight pattern specifically designed for UAVs. This flight pattern implies small distances between the camera sensor and the tree walls when the camera is positioned in an oblique view toward the trees. In this way, it is assured that the depicted tree crown wall area will be largely covered with a larger ground sampling distance than that recorded from a nadir perspective, especially regarding the lower crown sections. Overlapping oblique view images were used to estimate 3D point cloud models by applying structure-from-motion (SfM) methods to calculate tree wall heights from them. The resulting height models were compared with ground-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data as reference. It was shown that the tree wall profiles from the UAV point clouds were strongly correlated with the LiDAR point clouds of two years (2018: R2 = 0.83; 2019: R2 = 0.88). However, underestimation of tree wall heights was detected with mean deviations of −0.11 m and −0.18 m for 2018 and 2019, respectively. This is attributed to the weaknesses of the UAV point clouds in resolving the very fine shoots of apple trees. Therefore, the shown approach is suitable for precise orchard management, but it underestimated vertical tree wall expanses, and widened tree gaps need to be accounted for.

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Creasy, Matthew B., Wade T. Tinkham, Chad M. Hoffman et Jody C. Vogeler. « Potential for individual tree monitoring in ponderosa pine dominated forests using unmanned aerial system structure from motion point clouds ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, n^o 8 (août 2021) : 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0433.

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Characterization of forest structure is important for management-related decision making, monitoring, and adaptive management. Increasingly, observations of forest structure are needed at both finer resolutions and across greater extents to support spatially explicit management planning. Unmanned aerial system (UAS) based photogrammetry provides an airborne method of forest structure data acquisition at a significantly lower cost and time commitment than existing methods such as airborne laser scanning (LiDAR). This study utilizes nearly 5000 stem-mapped trees in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) dominated forests to evaluate several algorithms for detecting individual tree locations and characterizing crown area across tree sizes. Our results indicate that adaptive variable window detection methods with UAS-based canopy height models have greater tree detection rates compared with fixed window analysis across a range of tree sizes. Using the UAS approach, probability of detecting individual trees decreases from 97% for dominant overstory to 67% for suppressed understory trees. Additionally, crown radii were correctly determined within 0.5 m for approximately two-thirds of sampled trees. These findings highlight the potential for UAS photogrammetry to characterize forest structure through the detection of trees and tree groups in open-canopy ponderosa pine forests. Further work should investigate how these methods transfer to more diverse species compositions and forest structures.

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Medvedev, A. A., N. O. Telnova et A. V. Kudikov. « Highly-detailed remote sensing monitoring of tree overgrowth on abandoned agricultural lands ». Forest science issues 3, n^o 1 (24 mars 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-1-1-8.

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Sulistyawati, Endah, Nuri Nurlaila Setiawan, Ahmad Iqbal, Reza Alhumaira, Sylvanita Fitriana, Theo Syamuda et Devi Nandita Choesin. « Forest tree dynamics from the first four years of permanent plot in Mount Papandayan, Indonesia : mortality, recruitment, and growth ». Annals of Forest Research 65, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2022.2117.

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A permanent plot is a powerful tool to study the vegetation’s dynamics and regeneration in the forest ecosystem. This study presents the first four-year tree vegetation monitoring in a one-hectare permanent plot established in a mixed forest of Mount Papandayan (MP) Nature Reserve, Indonesia. Besides studying the structure and floristic tree community composition in the plot, this study aims to study the changes and in mortality and growth of the tree community after four years of plot establishment. A one-hectare permanent plot was established in 2010 and all trees inside the plot with a diameter over 5 cm were tagged and measured in 2011 and 2015. There were 1,820 trees from 33 species and 20 families recorded during the first monitoring in 2011. Four years later, there were more trees recorded (1,845 trees) with an average growth rate of 1.17 cm. The mortality rate (2.8%) was lower than the recruitment rate (4.2%) and there were no changes in the domination of Distylium stellare. The results of this study will help to provide the preliminary data on actual in situ tree mortality and growth, which will help to develop a more complete tree species selection criteria for MP restoration.

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Kelarev, Andrei V., Jemal Abawajy, Andrew Stranieri et Herbert F. Jelinek. « Empirical Investigation of Decision Tree Ensembles for Monitoring Cardiac Complications of Diabetes ». International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 9, n^o 4 (octobre 2013) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2013100101.

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Cardiac complications of diabetes require continuous monitoring since they may lead to increased morbidity or sudden death of patients. In order to monitor clinical complications of diabetes using wearable sensors, a small set of features have to be identified and effective algorithms for their processing need to be investigated. This article focuses on detecting and monitoring cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in diabetes patients. The authors investigate and compare the effectiveness of classifiers based on the following decision trees: ADTree, J48, NBTree, RandomTree, REPTree, and SimpleCart. The authors perform a thorough study comparing these decision trees as well as several decision tree ensembles created by applying the following ensemble methods: AdaBoost, Bagging, Dagging, Decorate, Grading, MultiBoost, Stacking, and two multi-level combinations of AdaBoost and MultiBoost with Bagging for the processing of data from diabetes patients for pervasive health monitoring of CAN. This paper concentrates on the particular task of applying decision tree ensembles for the detection and monitoring of cardiac autonomic neuropathy using these features. Experimental outcomes presented here show that the authors' application of the decision tree ensembles for the detection and monitoring of CAN in diabetes patients achieved better performance parameters compared with the results obtained previously in the literature.

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Luck, Linda, Lindsay B. Hutley, Kim Calders et Shaun R. Levick. « Exploring the Variability of Tropical Savanna Tree Structural Allometry with Terrestrial Laser Scanning ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 23 (27 novembre 2020) : 3893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233893.

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Individual tree carbon stock estimates typically rely on allometric scaling relationships established between field-measured stem diameter (DBH) and destructively harvested biomass. The use of DBH-based allometric equations to estimate the carbon stored over larger areas therefore, assumes that tree architecture, including branching and crown structures, are consistent for a given DBH, and that minor variations cancel out at the plot scale. We aimed to explore the degree of structural variation present at the individual tree level across a range of size-classes. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to measure the 3D structure of each tree in a 1 ha savanna plot, with coincident field-inventory. We found that stem reconstructions from TLS captured both the spatial distribution pattern and the DBH of individual trees with high confidence when compared with manual measurements (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 0.0102 m). Our exploration of the relationship between DBH, crown size and tree height revealed significant variability in savanna tree crown structure (measured as crown area). These findings question the reliability of DBH-based allometric equations for adequately representing diversity in tree architecture, and therefore carbon storage, in tropical savannas. However, adoption of TLS outside environmental research has been slow due to considerable capital cost and monitoring programs often continue to rely on sub-plot monitoring and traditional allometric equations. A central aspect of our study explores the utility of a lower-cost TLS system not generally used for vegetation surveys. We discuss the potential benefits of alternative TLS-based approaches, such as explicit modelling of tree structure or voxel-based analyses, to capture the diverse 3D structures of savanna trees. Our research highlights structural heterogeneity as a source of uncertainty in savanna tree carbon estimates and demonstrates the potential for greater inclusion of cost-effective TLS technology in national monitoring programs.

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Jarocińska, Anna, Małgorzata Białczak et Łukasz Sławik. « Application of aerial hyperspectral images in monitoring tree biophysical parameters in urban areas ». Miscellanea Geographica 22, n^o 1 (30 mars 2018) : 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0034.

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Abstract Monitoring of trees in urban areas can be conducted using remote sensing, but should be supported by field measurements. The article aims to present the research method used to evaluate discolouration and defoliation of trees and tree damage in the city of Białystok in Poland. The analyses were done using AISA hyperspectral images. Field measurements encompassed determining the locations, species and levels of discolouration and defoliation of trees. Remote sensing indices of vegetation were calculated and correlated with the field-measured values of discolouration and defoliation. Based on that, values of discolouration and defoliation were calculated and evaluated against the field studies. The RMSE of the acquired data was around 16%. Using parameter values, a map of tree damage was drawn up. Based on the analysis, it can be stated that a significant number of trees is undamaged, although a large portion of the trees falls into the warning class.

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Zulkarnaen, Rizmoon Nurul, Dipta Sumeru Rinandio, Muhammad Rifqi Hariri, Prima Wahyu Kusuma Hutabarat, Irfan Martiansyah, Fitri Fatma Wardani, Mujahidin Mujahidin et al. « Decay Tree Detection in Bogor Botanic Gardens Collection Using Sonic Tomograph Technology ». Al-Hayat : Journal of Biology and Applied Biology 5, n^o 1 (27 mai 2022) : 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ah.v5i1.7725.

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Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ plant conservation area in Indonesia. Since BBG is 103 years old, many collections are 100 years old or older. These antique collections may sustain damage, such as broken or collapsing, endangering visitors and employees. As a result, monitoring tree health at BBG is a critical task. According to the tree health monitoring data, 73 of 244 trees were further checked using the PiCUS Sonic Tomograph. Trees from the Fabaceae (31%) and Myrtaceae (10%) families were the most frequently checked. Walnuts trees from the Burseraceae family had the most specimens (47,94%). The PST effectively provides an immediate picture of the stem condition by calculating solid and decaying wood percentage values.

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Michel, Alexa K., Susanne Winter et Andreas Linde. « The effect of tree dimension on the diversity of bark microhabitat structures and bark use in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, n^o 2 (février 2011) : 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-207.

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The focus of this study was to investigate the role of tree dimension and associated bark structures for high structural complexity and high natural biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Two-hundred and ninety-one Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) trees in two regions of the US Pacific Northwest were investigated for the relationship between tree diameter and bark thickness (measured as bark fissure depth) and the relationships of both to bark microhabitats and signs of bark use. Our results emphasize the habitat function of tree bark of large-diameter Douglas-fir trees. Many bark microhabitat types and their total abundance significantly increased with increasing tree diameter and bark thickness. These were bark pockets with and without decaying substrate, bowls in the bark, and signs of bark use, e.g., small holes from woodpecker drillings and large insects, large bark excavations from woodpeckers, spider funnel webs, natural cavities at the stem base without decay, and the occurrence of herb vegetation at the tree base. In forest monitoring, tree diameter may be a good indicator of the number of bark microhabitats and of bark thickness because it is strongly related to both of these variables. However, because of the high variability of bark thickness in large-diameter trees, we suggest monitoring bark fissure depth if an ecological evaluation of Douglas-fir forests is needed.

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GAO, Hongli. « TOOL WEAR MONITORING BASED ON DYNAMIC TREE ». Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 42, n^o 07 (2006) : 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2006.07.227.

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Hoe, J. H., et S. A. A. Shukor. « Monitoring Oil Palm Tree Health–A Review ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 705 (2 décembre 2019) : 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/705/1/012033.

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Makofske, David B., et Kevin C. Almeroth. « Real-time multicast tree visualization and monitoring ». Software : Practice and Experience 30, n^o 9 (2000) : 1047–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-024x(20000725)30:9<1047 ::aid-spe327>3.0.co;2-c.

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Saragih, Desliana, Wahyudi Wahyudi et Patricia Erosa Putir. « Penilaian Kesehatan Pohon Pada Jalur Hijau Di Kota Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah ». HUTAN TROPIKA 17, n^o 2 (3 décembre 2022) : 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v17i2.7534.

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This study aims to determine the level of tree health, determine the form of pest and disease attacks including damage caused by disturbance or human activities and make recommendations for tree species to be planted on the Green Line, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. The method used is Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) through grouping the type and level of damage to each individual tree. The results showed that the number of trees found at the study site amounted to 301 individuals from 24 tree species. Analysis of the Health Level of Trees based on the value of the Tree Damage Level Index (TDLI) obtained the category of severe damage level of 45 trees or 15%, light damage level of 97 trees or 33%, and moderate damage level of 78 trees or 26% while healthy trees have total 78 trees or 26%. Based on the level of tree health, the types of trees suitable for planting in the green lane, Palangka Raya City are trembesi (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.), Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.), and Ketapang (Terminalia catappa H. Perrier,). Kata kunci (Keywords): Green line, tree health level, trembesi, angsana, ketapang.

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Potamitis, Ilyas, Iraklis Rigakis, Nicolaos-Alexandros Tatlas et Stelios Potirakis. « In-Vivo Vibroacoustic Surveillance of Trees in the Context of the IoT ». Sensors 19, n^o 6 (19 mars 2019) : 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061366.

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This work introduces a device for long term systematic monitoring of trees against borers. A widely applied way to detect wood-boring insects is to insert a piezoelectric probe with an uncoated waveguide in the tree trunk and listen for locomotion or feeding sounds through headphones. This approach has several shortcomings: (a) frequent manual inspection of trees is costly and impractical to scale to hundreds or thousands of trees, (b) the larvae could be present but inactive during the inspection time and, (c) when the trees are in urban environments the background noise can be significant and can mask the feeble sounds of wood-boring insects even with the use of specialized headphones. We introduce a remotely controlled device that records and wirelessly transmits on a scheduled basis short recordings of the internal vibrations of a tree to a server. The user can listen remotely or process the recording automatically to infer the infestation state of the tree with wood-boring insects that feed or move inside the tree. When integrated within the IoT framework this device can scale up to automatically monitoring the trees of the entire city. The proposed approach led to detection results in field trials of the pests Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat) (Cerambycidae) and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

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Roberts, John, Andrew Koeser, Amr Abd-Elrahman, Benjamin Wilkinson, Gail Hansen, Shawn Landry et Ali Perez. « Mobile Terrestrial Photogrammetry for Street Tree Mapping and Measurements ». Forests 10, n^o 8 (19 août 2019) : 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080701.

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Urban forests are often heavily populated by street trees along right-of-ways (ROW), and monitoring efforts can enhance municipal tree management. Terrestrial photogrammetric techniques have been used to measure tree biometry, but have typically used images from various angles around individual trees or forest plots to capture the entire stem while also utilizing local coordinate systems (i.e., non-georeferenced data). We proposed the mobile collection of georeferenced imagery along 100 m sections of urban roadway to create photogrammetric point cloud datasets suitable for measuring stem diameters and attaining positional x and y coordinates of street trees. In a comparison between stationary and mobile photogrammetry, diameter measurements of urban street trees (N = 88) showed a slightly lower error (RMSE = 8.02%) relative to non-mobile stem measurements (RMSE = 10.37%). Tree Y-coordinates throughout urban sites for mobile photogrammetric data showed a lower standard deviation of 1.70 m relative to 2.38 m for a handheld GPS, which was similar for X-coordinates where photogrammetry and handheld GPS coordinates showed standard deviations of 1.59 m and the handheld GPS 2.36 m, respectively—suggesting higher precision for the mobile photogrammetric models. The mobile photogrammetric system used in this study to create georeferenced models for measuring stem diameters and mapping tree positions can also be potentially expanded for more wide-scale applications related to tree inventory and monitoring of roadside infrastructure.

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Gao, Wei Dong, Wei Jiang, Xiao Jun Wang, Zhang Min et Tian Qi Xiong. « The Reconstruction of Lead Contamination History Using Tree Ring, Jinan, China ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (octobre 2014) : 1526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1526.

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In this document we analysis the lead contamination in tree ring of Platycladus orientalis and Poplar, and found that lead concentrations in contaminated tree rings has a good relationship with industrial dust emissions and automobiles, the lead contamination in tree ring can reconstruction the lead contamination history of Jinan. The case study in Jinan, showed that trees can provide continuous monitoring data for assessment of trace metal pollution in the future.

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Lähde, Erkki, Olavi Laiho, Yrjö Norokorpi et Timo Saksa. « Development of Norway spruce dominated stands after single-tree selection and low thinning ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2002) : 1577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-075.

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The study included 23 stands (at least 2 ha each in size) distributed from southern to northern Finland. These Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated stands grew on fertile (OxalisMyrtillus and Myrtillus site types) mineral soils. Each stand contained two substands randomly treated with single-tree selection or low thinning. The harvested volumes (trees > 9 cm) varied greatly but averaged 94 m3·ha1 in the former consisting of mainly medium-sized and larger (>15 cm) trees and 68 m3·ha1 in the latter of mainly medium-sized and smaller (<15 cm) trees. After treatment, mean diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and stand volume were 1217% lower in single-tree selection than in low thinning. The stem distributions were reverse-J shaped and bell shaped, respectively. During the monitoring of a mean of 11 years, about one cutting cycle in single-tree selection, stand volume (trees > 9 cm) increased 38% in single-tree selection and 27% in low thinning. The respective current annual volume and relative increments were 5.4 (3.6%) and 4.6 m3·ha1·year1 (2.4%). In 18 (volume) and in 22 (relative) of the 23 plot pairs the increment was higher after single-tree selection than after low thinning (p values 0.013 and <0.001, respectively). Single-tree selection plots additionally included 1300 saplings/ha (from breast height to DBH 9 cm) after cutting, with the transition of 80 saplings/ha into larger trees and with the ingrowth, mainly spruce, of 170 seedlings/ha into saplings during monitoring.

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Byun, Sungil, Mayorkinos Papaelias, Fausto Pedro García Márquez et Dongik Lee. « Fault-Tree-Analysis-Based Health Monitoring for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n^o 12 (2 décembre 2022) : 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121855.

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Undersea terrain and resource exploration missions using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) require a great deal of time. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the state of the AUV in real time during the mission. In this paper, we propose an online health-monitoring method for AUVs using fault-tree analysis. The entire system is divided into four subsystems. Fault trees of each subsystem are designed based on the information of performance and reliability. Using the given subsystem fault trees, the health status of the entire system is evaluated by considering the performance, reliability, fault status, and weight factors of the parts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations with various scenarios.

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Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M., Antonio Gazol, Carlos Rodríguez-Vallejo, Rubén D. Manzanedo, Guillermo Palacios-Rodríguez et J. J. Camarero. « Linkages between Climate, Radial Growth and Defoliation in Abies pinsapo Forests from Southern Spain ». Forests 11, n^o 9 (17 septembre 2020) : 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091002.

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Systematic forest networks of health monitoring have been established to follow changes in tree vigor and mortality. These networks often lack long-term growth data, but they could be complemented with tree ring data, since both defoliation and radial growth are proxies of changes in tree vigor. For instance, a severe water shortage should reduce growth and increase tree defoliation in drought-prone areas. However, the effects of climatic stress and drought on growth and defoliation could also depend on tree age. To address these issues, we compared growth and defoliation data with recent climate variability and drought severity in Abies pinsapo old and young trees sampled in Southern Spain, where a systematic health network (Andalucía Permanent Plot Network) was established. Our aims were: (i) to assess the growth sensitivity of old and young A. pinsapo trees and (ii) to test if relative changes in radial growth were related with recent defoliation, for instance, after severe droughts. We also computed the resilience indices to quantify how old and young trees recovered growth after recent droughts. Wet-cool conditions during the prior autumn and the current early summer improved the growth of old trees, whereas late-spring wet conditions enhanced the growth of young trees. Old trees were more sensitive to wet and sunny conditions in the early summer than young trees. Old and young trees were more responsive to the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index drought index of June–July and July–August calculated at short (one–three months) and mid (three–six months) time scales, respectively. Old trees presented a higher resistance to a severe drought in 1995 than young trees. A positive association was found between stand defoliation and relative growth. Combining monitoring and tree ring networks is useful for the detection of early warning signals of dieback in similar drought-prone forests.

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Pouliot, D. A., D. J. King et D. G. Pitt. « Development and evaluation of an automated tree detectiondelineation algorithm for monitoring regenerating coniferous forests ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2005) : 2332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-145.

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An algorithm is presented for automated detectiondelineation of coniferous tree regeneration that combines strategies of several existing algorithms, including image processing to isolate conifer crowns, optimal image scale determination, initial crown detection, and crown boundary segmentation and refinement. The algorithm is evaluated using 6-cm pixel airborne imagery in operational regeneration conditions typically encountered in the boreal forest 510 years after harvest. Detection omission and commission errors as well as an accuracy index combining both error types were assessed on a tree by tree basis, on an aggregated basis for each study area, in relation to tree size and the amount of woody competition present. Delineation error was assessed in a similar manner using field-measured crown diameters as a reference. The individual tree detection accuracy index improved with increasing tree size and was >70% for trees larger than 30 cm crown diameter. Crown diameter absolute error measured from automated delineations was <23%. Large crown diameters tended to be slightly underestimated. The presence of overtopping woody competition had a negligible effect on detection accuracy and only reduced estimates of crown diameter slightly.

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Abimanyu, Bondan, Rahmat Safe’i et Wahyu Hidayat. « ANALISIS KERUSAKAN POHON DI HUTAN KOTA STADION KOTA METRO PROVINSI LAMPUNG ». JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 3, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2019.3.1.1.

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Urban forest is one component of green open space. The assessment of the condition of tree damage in the area of green open space is very important. Damage to trees can eliminate the function of the tree itself, it can even cause economic losses. Therefore, tree damage can be an indicator where trees are said to be healthy or sick. This study aims to determine the status of the condition of tree damage in the Stadion Urban Forest, Metro City, Lampung Province. The study was conducted using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method. The results showed that there were eight locations of tree damage with the most found locations of damage, namely at the branch location (code 7) as many as 115 locations (37.34%); 12 types of tree damage with the most types of damage found, namely the type of broken or dead branches (code 22) as many as 110 (35.71%); with an average severity of tree damage ≥20%. Thus the status of the condition of tree damage in the Stadion Urban Forest, Metro City, Lampung Province is in the healthy category of 300 trees (77%), is being 69 trees (18%), and sick 19 trees (5%).

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