Articles de revues : « Transportation – European Union countries »

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Khúlová, Lucia. « Export into EFTA and transportation costs ». Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, n^o 35 (1 décembre 2016) : 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.

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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.

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Natashya, Jevon. « Hambatan Ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia ke Uni Eropa pasca Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED) ». Jurnal Sentris 2, n^o 2 (19 août 2020) : 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4185.127-155.

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Beside Malaysia, Indonesia is also one of the largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer and exporter in the world. European Union is one of Indonesia’s trading partner and the biggest importer of CPO that used for the biofuel production, especially the biodiesel for transportation sector. But, in 2009, European Union released the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that required all members to used renewable energy for every sector with the minimum requirement 20% for general sectors and 10% for transportation sectors. While this policy will make the European Union countries used the clean energy, RED became a new kind of NonTariff barriers for Indonesia’s CPO that become an important commodity from Indonesia. This paper will explain by the theory of International Political Economy (IPE) by focused into the Neo-Mercantilism to the analysis of Non-Tariff barriers that used by European Union for the CPO import into Indonesia. Besides that, the writer also used a National Interest concept to explain the importance of CPO for Indonesia and European Union Countries that agreed with the RED.

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Gaba, Vasyl, Tetiana Hrushevska, Oleg Strelko, Anna Kyrychenko, Marina Rudyuk et Ievgen Gusar. « Improvement of international rail transportation of benzene between Ukraine and the European Union countries ». MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019) : 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929404010.

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It is considered the possibility of improvement of the international railway transportation of benzene and other related cargoes between Ukraine and the European Union countries for the carriage of these cargoes in tank containers. The volume of chemical cargo transportation to the EU countries to the rolling stock types for 2018 has been analyzed. The research of the effectiveness of organization of international transportation according to the criterion of the total hours of downtime by wagons under accumulation. The mathematical model of chemical cargoes transportation by wagons, wagon groups and container trains with the accumulation to the technical standards on the cargo diversions was elaborated. The models take into account the unevenness of the wagon arrivals to the accumulation points and observance of the number of wagons to the established norm. A comparison of the effectiveness of the two models of the organization of the chemical cargo delivery and it was defined a more effective version of transportation. It has been established that for more efficient using of the rolling stock and for the rolling stock circulation decreasing is the cargo transportation by trains which consist of cisterns or/and tank container carriages. The influence of the components of the rolling stock circulation and its value are analyzed. The research of the cost of benzene transportation in cisterns and tank containers for the individual diversions was studied. According to the research results the cost of benzene transportation by platforms of the railways ownership is less than twice in comparison to private cisterns and tank-containers of the Ukrainian Railways fleet. These recommendations will improve the process of transportation and increase of volumes of international cargo by railroads between Ukraine and the EU countries.

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Landowski, Bogdan, Samanta Angowska et Konstyantyn Holenko. « Customs procedures used in trade ». MATEC Web of Conferences 375 (2023) : 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337501005.

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An important issue related to the international exchange of goods is the legal norms related to customs issues. In this area, customs procedures are important issues. The is deals with the problem of legal regulations on the application of customs procedures in international trade. The article deals with the issue of customs procedures applied to the issue of the introduction of goods into the customs territory of the European Union. The considerations are illustrated on the example of one of the member countries of the European Union. Classifications and characteristics of customs procedures are presented. In order to illustrate the considerations presented in the work, the process of transportation of goods from one of the member countries of the European Union to Singapore was analyzed in terms of the selection of the customs procedure. The article also presents examples of events and factors causing disruptions in transportation processes, which not only translate into transportation and trade costs, but also can affect potential disruptions in supply chains.

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Klapita, Vladimír, et Xiquan Liu. « The Analysis of Logistic Chains from China to the European Union Countries ». LOGI - Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, n^o 1 (1 mai 2018) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0007.

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AbstractThe article analyzes possibilities of alternative routes of logistics chains between China and Europe. The new routes should shorten up the transportation time and alleviate the current flows through the big European ports, nevertheless, simultaneously, ensure to preserve other qualitative as well as economic parameters.

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Kurhan, Mykola, et Dmytro Kurhan. « Problems of providing international railway transport ». MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001007.

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Due to its geographic location and developed transport infrastructure, Ukraine has a significant potential in the development of cargo transportation, primarily in international traffic, in particular as a transistor country in the logistics chain of trade between Asia and Europe. The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are not used to the full extent, since there is a number of technical reasons of the transport systems incompatibility between Ukraine and European countries. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study prospects of the European and domestic system of international railway transportations, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing these systems. To compare the above mentioned options, the authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one.

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Vukić, Luka, Davor Mikulić et Damira Keček. « The Impact of Transportation on the Croatian Economy : The Input–Output Approach ». Economies 9, n^o 1 (21 janvier 2021) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010007.

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The aim of this paper was to determine the economic impact of the transportation sector on the Croatian economy by using input–output analysis. According to the input–output tables for the Croatian economy for 2004, 2010, 2013, and 2015, output and gross value-added multipliers were calculated. The results of the conducted analysis indicated that the multiplicative effects of the transportation sector in Croatia were significant in the observed period, especially for the air transport sector. Furthermore, comparative multiplier analysis with selected European Union countries was performed to assess the Croatian transportation industry position from an international perspective. Lower output and gross value-added multipliers for the Croatian transportation sector imply that old European Union member states capitalized the transportation sector more for growth and development. The Croatian transportation sector recorded lower imported intermediate inputs, average domestic inputs, and higher value-added multipliers similar to new European Union members. Simulations based on multiplicative effects show that restrictions on movements and human contacts, imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could induce a strong reduction in the economic activity of transport and other sectors that are included in the value-added chain of the transport industry.

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Křepelka, Filip. « Dominance of English in the European Union and in European Law ». Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 38, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2014) : 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0036.

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Abstract English has become the first global language of international com- munication during the last decades. It is dominant in many fields as science, technology, transportation, business and tourism and diplomacy. The European Union with law applicable directly on individuals is officially multilingual. English is, however, preferred in internal communication and in communication with national experts. National laws are closely related with particular states. Related discourse is therefore realized mostly in national language. Legal education and research are thus less anglicized than other university education and research. Nevertheless, increasing importance of international and supranational rules for harmonization and coordination, growing demand for comparison, pres- sure to publish in internationally recognized journals, Europe-wide research projects and rising numbers of exchange of students cause widespread resort to English also at schools of law. Unfortunately, English is language of countries with Anglo-American law (common law) which differs significantly from continental law (civil law) existing in most European and other countries. Therefore, it is difficult to find adequate English words for phenomena of civil law and to stabilize their use in international discourse.

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Czech, Artur, Jerzy Lewczuk, Leonas Ustinovichius et Robertas Kontrimovičius. « Multi-Criteria Assessment of Transport Sustainability in Chosen European Union Countries : A Dynamic Approach ». Sustainability 14, n^o 14 (18 juillet 2022) : 8770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148770.

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The main aim of this article is to dynamically evaluate the sustainable development of transportation as an important economic sector in each member state of the European Union. Furthermore, the authors tried to identify underdeveloped spatial areas and indicate related trends in particular countries. To address this research topic, a multivariate-order statistical measure was implemented. The data sources of the study were Eurostat databases. The rankings of the chosen European Union countries for transport sustainability and its individual components (pillars and orders) were obtained for 2016–2019. This allowed the underdeveloped space regions and their individual pillars in the field of transportation sustainability to be identified in an appropriate manner. Then, the total (general) synthetic measures applicable to the entire period of analysis were constructed. It should be noted that the initial set of diagnostic variables and its classification in certain sequences were implemented. Furthermore, the taxonomic method applied with Weber’s multivariate median was first used to dynamically assess aspects of traffic sustainability. Such synthetic methods allow for analysis of the interaction of different areas of complex transportation systems and allow distortions of the diagnostic variables.

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Novotny, Petr, Jiri Markuci, David Rehak, Ibrahim Almarzouqi et Lucia Janusova. « Critical Infrastructure Designation in European Union Countries : Implementation of Systems Approach ». Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 18, n^o 2 (30 avril 2016) : 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2016.2.163-169.

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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru et Anna Kant. « Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union ». SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021) : 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.

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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.

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Kapelyuk, Z. A., et Y. V. Popova. « STUDY OF TARIFFS FOR TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ». Economics Profession Business, n^o 1 (10 mars 2021) : 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202105.

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The article analyzes the experience of tariff regulation of the cost of passenger railway transportation services in the European Union and the Russian Federation. The features of tariff regulation are disclosed and eleven countries are classified according to the main categories. Tariff policy for transport services is used to ensure the consistency of economic interests of consumers and is a problematic segment for all types of transport. The article deals with tariff regulation of the cost of services provided by the railway infrastructure. Comparison of domestic and foreign experience in pricing of transport services for further development of Russian Railways is carried out. The setting of tariffs and available discounts, as well as benefits for the purchase of tickets for trains in the countries of the European Union and Russia are considered. The indexation of tariffs for transportation services of Russian Railways depending on the period of the trip and the comfort of the car is analyzed. Conclusions on the impact of mobile tariffs on economic efficiency, as well as the need to improve the tariff policy in the Russian Federation by involving foreign transport companies in implementation.

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Tippayawong, K. Y., et K. Veyrat-Parisien. « Euro-Asia Comparative Study of Logistics Cost ». International Journal of Energy and Environment 16 (10 mars 2022) : 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91012.2022.16.4.

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This study aims to describe and compare infrastructure systems of Asian and European countries. The first part is a survey to show similarities and differences between the two systems. Comparison between transportation costs is made. Road and air transports are studied, starting from Paris for Europe and from Bangkok for Asia to other cities within their respective continents. It was shown that it is not possible to rank in one part Asian countries and in second part European countries. It is better to rank Asian and European countries together because they represent the same level of development in one hand and the emerging countries in the other. Freight transport has been shown to be cheaper in Asia than in Europe, even if the price depends on destination. However, border crossing is more expensive in Asia than in European Union.

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Butkevičius, Jonas. « DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROAD FROM LITHUANIA TO EUROPEAN STATES ». TRANSPORT 22, n^o 2 (30 juin 2007) : 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638102.

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With the entry of Lithuania into the European Union, proper conditions for both Lithuanian and the EU inhabitants to comfortably travel by trains should be created. Lithuania should resume the direct communication by railroads with Poland. For that the passenger train route “Vilnius‐Warsaw” should be opened; it would enable the national inhabitants to reach European countries by train and also the inhabitants of those countries to come by train to Lithuania. The article gives an analysis of perspective passenger flows on the route “Vilnius‐Warsaw”, presents results of the study on passenger transportation of competitive sphere on this route, investigates technical‐economical aspects of the train's launch, analyses the marketing strategy, gives a survey of links of this train's launch with the “Rail Baltica” project, provides with a presentation of the SWOT analysis. The author proposes to include St. Petersburg into the “Rail Baltica” route ‐ this would increase flows of both ‐ passengers and cargoes. The article covers redistribution of the international passenger transportation market among different types of transport following the introduction of the “Rail Baltica” route.

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Romppanen, Seita. « Regulating Better Biofuels for the European Union ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 21, Issue 3 (1 juin 2012) : 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2012010.

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Comprehensive European or global regulation on sustainable biofuels does not yet exist. In the near future, it is likely that 10 percent of the energy used for transportation in the EU will consist mostly of biofuels, the majority of which will be imported from third countries. As the EU only has legislative jurisdiction regarding its Member States, the asymmetry between the locations of feedstock, the production of biofuel and the end users creates particular legal challenges for the sustainability scheme. It is not enough that to just correct the evident deficiencies of the current scheme; the EU sustainability scheme must provide a comprehensive answer to the complex sustainability challenges. One option could be a global approach driven by the EU leadership position. This article evaluates the legal applicability of the EU sustainability scheme against the global scenario of biofuels. Indirect land-use change is explored as the culminating issue of biofuel sustainability. The article also analyses the current regulatory approach, from the view that is it adequate in terms of securing the sustainable production of biofuels, especially in relation to the notion on "global" biofuels. Combating climate change forces new environmental problems to stand out, which also creates new legal challenges. In the field of dynamic climate change law, biofuel sustainability is an apt example of this.

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Hasan, Morshadul, et Judit Oláh. « Present Trends of Biofuel Production and Consumption in the European Union ». Journal of Central European Green Innovation 10, n^o 2 (6 décembre 2022) : 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3472.

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Biofuel is one of the trending research areas in the production and consumption economy. Based on the significance of biofuels, this study specifies the objective to explore and discuss the present trends of biofuel production and consumption in European Union listed countries. A descriptive data analysis technique is conducted here using the data from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, European Union energy annuals, RES Barometer, and STATISTA databases. This study finds that among the 27 EU countries, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden are highly concerned regarding biofuel production and consumption. Due to the unavailability of balanced yearly data, different years' data are used here to conduct the descriptive analysis. Germany and France are in the leading position in biofuel economic circumstances, particularly from both biofuel production and consumption perspective. It is also found that sugar beets, corn, and wheat are the most used feedstock used for biofuel production, and transportation is the largest source of biofuel consumption.

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Ripollés, Jordi, et Lidia Vidal Meliá. « Environmental Tax Convergence and Interdependence in the European Union ». Revista de Economía Mundial, n^o 61 (16 juin 2022) : 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i61.5351.

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This paper empirically analyzes the convergence and interdependence of environmental taxes in Europe from 1998 to 2018. Our results evidence a lack of European integration and reveal a group of converging countries characterized by a lowering tax burden. Moreover, a subsequent spatial regression analysis supports that the converging countries exhibit a significantly greater sensibility to the neighboring environmental tax policies, compatible with some degree of cross-country tax competition.

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Poliak, M., E. Salamakhina, N. Lakhmetkina et N. Zhuravleva. « Comparison of freight forwarder liability in selected countries of the European Union and selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1247, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1247/1/012033.

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Abstract The continuous flow of movement of goods on the world market forces manufacturers to turn to intermediaries who are able to organize cargo transportation services. At the moment, the most common intermediary is a freight forwarder. This article defines the understanding of the term freight forwarder, its role in the supply chain, as well as the risks associated with transportation. This article analyses the part of forwarding contract which deals with a limitation of the forwarder’s liability. The limitation of the forwarder’s liability allows predicting the amount of compensation to the cargo owner in case of damage or loss of goods. In addition to the previously conducted analysis of the freight forwarder’s liability in the selected countries of the European Union, an analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in the selected CIS countries was carried out. Among other things, it was determined which national regulations regulate freight forwarding activities in these countries. The limitations of the liability of freight forwarders proposed by the conditions of the expedition of the national Associations of logistics and forwarding, compiled on the basis of the standard rules of the FIATA organization, are also considered.

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Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Maycon Sedrez, Junhang Ren, Dezhou Kong, Yifan Shen, Sinan Bao, Junhao Xu, Zhaohui Su et Ayotunde Dawodu. « The Effect of Mobility on the Spread of COVID-19 in Light of Regional Differences in the European Union ». Sustainability 13, n^o 10 (12 mai 2021) : 5395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105395.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly all over the world, affecting many countries to varying degrees. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is offered mainly through big data in the European Union (EU) context. In doing so, the data of the first wave of the pandemic are assessed. Afterward, we evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 spread in specific countries and regions. Based on the existing literature, mobility is recognized as a significant direct factor affecting disease transmission. The same applies to the case of COVID-19. However, compared with the analysis of mobility itself, this paper explores more profound reasons that affect mobility, ranging from policy and economy to geographical and transportation factors. Specifically, this paper studies nine EU countries based on their population density and the degree of impact of the epidemic in the first six months (February to July 2020) of the pandemic. Our study aims to illustrate how policies, economies, and geographical locations (including transportation factors) directly or indirectly affect the spread of the novel coronavirus by applying the SEIR model to analyze all selected countries’ big data. The key findings of this research are: (1) the timeliness of relevant policies and the effectiveness of government implementation indirectly limit the spread of the epidemic by reducing population mobility; (2) a better medical level would contribute to detect, isolate, and treat patients, and help control the epidemic; and (3) the large land borders and developed transportation between countries exacerbate the spread of the COVID-19. The paper contributes to ongoing research on COVID-19 by addressing the above points.

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Korneliussen, Tor, et Michael Greenacre. « Information Sources Used by European Tourists : A Cross-National Study ». Journal of Travel Research 57, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2017) : 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287516686426.

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This study investigates which information sources European tourists use when making decisions about their travel/holiday plans. Using survey data based on national representative samples of tourists from 27 member countries of the European Union allows generalizable conclusions to be drawn. The data were analyzed using correspondence analysis of overall country data. The findings indicate that there are systematic differences in how information sources are related to one another and that the various countries within the European Union differ in their tourists’ use of information sources. Six segments of information source behavior are revealed. These segments reflect economic development and the national cultures of European nations. Management implications are highlighted. The findings of this study can be used to segment tourists’ use of information sources according to country, economic development, and national culture.

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Quissa, Antonia Stefania. « The Separation Between Refugees – Immigrants and their Children During Transportation ». Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 8 (30 décembre 2022) : 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.22.011.16787.

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The family separation between immigrant – refugee parents and their children is a global phenomenon. This research is focused on the dissociation that is taking place during transportation from the countries of origin to receiving countries. Every year United States accept thousands of immigrants from Central America who are segregated under ‘zero-tolerance’ immigration policy (ZTP). However, the same issue afllicts refugees who are trying to cross the Central Mediterranean Sea to enter Europe. But then, United States and European Union established legislations and bills to prevent that kind of parting and to promote the family’s reconnection. The key strength is the impact of separation, as a toxic experience during childhood, is intolerable for all the members of family. Children experience trauma, which affects their mental and physical health. Additionally, parents develop depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and become victims of suicide. Finally, family unity protects children’s lives and supports family’s integration in the host countries.

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Tanning, Lembo, et Toivo Tanning. « Gross Value Added per Person Analyses of Transportation Companies of new European Union countries in 2005 – 2011 ». SOP Transactions on Marketing Research 1, n^o 2 (31 août 2014) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15764/mr.2014.02001.

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Prymachenko, Hanna O., Olha О. Shapatina, Oksana S. Pestremenko-Skrypka, Anna V. Shevchenko et Maryna V. Halkevych. « Improving the technology of product supply chain management in the context of the development of multimodal transportation systems in the European union countries ». International Journal of Agricultural Extension 10, n^o 2 (11 janvier 2022) : 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.010.00.3866.

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The relevance of the study is caused by the growing role of multimodal transportation in Ukraine and the European Union, ensures the optimization of the goods supply chain management to the consignee, and an important element of this development is the significant role of rail transport in the multimodal transportation, which is relevant towards minimization of costs and preserving the environment. The purpose of the article is to develop measures to improve the designing processes of the multimodal route parts for grain supply chains through the using of network systems and minimizing the total transportation cost. Taking into account the specifics of the functioning and management of multimodal transportation, an approach to the integrated assessment of the effect from the transport enterprises activities in multimodal transportation based on the building of network models of each part of the multimodal route is offered. The article presents the results of the analysis and theoretical generalization of approaches to formalizing the process of functioning the multimodal transportation systems for goods supply chains with rail and road modes of transport. The materials of the article are of practical value for vocational and industrial training of logistics operators, transport companies’ staff, and scientific and pedagogical personnel in order to improve their professional competencies.

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Kastory, Agnieszka Małgorzata. « Znaczenie Dunaju w europejskiej sieci dróg wodnych ». Politeja 17, n^o 6(69) (1 avril 2021) : 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.69.05.

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The Role of the Danube River in the Trans-European Waterway Network In the 20th century, the Danube Region was subject to numerous and far-reaching political transformations, which had a negative impact on the expansion of the Danube waterway transport, affected mainly by political, economical and military crises that took place in the 1990s. Nowadays, only 9% of all river cargo is shipped via the Danube River. The European Union makes an effort to increase this number up to 30%, and to ensure the river’s permanent inclusion in the Trans-European Transport Network, with an ongoing process of adjusting the Danube shipping law to the regulations applicable to other European rivers. Nonetheless, the implementation of the EU Strategy for the Danube Region has little effect on the transportation growth in the Danube Basin so far – due to insufficient support from the European Union, the Danubian countries’ unwillingness to carry out expensive investments, and difficulties related to the process of redirecting the existing trade routes.

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Kozlova, E., et V. Shibina. « RUSSIA IN THE EUROPEAN OIL MARKET : CHANGES IN THE INTERACTION MODEL ». Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century : theory and practice 10, n^o 2 (19 juillet 2022) : 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2022-10-2-16-26.

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It is expected that the fulfillment of obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement (2015) by 2035 will lead to a sharp drop in global oil demand. However, today, for the countries of the European Union (EU), the shortage of energy carriers and the high dependence in their supply from external sources, especially from Russia, continues to be a serious problem. The purpose of the study is to consider changes in demand for Russian crude oil from the countries of the European Union (EU) and other European countries in the first half of 2022. The main factors determining the dynamics of the world oil market in recent decades are analyzed. The contribution of crude oil imports from Russia to the EU countries to meet their needs for fossil fuel sources, as well as to form the revenue side of the Russian budget in 2019-2021 has been determined. The regions of European countries with an increased demand for petroleum products have been identified. The level of dependence of different countries within the EU on the import of Russian oil is considered. The role of tanker and pipeline transport in the supply of Russian crude oil to the countries of Western Europe is revealed. For Russia, the export of fuel and energy resources is a geopolitical factor of power in the international system. Therefore, the narrowing of its positions in the traditional European energy markets with the introduction by the EU and UK authorities of an embargo on Russian oil prices necessitates both changes in the existing oil transportation strategies to European consumers and the active development of new niches in other external energy markets.

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Beck, Krzysztof. « DETERMINANTS OF INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE : AN INVESTIGATION WITH BMA FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION ». CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (24 septembre 2018) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1131.

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The empirical literature on the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) is vast and comprehensive, yet as authors failed to properly account for model uncertainty it has brought inconsistent and conflicting results. To resolve this issue, Bayesian model averaging was applied to investigate the robustness of 48 potential determinants of bilateral IIT for the panel of 26 European Union countries over the 1999-2011 period. Application of BMA demonstrated that 11 of them are robust determinants of IIT, namely real GDP products, trade openness, membership in the European Union and the Euro area, corruption, and differences in factor abundance. Among the factors of production, the key role in the determination of IIT patterns can be assigned to the differences in human capital. Yet, transportation cost and cultural similarity have no impact on the IIT patterns.

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Beck, Krzysztof. « Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade : An Investigation with Bma for the European Union ». Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 5, n^o 6 (2020) : 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.56.3003.

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The empirical literature on determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) is vast and comprehensive, yet as the authors failed to properly account for model uncertainty it has brought inconsistent and conflicting results. To resolve this issue, Bayesian model averaging was applied to investigate the robustness of 48 potential determinants of bilateral IIT for the panel of 26 European Union countries over the 1999-2011 period. Application of BMA demonstrated that 11 of them are robust determinants of IIT, namely real GDP product, trade openness, membership in the European Union and the Euro area, corruption, and differences in factor abundance. Among the factors of production, the key role in the determination of IIT patterns can be assigned to the differences in human capital. Yet, transportation cost and cultural similarity have no impact on the IIT patterns.

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VOLYNETS, L. « LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORTATION AS A NEW IMPULSE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ». Economics of the transport complex, n^o 37 (12 mai 2021) : 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/etk.2225-2304.2021.37.161.

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The article examines the influence of state regulators on the organization of the process of international road transportation for Ukrainian carriers. It is substantiated that in the field of international road transportation there is a permit system between countries. That is, the main document that allows the performance of commercial transportation of goods or passengers on the territory of any state by a foreign vehicle is a permit to perform international road transportation of goods / passengers on the territory of a foreign state. A separate permit must be issued for each carriage of goods, which gives the right to carry out one run in the forward and reverse directions, unless another is stipulated in the permit itself. The competent authorities of the Contracting Parties will annually transmit to each other a mutually agreed number of forms of permits for the carriage of goods. In most cases, freight permits are issued within quotas on a parity basis. It has been proven that the administrative barrier in the form of permits for international road transportation is a deterrent to the free market. On the one hand, it is a kind of lever to protect national carriers, but on the other hand it is a restriction for the industry and not just transport. After all, changes in the legislation of the European Union will have an effect on Ukrainian carriers. Since, the process of negotiations in the direction of liberalization of road freight transportation for Ukrainian carriers is becoming more difficult. Therefore, the agreements reached with the countries that have agreed to such a step are extremely important. The legal acts included in the so-called Mobility Package and intended for the regulation of international road transportation in the European Union are described. Despite the fact that the norms of the Mobility Package now apply only to carriers from the EU member states and do not apply to carriers from the third countries, including Ukrainian, it is expected that the competent EU bodies will initiate proposals to extend a number of provisions of the Mobility Package to the carriers of non-EU countries. The proposed liberalization of the conditions for international road transportation is a new impetus for the development of the transport industry, as the absence of any barriers in the form of permits is a competitive advantage of domestic carriers in the road transport market.

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Kostiuk, Yaroslava, Eva Kalinová et Jiří Kučera. « Impact of Globalization and Internationalization Processes on Added Value in EU Countries ». SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021) : 09008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209008.

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Research Background: The paper focuses on the specification of categories of the globalization and internationalization process in terms of origin, development, definition and content. Using European Commission statistics for the period 2013-2017, the EU28 countries are divided into countries that started the EU (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg) and countries that joined the EU before 2000 (Denmark, Norway, Finland, Portugal, Austria, Greece, Spain, Sweden, Great Britain), and other countries of the so-called former Eastern bloc (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland). For such defined EU countries, a different level of involvement in the globalizing common economy of the European Union as well as a different level of involvement in foreign markets, depending on the level of national economies, can be expected. Purpose of the Article: A test set of 338,788 companies from across the EU was used to analyse value added associated with each indicator (value added at factor cost, gross (average) value added per person employed, number of workers, enterprise size classes and selected industries, namely manufacturing, construction, engineering, transportation and logistics). The membership of the countries in the European Monetary Union was also taken into account. Methods: Mathematical and statistical methods of correlation analysis and paired T-test were used for value added analysis. Findings & Value Added: The outputs of the analysis indicated a high level of statistical conclusive evidence in terms of the impact of value added on each enterprise size class across the sectors concerned as well as on the structure of production and the number of active workers.

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Brkic, Luka. « European Union : From social integration to social state ». Medjunarodni problemi 56, n^o 4 (2004) : 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.

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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.

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Slisane, Dzintra, et Dagnija Blumberga. « Assessment of Roadside Particulate Emission Mitigation Possibil ». Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 12, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2013) : 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2013-0009.

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Abstract The improvement of air quality is now an issue for all developed countries. In the European Union transportation is the main source of NOx pollution and the second most significant PM10 and PM2, 5 emission sources. The focus of the research is transportation PM10 emissions. The paper introduces a model of system dynamics for analysis of road transportation PM10 emissions. The developed model is then used to compare PM10 emissions in 4 cases, one of which is the baseline, while in the other 3 a variety of road transport emission reduction methods are implemented. The simulation results have shown that the highest daily PM10 emission reductions can be achieved by combining technological and administrative methods. Administrative methods (rush-hour driving tax and heavy vehicle traffic restrictions) turned out to be the most effective.

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Danyi-Boll, Anikó, et Andrea Gáspár. « significane of environmental taxes used for mitigating the environment harmful impacts of road transportation ». Economica 10, n^o 2 (21 août 2020) : 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2019/10/2/4087.

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Logistics is one of the most important economic sectors of the European Union, with nearly 1.134 million companies engaged in the field of transportation in the EU. The global logistics market is expected to show further expansion in the forthcoming years. On the other side stands global warning which is one of the greatest problems for the time being. The European Commission has announced a cross-sectoral investment programme worth more than 10 billion euros (nearly 3,200 billion Hungarian forints) for the planning, development and implementation of low carbon dioxide-emitting technologies to improve Europe’s global competitiveness. The common data base of OECD and the European Environment Agency (EEA) currently lists 375 environmental taxes and approximately 250 environmental fees or charges in the OECD countries. Among the EU member states, Sweden, for example, introduced a tax system which includes the essential elements of eco-tax more than 10 years ago. Hungary has several of such tax types, such as the excise tax on fuel, the energy tax, the energy suppliers’ income tax or the vehicle tax.

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Danyi-Boll, Anikó, et Andrea Gáspár. « significane of environmental taxes used for mitigating the environment harmful impacts of road transportation ». Economica 10, n^o 2 (21 août 2020) : 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2019/10/2/4087.

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Logistics is one of the most important economic sectors of the European Union, with nearly 1.134 million companies engaged in the field of transportation in the EU. The global logistics market is expected to show further expansion in the forthcoming years. On the other side stands global warning which is one of the greatest problems for the time being. The European Commission has announced a cross-sectoral investment programme worth more than 10 billion euros (nearly 3,200 billion Hungarian forints) for the planning, development and implementation of low carbon dioxide-emitting technologies to improve Europe’s global competitiveness. The common data base of OECD and the European Environment Agency (EEA) currently lists 375 environmental taxes and approximately 250 environmental fees or charges in the OECD countries. Among the EU member states, Sweden, for example, introduced a tax system which includes the essential elements of eco-tax more than 10 years ago. Hungary has several of such tax types, such as the excise tax on fuel, the energy tax, the energy suppliers’ income tax or the vehicle tax.

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Aydin, Ulviyye, Ahmet Ucar et Rasim Akpinar. « The Probable Effects of the Modernization of the Customs Union Upon the International Road Transportation Sector : Izmir Region Example ». Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 23, n^o 1 (2020) : 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2020.23.1.103.

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This study aims to detect the probable effects of the modernization of the European Union (EU) – Turkey Customs Union upon the international road transportation sector. Izmir region has been selected as a research area. Izmir is located in the Aegean region, which is the third biggest city and second biggest port of Turkey. With its developed industry due to the region’s raw material resources, qualified labor force, and wide range of transportation opportunities, Izmir is one of the important trade centers, ranking second after the Marmara Region in terms of industry. Closeness to the landlocked centers with high processing capacities such as Manisa, Denizli, Aydin, Mugla, Bursa, Usak, Kutahya, and the presence of around 1,700 companies with international capital makes Izmir more critical for the logistics sector. Thus, it is considered an acceptable sample area for the research. A semi-structured interview technique has been used in the investigation. According to the results of interviews with 19 international road transporters in Izmir, the modernization of the Customs Union will increase Turkey’s competitiveness of trading in goods and services with the EU countries. Removing the obstacles like visa problems, limitations on the free movement of drivers and transportation services, transit tolls that the Turkish road transport companies face in the EU member states, the modernization of the Customs Union will benefit both Turkish road transporters and exporters, as well as increase trade volume between the sides.

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Ulchenko, Mikhail. « Industrial production of natural gas in the North and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and prospects for its implementation in the EU market ». SHS Web of Conferences 84 (2020) : 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208403005.

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The paper is devoted to the study of industrial production of natural gas in the regions of the North and Arctic of the Russian Federation and the prospects for its implementation in the market of the European Union. It is shown that the main production is concentrated in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district, where up to 75% of the total gas production is produced. Gas is transported both by means of a well-developed pipeline network connecting the Yamal Peninsula with European countries, and in a liquefied state, using gas carriers of the appropriate ice class. At the same time, despite all the efforts of the EU countries to reduce energy consumption, gas consumption is growing. This is due to the decline in production within the Union itself, as well as the desire to use more environmentally friendly energy sources. The analysis conducted in the course of the study showed that Qatar and Russia can actually increase the volume of deliveries in the near future. These exporters have a number of advantages that, in our opinion, will allow them to increase their presence in the energy market of the EU countries - significant reserves of natural gas, availability of production capacity, opportunities to increase the volume of transportation, and the most attractive price for end users.

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Sokolowski, Maciej M. « Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union : A Ride to the Micromobility Directive ? » European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 4 (1 août 2020) : 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020036.

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The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and pedestrian crossings vary among the Member States (some allow it, providing speed limits; others offer only the possibility of accessing bike paths or public roads). National legislation also provides some other requirements, such as age limits for electric scooter users when riding on a road or wearing protective equipment (e.g. helmet or safety vest). The research also proves that the majority of Member States do not provide any special rules on driving licences or insurance (generally not required when using electric scooters). Finally, the article addresses a seemingly basic legal European framework on electric scooters and a possible harmonization by adopting the Micromobility Directive. electric transport, electric scooters, micromobility, micro-transportation, Micromobility Directive

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Mielcova, Elena. « Influence of Main Macroeconomic Factors on the Level of Employment on Different Size Enterprises – The Evidence from the Sector of Transportation and Storage ». Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 64, s1 (1 décembre 2017) : 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2017-0034.

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Abstract The main aim of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that the shift in levels of main macroeconomic variables – in this case in levels of GDP and exports – cause shift of employment levels in private sector, and this change is different for smaller enterprises than for “big players”. Calculated estimation will be presented on data from the sector of transportation and storage for four countries – the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia for the period 2005-2014, which cover the economic crisis in 2008. Countries were selected such that they cover both highly developed countries (Germany and Austria) and former Eastern Bloc countries (Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) of the European Union placed in the close geographic area. Expected results would show different trends in employment levels for different types of enterprises in all countries.

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Koengkan, Matheus, José Alberto Fuinhas, Mônica Teixeira, Emad Kazemzadeh, Anna Auza, Fatemeh Dehdar et Fariba Osmani. « The Capacity of Battery-Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Mitigate CO2 Emissions : Macroeconomic Evidence from European Union Countries ». World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, n^o 4 (24 mars 2022) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040058.

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The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is crucial to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study analyses evidence from European countries regarding achievement of the European Commission’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Using panel quantile econometric techniques, the impact of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on CO2 emissions in twenty-nine European Union (EU) countries from 2010–2020 was researched. The results show that BEVs and PHEVs are capable of mitigating CO2 emissions. However, each type of technology has a different degree of impact, with BEVs being more suited to minimizing CO2 emissions than PHEVs. We also found a statistically significant impact of economic development (quantile regression results) and energy consumption in increasing the emissions of CO2 in the EU countries in model estimates for both BEVs and PHEVs. It should be noted that BEVs face challenges, such as the scarcity of minerals for the production of batteries and the increased demand for mineral batteries, which have significant environmental impacts. Therefore, policymakers should adopt environmentally efficient transport that uses clean energy, such as EVs, to reduce the harmful effects on public health and the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels.

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Nazarko, Łukasz, Eigirdas Žemaitis, Łukasz Krzysztof Wróblewski, Karel Šuhajda et Magdalena Zajączkowska. « The Impact of Energy Development of the European Union Euro Area Countries on CO2 Emissions Level ». Energies 15, n^o 4 (15 février 2022) : 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041425.

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In the last years, the fact of anthropogenic impact on climate change taking place in the world has become indisputable. Both countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce GHG emissions, move to a low-carbon economy and implement solutions that reduce human impact on the environment. The EU, by intensifying its activities, has also prepared a strategy known as the European Green Deal. In implementing the EGD, it is important to analyze the impact of energy development in energy-intensive sectors of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture, services and other cores) on atmospheric pollution. Energy development is understood as the energy consumption percentage from all its consumption. In the article, complex correlation–regression analysis was implemented, which included not only energy development impact on the CO2 emissions level (i.e., production-based CO2 efficiency), but also its impact on economic growth. The research was conducted for the EU euro area countries. It was determined that the strongest positive correlation is to be found in the transport sector, which implies that with an increase in energy consumption in that sector, production-based CO2 efficiency is increasing. On the other hand, this increment in efficiency was relatively small and was achieved with the rapid growth of the energy consumption. The implemented research confirmed that the transportation sector is the one which is polluting the atmosphere the most with CO2 emissions in the Eurozone. The results of the implemented research could be used for the formation of targeted measures for the green growth strategy implementation, and also for ECB and EIB to support “green” projects.

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LASHUTINA, V. O. « PERSPECTIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINER CARGO TRANSPORTATION INLAND WATERWAYS OF UKRAINE ». Economic innovations 21, n^o 1(70) (20 mars 2019) : 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.1(70).106-112.

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Topicality. The river potential of Ukraine has great prospects in the direction of connecting with Europe at the expense of increasing the transit capacity of the Danube and the Dnieper rivers taking into account the access to the Black Sea. River transport has a number of advantages over land, in particular: ready natural ways; use of water flow; the ability to transport any cargo and passengers simultaneously; safety and environmental friendliness; high bandwidth; high degree of reliability and timeliness of delivery; low cost of transportation, which leads to fuel economy, etc. It should be noted that to date, taking into account the uplift tariffs for transportation by rail and inconvenience of use of motor transport, organization of container service on the Dnieper is the most promising and in demand.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the organizational and economic bases of river container transportation in Ukraine. In accordance with the stated aim, it is necessary to analyze the cargo base of river container transportation in Ukraine; to formulate priorities of development of river navigation of Ukraine; to substantiate the efficiency of using container technology of cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine.Research results. The complex of measures for the development of container cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine was proposed, the analysis of the market of river container transportations in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union and the USA was carried out, the main problems of development of inland water transport were identified and measures for their further development and operation of inland waterways of Ukraine taking into account the prospect of their integration into the European transport network.Conclusion. Ukraine has significant potential for organizing logistics schemes for cargo transportation involving river transport in several directions. The presence, albeit somewhat obsolete, a powerful infrastructure base, a convenient geographical location and the availability of traffic flows that can potentially be transported by inland waterways, creates the preconditions for the restoration and development of this transport area.

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Flade, Falk. « Beyond socialist camaraderie. Cross-border railway between German Democratic Republic, Poland and Soviet Union (1950s–60s) ». Journal of Transport History 40, n^o 2 (9 mai 2019) : 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619845339.

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In order to facilitate cross-border railway transport between socialist countries in Eastern Europe, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and later the Organisation for Cooperation of Railways were established in 1949 and 1956. Joint planning, standardisation and tariff policy were the main fields of cooperation. The paper focuses on the struggles between Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and Organisation for Cooperation of Railways member countries regarding transit tariffs for cross-border freight shipments. These struggles, dragging on for more than three decades, reveal the economic interests of individual member countries and the limitations of socialist foreign trade (and alleged friendship). This study argues that despite of political declarations and the establishment of socialist international organisations, the East European railways became a major bottleneck in intrabloc trade.

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Siskos, Evangelos, et Konstantia Darvidou. « OIL AND NATURAL GAS TRADE BALANCE AND PRODUCTION EFFECTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION COUNTRIES ». JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 16, n^o 3 (2017) (2017) : 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2017.03.261.

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Most European Union and Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries are net importers of petroleum and natural gas. Searching for new deposits and construction of new pipelines can improve energy security in the region. The problem is topical for Greece which has a developed refinery industry and needs to improve its trade balance to repay the accumulated external and public debt. Several new pipeline initiatives through Greece can support relations between the EU and BSEC countries. The paper provides previous research review about energy dependency and the effects of trade, production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Next we provide analysis of the effect of the trade on balance of payments in both the EU and BSeC countries. Import dependency of GDP on oil and natural gas is especially large in Malta, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia and Latvia. On the other hand Russia and Azerbaijan are large net exporters of hydrocarbons. Then we analyse the impact of mining on labour market and refinery industry development. On average larger value added in mining leads to larger employment at least for males and middle age group of people. But the effect largely varies across countries and time periods. Together with construction of new pipelines growth of extraction can result in dozens of thousands of new jobs in Greece. There is a close link between value added in mining and compensation of employees in that industry. We have found evidence that the clustering effect between mining and manufacture of refined petroleum products and coke exists only in some EU countries.

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ALI, Dilshad SABRI. « How Does Mass Immigration Transform the Destination Societies ? » PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 3, n^o 3 (26 décembre 2019) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v3i3.118.

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The phenomenon of mass migration is explained thoroughly in this paper. It explains how easy global transportation by air and sea in a technological advanced world has made mass migration much easier. Mass Migration has also been made easier by globalization in that borders and boundaries between countries are being eliminated. Mass migration is explained in the sense that it takes into account the immigrants effect on destination countries such as the European Union, the United States of America, and also Canada. It takes into account how destination countries integrate and absorb these migrants within their economic sectors. It also takes into account how global security has been threatened by mass immigration. This paper also explains how national identity is being maintained in destination countries as mass migration influences the culture and beliefs of a country. The content analysis as methodology was used to discover the issue in this article. Keywords: Mass immigration, 11th September, National identity, Globalization, Content analysis

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Tanning, Lembo, et Toivo Tanning. « Central and Eastern European Countries before and after the 2008 Financial Crisis : Economic Overview and Transportation Companies ». Journal of Business Theory and Practice 2, n^o 2 (17 mai 2014) : 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v2n2p221.

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One of the main aims of the European Union (EU) is the European competitiveness. To achieve this goal, it is important to study the lessons of the economic crisis. This in turn allows the development of measures. The aim of this article is to analyse the economic crisis lessons of the transportation and storage enterprises of Poland and other new EU Member States from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE-8), and to compare them on the EU level. The purpose is to analyse the labour productivity before and after the economic crisis by gross value added per person employed and employee and turnover per person employed. We will look at how the economic crisis has affected the labour productivity of transportation companies and analyze the changes in the companies. In the background, we look at the countries’ economic (GDP) development and quality of life. What are the lessons learned from the economic crisis? The literature review shows the crisis theory. We present for discussion the objective and subjective factors of the economic crisis of the companies. Based on this and previous publications, we will offer a number of generalized suggestions.

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Podberezkina, O. A. « Transport Corridors in the Russian Integration Projects, the Case of the Eurasian Economic Union ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 1(40) (28 février 2015) : 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-161-169.

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The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.

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Huang, Siyu, Wensha Gou, Hongbo Cai, Xiaomeng Li et Qinghua Chen. « Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships ». Complexity 2020 (23 juillet 2020) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2987217.

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In contrast to the rapid integration of the world economy, many regional trade agreements (RTAs) have also emerged since the early 1990s. This contradiction has encouraged scholars and policymakers to explore the true effects of RTAs, including both regional and global trade relationships. This paper defines synthesized trade resistance and decomposes it into natural and artificial factors. Here, we separate the influence of geographical distance, economic volume, and overall increase in transportation and labor costs and use the expectation maximization algorithm to optimize the parameters and quantify the trade purity indicator, which describes the true global trade environment and relationships among countries. This indicates that although global and most regional trade relations gradually deteriorated during the period 2007–2017, RTAs generate trade relations among members, especially contributing to the relative prosperity of European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. In addition, we apply the network to reflect the purity of the trade relations among countries. The effects of RTAs can be analyzed by comparing typical trade unions and trade communities, which are presented using an empirical network structure. This analysis shows that the community structure is quite consistent with some trade unions, and the representative RTAs constitute the core structure of international trade network. However, the role of trade unions has weakened, and multilateral trade liberalization has accelerated in the past decade. This means that more countries have recently tended to expand their trading partners outside of these unions rather than limit their trading activities to RTAs.

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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš et Marek Muiste. « Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas : Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany ». Sustainability 13, n^o 8 (7 avril 2021) : 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.

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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.

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Ilczuk, Przemysław, Agnieszka Zaczek et Magdalena Kycko. « Analysis of the possibility of implementing interoperability tests on Polish railways ». Archives of Transport 60, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2021) : 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5503.

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Ensuring the greatest possible interoperability of rail transport, especially for railways in Europe, is one of the key projects to be implemented using the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), including the European Train Control System (ETCS) and the Global System for Mobile Communications-Railways (GSM-R). The ERTMS system aims to replace many different rail traffic control systems with one, common and unified European solution (Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/919, 2016), (Directive (EU) 2016/797, n.d.). Its creation was dictated by the desire to standardize the traffic control systems present in the territories of various European countries, at the same time extending their functionality and eliminating the existing technical barriers. The aim of this article is to present the possibility of implementation interoperability tests - IOP tests, on Polish railways. These tests are intended to provide a faster, more accurate and less costly demonstration of compliance with the ETCS interoperability requirements compared to field tests. The work defines the concept of interoperability tests as well as the purpose of their application. The general principles and procedures for conducting interoperability tests are presented. In the further part of the work, the operation of laboratories in the European Union is analysed. The laboratories functional in Switzerland and Spain were selected for this analysis. Following, the paper presents the validity of implementing interoperability tests on the territory of the Republic of Poland. On the basis of the pan-European procedure of conducting interoperability tests and the experience of foreign independent laboratories, conditions for the implementation of tests in the Polish railways were developed, which could be used in the future to introduce IOP tests in Poland.

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Sergiy, Grytsenko, Savchenko Lidiia et Kryshtal Serhii. « Conceptual principles of the green technologies introduction in the logistics activities of Ukrainian companies in the context of the implementation of European environmental programs ». Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, n^o 13 (août 2022) : 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-13-2.

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The article reveals the essence of the conceptual approach to "green" technologies in the logistics activities of enterprises. The concept of "green" technologies has been clarified as technologies that use environmentally safe production processes and supply chains in comparison with the production methods traditionally used at enterprises. The role and opportunities of Ukrainian environmental logistics in the European Green Deal have been studied. It has been established that the European Green Deal is a program of the European Union aimed at protecting the climate and the environment. This program is aimed at making the economies of the European Union countries more resource-efficient, canceling greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and separating economic growth from the use of natural resources. Currently, Ukraine is only planning to join the European Green Deal, declaring in the National Economic Strategy the intention to achieve climate neutrality by 2060. The state and general trends of the development of strategic logistics infrastructure projects of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Green Deal and Digital Europe programs are analyzed. The Europian Green Deal is a dynamic instrument that is at the stage of formation. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, applied recommendations regarding the prospects of "green" technologies in the logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises: their concepts and features of implementation within the framework of the European Green Deal and Digital Europe programs, "European Union for the Environment" (EU4Environment), development of sustainable logistics in Ukraine, features of application in specific logistics processes, problems and prospects, logistics strategy of Ukrainian enterprises. The process of applying "green" technologies in supply chain management is analyzed. In the logistics chain, processes related to supply, production, warehousing, transportation and distribution are involved, therefore, logistics activities are focused not only on the internal business processes of the enterprise, but also have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to the emergence of negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the concept of "green" (sustainable) supply chains, which provides for a minimal harmful impact on the environment during the implementation of logistics business processes, has recently become widespread.

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Maslov, Yurii. « THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION AS AN INCLUSIVE FORM OF CROSS-BORDER ECONOMY ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, n^o 5 (11 février 2019) : 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-200-208.

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The article considers the process of creation and features of activities of various types of transborder formations peculiar for the European Union. Today the cooperation within Euroregions becomes more and more widespread practice both in the EU and among the regions of countries-participants of the Union and those ones neighbouring to the EU, including Ukraine. The problem of modernization of the EU regional policy in the context of the intensification of globalization processes is touched upon. The influence of global factors and changes in the EU regional policy on the transformation of Ukrainian regional policy is determined. In the context of the development of the regional policy of Ukraine, problems of economic development and well-being of citizens in Ukrainian regions are identified; development directions for the cooperation of Ukraine and the EU in this area are established. The purpose of the article is to consider issues of cross-border economy, cross-border region, classify them, define features of Euroregion and, based on the analysis conducted, consider imperatives and problems related to the development and introduction of the Danube Strategy and identify the place and opportunities of Ukraine in this association. The macro-regional approach to solving the tasks of the integration policy of the European Union chosen by the European Union Committee allows uniting the territories according to the principle of their mutual supplementation, reducing the barriers of national borders and creating new opportunities for cross-border regions. The Danube Strategy, despite the common principles and methodologies for the formation of Euroregions, has obvious features. Firstly, the region is characterized by deep imbalances both between countries and within countries themselves. Secondly, the Strategy is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to territorial planning in the region and has a pronounced ecological character, and environmental problems are solved in the search for a compromise with the tasks of socio-economic development. Thirdly, being the internal strategy of the European Union, however, has a significant external dimension, the incorporation of which can be quite a challenge. There are four main directions for the regional development in the Danube Strategy (so-called “pillars”: association, ecology, well-being, strengthening). For each direction, priority areas are designated that are supervised by the coordinating countries. Conceptually, the EUSDR is a continuation of the Europe-2020 strategic document of the EU and proclaims the achievement of the region of “smart, sustainable and inclusive development” as its main objectives. At the same time, a kind of paradox is that the Danube strategy aimed at levelling social, economic, institutional gaps in the region generates them by the very principles of its existence. It is hard to imagine that unequal countries, getting too different funding, will be able to equalize their capabilities at the finish. The strategy will help realize the EU’s obvious desire to transform the Danube into an internal transport artery with a highly developed infrastructure and improved cargo traffic, which will allow connecting the North Sea with the Black and Azov seas, placing the transportation of resources of Caspian region and Asia under control of European structures. The creation and activity of cross-border regions make a significant contribution both to the strengthening of political and economic integration within the EU and to the development of cooperation between the member countries of the Union and neighbouring states.

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