Articles de revues : « Transportation and state – European Union countries »

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Khúlová, Lucia. « Export into EFTA and transportation costs ». Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, n^o 35 (1 décembre 2016) : 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.

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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.

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Kurhan, Mykola, et Dmytro Kurhan. « Problems of providing international railway transport ». MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001007.

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Due to its geographic location and developed transport infrastructure, Ukraine has a significant potential in the development of cargo transportation, primarily in international traffic, in particular as a transistor country in the logistics chain of trade between Asia and Europe. The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are not used to the full extent, since there is a number of technical reasons of the transport systems incompatibility between Ukraine and European countries. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study prospects of the European and domestic system of international railway transportations, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing these systems. To compare the above mentioned options, the authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one.

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Czech, Artur, Jerzy Lewczuk, Leonas Ustinovichius et Robertas Kontrimovičius. « Multi-Criteria Assessment of Transport Sustainability in Chosen European Union Countries : A Dynamic Approach ». Sustainability 14, n^o 14 (18 juillet 2022) : 8770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148770.

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The main aim of this article is to dynamically evaluate the sustainable development of transportation as an important economic sector in each member state of the European Union. Furthermore, the authors tried to identify underdeveloped spatial areas and indicate related trends in particular countries. To address this research topic, a multivariate-order statistical measure was implemented. The data sources of the study were Eurostat databases. The rankings of the chosen European Union countries for transport sustainability and its individual components (pillars and orders) were obtained for 2016–2019. This allowed the underdeveloped space regions and their individual pillars in the field of transportation sustainability to be identified in an appropriate manner. Then, the total (general) synthetic measures applicable to the entire period of analysis were constructed. It should be noted that the initial set of diagnostic variables and its classification in certain sequences were implemented. Furthermore, the taxonomic method applied with Weber’s multivariate median was first used to dynamically assess aspects of traffic sustainability. Such synthetic methods allow for analysis of the interaction of different areas of complex transportation systems and allow distortions of the diagnostic variables.

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Brkic, Luka. « European Union : From social integration to social state ». Medjunarodni problemi 56, n^o 4 (2004) : 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.

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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.

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VOLYNETS, L. « LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORTATION AS A NEW IMPULSE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ». Economics of the transport complex, n^o 37 (12 mai 2021) : 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/etk.2225-2304.2021.37.161.

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The article examines the influence of state regulators on the organization of the process of international road transportation for Ukrainian carriers. It is substantiated that in the field of international road transportation there is a permit system between countries. That is, the main document that allows the performance of commercial transportation of goods or passengers on the territory of any state by a foreign vehicle is a permit to perform international road transportation of goods / passengers on the territory of a foreign state. A separate permit must be issued for each carriage of goods, which gives the right to carry out one run in the forward and reverse directions, unless another is stipulated in the permit itself. The competent authorities of the Contracting Parties will annually transmit to each other a mutually agreed number of forms of permits for the carriage of goods. In most cases, freight permits are issued within quotas on a parity basis. It has been proven that the administrative barrier in the form of permits for international road transportation is a deterrent to the free market. On the one hand, it is a kind of lever to protect national carriers, but on the other hand it is a restriction for the industry and not just transport. After all, changes in the legislation of the European Union will have an effect on Ukrainian carriers. Since, the process of negotiations in the direction of liberalization of road freight transportation for Ukrainian carriers is becoming more difficult. Therefore, the agreements reached with the countries that have agreed to such a step are extremely important. The legal acts included in the so-called Mobility Package and intended for the regulation of international road transportation in the European Union are described. Despite the fact that the norms of the Mobility Package now apply only to carriers from the EU member states and do not apply to carriers from the third countries, including Ukrainian, it is expected that the competent EU bodies will initiate proposals to extend a number of provisions of the Mobility Package to the carriers of non-EU countries. The proposed liberalization of the conditions for international road transportation is a new impetus for the development of the transport industry, as the absence of any barriers in the form of permits is a competitive advantage of domestic carriers in the road transport market.

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Podberezkina, O. A. « Transport Corridors in the Russian Integration Projects, the Case of the Eurasian Economic Union ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 1(40) (28 février 2015) : 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-161-169.

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The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.

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Ulchenko, Mikhail. « Industrial production of natural gas in the North and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and prospects for its implementation in the EU market ». SHS Web of Conferences 84 (2020) : 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208403005.

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The paper is devoted to the study of industrial production of natural gas in the regions of the North and Arctic of the Russian Federation and the prospects for its implementation in the market of the European Union. It is shown that the main production is concentrated in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district, where up to 75% of the total gas production is produced. Gas is transported both by means of a well-developed pipeline network connecting the Yamal Peninsula with European countries, and in a liquefied state, using gas carriers of the appropriate ice class. At the same time, despite all the efforts of the EU countries to reduce energy consumption, gas consumption is growing. This is due to the decline in production within the Union itself, as well as the desire to use more environmentally friendly energy sources. The analysis conducted in the course of the study showed that Qatar and Russia can actually increase the volume of deliveries in the near future. These exporters have a number of advantages that, in our opinion, will allow them to increase their presence in the energy market of the EU countries - significant reserves of natural gas, availability of production capacity, opportunities to increase the volume of transportation, and the most attractive price for end users.

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Sergiy, Grytsenko, Savchenko Lidiia et Kryshtal Serhii. « Conceptual principles of the green technologies introduction in the logistics activities of Ukrainian companies in the context of the implementation of European environmental programs ». Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, n^o 13 (août 2022) : 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-13-2.

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The article reveals the essence of the conceptual approach to "green" technologies in the logistics activities of enterprises. The concept of "green" technologies has been clarified as technologies that use environmentally safe production processes and supply chains in comparison with the production methods traditionally used at enterprises. The role and opportunities of Ukrainian environmental logistics in the European Green Deal have been studied. It has been established that the European Green Deal is a program of the European Union aimed at protecting the climate and the environment. This program is aimed at making the economies of the European Union countries more resource-efficient, canceling greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and separating economic growth from the use of natural resources. Currently, Ukraine is only planning to join the European Green Deal, declaring in the National Economic Strategy the intention to achieve climate neutrality by 2060. The state and general trends of the development of strategic logistics infrastructure projects of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Green Deal and Digital Europe programs are analyzed. The Europian Green Deal is a dynamic instrument that is at the stage of formation. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, applied recommendations regarding the prospects of "green" technologies in the logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises: their concepts and features of implementation within the framework of the European Green Deal and Digital Europe programs, "European Union for the Environment" (EU4Environment), development of sustainable logistics in Ukraine, features of application in specific logistics processes, problems and prospects, logistics strategy of Ukrainian enterprises. The process of applying "green" technologies in supply chain management is analyzed. In the logistics chain, processes related to supply, production, warehousing, transportation and distribution are involved, therefore, logistics activities are focused not only on the internal business processes of the enterprise, but also have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to the emergence of negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the concept of "green" (sustainable) supply chains, which provides for a minimal harmful impact on the environment during the implementation of logistics business processes, has recently become widespread.

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Guliyev, I. « Oil Transport Networks in Europe ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 4(37) (28 août 2014) : 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-68-72.

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The author examines the problems and prospects of crude oil and petroleum products transportation market on the European continent. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of the planned pipeline routes and new supplies of oil and petroleum products. European Union countries have large reserves of hydrocarbons, but it is not enough to fully satisfy domestic consumption. Improved pipeline infrastructure both within the EU and oil pipelines from other countries is an important economic and social factor. Recent developments of this year especially emphasize the importance of strengthening the energy security in the foreign policy of the state. For transporting fuel energy in Europe used the following types of transport: marine (sea and river), truck, railway, and pipeline. It seems necessary to mention the fact that the role of pipeline transport is particularly high in the oil and gas industry. Pipeline transport has an important impact on the formation and developmen t of the fuel and energy complex of the state, as well as regions, as its integral part. An effective system of crude oil and petroleum products pipelines is an important tool for the implementation of public policies, policies at the EU level, allowing the country to regulate the supply of crude oil and petroleum products to the overseas and domestic markets.

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LASHUTINA, V. O. « PERSPECTIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINER CARGO TRANSPORTATION INLAND WATERWAYS OF UKRAINE ». Economic innovations 21, n^o 1(70) (20 mars 2019) : 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.1(70).106-112.

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Topicality. The river potential of Ukraine has great prospects in the direction of connecting with Europe at the expense of increasing the transit capacity of the Danube and the Dnieper rivers taking into account the access to the Black Sea. River transport has a number of advantages over land, in particular: ready natural ways; use of water flow; the ability to transport any cargo and passengers simultaneously; safety and environmental friendliness; high bandwidth; high degree of reliability and timeliness of delivery; low cost of transportation, which leads to fuel economy, etc. It should be noted that to date, taking into account the uplift tariffs for transportation by rail and inconvenience of use of motor transport, organization of container service on the Dnieper is the most promising and in demand.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the organizational and economic bases of river container transportation in Ukraine. In accordance with the stated aim, it is necessary to analyze the cargo base of river container transportation in Ukraine; to formulate priorities of development of river navigation of Ukraine; to substantiate the efficiency of using container technology of cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine.Research results. The complex of measures for the development of container cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine was proposed, the analysis of the market of river container transportations in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union and the USA was carried out, the main problems of development of inland water transport were identified and measures for their further development and operation of inland waterways of Ukraine taking into account the prospect of their integration into the European transport network.Conclusion. Ukraine has significant potential for organizing logistics schemes for cargo transportation involving river transport in several directions. The presence, albeit somewhat obsolete, a powerful infrastructure base, a convenient geographical location and the availability of traffic flows that can potentially be transported by inland waterways, creates the preconditions for the restoration and development of this transport area.

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Khakimov, Rashid, Bayjanov Sarsengaliy, Jahongir Rozikov, Murodjon Mamatkulov, Kuatbay Ismailov et Akmal Durmanov. « Current state of agriculture in the republic of Uzbekistan and the need for improving the efficiency of agro-clusters in the fruit and vegetable industry ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1043, n^o 1 (1 juin 2022) : 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1043/1/012043.

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Abstract The article provides a basis for the need to reform the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan in general, and its fruit and vegetable industry in particular. The main problems faced by the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan were the high costs of collection, transportation, storage, processing, packaging and certification when delivering products from the field to end-users. Limited processing and packaging capacity of farms, which produce the bulk of fruit and vegetable exports in Uzbekistan, leads to significant losses. It should be noted that the share of agro-clusters in the markets of developed countries (European Union, USA and Canada) exceeds 40%, and in Uzbekistan this direction is only developing. In this regard, the article used the following tasks: to study the theoretical basis for the creation of agro-clusters to analyze the current economic situation in the country, to make recommendations for the creation of agro-clusters in fruit and vegetable products. Industry of Uzbekistan.

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Sinitsyna, A. S., E. A. Ovchinnikova et S. A. Galyant. « PRICE LIST 10-01 : MECHANISMS FOR TARIFF REGULATION ». World of Transport and Transportation 16, n^o 1 (28 février 2018) : 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2018-16-1-9.

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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT In the countries of the European Union and Russia, the owner of the railway infrastructure is the state, and the rolling stock is owned by private companies. With this model of organizing the railway industry, the main source of income for the owner of the public infrastructure is freight transportation. The main advantages of this model are the low level of monopoly power of the rolling stock owners and low probability of discrimination in access to infrastructure, and the disadvantages are low incentives for investing in infrastructure development. Consequently, the main problem for a monopolist is to attract cargo owners to transportation by rail. As it is known, the criterion of attractiveness of a particular mode of transport for a cargo owner is the cost of transportation (low tariff load), which is regulated on the Russian Railways by Price list 10-01 «Tariffs for transportation of goods and infrastructure services performed by Russian railways». Since reorganization of the tariff system in 2003, the car component of the railway freight tariff varies depending on the market conditions of the fleet of freight cars owned by the operator companies, and the infrastructure component is regulated by the infrastructure owner which is the the state. At the same time, the role of state antimonopoly regulation is of great importance, which directly affects the rail freight transportation market, and, as a consequence, the tariff. An alternative is the American model of railway organization (used in the US, Canada, some countries of South America), which has a high level of monopoly power of carriers, rolling stock operators and infrastructure owners, high probability of discrimination in access to infrastructure, high incentives to invest in infrastructure modernization. At the same time, several vertically integrated companies operate on the rail freight transportation market, and competition occurs both between private railway infrastructures and between carriers and rolling stock owners who can compete on each other’s infrastructure. State antimonopoly regulation is absent, which increases the importance of bilateral contracts between market participants. A consequence of this is the dependence of the tariff on rail freight transport exclusively on the market conjuncture. The article shows the sequence of evolution of the current Price list 10-01 «Tariffs for transportation of goods and infrastructure services performed by Russian railways» in market conditions. The foreign experience of state regulation of freight tariffs is considered at the example of two alternative models - American and European. The analysis of influence of demand and supply, formed on the domestic market by owners of cars, has been made. The structure of tariff classes and the principles of their formation are shown. One of the key features of the current system is the so-called «tariff corridor». The most significant problems are identified - cross-subsidization of lowyield cargo traffic and tariff construction by a cost principle in a state-regulated segment. Keywords: railway transport, Price list 10-01, freight transportation, tariffs, system principles.

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Shi, Ruifeng, Xiaoxi Chen, Jiajun Qin, Ping Wu et Limin Jia. « The State-of-the-Art Progress on the Forms and Modes of Hydrogen and Ammonia Energy Utilization in Road Transportation ». Sustainability 14, n^o 19 (21 septembre 2022) : 11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911904.

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The crisscross progress of transportation and energy carries the migrating track of human society development and the evolution of civilization, among which the decarbonization strategy is a key issue. Traffic carbon emissions account for 16.2% of total energy carbon emissions, while road traffic carbon emissions account for 11.8% of total energy carbon emissions. Therefore, road traffic is a vital battlefield in attaining the goal of decarbonization. Employing clean energy as an alternative fuel is of great significance to the transformation of the energy consumption structure in road transportation. Hydrogen and ammonia are renewable energy with the characteristics of being widely distributed and clean. Both exist naturally in nature, and the products of complete combustion are substances (water and nitrogen) that do not pollute the atmosphere. Because it can promote agricultural production, ammonia has a long history in human society. Both have the potential to replace traditional fossil fuel energy. An overview of the advantages of hydrogen and ammonia, as well as their development in different countries such as the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major development regions is presented in this paper. Related research topics of hydrogen and ammonia’s production, storage and transferring technology have also been analyzed and collated to stimulate the energy production chain for road transportation. The current cost of green hydrogen is between $2.70–$8.80 globally, which is expected to approach $2–$6 by 2030. Furthermore, the technical development of hydrogen and ammonia as a fuel for engines and fuel cells in road transportation is compared in detail, and the tests, practical applications and commercial popularization of these technologies are summarized, respectively. Opportunities and challenges coexist in the era of the renewable energy. Based on the characteristics and development track of hydrogen and ammonia, the joint development of these two types of energy is meant to be imperative. The collaborative development mode of hydrogen and ammonia, together with the obstacles to their development of them are both compared and discussed. Finally, referring to the efforts and experiences of different countries in promoting hydrogen and ammonia in road transportation, corresponding constructive suggestions have been put forward for reference. At the end of the paper, a framework diagram of hydrogen and ammonia industry chains is provided, and the mutual promotion development relationship of the two energy sources is systematically summarized.

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Semychayevsky, S., V. Prisyajnyuk, M. Yakimenko et M. Osadchuk. « ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TESTING METHODS OF FIRE-FIGHTING LAYFLAT DELIVERY HOSES FOR FIRE AND RESCUE VEHICLES ». Scientific bulletin : Сivil protection and fire safety 1, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2020) : 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2020.1.76-83.

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Among the technical means intended for transportation of fire extinguishing substances to the fire center, the main role is definitely played by delivery fire hoses. At present, the Civil Protection Rescue Service units use mainly pressure fire hoses type "T" (for fire-rescue vehicles) with a diameter of 51 mm and 77 mm, the technical condition of which often does not meet the established requirements, which may not withstand the pressure developing pumps, even traditionally used fire-rescue vehicles during firefighting. The use of such hoses in extinguishing real fires can lead to limited opportunities, reduce the effectiveness of operational and tactical actions of the Civil Protection Rescue Service units, as well as expose personnel to danger. The requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine 2273:2006 in Ukraine are outdated and do not meet the practical needs of today. Given the fact that in the leading countries of the world there are new types of fire hoses and technologies for their creation, as well as due to the fact that adopted in Ukraine State Standard of Ukraine EN 15889: 2017 does not apply to fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue vehicles, the issue of developing a national standard for this type of fire hoses is relevant. In addition, the European normative document CEN / TR 16099 states that there is no single standard in the European Union that would establish technical requirements for "fire-fighting layflat delivery attack", ie those used with fire and rescue vehicle pumps. In EU countries, this issue is regulated by separate national standards of member states. Confirmation of this approach is the German national standard DIN 14811-2008 / A1-2012, A2-2014. The urgency of developing a national standard regulating the general technical requirements and test methods for fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue vehicles is given. The modern approaches of the European Union to the establishment of technical requirements and methods for assessing the quality of such hoses are analyzed. The possibility of applying these approaches at the national level has been identified. .

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А. С. ДОРОШ, Є. Б. ДЕМЧЕНКО, Р. В. МАРКУЛЬ et Т. М. БЕРДИЧЕВСЬКА. « ANALYSIS OF RISKS OF INTERNATIONAL ROAD CARGO TRANSPORTATION ». Transport systems and transportation technologies, n^o 20 (30 novembre 2020) : 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/tstt2020/217388.

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The work was performed as part of the Crisis and Risks Engineering for Transport Services project of Erasmus+ program. Purpose. Nowadays the key role in ensuring business processes both within the state and in the performing of foreign economic activity belongs to the transport industry. Carriage of goods and passengers over relatively short distances is economically attractive for road transport, which has shown a significant increase of traffic volumes in recent years. At the same time, there are random factors and the resulting risks during international road transportation, which does not allow us to estimate the cost and duration of such delivery with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the process of international cargo delivery by road and identify risks and reasons for their occurrence at each stage of transportation. Methodology. To achieve the goal of the work, the methods of statistical analysis were used to determine the volume and structure of foreign economic activity in the provision of transport services; methods of system analysis, including SWOT analysis, to determine the characteristic features and identify risks at the stages of international cargo transportation by road. Results. The analysis of the volume of foreign economic activity of Ukraine made it possible to establish that the European Union (EU) is its main foreign economic partner, and the transportation of 10% of goods by volume and 38% by value between that countries is carried out by road. Increasing the road transport part in foreign trade providing with the EU is also confirmed by the increase in the trucks number that crossing the western part of the Ukraine state border, especially the section adjacent to Poland. Using SWOT-analysis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as risks and opportunities of international transportation of goods by road, are identified. Scientific novelty. It was found that the presence of a large number of participants in the transportation process and their possible incompetent actions lead to an increase in the number of random factors and the resulting risks. The authors identified transport risks and the reasons for their occurrence in the international road transportation. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used in the process of risk management to increase the efficiency of management of international cargo transportation by road.

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Kubatko, Olexandr V., Yuliia V. Chortok, Оlexii S. Goncharenko, Roman М. Nechyporenko et Іnna M. Moskalenko. « Studying Features of Vehicle Type Selection by Trade and Logistics Enterprise ». Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, n^o 3 (2019) : 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.85.07.

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An analysis of Ukraine's foreign economic activity showed that exports and imports of Ukraine in 2018 increased by $4.08 billion and $12.9 billion. In the geographical structure of the countries-importers of Ukrainian goods the largest share is occupied by the countries of the European Union, which testifies to the improvement of the quality level of domestic products. This study is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the transport logistics organization, namely the process of delivery of “Biola” juice (apple juice) with a volume of 1 liter at the order of LLC “Trading House “Biola” to Poland. Road transport in Ukraine carries 64 % of cargo.The rules of transportation of the given cargo and features of its packing are considered. It is proved that in order to organize an efficient and clear delivery process, especially if the delivery is performed internationally, and also involvings the organization of loading and unloading works, it is necessary to clearly form a transport and technological scheme of delivery of cargo. Transportation of juice in bottles is allowed by any covered transport or in universal containers, and it is mandatory to keep the cargo away from direct sunlight. Juice has a liquid state by its physical condition, so it is placed in a packaging of the appropriate size for convenience. The scheme of placement of juice packages with dimensions 270*180*280 mm and gross weight of 6.1 kg been developed on lightweight Euro pallet with dimensions 1200 * 800 mm has. Possible schemes of placement of pallets with juice of 1200*800*1540 mm in the SCHMITZ CARGOBULL SCS 18 semi-trailer with internal body dimensions of 7720*2480*3000 mm are considered. It is determined that the scheme will be optimal, in which the car body is placed 18 pallets. Key words: cargo, export, juice, pallete, transport, transportation.

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Wardin, Katarzyna. « Security of passenger transport in the Baltic Sea in the context of foreign terrorist fighters ». Journal of Transportation Security 13, n^o 3-4 (8 juillet 2020) : 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-020-00213-3.

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AbstractThe Baltic Sea basin is one of the busiest areas in Europe in terms of the passenger transport and is considered as a domestic sea of the European Union, very important for the development and prosperity of all citizens. A high number of ferries connections along with exclusive cruise ships, visiting the Baltic countries, make the sea very busy. At the same time the security of lines of communications has become the highest priority, especially that a possibility of terrorist attacks still poses a serious threat. Although terrorism has been being fought intensively since 11th September, terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, are still able to attack. The article considers the threat of organizing a terrorist attack posed by Foreign Terrorist Fighters returning home to the Baltic countries. Due to the fairly high number of Foreign Terrorist Fighters in some countries around the Baltic Sea, very intense passenger traffic in the area, and the appeals which have been proclaimed by Al-Qaeda and Islamic State leaders, there is a possibility of a terrorist attack occurrence in the near future. Cited facts lead to the conclusion that some precautions should be taken both in terms of technical and organizational measures to make passenger traffic secure.

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Larsen, Kseniia Skogstad. « Influence of EU-Russian sanctions and oil price on Danish trade ». Journal of International Logistics and Trade 20, n^o 2 (28 juin 2022) : 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jilt-05-2022-0005.

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PurposeThe article compares the effect of European Union (EU)-Russian sanctions imposed in 2014 with the influence of fluctuating oil prices on Danish trade.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper annual import and export trade data between Denmark and 152 countries from the period 2002–18 were computed in STATA/SE 16.1 using the Gravity model to evaluate the effect of economic sanctions and the price of oil.FindingsResults showed that the impact from the fall of oil price exceeded the negative effect from sanctions on Danish export. Additionally, the analyses suggest that the fall in oil price had a negative effect on Danish import. Even so, Danish import significantly increased due to growth in supplies of energy resources from Russia.Originality/valueThis study explains the overlapping effects of EU-Russian sanctions and fluctuating oil prices on Danish trade. This methodology can be expanded to encompass multiple countries using the two-sided Gravity model.

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Gamon, Wojciech, et José Manuel Naranjo Gómez. « Main Problems of Railway Cross-Border Transport Between Poland, Germany and Czech Republic ». Sustainability 11, n^o 18 (7 septembre 2019) : 4900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184900.

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Railway cross-border transport is a special case of railway transport, which, due to the necessity of crossing the state border, raises many difficulties. They result from factors, among which the most important are other power systems, control systems, a variety of regulations regarding traffic management or even problems with communication, resulting from the different languages. These difficulties involve a number of consequences for the fluency and efficiency of transportation, but more importantly, have negative effects on safety. The article describes the main problems of cross-border transport on the example of Poland and two neighbouring countries (Germany and Czech Republic), which are also members of the European Union. For this purpose, in cooperation with the Polish railway undertakings, an analysis was carried out of processes conducted by these in the field of cross-border transport and identifies the main problems in this area. As part of the conducted research, potential solutions and improvements were also proposed. The article focuses solely on the issues of crossing the border and manoeuvring operations at stations close to the German and Czech borders, inasmuch as these processes constitute the largest area of activity of Polish railway undertakings within the framework of rail cross-border transport.

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Prisyajnyuk, V., S. Semychayevsky, M. Yakimenko, M. Osadchuk, V. Svirskiy et O. Milutin. « ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FIRE-FIGHTING DELIVERY HOSES USED TOGETHER WITH THE FIRE-RESCUE EQUIPMENT ». Municipal economy of cities 3, n^o 156 (1 juillet 2020) : 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-212-216.

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The urgency of the issue of substantiation of technical requirements to fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue equipment is given. Fire hoses are a significant component of fire fighting equipment. According to DSTU 2273, a fire hose is a flexible conduit fitted at the ends with connecting heads intended for the transport of extinguishing agents. Among the technical means intended for the transportation of extinguishing agents to the fire cell, the main role is certainly played by delivery fire hoses. According to DSTU 2273 delivery fire hoses (in EU countries they are classified as "layflat") are intended for transportation of extinguishing agents under excess pressure. At present, there are a number of standards in Ukraine and in the leading countries of the world that set the technical requirements for delivery fire hoses, in particular those used in conjunction with fire rescue equipment, namely DSTU 3810-98, DIN 14811, EN 14540: 2004 + A1: 2007, etc. In addition, a draft state standard is being developed in the Republic of Belarus. Considering the process of gradual integration of Ukraine into the European Union and the fact that the requirements of the current national standard DSTU 3810-98 do not meet the modern European requirements for layflat delivery hoses for fire-fighting equipment, a pressing issue is the justification such types of hoses. In order to assist in solving this problem, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Protection is currently conducting a research work "Justification of fire hose test methods", within which a national standard will be developed, which regulates general technical requirements and test methods for the fire-fighting layflat hoses for fire – rescue vehicles. The basic technical requirements for the specified hoses, which meet the modern requirements of the EU and which, after appropriate experimental justification, can be considered in the draft national standard, which regulates the general technical requirements and test methods for the fire-fighting layflat hoses for fire – rescue vehicles to be developed. This publication lists six tables that provide basic specifications for delivery fire hoses. Keywords: abrasion, burst pressure, layflat delivery fire hoses, fire – rescue vehicles, proof pressure, technical requirements, specifications, working pressure.

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Poliak, Miloš, et Ekaterina S. Salamakhina. « ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF FREIGHT FORWARDERS IN A NUMBER OF CIS COUNTRIES ». International Journal of Advanced Studies 12, n^o 1 (30 mars 2022) : 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2227-930x-2022-12-1-34-51.

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This article raises the issue of the difference in the amount of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter CIS). The purpose of this analysis is to determine and compare the amount of responsibility of freight forwarders in different countries. The collected information will be used in the future for the possibility of considering changes in the legislative norms governing international forwarding activities. The proposal to amend the legislative norms will contain the creation of uniform conditions for the responsibility of freight forwarders, regardless of which state the entrepreneur providing forwarding services is registered in, which will simplify the process of organizing the transportation of goods. The article presents the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the European Union (hereinafter the EU), which were identified in the framework of earlier studies. Further, the conditions of responsibility of freight forwarders in CIS countries were analyzed, which were established in accordance with the legislative norms regulating the freight forwarding process. Among other things, national associations of freight forwarders were identified and differences in the responsibilities of freight forwarders in freight forwarding contracts offered by these organizations were determined. Based on the results of the analysis, a comparison of the data obtained was carried out, which can be used for further, more in-depth study of the chosen topic. Purpose. To analyze the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries. Methodology the article used a comparative legal method of analysis. Results: the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries have been obtained, which will be the basis for further creation of joint solutions to combine the conditions for carrying out forwarding activities in various countries. Practical implications the obtained results should be applied by economic entities engaged in international forwarding activities.

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SAMBORSKA, Oksana. « STATE AND FEATURES OF FRUIT GROWING DEVELOPMENT IN VINNYTSIA REGION ». "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT : Topical issues of science and practical activity", n^o 9 (49) (25 septembre 2019) : 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-9-3.

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The article investigates the current state and peculiarities of horticulture development in Vinnytsia region, which are preceded by special natural-climatic and economic conditions. The factors of external and internal environment on the prospects of horticulture development in the region are considered. The analysis of the enterprises of Vinnytsia region, which form the basis of growing and processing of fruit and vegetable products. The investigated enterprises of Vinnytsia region have developed a marketing strategy for entering new international markets of products, improved advertising and product quality, sorting and transportation conditions. The cost of production collected using manual labor is several times higher than the cost of collected and sorted products at the enterprises with mechanized machinery. In order to fully evaluate the volume of horticultural products in the region, the yield and gross harvest for individual years were investigated. The increase in the volume of fruit and berry production contributes to the development of processing enterprises in Vinnytsia region and to entering new markets with finished products in fresh or frozen form. Typical vegetable products exported to European Union countries are presented. For an example of consumption of basic products per person according to the medical standards defined by the World Health Organization are given. There is a gradual decrease in consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries per person, insolvency of consumers, difficult working conditions, lack of state support have led to such results. Today, the development of fruit and vegetable production contributes to the economic growth of the agricultural sector not only in the analyzed region, but in Ukraine as a whole. Growing quality horticultural products at an affordable price for all categories of the population allows to increase the consumption of such products, which in turn improves the well-being and health of the population. The conducted researches help to develop a comprehensive program of food security of the region and the country for providing full nutrition of the population in accordance with medical norms.

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Akhmedov, Daulet Sh, Denis I. Yeryomin, Dinara G. Zhaxygulova et Rimma A. Kaliyeva. « INFORMATION SUPPORT OF OVERLAND TRANSIT FREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGH THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN ». T-Comm 14, n^o 8 (2020) : 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2020-14-8-53-59.

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This article is devoted to the topic of transit land freight traffic through the territory of Kazakhstan. The paper considers international railway and road communication routes passing through the territory of Kazakhstan and connecting the countries of the European Union, Russia, Central Asian countries and China, as well as transport projects in which Kazakhstan plays the role of a land bridge between Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Statistical data on the volume of transit cargo transportation through the territory of Kazakhstan for the past 5 years is given. The issue of providing information support for transit freight traffic is considered as one of the elements contributing to the full use of the transit potential of the country. For realization of information support of transit land freight traffic in the work it is offered a hardware and software complex for managing international transport transit corridors, which consists of electronic seals, data centre (DC) and information portal, and functions with application of modern technologies of satellite navigation and communication. This hardware and software complex allows monitoring the movement of transit cargo and guarantees its safety by locking the doors of the cargo compartment of vehicles and containers with electronic seals, which besides the role of a locking and sealing device acts as a device for registration and transfer of data on the state of the monitored object to the DC. The data received in the DC are checked for integrity, analysed, archived and transferred to the information portal, which provides user access to the system for visualization.

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Merkisz-Guranowska, Agnieszka. « A comparative study on end-of-life vehicles network design ». Archives of Transport 54, n^o 2 (30 juin 2020) : 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2971.

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This paper investigates the current research in the field of the end-of-life vehicles (ELV) recycling network. The optimisation of the location of a network facilities in forward logistics in the automotive industry has received a lot of attention for many years but the reverse logistics for ELVs has been a subject of investigations since the beginning of 21st century. ELV recycling network design gained in popularity after the European Union and other countries like Japan, South Korea and recently China introduced legal obligations to organize a collecting or recycling network for used vehicles. When regulations are introduced, there is a need for a systemic solution to the problem, especially since the obligation to create a collection network is often accompanied by requirements related to its accessibility for vehicle owners or efficiency of operation. With the growing scope of legal regulations, companies or organisations responsible for the network are forced to redesign the existing recycling infrastructure in a given area so that it meets specific requirements. Initially, the most important criterion was network availability. Currently, the same importance is attached to economic, environmental and social aspects in order to meet the sustainability criteria. In this paper, forty one peer-reviewed published studies focused on network design were classified. Its main purpose is to provide an extensive review of state-of-the-art research published in the period 2000-2019. The scope of the review is limited to network design problems including facility location and flow allocation problems. Only papers that present mathematical models are considered. Studies on the ELV network design are classified based on: type of supply chain, type of network, optimisation problem, type of facilities, modelling technique, single/multi objectivity, objective function, period of time, solution approach and scope of implementation. The final part of the paper includes discussion of the methodology of the reviewed studies and some recommendations for future research area.

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Shimanskaya, Olga. « SPECIFICS OF WORK OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES OF THE EU WITH UKRAINIAN REFUGEES ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 28, n^o 4 (31 août 2022) : 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran42022152163.

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The article analyzes the role of the Orthodox Churches of the border countries of the European Union in resolving the humanitarian crisis associated with the movement in the shortest possible time (February – April 2022) of large masses of refugees from the territory of Ukraine to nearby Western countries as a result of the special military operation by the Russian Federation to liberate Donbass. The purpose of the article is to show the effectiveness, methods of work and target groups of non-state actors in world politics, which are religious organizations, in this case Orthodox, and non-governmental organizations interconnected with it, in the context of the humanitarian crisis unfolding in 2022. The research methodology involves an event-based chronological analysis based on the content analysis of an array of news coming from national Orthodox churches: the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Budapest-Hungarian Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, the Romanian Orthodox Church. It is shown that the Orthodox Churches, their social and charitable departments and non-governmental organizations affiliated with them acted as reliable partners of the central and local executive authorities in the reception of refugees and the settlement of issues of their livelihood, information, transportation and adaptation in the host country. They called for a healing of the conflict, appealing to the warring parties, a mission of compassion and consolation for the refugees. With their authority, they helped the horizontal complex interaction of local Orthodox communities to receive refugees and collect humanitarian aid, distribute it and send it to Ukraine.

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Derkach, Е. М. « LEGAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING THE INSTITUTE OF AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR ». Economics and Law, n^o 4 (6 décembre 2021) : 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.04.039.

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The article covers current legal issues on implementing the institution of an authorized economic operator (AEO). The directions for developing the domestic economic and transport legislation are outlined. According to the International Monetary Fund data, supply chain disruptions have become a major challenge for the global economy since the start of the pandemic caused by COVID–19. Shutdowns of factories in China in early 2020, lockdowns in several countries across the world, labour shortages, as well as demand for tradable goods, disruptions to logistics networks have resulted in big increases in freight costs and delivery times. It is noted that the ongoing problems in the supply chain have caused some changes in the development of trade relations of Ukraine with other countries due to its transit state status. The institute of authorized economic operator was established in Ukraine according to the Law of Ukraine «On the amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine on certain issues of functioning of authorized economic operators» adopted in October 2, 2019. It is emphasized that implementing the institution of the authorized economic operator corresponds to Ukraine’s obligations under the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. It is noted that more than 80 % of all customs clearance in the EU is carried out by companies with AEO authorization. A resident business entity as a participant of the international supply chain (including manufacturer, exporter, importer, customs representative, carrier, freight forwarder, warehouse keeper) may be authorized economic operators due to multi-stage conformity assessment system. In addition, the current legislation should be updated, in particular relevant provisions of the Economic Code of Ukraine, transport codes and laws in order to provide legal basis for authorized economic operators’ activities as the participants of freight transportation, as well as unifying the legal requirements for the AEO and carriers, freight forwarders, etc.

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Protsyk, Iryna, et A. Beze. « Global trends in the development of the wheat and corn market and the determination of Ukraine's place in it ». Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine : the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, n^o 2 (27 décembre 2022) : 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.02.414.

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The article examines global trends in the production and export of wheat and corn. Trends that are formed in the world grain market strongly depend on a number of factors, the most important of which are: the sustainable economic development of the country as a whole, in particular the level of development of the agrarian sector of the economy, geopolitical (conflicts in the political arena, wars), demographic (rapid growth of the population in world) changes in the world. The main factors affecting the yield of agricultural crops and the size of the harvested crop were analyzed. The most significant among them are: the number of cultivated areas, yield per hectare, weather and climatic conditions, amount of precipitation, technical equipment of producers, production methods, seed materials, etc. The top wheat and corn producing countries in the world have been determined. The indicators that characterize the world grain market and affect the size of the harvested crop are analyzed, among them the most significant are: the world production and export of wheat and corn, the number of sown areas, yield per hectare. Information on changes in futures prices for grain crops formed on the leading international commodity exchanges: Chicago (ZWZ2), New York (NYMEX), European Euronext (EBMZ2) and the Black Sea was studied. The main problems of the development of the Ukrainian grain market today have been identified and directions for solving them and increasing the export of wheat and corn have been outlined. Outlined state of the world grain market for 2022/2023 MR. The market of wheat and corn in Ukraine was analyzed, the main obstacles and problems of grain export from Ukraine today were determined, directions for their solution were outlined. In order to solve the existing problems on the Ukrainian market, it is necessary: to establish the export of grain crops by rail to European ports and continue its transportation to end consumers, to build grain terminals on the borders with the countries of the European Union (Poland and Romania) to increase cargo flows, simplify the logistics process, and enable the transition to futures trade, which will expand the financial capabilities of our producers. In order to ensure the storage of wheat and corn, it is advisable to use all available warehouses in the country and any other possible options for high- quality storage without losing the properties of the product, in particular, big bags, special bags, polyethylene sleeves, underground elevators, tent storages, etc

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Dawidowicz, Agnieszka, Magdalena Nowak et Marta Gross. « Land administration system and geoportal service for the need of a fit-for-purpose national urban greenery management system (UGMS). The concept for the EU member state of Poland ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 21, n^o 1 (2 mars 2022) : 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7454.

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Motives: IT is nowadays an effective tool supporting management in many fields, including management of urban greenery. Only a few cities in Poland have launched a dedicated urban greenery management system (UGMS). The need to provide all cities in the country with such a possibility gave birth to the idea of developing a concept using existing Land Administration System (LAS) infrastructure connected with INSPIRE Geoportal which can provide more than 75% of the information for urban greenery management.Aim: The main aim of this study was to propose the functional and database concept of a fit-forpurpose urban greenery management system (UGMS) in Poland as a universal tool for different types of urban greenery management bodies (UGMB) and a consistent information platform covering the entire country based on LAS referred to as the Integrated Real Estate Information System (IREIS), and the INSPIRE Geoportal service. The UGMS concept can be implemented in the other Member States of the European Union and other countries that have LAS and SDI like INSPIRE.Results: This approach develops a cost-effective information system that contains comprehensive information from the existing SDI in Poland and can be used by all Polish cities. The system will provide UGMB with access to data that is required for the performance of their statutory duties. Previous accomplishments, EU recommendations, and national experiences in spatial planning have been taken into account in the design process. In line with the fit-for-purpose concept, the relevant needs were determined during a survey of selected public administration authorities responsible for urban greenery. As a result, the scope of data required to create the UGMS was defined in the context of system functionalities. In addition, potential sources of data for the UMGS and their location in the NSDI were identified.

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Khodoskina, О. A., A. A. Igraieva et V. Y. Naumova. « RESULTS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELARUSIAN-CHINESE COOPERATION THE SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT ». Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, n^o 6(90) (8 avril 2021) : 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2020/225258.

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Purpose. The most ambitious economic and geopolitical project at present is the New Silk Road initiative, which can radically modify transport and cash flows in Eurasia and around the world. It includes the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road projects and involves the creation of an extensive infrastructure network on the way from the western borders of China through the countries of Central Asia and Iran to Europe. Therefore, the purpose of this work is a detailed comprehensive study and analysis of the development of the Belarusian-Chinese cooperation on the Silk Road Economic Belt project, as well as determination of its further prospects. Methodology In the course of the study, we used statistical, territorial-sectoral and retrospective analysis with elements of economic and mathematical modeling of the functioning of economic systems. Findings. The Republic of Belarus has become the most important link in the creation of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has a unique geographical advantage, extremely convenient economic and cultural conditions, being a key country in Eastern Europe, located at the junction of the European Union, and the Eurasian Economic Union. The country attracts with a developed transport infrastructure, a high level of education and professional resources. The New Silk Road project is focused primarily on railway communication. The main potential for the Republic of Belarus in transit traffic is associated with the use of containers. It is containerized cargo transportation that is actually the only way to transport goods in Eurasian transit. Originality. At this stage of project development, the construction of a full-scale functional, effective model that would allow predicting the results of the implementation of a specific subproject with the required accuracy is currently impossible. However, at the present stage, the originality is the so-called «problem statement» based on the obtained analytical data. They allow identifying existing problems during project implementation, formulating possible solutions and using them during economic analysis of the efficiency of other international projects of the analytical type (solving analytical economic problems). Practical value. The article discusses the prospects and difficulties of the development of transportations by express container trains of goods and cargo from the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the Republic of Belarus. To overcome the imbalance in foreign trade with China, measures were proposed to solve this problem; attention was paid to the project for the construction of Eurasia high-speed highway (HSR), which should connect China with Western Europe through Russia and Belarus.

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Zhao, Haipeng, K. Bliumska-Danko et Xu Lu. « Under the “Belt and Road” initiative, the China and Ukraine governments should assume greater responsibility to promote trade ». Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University, n^o 3(81) (30 septembre 2019) : 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.2019.3.6.

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Purpose: Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe, has a good geographical location, and has good bilateral relations and traditional economic exchanges with China, especially agriculture, high-tech, and existing and ongoing cooperation projects with China. "There are also difficulties in construction: Ukraine's economy has been in a difficult period since independence, its economic structure is very uneven, and its economic relations with Eastern European and CIS countries, as well as Russian economic relations, need to be improved. Ukraine needs to restore its national strength. China's "Belt and Road" initiative and the diplomatic concept of building a community of shared future for mankind have determined that the Chinese government is willing to help Ukraine restore its strength and restore normal political, economic, and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. It will benefit the people through the improvement of the national economy This article aims to analyze how the two sides can use the "Belt and Road" platform to develop economic relations and strengthen cooperation to achieve mutual benefit results. Methodology: This article uses the literature research method, the combination of analysis and synthesis methods, observation method, investigation method. Originality: Since the Soviet Union, Ukraine has started friendly exchanges with China. After the founding of New China in 1949, Ukraine, as a part of the Soviet Union, made a greater contribution to China establishment of its national steel, machinery, agriculture and other basic industries. After Ukraine's independence, China-Ukraine relations have entered a new stage. China was the first country to recognize Ukraine's independence and established diplomatic relations with it on January 4, 1992. In the past 30 years of Ukraine's independence, the two countries have not had any conflicts of interest and no serious political and economic contradictions. The "Belt and Road" initiative proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013 provided a new platform for bilateral relations and created unprecedented opportunities for the development of bilateral relations. In the "Belt and Road" construction, Ukraine should play a greater role. Practical value: Participating in the "Belt and Road" construction is also a very important opportunity for Ukraine, helping the Chinese people to have a more comprehensive and clearer understanding of Ukraine, and more importantly, it is conducive to the trade between the two countries to bring more Ukrainian enterprises Trade exchanges to drive the economic development of Ukraine. Politically, Ukraine and China have good bilateral relations；On June 20, 2011, the two sides signed the "China-Ukraine Joint Partnership on the Establishment and Development of Strategic Partnerships. Economically, Ukraine and China have complementary economies. Economic exchanges have been established since the Soviet Union. In recent years, the existing and ongoing cooperation between Ukraine and China has continued to develop in high-tech fields such as agriculture, machine manufacturing, and aviation. More and more Ukrainian experts have pointed out that developing relations between Ukraine and China should become a priority direction of Ukraine's current foreign policy. Ukraine has a strong advantage in agriculture, military industry, and manufacturing, especially the engine manufacturing industry, and can develop machine manufacturing; Ukraine can provide transportation for China “Belt and Road” Convenient conditions.

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Aulin, Victor, Oleg Lyashuk, Olexiy Pavlenko, Denis Velykodnyi, Andrii Hrynkiv, Sergii Lysenko, Dmytro Holub, Yuriy Vovk, Volodymyr Dzyura et Mariana Sokol. « Realization of the Logistic Approach in the International Cargo Delivery System ». Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, n^o 2 (24 mai 2019) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.2.3-12.

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Fierce rivalry in the transport market raises serious reassessment and implementation of new approaches to logistics companies and trade enterprises in marketing of goods. To maintain the volume of domestic sales and output to the external one, producers and trading firms are forced to expand their trade and economic relations that occur in other regions. The integration of the world economy and policy orientation of foreign trade to free trade greatly simplify the task of setting up the free trade and economic connections, but the question is how quickly and efficiently, with the least costs, it is necessary to put the goods in the right region to the customer.In modern market conditions, international container transportation of goods between Ukraine and the European Union countries has a prospect of development, as each year the number of orders in transport and logistics enterprises increases. After analyzing the status of orders, the problem has been detected and widely connected with the method of organization of container cargo delivery in international communication and the formation of rational technology of serviced. To solve this problem a method of logistic approach to the system of containers transportation has been proposed based on the cybernetic model „white box“. The initial stage of its implementation involves formation of the limitation system of input parameters and factors that are consistent with the needs of the customer firm and the company performing transportation. Ten alternative order services schemes, each of which takes into account the possible combinations of operations, has been proposed.Based on the company „Inter Trans Logistic“, which serviced the order of the company „Agricultural Holding August“ for the transportation of rape seeds, 10 tons of corn on demand and a portion of sunflower oil 20,000 liters, according to their applications for transportation, a logistic approach using a cybernetic model „white box“ has been implemented. Based on the mathematical models of changes in the total costs of the international container cargo shipping company of the customer, it has been shown that the maximum expenses are occurring in the implementation of the scheme 1 service order. In that case, the costs have been in the range of 848.72 to 7455.41 US $, according to a certain series of experiments. Based on the condition of the minimum cost function for container transportation, scheme 1 has been chosen as limiting scheme of service order against which the assessment carried out changes of the total costs in the implementation of other schemes. In percentage display according to Scheme 1, the following percentage intervals have been deducted for the reduction of sales costs: Scheme 2 - 12.70 to 34.98%; Scheme 3 - 2.93 to 12.00%; Scheme 4 - 2.06 to 10.88%; Scheme 5 - 1.69 to 4.25%; Scheme 6 - 0.87 to 3.28%; scheme7 - 0.97 to 2.58%; Scheme 8 - 1.64 to 4.45%; Scheme 9 - 2.66 to 11.77%; scheme 10 - 2.33 to 9.94%.The results of experimental studies indicate that when the proposed methodology of the logistic approach, using the „white box“ based on the company „Inter Trans Logistic“ to international container transportation of goods in relation to the application of the company „Agricultural Holding August“ for transportation, the scheme 2 sequence of transport operations has been effective. In its realization the costs for 12.70 to 34.98% has been decreased in comparison with the marginal service scheme.

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Sánchez Cordero, Antonio, Sergio Gómez Melgar et José Manuel Andújar Márquez. « Green Building Rating Systems and the New Framework Level(s) : A Critical Review of Sustainability Certification within Europe ». Energies 13, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2019) : 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010066.

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Increasing problems regarding pollution and climate change have long been demonstrated by scientific evidence. An important portion of carbon emissions are produced by the building sector. These emissions are directly related not only to the building’s energy consumption, but also other building attributes affecting the construction and operation of existing buildings: materials selection, waste management, transportation, water consumption, and others. To help reduce these emissions, several green building rating system (GBRSs) have appeared during the last years. This has made it difficult for stakeholders to identify which GBRSs could be more suitable to a specific project. The heterogeneity of the GRBS scenario requires the creation of a transparent and robust indicator framework that can be used in any country within the European Union (EU), which is a common EU framework of core sustainability indicators for office and residential buildings Level(s) with the goal to provide a solid structure for building sustainability certification across all countries of the EU. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the most common GBRSs within the EU: Building Research Establishment Assessment Method (BREEAM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB), Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE), and Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED), and a bottom up comparison of the influence in the final score produced by the indicators stated by Level(s). The indicators studied show a different influence of Level(s) indicators on every GBRS, where LEED and BREEAM were most affected while HQE and DGNB were less so. This paper demonstrates the heterogeneity of current GRBSs in the EU scenario and the difference between sustainability assessments, where DGNB seems to be more aligned to the current EU framework. Finally, the paper concludes with the need to work to achieve alignment between the GBRS and Level(s).

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Jovanovic, Mihailo. « Inter-state trade within the European Union ». Medjunarodni problemi 57, n^o 1-2 (2005) : 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502058j.

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Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.

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Kraciuk, Jakub. « FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n^o 3 (22 août 2017) : 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.

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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding access to food has clearly improved.

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Palić, Petra, Nikolina Pejović et Ana Pavković. « The State of Social Entrepreneurship in Selected European Union Countries ». Acta economica et turistica 8, n^o 1 (27 juin 2022) : 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/aet.8.1.1.

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Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and development of selected older members of the European Union and relies on post-socialist countries at the same time as the newest members of the European Union. By analyzing the facts it is trying to prove that the social economy and social entrepreneurship are more developed and more fragmented in the older and more developed countries of the European Union. Further evidence of this fact is the level of employment in the social economy in the European Union, where the postsocialist countries lag behind the more developed countries of the European Union.

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Natashya, Jevon. « Hambatan Ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia ke Uni Eropa pasca Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED) ». Jurnal Sentris 2, n^o 2 (19 août 2020) : 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4185.127-155.

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Beside Malaysia, Indonesia is also one of the largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer and exporter in the world. European Union is one of Indonesia’s trading partner and the biggest importer of CPO that used for the biofuel production, especially the biodiesel for transportation sector. But, in 2009, European Union released the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that required all members to used renewable energy for every sector with the minimum requirement 20% for general sectors and 10% for transportation sectors. While this policy will make the European Union countries used the clean energy, RED became a new kind of NonTariff barriers for Indonesia’s CPO that become an important commodity from Indonesia. This paper will explain by the theory of International Political Economy (IPE) by focused into the Neo-Mercantilism to the analysis of Non-Tariff barriers that used by European Union for the CPO import into Indonesia. Besides that, the writer also used a National Interest concept to explain the importance of CPO for Indonesia and European Union Countries that agreed with the RED.

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Gaba, Vasyl, Tetiana Hrushevska, Oleg Strelko, Anna Kyrychenko, Marina Rudyuk et Ievgen Gusar. « Improvement of international rail transportation of benzene between Ukraine and the European Union countries ». MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019) : 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929404010.

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It is considered the possibility of improvement of the international railway transportation of benzene and other related cargoes between Ukraine and the European Union countries for the carriage of these cargoes in tank containers. The volume of chemical cargo transportation to the EU countries to the rolling stock types for 2018 has been analyzed. The research of the effectiveness of organization of international transportation according to the criterion of the total hours of downtime by wagons under accumulation. The mathematical model of chemical cargoes transportation by wagons, wagon groups and container trains with the accumulation to the technical standards on the cargo diversions was elaborated. The models take into account the unevenness of the wagon arrivals to the accumulation points and observance of the number of wagons to the established norm. A comparison of the effectiveness of the two models of the organization of the chemical cargo delivery and it was defined a more effective version of transportation. It has been established that for more efficient using of the rolling stock and for the rolling stock circulation decreasing is the cargo transportation by trains which consist of cisterns or/and tank container carriages. The influence of the components of the rolling stock circulation and its value are analyzed. The research of the cost of benzene transportation in cisterns and tank containers for the individual diversions was studied. According to the research results the cost of benzene transportation by platforms of the railways ownership is less than twice in comparison to private cisterns and tank-containers of the Ukrainian Railways fleet. These recommendations will improve the process of transportation and increase of volumes of international cargo by railroads between Ukraine and the EU countries.

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Landowski, Bogdan, Samanta Angowska et Konstyantyn Holenko. « Customs procedures used in trade ». MATEC Web of Conferences 375 (2023) : 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337501005.

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An important issue related to the international exchange of goods is the legal norms related to customs issues. In this area, customs procedures are important issues. The is deals with the problem of legal regulations on the application of customs procedures in international trade. The article deals with the issue of customs procedures applied to the issue of the introduction of goods into the customs territory of the European Union. The considerations are illustrated on the example of one of the member countries of the European Union. Classifications and characteristics of customs procedures are presented. In order to illustrate the considerations presented in the work, the process of transportation of goods from one of the member countries of the European Union to Singapore was analyzed in terms of the selection of the customs procedure. The article also presents examples of events and factors causing disruptions in transportation processes, which not only translate into transportation and trade costs, but also can affect potential disruptions in supply chains.

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Kanunnikov, A. A. « European Civil Society or Civil Society of the European Countries ? » RUDN Journal of Political Science, n^o 3 (15 décembre 2016) : 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-61-70.

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This article is devoted to the study of civil society in the European Union. It shows the existence of two terms - “European civil society” and “civil society in Europe”. There is a vagueness of the term “European civil society” because it does not disclose the principle of belonging to a “European civil society” - a socio-cultural or geographical. There is a doubt about the possibility of the application of the civil society concept developed to describe the realities at the level of the nation-state, to the description of the phenomenon at a transnational level, for example, in the case of the European Union. The article shows three periods of civil society participation in the European integration process. The article concludes that is premature to consider the European civil society as an autonomous social sphere, opposing the state.

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Klapita, Vladimír, et Xiquan Liu. « The Analysis of Logistic Chains from China to the European Union Countries ». LOGI - Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, n^o 1 (1 mai 2018) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0007.

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AbstractThe article analyzes possibilities of alternative routes of logistics chains between China and Europe. The new routes should shorten up the transportation time and alleviate the current flows through the big European ports, nevertheless, simultaneously, ensure to preserve other qualitative as well as economic parameters.

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Park, Soo-Young. « European Union and Hungarian Language Policy ». International Area Review 8, n^o 2 (juin 2005) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800208.

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Eastern European countries has been historically multiracial European countries, therefore, the language policy of EU becomes a test case for the practical lives of peoples on the question of the preservation of national identities without national boundaries. This thesis shows what kind of language policy that EU practices to integrate its member states' peoples which practically transcend the borders and how each state deals with these necessities with European Integration and the Globalization. In my paper, Hungary was analyzed as an example.

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Křepelka, Filip. « Dominance of English in the European Union and in European Law ». Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 38, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2014) : 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0036.

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Abstract English has become the first global language of international com- munication during the last decades. It is dominant in many fields as science, technology, transportation, business and tourism and diplomacy. The European Union with law applicable directly on individuals is officially multilingual. English is, however, preferred in internal communication and in communication with national experts. National laws are closely related with particular states. Related discourse is therefore realized mostly in national language. Legal education and research are thus less anglicized than other university education and research. Nevertheless, increasing importance of international and supranational rules for harmonization and coordination, growing demand for comparison, pres- sure to publish in internationally recognized journals, Europe-wide research projects and rising numbers of exchange of students cause widespread resort to English also at schools of law. Unfortunately, English is language of countries with Anglo-American law (common law) which differs significantly from continental law (civil law) existing in most European and other countries. Therefore, it is difficult to find adequate English words for phenomena of civil law and to stabilize their use in international discourse.

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Gregor, Jiří. « Political Budget Cycles in the European Union ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, n^o 2 (2016) : 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664020595.

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This paper provides research on the theme of the political budget cycles. The goal is to find out whether or not the government tries to manipulate the state budget and its components for the purpose of re-election across the countries of the European Union. In order to verify this theory a dynamic panel data model was used. The results were significant, but only if predetermined elections were not counted into the estimations. In that case, the theory of the political budget cycles could be accepted as valid for the EU countries. The main driving force of the political budget cycles across the countries of the European Union is fluctuation of the government expenditures. During the election year, the government expenditures are higher, and a year after the election, government expenditures are lower. This is reflected into the state budget balance.

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Vukić, Luka, Davor Mikulić et Damira Keček. « The Impact of Transportation on the Croatian Economy : The Input–Output Approach ». Economies 9, n^o 1 (21 janvier 2021) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010007.

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The aim of this paper was to determine the economic impact of the transportation sector on the Croatian economy by using input–output analysis. According to the input–output tables for the Croatian economy for 2004, 2010, 2013, and 2015, output and gross value-added multipliers were calculated. The results of the conducted analysis indicated that the multiplicative effects of the transportation sector in Croatia were significant in the observed period, especially for the air transport sector. Furthermore, comparative multiplier analysis with selected European Union countries was performed to assess the Croatian transportation industry position from an international perspective. Lower output and gross value-added multipliers for the Croatian transportation sector imply that old European Union member states capitalized the transportation sector more for growth and development. The Croatian transportation sector recorded lower imported intermediate inputs, average domestic inputs, and higher value-added multipliers similar to new European Union members. Simulations based on multiplicative effects show that restrictions on movements and human contacts, imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could induce a strong reduction in the economic activity of transport and other sectors that are included in the value-added chain of the transport industry.

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Keighley, Tom. « Accession to the European Union 2001–2010 ». Nursing Ethics 19, n^o 1 (14 juin 2011) : 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011404587.

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Since 2001, the Commission of the European Union has instigated Peer Reviews to help countries preparing to accede to the European Union. Added to this has been the provision of workshops and individual expert inputs. This article recounts the experiences of the author in this process. It focuses on how a single directive has revealed major ethical challenges for nurses, their national associations and state governments as they seek to implement the changes required. In particular a sub-agenda has emerged relating to general education, access to higher education and the position of women in these countries. The ethical challenges include freedom to practice and creation of competent authorities to provide proper oversight of the health care professions. In 2011, the directive is being reviewed and this article offers arguments for its continuation, even in an unreformed state.

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Galushko, Dmitriy Viacheslavovich, Natalya Valerievna Oganova, Andrey Leonidovich Belousov, Elena Valerievna Grigorovich et Aleksey Valerievich Sereda. « The EU law and the law of third countries : problems of interaction ». SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021) : 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111802003.

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The article discusses the problems of the interaction process of legal systems of international integration organizations with law of states that are not members of those entities. The research has been conducted on the example of the European Union. The authors conclude that the degree of influence of the international treaties between the EU and third countries on the legal orders of these states differs depending on the level of cooperation between the parties, which is precisely determined by such agreements. The European Union law is the main means of spreading the influence of the European Union on the legal systems of non-member states. Approximation of national legislation with the European Union’s acquis is a consistent process of approximation of the legal system of the state, including legislation, lawmaking, legal technique, law enforcement practice in accordance with the criteria set by the Union. Peculiarities of the legal approximation of law of particular states with law of the European Union are determined by the nature of the relationship between those subjects, by the goals set for such cooperation and fixed in mutual international treaties, as well as by the peculiarities of the state mechanism and the legal system of the respective state. Consequently, regarding European Union – Russia interaction in the field, regulatory engagement can be hardly called as efficient, smooth, and cloudless.

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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru et Anna Kant. « Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union ». SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021) : 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.

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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.

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Schutte, Camilo B. « Spain Tribunal Constitucional on the European Constitution. Declaration of 13 December 2004 ». European Constitutional Law Review 1, n^o 2 (19 mai 2005) : 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002816.

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When thinking about the integration of the European sovereign states in the European Union, one does not need to be a euro-sceptic to perceive a big fish devouring little fish. Of course, the individuality of the different countries is assured in the European Union. Article I-5(1) of the European Constitution establishes that the Union shall respect their national identities inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, and their essential state functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. Europe is to be ‘United in diversity’. Yet, however considerate the Union may be of the various European countries, unity can exist only by the grace of all member states' loyally fulfilling their European obligations.

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Lytvynchuk, Anna. « Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries ». University Economic Bulletin, n^o 50 (31 août 2021) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.

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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.

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Di Lucia, Lorenzo, et Lars J. Nilsson. « Transport biofuels in the European Union : The state of play ». Transport Policy 14, n^o 6 (novembre 2007) : 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.09.003.

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