Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Transportation and state – European Union countries »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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Khúlová, Lucia. « Export into EFTA and transportation costs ». Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no 35 (1 décembre 2016) : 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.
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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.
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Kurhan, Mykola, et Dmytro Kurhan. « Problems of providing international railway transport ». MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001007.
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Due to its geographic location and developed transport infrastructure, Ukraine has a significant potential in the development of cargo transportation, primarily in international traffic, in particular as a transistor country in the logistics chain of trade between Asia and Europe. The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are not used to the full extent, since there is a number of technical reasons of the transport systems incompatibility between Ukraine and European countries. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study prospects of the European and domestic system of international railway transportations, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing these systems. To compare the above mentioned options, the authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one.
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Czech, Artur, Jerzy Lewczuk, Leonas Ustinovichius et Robertas Kontrimovičius. « Multi-Criteria Assessment of Transport Sustainability in Chosen European Union Countries : A Dynamic Approach ». Sustainability 14, no 14 (18 juillet 2022) : 8770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148770.
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The main aim of this article is to dynamically evaluate the sustainable development of transportation as an important economic sector in each member state of the European Union. Furthermore, the authors tried to identify underdeveloped spatial areas and indicate related trends in particular countries. To address this research topic, a multivariate-order statistical measure was implemented. The data sources of the study were Eurostat databases. The rankings of the chosen European Union countries for transport sustainability and its individual components (pillars and orders) were obtained for 2016–2019. This allowed the underdeveloped space regions and their individual pillars in the field of transportation sustainability to be identified in an appropriate manner. Then, the total (general) synthetic measures applicable to the entire period of analysis were constructed. It should be noted that the initial set of diagnostic variables and its classification in certain sequences were implemented. Furthermore, the taxonomic method applied with Weber’s multivariate median was first used to dynamically assess aspects of traffic sustainability. Such synthetic methods allow for analysis of the interaction of different areas of complex transportation systems and allow distortions of the diagnostic variables.
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Brkic, Luka. « European Union : From social integration to social state ». Medjunarodni problemi 56, no 4 (2004) : 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.
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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.
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VOLYNETS, L. « LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORTATION AS A NEW IMPULSE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ». Economics of the transport complex, no 37 (12 mai 2021) : 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/etk.2225-2304.2021.37.161.
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The article examines the influence of state regulators on the organization of the process of international road transportation for Ukrainian carriers.
It is substantiated that in the field of international road transportation there is a permit system between countries. That is, the main document that allows the performance of commercial transportation of goods or passengers on the territory of any state by a foreign vehicle is a permit to perform international road transportation of goods / passengers on the territory of a foreign state. A separate permit must be issued for each carriage of goods, which gives the right to carry out one run in the forward and reverse directions, unless another is stipulated in the permit itself. The competent authorities of the Contracting Parties will annually transmit to each other a mutually agreed number of forms of permits for the carriage of goods. In most cases, freight permits are issued within quotas on a parity basis.
It has been proven that the administrative barrier in the form of permits for international road transportation is a deterrent to the free market.
On the one hand, it is a kind of lever to protect national carriers, but on the other hand it is a restriction for the industry and not just transport.
After all, changes in the legislation of the European Union will have an effect on Ukrainian carriers. Since, the process of negotiations in the direction of liberalization of road freight transportation for Ukrainian carriers is becoming more difficult. Therefore, the agreements reached with the countries that have agreed to such a step are extremely important.
The legal acts included in the so-called Mobility Package and intended for the regulation of international road transportation in the European Union are described. Despite the fact that the norms of the Mobility Package now apply only to carriers from the EU member states and do not apply to carriers from the third countries, including Ukrainian, it is expected that the competent EU bodies will initiate proposals to extend a number of provisions of the Mobility Package to the carriers of non-EU countries.
The proposed liberalization of the conditions for international road transportation is a new impetus for the development of the transport industry, as the absence of any barriers in the form of permits is a competitive advantage of domestic carriers in the road transport market.
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Podberezkina, O. A. « Transport Corridors in the Russian Integration Projects, the Case of the Eurasian Economic Union ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 1(40) (28 février 2015) : 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-161-169.
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The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.
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Ulchenko, Mikhail. « Industrial production of natural gas in the North and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and prospects for its implementation in the EU market ». SHS Web of Conferences 84 (2020) : 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208403005.
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The paper is devoted to the study of industrial production of natural gas in the regions of the North and Arctic of the Russian Federation and the prospects for its implementation in the market of the European Union. It is shown that the main production is concentrated in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district, where up to 75% of the total gas production is produced. Gas is transported both by means of a well-developed pipeline network connecting the Yamal Peninsula with European countries, and in a liquefied state, using gas carriers of the appropriate ice class. At the same time, despite all the efforts of the EU countries to reduce energy consumption, gas consumption is growing. This is due to the decline in production within the Union itself, as well as the desire to use more environmentally friendly energy sources. The analysis conducted in the course of the study showed that Qatar and Russia can actually increase the volume of deliveries in the near future. These exporters have a number of advantages that, in our opinion, will allow them to increase their presence in the energy market of the EU countries - significant reserves of natural gas, availability of production capacity, opportunities to increase the volume of transportation, and the most attractive price for end users.
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Sergiy, Grytsenko, Savchenko Lidiia et Kryshtal Serhii. « Conceptual principles of the green technologies introduction in the logistics activities of Ukrainian companies in the context of the implementation of European environmental programs ». Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no 13 (août 2022) : 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-13-2.
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The article reveals the essence of the conceptual approach to "green" technologies in the logistics activities of enterprises. The concept of "green" technologies has been clarified as technologies that use environmentally safe production processes and supply chains in comparison with the production methods traditionally used at enterprises. The role and opportunities of Ukrainian environmental logistics in the European Green Deal have been studied. It has been established that the European Green Deal is a program of the European Union aimed at protecting the climate and the environment. This program is aimed at making the economies of the European Union countries more resource-efficient, canceling greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and separating economic growth from the use of natural resources. Currently, Ukraine is only planning to join the European Green Deal, declaring in the National Economic Strategy the intention to achieve climate neutrality by 2060. The state and general trends of the development of strategic logistics infrastructure projects of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Green Deal and Digital Europe programs are analyzed. The Europian Green Deal is a dynamic instrument that is at the stage of formation. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, applied recommendations regarding the prospects of "green" technologies in the logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises: their concepts and features of implementation within the framework of the European Green Deal and Digital Europe programs, "European Union for the Environment" (EU4Environment), development of sustainable logistics in Ukraine, features of application in specific logistics processes, problems and prospects, logistics strategy of Ukrainian enterprises. The process of applying "green" technologies in supply chain management is analyzed. In the logistics chain, processes related to supply, production, warehousing, transportation and distribution are involved, therefore, logistics activities are focused not only on the internal business processes of the enterprise, but also have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to the emergence of negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the concept of "green" (sustainable) supply chains, which provides for a minimal harmful impact on the environment during the implementation of logistics business processes, has recently become widespread.
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Guliyev, I. « Oil Transport Networks in Europe ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 4(37) (28 août 2014) : 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-68-72.
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The author examines the problems and prospects of crude oil and petroleum products transportation market on the European continent. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of the planned pipeline routes and new supplies of oil and petroleum products. European Union countries have large reserves of hydrocarbons, but it is not enough to fully satisfy domestic consumption. Improved pipeline infrastructure both within the EU and oil pipelines from other countries is an important economic and social factor. Recent developments of this year especially emphasize the importance of strengthening the energy security in the foreign policy of the state. For transporting fuel energy in Europe used the following types of transport: marine (sea and river), truck, railway, and pipeline. It seems necessary to mention the fact that the role of pipeline transport is particularly high in the oil and gas industry. Pipeline transport has an important impact on the formation and developmen t of the fuel and energy complex of the state, as well as regions, as its integral part. An effective system of crude oil and petroleum products pipelines is an important tool for the implementation of public policies, policies at the EU level, allowing the country to regulate the supply of crude oil and petroleum products to the overseas and domestic markets.
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LASHUTINA, V. O. « PERSPECTIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINER CARGO TRANSPORTATION INLAND WATERWAYS OF UKRAINE ». Economic innovations 21, no 1(70) (20 mars 2019) : 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.1(70).106-112.
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Topicality. The river potential of Ukraine has great prospects in the direction of connecting with Europe at the expense of increasing the transit capacity of the Danube and the Dnieper rivers taking into account the access to the Black Sea. River transport has a number of advantages over land, in particular: ready natural ways; use of water flow; the ability to transport any cargo and passengers simultaneously; safety and environmental friendliness; high bandwidth; high degree of reliability and timeliness of delivery; low cost of transportation, which leads to fuel economy, etc. It should be noted that to date, taking into account the uplift tariffs for transportation by rail and inconvenience of use of motor transport, organization of container service on the Dnieper is the most promising and in demand.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the organizational and economic bases of river container transportation in Ukraine. In accordance with the stated aim, it is necessary to analyze the cargo base of river container transportation in Ukraine; to formulate priorities of development of river navigation of Ukraine; to substantiate the efficiency of using container technology of cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine.Research results. The complex of measures for the development of container cargo transportation by inland waterways of Ukraine was proposed, the analysis of the market of river container transportations in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union and the USA was carried out, the main problems of development of inland water transport were identified and measures for their further development and operation of inland waterways of Ukraine taking into account the prospect of their integration into the European transport network.Conclusion. Ukraine has significant potential for organizing logistics schemes for cargo transportation involving river transport in several directions. The presence, albeit somewhat obsolete, a powerful infrastructure base, a convenient geographical location and the availability of traffic flows that can potentially be transported by inland waterways, creates the preconditions for the restoration and development of this transport area.
Thèses sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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RODRIGUES, DE OLIVEIRA Ricardo Filipe. « Hello. It’s me. : the invisible journey and uncertain validity of passenger name records ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73101.
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Defence Date: 22/11/2021; Examining Board: Prof. Albertina Albors-Llorens (Cambridge University);Prof. Deirdre Curtin (European University Institute);Prof. Valsamis Mitsilegas (Queen Mary University of London);Prof. Joanne Scott (European University Institute)With the approval of Directive (EU) 2016/681 on the use of Passenger Name Records (PNR), the personal information provided to carriers by air passengers crossing European Union (EU) borders is available for mining by national law enforcement, third countries, and Europol. This is in line with other pre-emptive security policies, but it goes further in generalizing suspicion over large numbers of EU and non-EU travelers. After years of pressure from the United States under the banner of the global war on terror, air companies are no longer between a rock and a hard place. They are now able to lawfully disclose big data gathered as part of the normal course of business. Following booking and reservation, up to 19 items of individual data must be provided to Passenger Information Units for criminal investigations and other appropriate actions. The intra-EU PNR system has managed to fly under the radar of scholars and public opinion. Most specialized literature is limited to superficial discussions on security and privacy. There is insufficient research looking at it comprehensively and in detail. This thesis explores this novel security policy in depth and questions its validity. It argues that the PNR scheme should be invalidated by the Court of Justice of the EU for two reasons. In the first place, the Union was not competent to approve a secondary law so intrusive to the national security agendas and policies of the member states. Secondly, the Directive disproportionately encroaches upon the fundamental rights of passengers. There is, as yet, no doctoral project which analyzes the EU PNR so thoroughly. This work fills a gap in scholarly writing regarding fundamental rights and creeping competences in EU law. Its novelty lies in questioning issues that have been overlooked, or insufficiently addressed, in the journey of the PNR Directive.
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FERNANDES, Daniel. « Governments, public opinion, and social policy : change in Western Europe ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75046.
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Defence date: 21 November 2022Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.
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ANDERSEN, Stine. « The Commission's role in ensuring Member State compliance with community law ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7017.
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Defence date: 6 July 2007Examination Board: Prof. Grainne de Burca, (Fordham Law School); Prof. Christian Joerges, (European University Institute); Prof. Deirdre Curtin (Utrecht University); Prof. Joanne Scott (University College London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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Binfield, Julian Westhoff Patrick C. « The changing policy environment for agriculture in the European Union ». Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6140.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 11. 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr Patrick Westhoff. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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RUBIO, BARCELÓ Eulàlia. « Regional governments, territorial political restructuring and vocational education and training policies : a comparison of four cases : Catalonia, Lombardy, Valencia and Veneto ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7037.
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Defence date: 16 March 2007Examining Board: Prof. Michael Keating (EUI); Prof. Virginie Guiraudon (EUI); Prof. Marino Regini, (Università di Milano) ; Prof. Jacint Jordana Casajuana (Pompeu Fabra University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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MAC, AMHLAIGH Cormac Seamus. « L'État, c'est quoi ? : the concept of the state on trial in the European constitutional polity ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13173.
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Defence date: 12 November 2007Examining board: Prof. Neil Walker, EUI (Supervisor) ; Prof. Martin Loughlin, London School of Economics ; Advocate General Miguel Poiares Maduro, European Court of Justice ; Prof. Wojciech Sadurski, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Lu, Chien-yi. « Harmonization of migration policies in the European Union : a state-centric or institutionalist explanation ? / ». Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Huang, Zhi Feng. « Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy : France agricultural policy anaysis ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555543.
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Cochrane, Brandy Marie. « Drowning In It : State Crime and Refugee Deaths in the Borderlands ». PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/772.
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This paper examines the current state of border hardening against refugees in the European Union and Australia through the lens of state crime. Border hardening strategies are described for both of these areas and a theoretical basis of state crime victimology is used to examine the refugees who encounter this border hardening. The present study analyzes two data sets on border deaths, one for the European Union and one for Australia, to examine the demographics of the refugees who perish while attempting to transgress the border. Results indicated that there remains a significant amount of missing data, suggesting that official methods of record-keeping are necessary to determine the most basic demographics, such as gender and age, so analyses can be run to determine significance in this area. One clear finding was that migrants most frequently die from drowning (EU: 83.6%; AU: 93%) compared to any other cause. Also, there is indication that those from disadvantaged areas of origin (such as the Middle East and Africa) are more likely to die in the borderlands than others in the dataset. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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Smith, Jason Matthew. « Extreme Politics : An Analysis of the State Level Conditions Favoring Far Right Parties in the European Union ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4177/.
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Three models are developed to analyze the state level conditions fostering the rise of far right parties in the European Union in the last two decades. The political background of these parties is examined. This study offers a definition for far right parties, which combines several previous attempts. The research has focused on the effects of the number of the parties, immigration, and unemployment on support for the far right in Europe. Empirical tests, using a random effects model of fifty elections in eight nations, suggest that there are political, social, and economic conditions that are conducive to electoral success. Specifically, increases in the number of "effective" parties favor the far right, while electoral thresholds serve to dampen support. Immigration proves to be a significant variable. Surprisingly, changes in crime and unemployment rates have a negative effect on support for the far right. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Livres sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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Transport policy in the European Union. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
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1944-, Windhoff-Héritier Adrienne, dir. Differential Europe : The European union impact on national policymaking. Lanham, Md : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001.
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Inc, ebrary, dir. Better regulation in the European Union : Lost in translation or full steam ahead ? : the transposition of EU transport directives across member states. Leiden : Leiden University Press, 2007.
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Ross, John F. L. Linking Europe : Transport policies and politics in the European Union. Westport, Conn : Praeger, 1998.
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Cristina, Capineri, et Rietveld Piet, dir. Networks in transport and communications : A policy approach. Aldershot : Ashgate, 1997.
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Shalom, Hayward Jack Ernest, Menon Anand 1965- et Wright Vincent, dir. From the nation state to Europe : Essays in honour of Jack Hayward. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001.
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1942-, Fitoussi Jean-Paul, et Padoa-Schioppa Fiorella 1945-, dir. Report on the state of the European Union. Houndmills [England] : Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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Harm, Schepel, dir. State and market in European Union law. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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1951-, Weiler Joseph, et Wind Marlene 1963-, dir. European constitutionalism beyond the state. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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A European welfare state ? : European Union social policy in context. Basingstoke : Palgrave, 2002.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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Le Cacheux, Jacques, et Eloi Laurent. « Inequality between Countries : An Ever More Heterogeneous Union ? » Dans Report on the State of the European Union, 105–22. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137451088_8.
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Darmuzey, Philippe. « Meeting the Challenge of State Building : EU Development Policy and Cooperation in Postconflict Countries ». Dans The European Union and Peacebuilding, 461–74. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-691-6_21.
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Murray, Fiona. « Article 299(3) : Overseas Countries and Territories ». Dans The European Union and Member State Territories : A New Legal Framework Under the EU Treaties, 91–119. The Hague, The Netherlands : T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-826-2_10.
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Murray, Fiona. « Article 227(3) : Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) ». Dans The European Union and Member State Territories : A New Legal Framework Under the EU Treaties, 29–36. The Hague, The Netherlands : T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-826-2_5.
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Tomini, Luca, et Seda Gürkan. « Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research ». Dans Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 285–300. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_12.
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Abstract In ECE countries, democratisation and Europeanisation seemed to exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship and both concepts provided the main analytical lenses for studying these states. In the light of recent illiberal and anti-EU politics, two different concepts have started to receive increasing scholarly attention, namely the concepts of de-Europeanisation and autocratisation. Their exact meaning, however, remains unclear and the causal link between these specific processes and the rule of law has largely remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this chapter first summarises the state-of-the-art research on autocratisation and de-Europeanisation, and then examines the interaction and causal link between these two phenomena in times of declining democracies in Europe and rule of law problems.
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Polzunova, Natalia, Igor Savelev, Svetlana Nikiforova et Sergey Ushakov. « State Support for Small Enterprises in the Countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation ». Dans Digital Economy : Complexity and Variety vs. Rationality, 261–69. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29586-8_31.
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Signoretta, Paola E., Veerle Buffel et Piet Bracke. « Mental Well-Being and the Eco-State : A Classification of Regions and Countries of the European Union ». Dans Climate Change Management, 29–48. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24660-4_3.
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Acs, Zoltan J. « The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State : A European Dilemma ». Dans International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 317–44. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_17.
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AbstractThe application of big data, new algorithms, and cloud computing is creating a digital platform economy (DPE) built around platform organizations and their platform-based ecosystem. We use the DPE Index to examine Europe’s digital efficiency across countries and explain its global position by analyzing Brexit and the electric vehicle industry. We argue that the United Kingdom left the European Union because E.U. regulations were holding back the U.K.’s strong DPE and that a weak DPE is holding German back from being a leader in the electric vehicle industry. The problem for Europe’s DPE is that the entrepreneurial state is strong and the private sector is weak.
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Frankowska, Agata, et Bartosz Pawlik. « A Decade of Artificial Intelligence Research in the European Union : A Bibliometric Analysis ». Dans Digital Interaction and Machine Intelligence, 52–62. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11432-8_5.
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AbstractIn recent years, the body of research on artificial intelligence (AI) has grown rapidly. As the European Union strives for excellence in AI development, this study aims to establish the publication achievements in the field among its member states between 2010 and 2019. We applied clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) on a set of bibliometric data concerning research publications on AI obtained from Scopus. The results reveal that while the union’s most populous countries—the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy—were the most prolific producers of AI publications between 2010 and 2019, the highest impact was noted for publications that originated in the Nordic and Benelux countries, as well as in Austria and Ireland. Analysis confirms that the division between ‘old’ and ‘new’ member states has endured: the nations that joined the EU after 2004 recorded the lowest results in scientific output and impact in the AI field. This study can assist research agencies and researchers in developing a broad grasp of the current state of AI research.
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Malacka, Michal. « Sharia – Conflict of Law and Culture in the European Context ». Dans Universal, Regional, National – Ways of the Development of Private International Law in 21st Century, 54–80. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9497-2019-3.
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Sharia and its conflict with the private law within the EU is one of the most current problems in the conflict of laws. In accordance with the doctrine of ordre public, a foreign law that is otherwise applicable is disregarded if its application would violate some fundamental interest, basic policy, general principle of justice, or prevailing concept of good morals in the forum state. This doctrine is used and followed by judicial procedures not only at “the old continent” but also in Islamic countries. This article shows the basic aspects of Sharia, Islamic legal tradition and the reflection of all the connected aspects in European Union private law and legislation. Some selected chapters analyse the most important differences in the legislation and judicial practice in the EU member states.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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Ballı, Esra, et Gülçin Güreşçi Pehlivan. « Economic Effects of European Neighborhood Policy on Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00777.
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After the fifth enlargement of European Union in 2004 and with the expansion of European Unions borders and new neighbors, it became one of the important policies to provide security, stability and prosperity, and develop relationship between neighborhood countries. Although, enlargement process provide some opportunities to the member states of European Union, it brings about some difficulties. The differences at the life standards, environment, public health, prevention and combating organized crime between European Union and neighbor countries caused to create new policies. European Neighborhood Policy was launched in 2004, and consists of 16 countries, namely: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, The Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lebanon, Algeria, Syria, Libya and Belarus. European Union and the partner country sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements, and then the Agreement Action Plans are mutually adapted. Action Plans include privileged relationship, mutual commitment to common values, democracy and human rights, legal and market economy principles, good governance, sustainable development, energy and transportation policies. Within the framework of European Neighborhood Policy, the main aim is to arrange the relationship between the neighbors of European Union. In this study, economic effects of the European Neighborhood Policy will be examined for the relevant countries.
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Yankov, Nikola. « A Vision Re Trans Meridian Connectivity of Eastern European Union Countries (EEUC) ». Dans G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/24.
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In this article we discuss the Eastern European Union Countries (EEUC) issue of the European contenentalisation/re-continentalisation process. We point out how the tracing, projecting and realizing of Trans continental meridian transportation corridors and axes could facilitate the development of peripheric and marginalized regions. The article is presenting a view (vision) regarding the Trans meridian transport connectivity of Eastern European Union countries and in particular – Bulgaria and Romania. It states that concrete transport corridors axes, sub axes and corridors are an important tool for integrated and joint development (economic, social, ecologic) of some less developed regions in the mentioned countries. The article also pointed out that it is needed Transportation grid innovation that make the regional development to happen. They affect the Balkan Peninsula Transport Grid vision with parallel and meridian axes and corridors.
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Mačiulytė-Šniukienė, Alma, et Aurelija Burinskienė. « Logistics and international trade development relationship : evidence of European Union member states ». Dans 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.524.
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International trade (IT) is recognised as one of the driving forces for business and the growth of countries’ economic. The amount of IT flows is contributed by the “logistics revolution”. According to the conceptual approach, the development of transportation modes, logistics infrastructure may facilitate in-ternational trade. However, it remains unclear whether logistic performance changes contribute to IT flows since the number of researches that examine the effect of logistic performance on IT is limited. So, this paper aims to determine whether the flows of IT are contingent on logistics performance. The research re-lies on panel data of 28 European Union (EU) Member States (MS) over 2007–2016. The results of our investigation confirmed that the changes of logistics performance positively related to IT flow of EU MS, but this impact differs across countries.
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Leon Bello, Jorge, et Emilio Gonzalez Viosca. « CARONTE project : Creating an Agenda for Research on Transportation Security ». Dans CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3272.
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Europe’s prosperity relies on effective transport systems. Any attacks and disturbances to land freight and passenger transport would have significant impact on economic growth, territorial cohesion, social development and the environment. Unfortunately, there are weaknesses in the land transport security.The objective of CARONTE project is define a future research agenda for security in land transport that focuses on core gaps caused by emerging risks while avoiding any doubling-up of research elsewhere. Its research agenda will cover all threats, including cyber-crime, and security aspects across all modes of land transportation. At the same time, it will respect the fundamental human rights and privacy of European citizens. The step-by-step method of CARONTE’s consortium has analyzed the state of the art and emerging risks; has identified gaps, analyses and assessments of potential solutions; and has produced an overall research agenda for the future. CARONTE’s results will answer the following questions among others: Which existing research projects merit a follow up and extension?Where are the combinations or synergy effects to be attended?Which themes and topics should be elaborated in new research projects?Who should be involved and integrated in future research projects (stakeholders, authorities, etc.)? The CARONTE consortium includes universities and research institutes, companies, and end-users providing with experience in research and consultancy in transportation, logistics, infrastructure management, security and communications. ITENE - Instituto Tecnológico del Embalaje, Transporte y Logística- has been one of the Project partners among a total of 11 members from eight different countries in the European Union which have also been supported via a High Level Advisory Board.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3272
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PODSIADLO, Piotr. « State aid for employment and competitiveness of the European Union countries - a legal and finance approach ». Dans Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-11.
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Due to the imperfect functioning of labour markets in certain cases, State aid may be an appropriate instrument for creating new jobs and preserving existing ones. Legal regulation of the issue of State aid is an element of the competition mechanism protection, which was recognized in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107–109 of the TFEU, from the point of view of State aid for employment. Statistical analysis was carried out on State aid granted by EU Member States in the period 2001–2018 – from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verify the thesis that the amount of State aid granted by EU Member States for employment should be positively correlated with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries.
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Kichurchak, M. V. « EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES : EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE ». Dans Modern transformations in economics and management. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-064-3-18.
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Aras, Osman Nuri, Elchin Suleymanov et Fakhri Hasanov. « Economic and Strategic Expectations of Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00604.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan is one of the oil and gas rich countries of the former Soviet Union. After the second stage of the Shah Deniz gas field, natural gas extraction and exportation became one of the key elements of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas strategy. Diversification of the oil and gas transportation has a great importance in Azerbaijan’s energy security policy and in this regard, TANAP is an important project after Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline. TANAP is a proposed natural gas pipeline project to transport Azerbaijani natural gas through Turkey to Europe in two directions. The project was firstly announced on 17 November 2011 at the Third Black Sea Energy and Economic Forum in Istanbul. It was launched in 2014 and will be expected to finish in 2018. TANAP will cost seven billion USD and will have the capacity of 23 billion cubic meters by 2023 and 31 billion cubic meters by 2026. This paper analyzes expected strategic and economic outcomes of TANAP.
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BANU, Constantin, Lile RAMONA, Tiberiu IANCU, Mihaela MOATĂR, Dora ORBOI, Carolina ȘTEFAN et Sorin STANCIU. « COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.039.
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In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
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Gündoğdu Odabaşıoğlu, Fatma. « An Assessment on Financial Markets : European Union Member Country Hungary and Candidate Country Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01700.
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With the end of cold war, Central and Eastern European countries who had not participated in the integration of Europe, have applied to become members of European Union. Hungary, a Central European country; applied for membership on December 16, 1991, started full membership negotiations in 1998 and joined the Union on May 1, 2004. Turkey on the other hand, was granted candidacy status during Helsinki European Council Summit Meeting of December 1999, after a 40 years long relationship that started with Turkey’s application to join European Economic Community on July 31, 1959. Negotiations for full membership of Turkey were finally started on October 3, 2005 and country entered a new era to adapt EU Acquis.
Within this context, this study aims to compare financial markets of EU member state Hungary and candidate state Turkey for the period of 1998 - 2015; to evaluate risks and fragilities related to financial development levels and stability of banking sectors for both countries based on generally accepted financial indicators.
In conclusion; Hungary was observed to have significantly less developed capital market compared Turkey over the years, despite having similar ratios in financial deepening during recent years. Findings of this assessment point out an increasing credit risk for banking sector of Hungary, enhanced by the economic crisis of 2008. In comparison, credit risk in banking sector of Turkey has been decreasing over the years. High credit/deposit ratio, is a sign of degradation and can be observed in Hungary's balance sheets, raised for Turkey as well.
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ÖZTÜRK, YUSUF KEMAL, et Selami Sedat Akgöz. « European Union’s Expansion and Globalization Strategies : A Special Investigation on Poland ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00503.
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During the development process, particularly Middle and Eastern European Countries have increasingly integrated into the Union economy while parliaments, governments, public and private sectors have put forth significant effort to prepare for membership to European Union. European Union, on the other hand, prepared a financial framework in 1989 to actively support such efforts. Thus the Union financial and institutional regulations were realized to finance the process of transition to market economy. In this regard, Poland has quickly completed the necessary steps for harmonization and accelerated its efforts towards this goal. Following the radical change Poland experienced after 1989, the process of democratization and transition to open market economy. In our study we compared and investigated Poland economic and political situation before joining European Union, with the developments during the harmonization process and its economic structure today. In this process, it will be appropriate to take a look at Poland recent political and economic life as well as the reasons as to why Poland is an important state for Europe.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Transportation and state – European Union countries"
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml et Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands et Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade : Which way forward ? Blavatnik School of Government, février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.
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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.