Thèses sur le sujet « Transparenza »

La presente ricerca si propone di approfondire lo studio della trasparenza nel diritto alimentare europeo. La ricerca è di particolare interesse nell’ambito del recente regolamento (EU) 1381/2019 sulla trasparenza e sostenibilità della food chain entrato in vigore il 27 Marzo 2021. Il nuovo regolamento sulla trasparenza ha apportato cambiamenti innovativi alla General Food Law (Regolamento (EU) 178/2002) che, com’è noto, stabilisce i principi e i requisiti generali della legislazione alimentare, e fissa misure comuni per la protezione della salute, sicurezza e protezione dei consumatori. Il valore della trasparenza è strumentale agli scopi della legislazione alimentare europea e alla partecipazione dei cittadini all’ordine democratico, soprattutto alla luce delle relazioni tra i diversi attori del food system. Inoltre, la recente introduzione della Farm to Fork Strategy sottolinea che l’obiettivo del Green Deal europeo nella transizione a un food system più sostenibile richiede un approccio che coinvolga autorità pubbliche, attori privati, ONG, accademici e cittadini. Lo studio quindi, considera gli attori coinvolti e ne sottolinea gli interessi rilevanti. Tra gli stakeholders, la ricerca approfondisce in particolare la posizione degli attori privati, poiché gli obblighi di trasparenza previsti dal nuovo Regolamento possono entrare in contrasto con la protezione dei segreti commerciali. Per quanto riguarda l'impatto della disclosure sulle strategie di regolamentazione, l’obiettivo dello studio è indagare se le nuove regole sulla trasparenza pongono le basi per risolvere le carenze della General Food Law e quali possono essere gli effetti delle nuove regole sugli interessi delle imprese.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate how the topic of transparency has been addressed in the European food law domain. This research clue is particularly important in the wake of the recent Regulation (EU) No 1381/2019 on transparency and sustainability of the food chain entered in force on 27 March 2021. The Regulation on transparency brings innovative changes to the General food law (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002), which, as known, sets common measures for the protection of human health, safety, and consumer protection through fundamental principles and legitimate purposes relating to food law. The value of transparency is instrumental for the European Food Law’s credibility and the citizens’ participation in the democratic order. The latter is even more emphasised in the relationships among the actors of the food system. Moreover, the recent introduction of the Farm to Fork Strategy underlines that the aim of the European Green Deal to transit to a more sustainable food system requires a collective approach involving public authorities, private-sector actors, NGOs, social partners, academic and citizens. The research, therefore, considers the actors involved and highlights the corresponding relevant interests. Among the stakeholders, the private sector is one of particular interest. Significantly, transparency obligations under the new Regulation 1381/2019 could jeopardize the protection of competitive information and trade secrets. Regarding the disclosure rules’ impact on study design and regulatory strategies, our aim is to investigate whether the new rules on transparency could pose the grounds to solve the shortcomings of General Food Law and what can be the effects of the new rules on the businesses’ interests.

Le régime de transparence fiscale est traditionnellement associé au régime fiscal des sociétés de personnes. Cependant, une certaine lecture de la législation fiscale semble démontrer que ce régime pourrait connaître un champ d’application beaucoup plus large. En effet, l’évolution de la législation semble rompre avec le traditionnel critère d’attribution de ce régime d’imposition fondé sur la responsabilité illimitée de l’associé pour y substituer le critère de l’investissement personnel de ce dernier. En outre, il apparaît que le législateur ait depuis toujours été animé par le souci d’éviter une double imposition du bénéfice des sociétés de capitaux. De ce fait, il semblerait que certains critères de la transparence fiscale puissent également être remplis par les sociétés réputées « fiscalement opaques ». A cet égard, cette thèse a pour ambition de démontrer que le régime de transparence fiscale constitue le modèle d’imposition du bénéfice des sociétés. Enfin, cette étude propose une mise en perspective des avantages mais également des limites que présente le régime de transparence fiscale afin de proposer un régime prospectif plus souple et plus cohérent constituant le socle d’une fiscalité novatrice
This thesis proposes to revisit the issue of tax transparency as tax corporate income model based on the criteria of this regime. In this respect, this research aims to highlight the award criteria, and the criteria for identifying this regime. Historically, fiscal transparency is analyzed as being the tax treatment given to partnerships. However, it appears that changes in tax law have challenged the traditional award criteria of this regime which is now granted to certain companies other than partnerships. Moreover, it appears that some of the tax transparency identification criteria are reflected in the corporation tax system. Thus, this research aims to demonstrate that fiscal transparency is the tax model of corporate earnings, and aims to provide a prospective tax system based on fiscal transparency

Property valuation of commercial real estates is often seen as complicated. The actors think that their valuation method is the best and the results of the valuation depend on whom you ask. There are many attributes that have to be given a value and information about these attributes is often difficult to get. A possible explanation for these problems is the decline of the transparency in the Swedish real estate market over the last years. Essential information about commercial real estates is lost because they are traded as companies. This makes it problematic to make optimal valuations. The co-operative apartment market is very different from the commercial real estate market. The transparency is high and the transactions are many. The prices in the co-operative apartment market continue to rise and they are much easier to valuate. The purpose of this thesis is to see if there is a connection between market values in the condominium market and market values for office buildings. If a connection is found it may be helpful in the valuation process of office buildings. The first objective is to look at the ratio square meter co-operative apartment prices divided with square meter office building prices. The first part of the thesis is based on analogy and digital literature. Next part will consist of valuations with yield methods of office buildings and observed transactions. The result of this thesis shows no given connection between office and co-operative apartment prices, but the highest residence prices are found in the same areas with highest office prices. The ratio that is mentioned above was not useful for the purpose. The results have shown the difficulties of finding information and valuating real estate.
Värderingar av kontorsfastigheter anses ofta komplicerade. Olika aktörer anser sin värderingsmetod som bäst och resultatet av bedömda värden beror på vem du frågar. Det är många parametrar som kan bedömas och ges ett värde, samtidigt som informationen ofta är svår att få tag i. En anledning till problemet skulle kunna vara den minskning av transparens som skett på svenska fastighetsmarknaden under senare år, troligtvis till följd av att allt fler fastigheter ingår i bolagsförvärv. För att kunna göra en optimal värdering av en kontorsfastighet krävs lättillgänglig information om liknande transaktioner. Därför krävs en öppenhet på kontorsmarknaden som i dag försvårats av tidigare nämnda bolagsförvärv. Tittar man istället på bostadsrättsmarknaden är läget annorlunda. Informationen är lättillgänglig och transaktionerna många. Trots att priserna Stockholmsområdet fortsätter att stiga kan man med relativt hög säkerhet värdera en bostadsrätt. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka om det finns någon koppling mellan marknadsvärden på bostadsrättsmarknaden och marknadsvärden kontorsmarknaden. Om denna koppling finns, kan den vara till hjälp vid värdering av kontorsfastigheter. Målet är först och främst att se om kvoten, bostadrättspris dividerat med kontorspris, är användbar. Rapportens första del bygger på analog och digital litteratur. Den andra delen består av värderingar med direktavkastningsmetoden och jämförelser som gjorts med hjälp av aktuella transaktioner och riktvärden. Resultatet visar inget självklart samband mellan priser på bostadsrätter och kontor, men de högsta kontorspriserna återfinns i områden med högst bostadspriser. Det har inte gått att styrka användningen av ovan nämnda kvot. Rapporten har framförallt resulterat i en bekräftelse av de svårigheter informationssökning och värdering av kontor innebär.

Conceived as unmediated access to information, transparency has become one of the most relevant key terms of our age. Usually associated with positive cultural values such as honesty, openness, and accountability, the conceptual metaphors that animate transparency can provide an aura of authenticity, serving as a signifier of neutrality. And yet, they can also serve to naturalise indistinctness, inconspicuousness, and invisibility. This semantic ambiguity makes transparency an exceedingly useful rhetorical device, one that is particularly useful for discourses seeking the legitimation of power—a seamless strategy that is able to regulate attention while producing a sense of objectivity and trust. A careful inspection of the conceptual genealogy of transparency during the 20th century suggests that the term has a deep and sustained ideological complicity with neoliberal hegemony. While on a discursive level transparency promises the abolition of unequal flows of information, on a conceptual level, however, it operates by translating structures of power into structures of feeling; informing our sensibilities without contesting our sense of epistemic autonomy. In this way, transparency is able to conflate economic logics with cultural values, naturalising chains of associations that are crucial for the legitimation of the neoliberal thought collective. The origins of this mechanism, however, run deep into the roots of Western thought. This thesis traces transparency's evolving semantic constellation through various historical junctures, including Heidegger's phenomenology, Modernist Aesthetics, early computer Science, and Hayek's critique of central planning; exposing it as a key operator in the revaluation of ideals, sensibilities, and modalities of perception that lie at the core of our contemporary economy of attention.

Cette thèse se propose d’analyser l’agence en conseil de vote et les mécanismes de responsabilisation dans le champ de la gouvernance d’entreprise au travers de plusieurs prismes. Elle se compose d’une introduction générale, de trois chapitres distincts mais interconnectés et d’une conclusion générale. Chaque chapitre suit un ordre logique mais est organisé comme un papier de recherche indépendant avec des contributions théoriques et empiriques qui lui sont propres. Cette thèse étudie l’émergence et la structuration de l’industrie des agences en conseil de vote à un niveau transnational, depuis la construction du champ de la gouvernance (Chapitre 1) à l’autorégulation de l’agence en conseil de vote (Chapitre 2) et enfin la gouvernance (d’entreprise) en action (Chapitre 3)
The dissertation investigates the emergence and the structuration of the proxy advisory industry at a transnational level, from the construction of the field of governance (Chapter 1) to the (self)-governance of the proxy 43 advisor (Chapter 2) and ultimately to the (corporate) governance in action (Chapter 3). The general conclusion wraps-up the main contributions of the dissertation, discusses the potential limitations of this research and suggests avenues for future research

Architecture should strive to create a dialogue between the history of architecture and its future. This dialogue is really a mosaic of interconnections formed by our conceptions of context and order. These interconnections strive to be transparent so as to introduce a level of complexity that allows for a multitude of readings and is in constant variation as provided by the site, the inhabitants and the building. It is thru these transparent interconnections that dialogue is enriched. The project has been driven by a reciprocal struggle between specific site conditions, and the development of tectonic pieces that order, clarify and sometimes veil a larger whole. Whose end is to connect with a larger whole and elevate its seemingly simple pieces to a level of complexity that is greater than the sum of those parts.
Master of Architecture

Our modern society posts high demands for transparency, not least regarding organisational communication. The perception that the power of defining transparency lies with the audience aimed to perceive it has reached great academic anchoring, but research on the field is thin. The Swedish lifestyle company Oatly describes itself as transparent, but with a number of hypotheses the authors of this thesis essay examine whether their audience agrees. The study also investigates which key factors are contributing to the audience’s perception of the company’s communication. The study is both theoretically and empirically based on a model created by Rawlins (2009), in which four main categories determine an organisation’s transparency; Participation, Substantial Information, Accountability and Secretive. The empirical studies (an internet survey with 346 respondents and 4 conversational interviews) offered evidence which manifests trends among the audience. Oatly’s clear and accessible communication, trustworthiness and humor turned out to be key factors contributing to the audience perceiving Oatly as very transparent. The perception of Oatly’s transparency seemed to be created when the audience interacted with the company, their friends or product packagings, rather than when they were given information through a one-way channel. This thesis essay consequently concludes with an appeal for further research on the notion of transparency to - in order to achieve validity - be put in a modern context where mobility and social interaction are central concepts.
Vårt moderna samhälle ställer höga krav på transparens, inte minst när det gäller organisationskommunikation. Uppfattningen om att makten att definiera transparens ligger hos den publik tänkt att åtnjuta den har nått stark akademisk förankring, men forskningsfältet är tunnt. Det svenska livsstilsföretaget Oatly beskriver ​sig själva som transparenta, men med en rad hypoteser undersöker författarna av denna uppsats istället huruvida företagets ​publik uppfattar det som sådant , samt vilka faktorer som påverkar deras uppfattning. Studien finner både sin teoretiska och empiriska utgångspunkt i en av Rawlins (2009) sammanställd modell där fyra huvudsakliga faktorer avgör organisationers transparens: Deltagande, konkret information, pålitlighet och hemligheter. Studiens empiri (en internetenkät med 346 respondenter samt 4 djupintervjuer) erbjöd bevis som manifesterar uppenbara trender bland publiken. Oatly’s tydliga och lätttillgängliga kommunikation, produktförpackningar och humor visade sig vara centrala faktorer, och författarna når i uppsatsen slutsatsen att Oatly definieras som mycket transparenta av sin publik. Uppfattningen av Oatly’s transparens tycktes uppstå vid de tillfällen då publiken interagerade med företaget, sina vänner eller produktförpackningar, snarare än när de enbart levererades information. Uppsatsen avslutas därför med en notering om att forskning på ämnet transparens måste - för att uppnå validitet - sättas in i ett samtida kontext där mobilitet och social interaktion är centrala koncept.

Den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer har vuxit i både volym och antal emittenter sedan finanskrisen 2007/2008. Marknaden genomgår fundamentala förändringar som kan påverka intresset för företagsobligationer bland marknadens aktörer. I februari 2015 trädde Finansinspektionens praxis för ökad transparens och öppenhet på marknaden för företagsobligationer i kraft. Litteraturstudien som genomförts inför uppsatsen uppmärksammade att utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv är det oklart vilken påverkan ökad transparens får på variabler som intresse, likviditet, konkurrens och kostnader. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva samband mellan transparens och likviditet på den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer. I en kvalitativ studie har 13 intervjuer med olika aktörer på företagsobligationsmarknaden analyserats med hjälp av teori skriven i ämnet. Generellt tycks marknadens aktörer eniga om att transparens är positivt, dock råder det delade meningar om vilken grad av transparens som är lämplig samt vilken påverkan transparens får på marknaden. Marknaden bör vara tillräckligt transparent för att investerare ska ha en tilltro att handla men graden av transparens ska inte heller missgynna market makers som ställer priser.
The Swedish corporate bond market has grown in both volume and number of issuers since the financial crisis in 2007/2008. The market is undergoing fundamental changes that may affect the attractiveness of corporate bonds among market participants. In February 2015 came the Swedish Financial Supervisory practices in force for increased transparency and openness in the corporate bond market. The literature review conducted for the paper indicates that, from a theoretical perspective it is unclear what impact increased transparency will have for variables such as interest, liquidity, competition and costs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between transparency and liquidity in the Swedish market for corporate bonds. In a qualitative study, 13 interviews with various actors in the corporate bond market has been analyzed by using the theory written on the subject. In general, market participants seem to agree that transparency is positive, however, there are divided opinions on the appropriate degree of transparency and what impact transparency will have on the market. The market must be sufficiently transparent for investors to be confident to participate but the degree of transparency should not disfavor market makers whom set prices.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Optically transparent and structurally sound, glass has played a significant role in the evolution of product and architectural design across scales and disciplines, and throughout the ages. Glass processing methods - such as blowing, pressing, and forming - have aimed at achieving increased glass performance and functionality. Nonetheless, techniques and technologies enabling controlled tunability of its optical and mechanical properties at high spatial manufacturing resolution have remained an end without a means. This thesis presents GLASS II - a high fidelity, large-scale, additive manufacturing technology for optically transparent glass combined with demonstrations of novelty through a construction of fully transparent glass structures at architectural scale. The enabling technology builds upon previous research conducted at the Mediated Matter Group and introduces a fundamental restructuring of the platform's architecture and process control informed by the material properties and behaviors of silicate glass. The new manufacturing technology provides a digitally integrated thermal control system across the entire glass forming processes, combined with a novel 4-axis motion control system; enabling a high fidelity manufacturing process capable of producing glass structures with tunable yet predictable mechanical and optical properties. The material fundamentally drives how the machine is used, and in return, the machine can change how the glass is formed and used. In order to evaluate the full capability of this new manufacturing technology, a series of three-meter tall glass column structures were designed, engineered, manufactured, and constructed. Harnessing its optical transparency in conjunction with the spatial tunability of the material deposition across the full length of the column, geometry of each column is topologically optimized under the material constrains of the viscoelastic filament such that the result provides highly efficient structural performance as free standing columns while each layer of the printed glass acts as a lens and transforms the incoming light into spatial interactions of kaleidoscopic caustics. This large-scale multifunctional 3D printed glass structure, embodying a new mode of transparency in architecture, was exhibited in Italy for the first time during the Milan Design Week in April 2017.
by Chikara Inamura.
S.M.

Motivada per la creixent demanda d'aplicació dels làsers de potència mitjana / pic alta a 2 micres, aquesta tesi doctoral està dedicada a desenvolupar un amplificador criogènic multipàs a 2 micres en règim de nanosegons basat en la ceràmica transparent Tm: Y2O3. Per assolir aquest objectiu, es va estudiar a fons la ceràmica transparent Tm: Y2O3 com a mitjà actiu i es va emprar el concepte d'amplificador de potència d'oscil·lador mestre (master oscillator power amplifier) per desenvolupar el sistema làser criogènic. Aquest treball es divideix en 7 capítols. El capítol 1 presenta l'estat actual dels làsers polsats a 2 micres, així com la motivació i els objectius d'aquesta tesi. Els capítols 2, 3 i 4 descriuen les caracteritzacions de l'medi actiu (ceràmica transparent Tm: Y2O3) en termes d'estructura de l'material, espectroscòpia criogènica i potencial làser en ona contínua. A partir d'aquests estudis, es van obtenir paràmetres crucials en el disseny de l'làser, com la longitud d'ona exacta de bombament / làser, la vida mitjana de l'nivell emissor, el factor de guany, etc. El capítol 5 presenta la demostració d'un oscil·lador mestre (master oscillator), que va servir com a font llavor per a l'etapa de l'amplificador. El capítol 6 mostra l'escalat en energia a través de l'amplificador de pas múltiple en dues geometries diferents. A la fin, el capítol 7 resumeix els resultats obtinguts i projecta la investigació futura.
Motivada por la creciente demanda de aplicación de los láseres de potencia media / pico alta a 2 μm, esta tesis doctoral está dedicada a desarrollar un amplificador criogénico multipaso a 2 μm en régimen de nanosegundos basado en la cerámica transparente Tm:Y2O3. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se estudió a fondo la cerámica transparente Tm:Y2O3 como medio activo y se empleó el concepto de amplificador de potencia de oscilador maestro (master oscillator power amplifier) para desarrollar el sistema láser criogénico. Este trabajo se divide en 7 capítulos. El capítulo 1 presenta el estado actual de los láseres pulsados a 2 μm, así como la motivación y los objetivos de esta tesis. Los capítulos 2, 3 y 4 describen las caracterizaciones del medio activo (cerámica transparente Tm:Y2O3) en términos de estructura del material, espectroscopía criogénica y potencial láser en onda continua. A partir de esos estudios, se obtuvieron parámetros cruciales en el diseño del láser, como la longitud de onda exacta de bombeo / láser, la vida media del nivel emisor, el factor de ganancia, etc. El capítulo 5 presenta la demostración de un oscilador maestro (master oscillator), que sirvió como fuente semilla para la etapa del amplificador. El capítulo 6 muestra el escalado en energía a través del amplificador de paso múltiple en dos geometrías diferentes. Al final, el capítulo 7 resume los resultados obtenidos y proyecta la investigación futura.
Motivated by the increasing application demands on the 2 μm high average/peak power lasers, this thesis is devoted to develop a cryogenic 2 μm multi-pass amplifier in the nanosecond regime based on the Tm:Y2O3 transparent ceramics. To reach this goal, the active medium Tm:Y2O3 transparent ceramic was well studied and the master oscillator power amplifier concept was employed for developing the cryogenic laser system. This work is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the current state-of-the-art of the 2 μm pulsed lasers as well as the motivation and objectives of this dissertation. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 describe the characterization of the active medium Tm:Y2O3 transparent ceramic in terms of material structure, cryogenic spectroscopy, and continuous-wave lasing potential, respectively. From those studies, crucial laser design parameters, such as the exact pump/lasing wavelength, lifetime, gain factor, etc., were obtained. Chapter 5 presents the demonstration of a master oscillator, which served as the seed source for the amplifier stage. Chapter 6 shows the energy scaling via the multi-pass amplifier in two different geometries. Finally, chapter 7 summarizes the achieved results and outlooks the future research.

Dans notre quotidien, le smartphone est devenu un outil indispensable pour effectuer nos tâches courantes. Accéder à des services en ligne depuis son téléphone mobile est devenu une action commune. Afin de s'authentifier à ces services parfois sensibles, la seule protection est généralement l'usage d'un mot de passe. Ces mots de passe pour être robustes doivent être de plus en plus longs. Ceci représente, sur les téléphones mobiles, une contrainte plus forte que pour les ordinateurs de bureau puisque les claviers tactiles disposent de moins de touches. D'autres méthodes d'authentification ont vu le jour sur téléphones mobiles comme la reconnaissance faciale sur les appareils android ou bien l'empreinte digitale qui gagne le marché des smartphones et même le domaine bancaire avec Apple Pay.Afin de simplifier l'authentification, la biométrie prend une part de plus en plus importante dans l'usage des téléphones mobiles. Au delà des capteurs dédiés à l'acquisition de données biométriques, il est aussi possible d'utiliser l'environnement du téléphone mobile pour authentifier les utilisateurs. Si les méthodes d'authentification tendent à se transformer pour devenir de plus en plus transparentes, cela amène deux questions :Comment utiliser ces nouvelles techniques d'authentification dans les processus actuels d'authentification ?Quels impacts ces nouvelles méthodes peuvent avoir sur la vie privée des utilisateurs ?L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes d'authentification transparentes qui soient respectueuses de la vie privée des utilisateurs tout en permettant leur intégration dans les systèmes actuels d'authentification.Dans le manuscrit de thèse, nous abordons ces deux questions en analysant tout d'abord les travaux existants sur la collecte des données permettant l'authentification sur téléphone mobile. Puis, une fois les données collectées, nous verrons les processus permettant la mise en place d'une authentification respectueuse de la vie privée. Enfin, nous évaluons concrètement ces méthodes d'authentification par la réalisation de prototypes à l'échelle industrielle
In our daily life, the smartphone became an unavoidable tool to perform our common tasks.Accessing to online services from its mobile phone is an usual action.In order to authenticate to those services, that might be sensitive, the one and only protection is usually a password. Those passwords must be longer and longer to stay robust.This is a bigger constraint on mobile phones than on desktop computers.Other authentication solutions are dedicated to smartphones, like facial recognition on android and now Apple smartphones or the fingerprint that conquier new phones.To ease the authentication process, biometrics is more and more often used on mobile phones. In addition to the dedicated biometric sensors, it is also possible to use the phone environement to authenticate users.However, if authentication methods are becoming more and more transparent, it brings two questions:How to integrate those new methods within the actual authentication framework ?What is the impact of those new methods on users' privacy ?The main goal of the phD is to offers privacy compliant transparent authentication methods while integrating them in current authentication systems.In this document, we evaluates those two questions by first analyzing existing works on the data collection for transparent authentication on mobile phones. Then, once the data are collected, we will see wich process can enable the privacy protection. To conclude, we will evaluates concretly those solutions by building industrial prototypes

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden neue Nanopartikel/Polymer-Kompositmaterialien und Methoden zur ihrer Herstellung entwickelt. Durch die Verwendung lumineszierender, anorganischer Nanopartikel und transparenter Polymere konnte für verschiedene Systeme die Lumineszenz als Funktion auf die Nanokomposite übertragen werden. Zunächst wurden in allen Fällen stabile Partikeldispersionen in Monomeren oder Polymerlösungen erzeugt, die in einem zweiten Schritt durch in-situ-Polymerisation oder Filmgießen in Komposite verarbeitet wurden. So konnten orangelumineszierende ZnS:Mn-Nanopartikel durch eine Cofällungsreaktion dargestellt und in eine stabile Dispersion in Acrylsäure überführt werden. Diese Dispersion konnte mit dem Tintenstrahldrucker als transparente Schicht gedruckt und durch Strahlungshärtung polymerisiert werden. Durch die Beimengung von MMA gelang erstmals die Herstellung transparenter ZnS:Mn-Nanokomposite durch die thermische Copolymerisation in Masse. Eine weitere Modifizierung mit Oleylamin ermöglichte die Stabilisierung der Partikel in Laurylacrylat und die Herstellung von ZnS:Mn/PLA-Nanokompositen durch Photopolymerisation der Dispersion. ZnS:Mn/PMMA-Nanokomposite und die isolierten Partikel weisen eine Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute von ca. 30 % auf. Dieser Wert übertrifft bisher publizierte Werte für ZnS:Mn-Nanopartikel deutlich. Blau-grün lumineszierende, kupferdotierte ZnS-Nanopartikel wurden in Wasser synthetisiert und durch einen Phasentransfer mit Octylamin hydrophob modifiziert. Mit den modifizierten ZnS:Cu-Nanopartikeln wurden PLA-Nanokomposite durch Redispergierung und in-situ-Polymerisation hergestellt. Des Weiteren konnten ZnS/PMMA-Filme durch ein Gießverfahren mit den hydrophobisierten ZnS:Mn- und ZnS:Cu-Partikeln hergestellt werden. Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel wurden in Ethanol synthetisiert. Die Partikel konnten als stabile Dispersion in BDMA überführt werden. Die Methode erlaubt die Kontrolle über Partikelgrößen im Bereich von 6-10 nm (DLS) und über die Partikelkonzentration bis zu 10 Gew%. Wachstumsprozesse, die für ZnO in Ethanol nur schwer zu kontrollieren sind, sind in BDMA vollständig eingestellt. Alternativ konnten die Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel durch die Zugabe von Oleylamin aus der ethanolischen Dispersion isoliert und gleichzeitig modifiziert werden. Die hydrophobisierten Partikel sind redispergierbar in unpolaren Monomeren. Mit dieser Methode wurden ZnO-Dispersionen in Laurylacrylat hergestellt. Dispersionen in BDMA und LA konnten photopolymerisiert werden. Die stabilen ZnO-Dispersionen in Acrylatmonomeren mit Konzentrationen bis 10 Gew% und daraus herstellbare, transparente Polymernanokomposite durch UV-Härtung sind als Neuheit zu bewerten. Zur Herstellung von YVO4:Eu/Polymer-Nanokompositen wurde eine Methode für die in-situ-Generierung der Nanopartikel in Methylmethacrylat entwickelt. Dazu wurden neuartige, inverse Mikroemulsionen mit MMA als Ölphase erzeugt. In den Mizellen entstanden durch eine Fällungsreaktion rot-emittierende YVO4:Eu- Nanopartikel. Die resultierende Partikeldispersion in MMA wurde polymerisert und so in Nanokomposite umgewandelt. Eine alternative Herstellungsmethode basiert auf der Synthese von citratstabilisierten YVO4:Eu-Nanopartikeln in Wasser und anschließendem Phasentransfer mit Octylamin. Man erhält ein hydrophobes Pulver, das in Laurylacrylat zu einer stabilen Mischung redispergiert werden kann. Die resultierenden Dispersionen sind photopolymerisierbar [169]. YVO4:Eu enthaltende Polymernanokomposite wurden bisher nicht beschrieben. Der Phasentransfer mit Alkylaminen wurde bereits für Gold-Nanopartikel demonstriert. Die Anwendung auf ZnS:Cu- und YVO4:Eu-Nanopartikel ist als Weiterentwicklung zu betrachten. Zur Partikelgrößenbestimmung an den Monomerdispersionen und Pulvern wurden dynamische Lichtstreuung, Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung, Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie und Röntgendiffraktometrie eingesetzt. Alle genannten Nanokompositmaterialien konnten mit hoher Transparenz und geringer Trübung hergestellt werden, wie mit Transmissionsmessungen und Trübungsmessungen gezeigt wurde. Mit Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie an Ultramikrotomdünnschnitten konnte für ZnS/PMMA- und ZnO/PBDMA-Nanokomposite eine homogene Partikelverteilung im Polymer nachgewiesen werden. Durch die Variation des Partikelanteils wurden für die verschiedenen Systeme Konzentrationsgrenzen im Bereich von 3-10 Gew% zur Herstellung transparenter Komposite ermittelt. Die Nanokomposite weisen eine intensive Photolumineszenz auf. Blau- (ZnS:Cu), grün- (ZnO), orange- (ZnS:Mn) und rot- (YVO4:Eu) emittierende Nanokomposite wurden erhalten (Abbildung 75). Mit Fluoreszenzspektroskopie wurden die charakteristischen Anregungs- und Emissionsspektren der Kompositproben aufgenommen. Neben der Lumineszenz können die intensive UV-Absorption des ZnO, bzw. der hohe Brechungsindex des ZnS in Nanokompositen nutzbar gemacht werden. Die entwickelten Methoden beruhen auf einfachen, aufskalierbaren Prozessen und die verwendeten Edukte sind kommerziell erhältlich und ungiftig. Die entwickelten stabilen, druckbaren und strahlungshärtbaren Nanopartikeldispersionen in Acrylatund Methacrylatmonomeren sind daher auch für industrielle Anwendungen geeignet.

Cultural institutions that hold unique and valuable physical items only for restricted access untilnow are experiencing a change that demands them to take up the role of information providers aswell. International Dunhuang Project is a digitization project that has been taken as an example toinvestigate this phenomenon and more particularly issues of trustworthiness and how it can beestablished in the digital environment. Two concepts have been found to form the basis of itsassessment in the online world, authenticity and transparency. Authenticity is a concept borrowedfrom the existing practice of cultural institutions like museums and archives but transparency is anew demand that has come along with internet and the WWW. Through the examination ofcomponents of IDP's website like online documents, metadata and images along with interviewswith the producers of the project, an attempt has been made to understand how trustworthiness isperceived by the producers of the project and how they have implemented it on the material of theirwebsite.
Kulturinstitutioner som hittills bara gett endast begränsadtillgång till sina samlingar av unika och värdefulla fysiskaexemplar upplever nu en förändring som kräver att de ävenintar rollen som informationsleverantörer.Digitaliseringsprojektet International Dunhuang Projectanvänds som exempel i en undersökning om detta fenomen,i synnerhet kring frågor om trovärdighet och hur det kanfastställas i den digitala miljön. Två begrepp har visat sigligga till grund för bedömning av trovärdighet ionlinevärlden: autenticitet och genomsynlighet.Autenticitet är ett begrepp som lånats från befintliga praxishos kulturinstitutioner som museer och arkiv, mengenomsynlighet är ett nytt krav som tillkommit samtidigtsom internet och WWW. Genom undersökning av de olikaelement på IDP:s webbplats, t ex. online-dokument,metadata och bilder, tillsammans med intervjuer medprojektskaparna, har ett försök gjorts att förstå hurtrovärdighet uppfattas av projektskaparna och hur det harimplementerats på materialet på deras webbplats.

Acknowledgments:I would like to thank the staff of the International Dunhuang Project, Ms. Susan Whitfield, Ms. VicSwift, Ms. Emma Goodliffe and Mr. Sam van Schaik for all the support they have offered meduring my stay at the British Library. This study would not have been completed without their helpand their insights. Also, I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. Mats Dahlstrom and Ms. ElenaMaceviciute, for their patience and the knowledge and tools they have provided me for therealization of this study. Moreover, Ms. Anna Brynolf who translated the abstract into Swedish.Lastly, Mr. Osama Mansour and Ms. Nina Hult for their comments which helped me to improve theshortcomings of my text.

Mémoire (M.A.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993.
Cette communication a été réalisée à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en arts plastiques de l'Université du Québec à Montréal, extensionné à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Kommunerna har som markägaren en viktig roll för att styra bebyggelseutvecklingen och locka aktörer att etablera sig i kommunen. Genom markanvisningar kan kommunen bjuda ut mark som ska exploaterats till intresserade byggherrar. Begreppet markanvisning är inte entydigt men innebär i huvudsak att en byggherre under en viss tid och under vissa villkor får en ensamrätt att förhandla med kommunen om att i ett senare skede förvärva ett område för bebyggande. Det har i tidigare studier påtalats brist på transparens och förutsägbarhet i den kommunalamarkanvisningsprocessen varför denna studie syftade till att utreda hur det ser ut idag vad gäller transparens och förutsägbarhet. För att få svar på frågeställningarna genomfördes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som skickades ut till alla Sveriges 290 kommuner, dels för att kunna skapa en helhetsbild av nuläget och dels för att tidigare studier begränsat sig till större kommuner. Enkäten besvarades av 133 (46%) kommuner varav 62 (46%) angav att de använde markanvisningar och 70 (53%) att de inte gör det eller gör det vid enstaka tillfällen, en kommun svarade inte på frågan. Denna studie har endast gett en översiktlig bild av dagsläget och av resultatet framkom att rutinerna för att informera om och utvärdera markanvisningsprocessen skiljer sig åt och det finns fortfarande brister vad gäller transparens och förutsägbarhet, framförallt med avseende på motivering, uppföljning och utvärdering. Det fanns även skillnader mellan kommunerna och det framstår som att kommuner som genomfört fler markanvisningar i större utsträckning informera om, motivera, uppfölja och utvärdera markanvisningar. De flesta kommunerna ser även ut att uppleva att markanvisningssystemet och arbetet med markanvisningar fungerar ganska bra, men att det kan bli bättre. Slutligen bör nämnas att flertalet kommuner ser ut att befinna sig i en utvecklingsfas och det finns därav anledning att tro att markanvisningssystemet i framtiden kommer bli mer transparent och förutsägbart.
The municipalities as landowners have an important role to control the urban development and attract developers to establish themselves in the municipality. Municipalities can trough land allocation offer land for development to interested developers. The concept of land allocation is not clear but essentially means that a developer, during a certain time and under certain conditions has a right to negotiate with the municipality to subsequently acquire an area fordevelopment. There have been previous studies complaining of the lack of transparency and predictability in the municipal land allocation process. That’s why the purpose of this study is to investigate the situation of today in terms of transparency and predictability. To get answers to the questions a quantitative survey was conducted and it that was sent out to all 290 municipalities in Sweden, partly to create an overall picture of the current situation and partly because previous studies were limited to larger municipalities. 133 (46%) of the municipalities answered the questionnaire by witch 62 (46%) stated that they used the land allocation and 72 (53%) that they do not or do it occasionally, one municipal didn’t answer the question. This study only gives a general picture of the reality and the result showed that the routines to inform about and evaluate land allocation process differs and there are still shortcomings in terms of transparency and predictability, particularly with regard to motivation, follow-up and evaluation. There were also a differences between the municipalities and it appears that municipalities conducted more land allocation of teams to a greater extent inform, motivate, monitor and assess land allocation. The overall experience for the municipalities is that the land allocation system and work with land allocation works pretty well, but there are still areas for improvement. Most municipalities are in a development phases and there is hence reason to believe that the land allocation system in the future will become more transparent and predictable.

El sector público se financia con recursos económicos procedentes de los ciudadanos, por lo que es comprensible que éstos demanden cada día una mayor transparencia con el fin de controlar las actividades que realizan las administraciones públicas. En este sentido, el presupuesto es el instrumento mediante el cual los gobiernos plantean la forma en la que se proponen cumplir con sus responsabilidades durante cada ejercicio. Según International Budget Partnership (IBP) (2012), la mejor manera de optimizar la asignación de los recursos públicos es a través de procesos presupuestarios transparentes, que cuenten con sólidas instituciones de control (p. ej., control legislativo) y abiertos a la participación ciudadana. Estas prácticas presupuestarias pueden afectar positivamente al crecimiento económico, la eficiencia y la equidad, lo que podría llevar a reducir la pobreza y crear un desarrollo económico sostenible. Sin embargo, los presupuestos de las economías modernas son muy complejos, lo que permite implementar prácticas que intentan ocultar el equilibrio presupuestario real. Así, los políticos tienen pocos incentivos para realizar los presupuestos de forma transparente (Alesina y Perotti, 1996). Además, desafortunadamente, el poder legislativo y los ciudadanos han estado tradicionalmente excluidos del proceso presupuestario. En la mayoría de países en vías de desarrollo, los presupuestos públicos son todavía considerados como un secreto de estado, y el proceso presupuestario está controlado exclusivamente por el poder ejecutivo (de Renzio y Krafchik, 2007). A la vista de lo anterior, el Capítulo I de esta tesis tiene por objetivo identificar qué factores socio-económicos, políticos e institucionales determinan el nivel de divulgación de información presupuestaria de los gobiernos centrales, tanto a través de Internet como de otros medios. Para ello, construimos distintos indicadores de la divulgación de información a partir del Open Budget Questionnaire (IBP, 2010). Aplicando mínimos cuadrados ordinarios sobre una muestra de 93 países encuestados por IBP en 2010, nuestros resultados muestran que el uso de internet por parte de los ciudadanos, el nivel educativo de la población, la complejidad de las administraciones públicas, el superávit presupuestario, la cultura administrativa, la competencia política y la ideología de los gobernantes determinan el grado de divulgación de información presupuestaria de los gobiernos centrales. Adicionalmente, un análisis clúster encuentra tres grupos de países: alto, medio y bajo nivel de divulgación de información presupuestaria. Sin embargo, la transparencia presupuestaria es mucho más que la simple divulgación de información presupuestaria. Por esta razón, el Capítulo II pretende completar nuestros resultados anteriores, analizando los determinantes institucionales, políticos y socio-económicos de la transparencia presupuestaria a nivel internacional. Se presta especial atención a uno de los factores institucionales: el control legislativo. Específicamente, este capítulo trata de examinar el efecto que el control que el parlamento ejerce sobre el gobierno, en cuanto a materia presupuestaria se refiere, tiene sobre la transparencia presupuestaria. Usamos el método de los mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas para solventar el posible problema de endogeneidad entre estas variables. Para la misma muestra que el capítulo anterior, mostramos que el control legislativo tiene una influencia positiva sobre la transparencia presupuestaria. Además, encontramos que el sistema legal, la competencia política y el nivel económico de un país también afectan a la transparencia presupuestaria. Adicionalmente, examinamos los determinantes del control legislativo en todas las fases del proceso presupuestario. En este sentido, nuestros resultados revelan que el tipo de poder legislativo, el sistema legal, el control presupuestario por parte de los órganos supremos de auditoría (tribunales de cuentas), el nivel económico y el nivel democrático determinan el grado de control legislativo. Aunque nuestros resultados anteriores muestran que el control legislativo es necesario para que se incremente la transparencia presupuestaria de los gobiernos, existe evidencia de que un fuerte control legislativo del presupuesto puede perjudicar la disciplina fiscal (Wehner, 2007). Por esta razón, consideramos que sería interesante analizar conjuntamente los beneficios y los riesgos asociados al control legislativo del presupuesto en los gobiernos centrales. En concreto, el Capítulo III de esta tesis tiene como objetivo investigar si el control presupuestario del parlamento es un beneficio para la transparencia presupuestaria así como un riesgo para la disciplina fiscal. Aplicando el método de los mínimos cuadrados en tres etapas sobre nuestra muestra de 93 países, encontramos que un mayor control legislativo sobre las decisiones presupuestarias mina la disciplina fiscal, pero simultáneamente también incrementa la transparencia presupuestaria. Tal y como hemos visto, un adecuado control legislativo del presupuesto puede ser fundamental para una buena gestión pública. El poder legislativo debe controlar las acciones que realiza el ejecutivo y, en nombre de los ciudadanos, asegurarse de que este último rinda cuentas sobre las mismas. Sin embargo, también es esencial que los ciudadanos tengan la oportunidad de participar directamente, sin intermediarios, en el proceso presupuestario. En consonancia, el último capítulo de esta tesis, el Capítulo IV, tiene como objetivo examinar qué factores socio-económicos, institucionales y políticos fomentan la participación ciudadana en el proceso presupuestario de los gobiernos centrales. Empleando el método de los mínimos cuadrados en tres etapas y utilizando una muestra de 100 países para 2012, nuestros resultados muestran que el uso de Internet por parte de los ciudadanos, el tamaño de la población, la situación financiera del gobierno y la transparencia presupuestaria determinan las oportunidades de los ciudadanos para participar en el proceso presupuestario. Adicionalmente, encontramos no solo que la transparencia presupuestaria promueve la participación ciudadana sino también que la participación ciudadana da lugar a una mayor transparencia presupuestaria.
The public sector is mainly funded by taxpayers, who require transparent information to be able to monitor public administration activities. Budget is the tool governments use to implement specific policy objectives during each fiscal year. According to International Budget Partnership (IBP) (2012), the best way to improve the allocation of public resources is by using budget systems that are transparent, have robust oversight institutions (e.g., legislatures) and are open to public engagement. Such budgeting practices can positively impact growth, efficiency and equity, thus reducing poverty and creating sustained economic development. However, modern economies’ budgets are very complex, allowing practices that aim to veil the real budget balance. Thus, politicians have little incentives to disclose transparent budgets (Alesina and Perotti, 1996). Moreover, unfortunately, legislatures and citizens have been traditionally excluded from budget decision-making and monitoring. In most developing countries, public budgeting is still considered as a state secret, and the process is controlled exclusively by the executive (de Renzio and Krafchik, 2007). Given the above, Chapter I of this thesis attempts to identify what socio-economic, political and institutional factors determine the level of central government budget information disclosure, both through the Internet and other media. It builds budget disclosure indicators based on the Open Budget questionnaire (IBP, 2010). Applying ordinary least squares to a sample of 93 countries surveyed by IBP in 2010, our results show that Internet penetration, education level, relative central government size, budget surplus, administrative culture, political competition and incumbents’ ideology determine central governments’ budget disclosure. Additionally, a cluster analysis finds three groups of countries: high, medium and low level of budget disclosure. However, budget transparency is much more than the simple disclosure of budget information. For this reason, Chapter II aims to complement our prior findings by analysing the institutional, political and socio-economic determinants of budget transparency in an international comparative approach. We will mainly focus on one institutional factor: legislative budgetary oversight. Specifically, this chapter attempts to evaluate the role the legislative budgetary oversight plays in enhancing budget transparency. We run a two-stage least squares regression as a way to solve the endogeneity problem between these variable. For the same sample as in the previous chapter, we show that legislative budgetary oversight has a positive influence on budget transparency. Besides, the legal system, political competition, and economic level are also found to affect budget transparency. As an additional analysis, we investigate the determinants of legislative budgetary oversight along the budgetary process. In this vein, the type of legislature, legal system, Supreme Audit Institution’s budgetary oversight, economic level, and democratic level determine legislative budgetary oversight. Although our previous findings show that legislative budgetary oversight is essential for budget transparency, there is also evidence that powerful legislatures can undermine fiscal discipline (Wehner, 2007). Therefore, we consider it necessary to analyse the potential risks and benefits associated with legislative budgetary oversight simultaneously. In particular, Chapter III of this thesis aims to ascertain whether legislative budgetary oversight is a benefit to budget transparency as well as a risk to fiscal discipline. Applying three-stage least squares to our sample of 93 countries, we find that legislative budgetary oversight is not only a risk in terms of decreasing fiscal discipline but also a benefit, as stronger legislative oversight leads to greater budget transparency. Given the above, an adequate legislative budgetary oversight might play an important role in governance. Legislatures may oversight the activities of the executive and, on behalf of citizens, holding the the government accountable. However, it is also essential that citizens have opportunities to participate directly, without intermediaries, in the budget process. Accordingly, the last chapter of this thesis, Chapter IV, attempts to investigate which socio-economic, institutional and political factors promote public engagement in the central government budget process. Using the three-stage least squares estimation method for a sample of 100 countries surveyed by IBP in 2012, our results indicate that Internet use rate, population, governmental financial situation and budget transparency determine opportunities for public engagement in the central government budget process. In addition, we show that not only budget transparency promotes public participation but also public participation is essential to enhance budget transparency.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’un projet intitulé Localisation et Réalité Augmentée (LRA). Mettant en relation plusieurs structures industrielles et universitaires, ce projet était appliqué à la fois au domaine ferroviaire et aux voitures autonomes. Elle aborde trois questions principales relatives à la conception des interfaces Humain-Machine dans les voitures autonomes : quelles informations faut-il présenter au conducteur ? Sous quelle forme ? À quel moment ou dans quel contexte ? Elle vise, au travers des réponses apportées à ces questions, à rendre le système « transparent », de façon à susciter une calibration de la confiance appropriée du conducteur en la voiture autonome mais aussi à susciter une expérience utilisateur satisfaisante. Nous nous sommes focalisés en particulier sur la tâche de changement de voie réalisée entièrement réalisée par la voiture autonome. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons déployé une méthodologie comportant cinq étapes. Sur la base du modèle de LYONS (2013), des principes généraux de transparence ont été définis, et ont ensuite été opérationnalisées grâce à la démarche Cognitive Work Analysis. La forme des informations utiles ou potentiellement utiles au conducteur a été définie lors de de séances de créativité et en utilisant la Réalité Augmentée qui est au cœur du projet LRA. Ces informations ont été catégorisées selon les différentes fonctions dont elles résultent (prise d’information, analyse de l’information, prise de décision, implémentation de l’action). Cinq interfaces ont été conçues ; elles présentent des informations relevant de tout ou partie de ces 4 catégories. Elles représentent donc des niveaux de transparence plus ou moins élevés. La validité des principes de transparence a été éprouvée grâce à une expérimentation menée sur simulateur, auprès d’un échantillon de 45 personnes, durant laquelle différents indicateurs des activités cognitives et de l’Expérience Utilisateur ont été mesurés. L’analyse de ces données conduit à mettre en évidence des différences entre les cinq interfaces. L’interface présentant les informations issues des fonctions « prise d’information » et « implémentation de l’action » facilite les activités cognitives du conducteur/ Superviseur. Du point de vue de l’Expérience Utilisateur, c’est l’interface présentant toutes les catégories d’informations qui s’est distinguée des autres
This doctoral thesis was conducted under the canopy of the Localization and Augmented Reality (LAR) project. The research project was focused on railway yard and autonomous vehicles. The thesis provides answers to three main questions about the Human-Machine interface design in autonomous vehicles: Which information should be conveyed to the human agent? In which form? And when? Answers will enable an appropriate trust calibration of the human agent in the autonomous vehicle and improve driver’s experience by making automation “transparent”. We focus especially on the lane changing task entirely realized by the autonomous vehicle. The aim and the objectives were achieved by a five-steps methodology. Some general principles of transparency have been redefined on the LYONS (2013) model. These principles have been then operationalized by means of Cognitive Work Analysis. Graphical representation of useful information or potentially useful information was defined during creative sessions, by using Augmented Reality that lies at the heart of the LAR project. This information was categorized according to the functions from which it results: information acquisition, information analysis, decision making and action execution. Five interfaces were designed. Each of these interfaces presents information from some of these functions. Therefore, these interfaces corresponded to different transparency configurations more or less high. The validity of transparency principles was tested through an experiment on driving simulator with a sample of 45 participants. In this experiment, some indicators of cognitive activities and User Experience were measured. Data analysis has led to some differences between 5 interfaces. Indeed, the interface with related information to “information acquisition” and “action execution” functions improves the cognitive activities of the human agent. Considering the User Experience, it is the interface with the information related from the 4 functions which provides the best User Experience

Le principe d’ouverture, mentionné au premier article du Traité sur l’Union européenne sert de fondement à une recherche globale d’interaction entre la prise de décision et les citoyens européens. Cette démarche est motivée par une volonté d’améliorer la légitimité des politiques européennes. Cependant, elle doit être distinguée du principe démocratique en droit de l’Union, en ce qu’elle ne cherche pas à renforcer le statut des citoyens européens au sein du régime politique européen, mais seulement à leur offrir des possibilités d’influence sur le fond des décisions. Ces possibilités d’influence sont constamment approfondies, par la reconnaissance de principes tels que la transparence et la participation, et par la mise en place de mécanismes de dialogue tels que les consultations, le droit de pétition, le droit de recours au Médiateur ou encore l’initiative citoyenne. L’étude se propose de mesurer le degré d’influence des citoyens européens sur la prise de décision, et de le comparer aux objectifs du principe d’ouverture
The principle of openness, mentioned in the first article of the Treaty on the European Union acts as a foundation of a global research into the interaction between taking decisions and the citizens of Europe. This approach is motivated by a willingness to improve the legitimacy of European policy. However, it should be distinguished from the democratic principal of law within the Union, in that it does not attempt to reinforce the status of European citizens within the European political regime, but attempts only to offer them possibilities of influencing the core of such decisions. The possibilities of influence are constantly looked at in depth, through reorganizing such principles as transparency and participation, and by the installation of mechanisms of dialogue through consultation, the right to petitions, the right to use a mediator or even create citizens initiatives. The study tries to measure the degree of influence that European citizens have on decision making, and to compare them to the objectives of the principle of openness

Die vorliegenden Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung und Charakterisierung von transparenten Metall-Halbleiter- Feldeffekttransistoren. Dazu werden im ersten Kapitel transparente gleichrichtende Kontakte, basierend auf dem Konzept von Metalloxidkontakten, hergestellt und im Hinblick auf chemische Zusammensetzung des Kontaktmaterials, Barriereninhomogenität und Kompatibilität mit amorphen Halbleitern untersucht. Außerdem wird die Anwendbarkeit der Kontakte als UV-Sensor studiert. Im zweiten Kapitel werden transparente leitfähige Oxide vorgestellt und insbesondere deren optische und elektrische Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von den Herstellungsbedingungen studiert. Das dritte Kapitel beinhaltet Untersuchungen zu transparenten Feldeffektransistoren, die auf den im ersten Kapitel untersuchten transparenten gleichrichtenden Kontakten basieren (TMESFETs). Insbesondere die elektrischen Stabilität der Bauelemente hinsichtlich Beleuchtung, erhöhten Temperaturen und Spannungsstress wird untersucht. Auch die Langzeitstabilität, Reproduzierbarkeit und der Effekt gepulster Spannungen wird betrachtet. Weiterhin wird die Verwendung amorpher Halbleiter im Kanal und damit auch die Herstellung flexibler Transistoren auf Folie demonstriert. Zuletzt werden die TMESFETs integriert und als Inverterschaltkreise aufgebaut und untersucht. Außerdem wird die Eignung der Transistoren zur Messung von Aktionspotentialen von Nervenzellen studiert.

Les conditions nécessaires pour obtenir des céramiques transparentes (absence de porosité, absence de seconde phase) requièrent une totale maitrise de chacune des étapes (synthèse, mise en forme, frittage) intervenant dans le processus, ce qui rend encore difficile l'industrialisation d'un procédé d'élaboration reproductible. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse s’est focalisé à développer et évaluer la capacité du procédé de frittage micro-ondes à améliorer la robustesse du processus d'élaboration de spinelle transparent. La mise en place d'un dispositif de dilatométrie optique et une nouvelle technique de calibration originale, basée sur la fusion d'oxyde, ont permis de caractériser le frittage micro-ondes du spinelle pur avec une plus grande confiance. Même si aucun effet lié au procédé micro-onde n’a pu être mis en évidence pour le frittage du spinelle pur (trajectoire de frittage, mécanisme de densification et évolution de la porosité identiques), ces travaux ont démontré que l’impact de dopants pouvait être amplifié en présence du rayonnement micro-ondes. Ainsi, un décalage des courbes de retrait vers les basses températures a été observé lors du frittage micro-ondes du spinelle dopé avec TiO2 et MgO. L'existence d'un couplage particulier entre les défauts ponctuels chargés (lacunes, cations interstitiels) et le champ électrique pourrait être à l'origine de ce phénomène. Ces travaux de thèse ont également démontré la faisabilité de fritter des pièces de spinelle carrées de grandes dimensions (< 65 mm) compatibles avec un post-traitement HIP, en vue d'obtenir des pièces transparentes. Pour cela, un four micro-ondes monomode 915 MHz a été automatisé et une cellule de frittage adaptée a été développée. A l'issue du traitement HIP, les pièces ont présenté une transparence et des propriétés mécaniques (dureté; ténacité) comparables à celles des pièces pré frittées par voie conventionnelle
The elaboration of transparent ceramics (no porosity, no second phase) requires a strict control of all steps of the process (synthesis, shaping, sintering). As a result, the industrialization of a reproducible process is still difficult to achieve. In this context, this thesis has focused on developing and evaluating the ability of the microwave sintering process to improve the robustness of the transparent spinel elaboration process.The set-up of an optical dilatometer and a new original calibration method, based of melting of different oxides, allowed to characterize the microwave sintering with a greater confidence. Even if no microwave effect has been observed on the sintering of pure spinel (identical sintering trajectory, densification mechanism and porosity evolution), this work has shown an amplification of the impact of dopants during microwave sintering. A shift of the shrinkage curves towards the low temperatures was observed during the microwave sintering of the spinel doped with TiO2 and MgO. The existence of a particular interaction between charged point defects (vacancies, interstitial cations) and the electric field could explain this phenomenon.This work thesis has shown also the feasibility of sintering of large square spinel pieces (< 65 mm) compatible with post treatment HIP in order to produce transparent ceramics. For this purpose, the microwave system working at 915 MHz was automatized and a new sintering configuration was developed. After a post-treatment, the transparency and mechanical properties (hardness; tenacity) of microwave pre-sintered samples were comparable with those of samples sintered by conventional heating

L’oxyde de zinc dopé de type n est un excellent candidat pour la réalisation de films transparents et isolants thermiques grâce à ses propriétés d’absorption et de réflexion limitées aux domaines UV et IR. La synthèse en milieu polyol de particules nanostructurées d’oxyde de zinc dopé par du gallium a été utilisée afin de maîtriser la morphologie des cristallites. Il a été démontré expérimentalement et théoriquement que le maximum d’efficacité d’absorption IR est atteint pour un taux de dopant de 2,6 % molaire. Des suspensions de haute transmission dans le visible et absorption infrarouge significative ont été obtenues par l’encapsulation des particules avec un matériau fluoré d’indice de réfraction intermédiaire entre l’oxyde et le milieu dispersant, ainsi que par l’optimisation de l’état de dispersion de suspensions colloïdales grâce à l’adsorption de thioalcanes en surface des cristallites de ZnO dopés
Thanks to its absorption / reflexion properties limited to the UV and the IR range, n-doped zinc oxide is a promising candidate for the elaboration of transparent and insulating films in smart windows. Nanostructured particles of Ga-doped zinc oxide were elaborated by polyol process. Polyol process was used in order to control the size and the morphology of the particles. Both experimental and theoretical data show that a maximum of IR absorption efficiency is obtained for a doping rate of 2.6 molar percent. Colloidal suspensions with high transmission in the visible range combined with significant absorption of the near infrared range were obtained using two strategies. The first one is the encapsulation of the Ga-doped ZnO particles by a fluoride shells with an intermediate refractive index between ZnO and the dispersion medium. The second one is the optimization of the dispersion state of nano-colloidal suspensions thanks to the adsorption of thioalkanes on the Ga-doped ZnO crystallite surfaces

Este artículo sigue los flujos de documentación que se producen alrededor de un estudio técnico de ingeniería para la construcción de una vía de evitamiento por el pueblo de Ollantaytambo. En contraste con el énfasis de Max Weber sobre los documentos como instrumentos de racionalización y transparencia, y el enfoque más reciente sobre los documentos como artefactos estéticos e instancias institucionales, yo presto atención a las maneras en que los documentos se implican en la producción de lo político. Indico que los modos en que circulan, acumulando connotaciones múltiples mientras viajan, no generaban claridad, sino una indeterminación que se incrementaba, y sugiero que la calidad política de los documentos tiene que ver precisamente con su carácter dual, pues implican al mismo tiempo la normatividad (con su promesa de justicia y claridad) y el juego de intereses poco limpios. Su promesa dual de certidumbre y ambivalencia era clave para la apertura de espacios de disensión y posibilidad política en el proyecto.
This paper follows the political life of documents produced in relation to a World Bank-funded road engineering technical study in the Peruvian Andes. By contrast with Weber’s emphasis on documents as instruments of rationalisation and transparency, and the more recent focus on documents as aesthetic artefacts and instances of institutional form, I attend to the ambiguous political processes enacted through document flows. I suggest that the ways in which project documents circulated, accumulating multiple connotations as they travelled, generated not clarity, but rather increasing indeterminacy, arguing that their political quality had to do precisely with their dual character, calling up at once normativity (and its promise of justice and order) and the play of unscrupulous «interests». I argue that their dual promise of clarity and ambivalence was key to the opening up of spaces of political possibility in the project.

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The need for transparency in government acts has been highly requested by the population that claims for an end to corruption in Brazil. The Brazilian public administration has been adopting regulatory practices, as well as transparency measures, to encourage social control since the Constitution of 1988. Public Transparency - which now takes place mainly through electronic portals exclusively focused on content for advertising management actions to public resources has been thoroughly studied and measured by many instances. This research aimed at devising, through thorough literature review of academic publishing in the area, an assessment model which featured elements of democracy, accountability, and transparency. The model was called TLS, for it takes theoretical, legal and social aspects into account in its assessments., A checklist parting from eight original models was obtained, with 109 assessment items divided into four dimensions, namely: content and overview; active transparency; usability and functionality and passive transparency. The model created was applied on the Goiás Transparente portal - the transparency portal of the Brazilan state of Goiás - and evaluated on a five-level scale, where the website has the third level of transparency.
A necessidade da transparência dos atos de governo vem sendo altamente requerida pela população que clama pelo fim da corrupção no Brasil. Desde a Constituição Federal de 1988, a administração pública vem adotando normativas e práticas de transparência para incentivar o controle social. A transparência pública – que hoje ocorre principalmente por meio de portais eletrônicos com conteúdo exclusivamente voltado para a publicidade das ações gestoras dos recursos públicos – vem sendo estudada e mensurada por vários atores. A partir de revisão literária em trabalhos científicos, legislação e manifestações da sociedade civil, buscou-se nesta pesquisa criar um modelo de avaliação que incorporasse elementos de democracia, accountability e transparência. O modelo foi denominada TLS por trazer a síntese de aspectos teóricos, legais e sociais em sua avaliação. A partir de oito modelos originais, chegou-se a um checklist com 109 itens avaliativos divididos em quatro dimensões, a saber: conteúdo e visão geral; transparência ativa; usabilidade e funcionalidade e transparência passiva. O modelo criada foi aplicada no portal Goiás Transparente – o portal de transparência do Estado de Goiás – e avaliou-se numa escala de cinco níveis, que o site possui o terceiro nível de transparência dentre os parametrizados.

För att ett företag ska kunna hålla sig flytande på marknaden idag krävs de att de har hundra procent koll på vad som sker i deras fabriker och att de strävar efter en mer hållbar tillverkningsprocess. Att försäkra konsumenterna om att fabrikerna inte använder sig av barnarbete eller dåliga arbetsförhållanden räcker inte längre utan det krävs en bredare kunskap inom miljö och hållbar utveckling för att den trogna kunden ska stanna. Syftet med denna rapport är att kontrollera det nyuppstartade företaget DENIM IS DEAD’s produktion och utvärdera om hur man kan förädla de olika processtegen samt skapa transparens gentemot kund.Metoden som arbetet utformades efter var genom en fallstudie som är baserad på en mestadels deduktiv metod men med inslag av induktiv metod. Där grunden lades genom en utförlig faktainsamling för att i rapportens senare del kunna analysera de hypoteser och problemformuleringar som ställts.Målet med rapporten var att ta fram en metod eller produkt som ska underlätta kommunikationen med DENIM IS DEAD’s kund. Resultatet av detta blev en prototyp på en hang-­‐tag och en broschyr, som ska följa med varje par jeans som hamnar i butik. Där ska information gällande deras produkt och produktion finnas med.Resultatet av vår studie visade att många företag idag arbetar mot en tydlig miljöprofil som de profilerar både i sin interna och externa kommunikation. En tydlig trend vi såg var att konsumenten blir mer medveten av kvaliten i deras köp och sätter mer press på producenterna.Environmentally friendly and sustainable are keywords for companies with consumers becoming more and more enlightened. Just ensuring that the production follows local laws and doesn’t use child labour is no longer enough. A brand must be prepared to adapt their production to follow environmental regulation and can also get an edge by going one step further.We have focused production process within the jeans industry and have done a case study by gathering facts to enable us to analyse and discuss the various production issues within the jeans industry.One of our goals was to map the production of the company DENIM IS DEAD and find a simple way of communicating their profile to the consumer in a transparent way. We came up with a hang-­‐tag that allows them to profile their brand and their production process. Our study showed that many companies use an environmental/sustainable profile in both their internal and external marketing campaigns. Many of today’s consumers value quality and sustainability above price and this puts pressure on the producers.
Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning

Att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport är det idag många bolag som gör, dels på grund av lagstiftning (Direktiv 2014/95/EU), dels för att det efterfrågas av bolagens intressenter (Hadjipetri Glantz, 2020). Genom hållbarhetsrapporter kan bolagen redogöra för sitt ansvar gällande miljömässiga-, sociala- och ekonomiska aspekter. Utöver de lagstadgade krav som återges i Årsredovisningslagen (1995:1554) 6 kap 12 § finns det frivilliga standarder bolagen kan implementera vid upprättning av rapporter, varav GRI tillhandahåller sådana standarder. Denna studie utgår från den nya skattestandarden, GRI 207: Tax 2019, vilken innehåller fyra upplysningar om skatt. Ökad transparens kring information om skatt kan minska risken att företagen blir misstänkliggjorda, varpå företagets och dess intressenters potentiella anseenderisk minskar.Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att studera investerares upplevda användbarhet av ökad transparens kring skatterelaterad information i hållbarhetsrapporter som den nya standarden GRI 207: Tax 2019 innebär. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer samt dokument som datakälla vilken stärker de uttalanden som respondenterna gav vid intervjuerna. Respondenterna i denna studie utgörs utav tre av Sveriges sex AP-fonder vilka besitter den kunskap och erfarenhet som behövs för att besvara studiens frågeställning på ett tillfredsställande sätt.Studiens slutsatser tyder på att användbarheten av de fyra upplysningarna i GRI 207: Tax 2019 skiljer sig åt. Den första upplysningen, 207-1, om skattestrategi upplevs användbar om bolag är förknippade med någon form av skatterelaterad risk eftersom rapporteringen bidrar till att minska riskerna. Den andra upplysningen, 207-2, om styrning, kontroll och riskhantering är betydelsefull för AP-fonderna eftersom den dels sätter ramarna för hantering av skatt, dels kan användas som stöd i de situationer skatt har adresserats som en utmaning eller risk. Intressentdialog och land-för-land-rapportering som 207-3 och 207-4 behandlar anses som överflödiga, irrelevanta och ohanterbara varpå respondenterna inte upplever dessa användbara. Ökad transparens om skatt är enligt respondenterna positivt genom att det minskar risker samt bidrar till att bolag i mindre utsträckning agerar opassande i förhållande till skatt. Däremot påvisar studiens resultat att ökad transparens kan leda till informationsöverbelastning.
Many companies today create a sustainability report, partly because of legislation (Directive 2014/95 / EU), and partly because it is in demand by the companies' stakeholders (Hadjipetri Glantz, 2020). Through sustainability reports, companies can account for their responsibilities regarding environmental, social and economic aspects. In addition to the statutory requirements set out in the Annual Accounts Act (1995: 1554), Chapter 6, Section 12, there are voluntary standards that companies can implement when preparing reports, of which GRI provides such standards. This study is based on the new tax standard, GRI 207: Tax 2019, which contains four disclosures on tax. Increased transparency regarding information about tax can reduce the risk of companies becoming suspicious, whereupon the companies' and its stakeholders' potential reputational risk decreases.The main purpose of this thesis is to study investors' perceived usefulness of increased transparency regarding tax-related information in sustainability reports that the new standard GRI 207: Tax 2019 entails. The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of semistructured interviews and document analysis which strengthens the statements made by the respondents at the interviews. The respondents in this study consist of three of Sweden's six AP funds which possess the knowledge and experience that are required to answer the study's question in a satisfactory manner.The study's conclusions indicate that the usefulness of the four disclosures in GRI 207: Tax 2019 differs. The first disclosure, 207-1, about tax strategy is perceived as useful if the company is associated with some form of tax-related risk as the reporting helps to reduce the risks. The second disclosure, 207-2, on governance, control and risk management is important for the AP funds because it sets the framework for tax management and can be used as support in situations where tax has been addressed as a challenge or risk. Stakeholder dialogue and country-bycountry reporting included in 207-3 and 207-4 are considered redundant, irrelevant and unmanageable, whereupon the respondents do not find them useful. According to the respondents, increased transparency about tax is positive because it reduces risks and contributes to companies acting to a lesser extent in relation to tax. On the other hand, the results of the study show that increased transparency can lead to information overload.

Tout au long de notre travail nous avons essayé, dans un premier temps, de mettre en exergue les progrès réalisés par les réformes législatives et la contribution de la justice administrative en matière de promotion de la transparence dans les marchés publics au Maroc., une comparaison à d'autres réglementations nous a, aussi, paru utile pour nous renseigner des écarts existants et en faire une occasion pour des leçons à tirer des expériences des pays jugés développés. Dans second temps, nous avons essayé de proposer des pistes de réflexion pour les grands problèmes qui demeurent entravant la promotion de la transparence en matière des marchés publics en particulier et de l'éthique dans la gestion de la vie publique en général
Transparency in public procurement management is increasingly needed due to the growth of public expenditure.The mechanisms put in place to safeguard the principles of transparency and ethics are to be constantly refined.In Morocco, according to the official discourse, the country has decided to adopt the international standards of transparency in public procurement; insofar it constitutes the framework of the public action. Hence, it has undergone several reforms.Accordingly, it is within this context that our specific choice to study this subject emanates from.It is therefore important to understand the complexity and challenges of transparency in the management of public procurement.Public procurement is probably one of the areas where regulation is strongly binding.This regulation oversees, more likely than elsewhere, all the actors' behaviours and management practices.Indeed, the dominant logic in the purchasing function is a logic of legal security that overshadows the search for efficiency and economic performance.Throughout our work, we have tried, firstly, to highlight the progress of legislative reform and the contribution of administrative justice in promoting transparency in public procurement in Morocco. A comparison to other regulations seemed useful to inform us of any gaps and was an opportunity to learn from the experiences of the so-considered developed countries.Secondly, we tried to propose exploring the major problems that hinder the promotion of transparency in public procurement in particular and ethics in management of public life in general

La présente thèse étudie l'interaction entre structure et agence dans le contexte d'une institutionnalisation sur plusieurs niveaux. Les institutions interagissent de manière complexe sur le terrain et aux niveaux national et transnational. Cette dynamique complexe conditionne tant les interprétations et les convictions générées par les acteurs que leur mobilisation du sens pour mettre en pratique interprétations et convictions en pratique dans le cas d'exigences multiples. Les deux études empiriques l'étudient de manière détaillée.La première porte sur le rôle joué par les institutions nationales dans la réglementation transnationale des fonds souverains ; la seconde, sur le rôle des acteurs et des institutions dans l'évolution des cadres d'interprétation appliqués aux investissements socialement responsables. Ces deux études se basent sur des méthodes de recherche qualitative qui s'appuient sur différentes sources de données, dont l'observation de participants, des entretiens plus de nombreuses sources documentaires et sources secondaires. Ces études ont donné lieu à trois articles de recherche, deux empiriques et un conceptuel. Les deux articles empiriques, Fonds souverains, fonds monétaire international et transparence et Du dieu aux marchés, répondent à des questions théoriques sur le rôle des acteurs et des institutions aux différents niveaux du champ, la société et l’espace transnational dans la constitution interprétative et sémantique. Ces deux articles font référence à d'autres cadres théoriques et les enrichissent en retour, notamment dans les domaines de la transparence, de l'étude interprétative de la comptabilité, de la gouvernance transnationale, des mouvements sociaux et du droit mou. Le troisième article, La responsabilité sociale des entreprises et le « karma du marché », propose un cadre conceptuel pour les mécanismes supposés traduire le comportement social des entreprises en performances financières. Cela introduit différentes caractéristiques relatives à l'entreprise ainsi que des facteurs institutionnels impactant ce lien. La thèse dans son ensemble éclaire la façon dont des institutions en compétition conditionnent le comportement des acteurs et comment ces derniers se mobilisent de manière sélective des cadres et apports sémantiques des institutions
This dissertation explores the interaction between structure and agency in the context of multi-level institutionalization. Institutions interplay in complex ways across the field, national and transnational levels. Those complex dynamics condition both the interpretations and convictions that actors produce and the ways they mobilize meanings in order to “enact” their interpretations and convictions under competing demands. These dynamics are explored in-depth through two empirical studies. The first looks at the role national institutions play in the transnational regulation of sovereign wealth funds. The second examines the role of actors and institutions in evolution of frames used for socially responsible investments.Both the empirical studies utilize qualitative research methods drawing upon multiple sources of data including participant observation, interviews and a wide range of documentary evidence and secondary material. These studies yielded three research papers, two of which are empirical and the third one is conceptual. The two empirical papers named respectively “Sovereign wealth funds, the IMF and transparency” and “From God to markets” attempt to answer theoretical questions around the role of institutions at multiple levels of transnational, national and field, and actors in constitution of interpretations and meanings. In addition, these papers mobilize and contribute to other theoretical frameworks including transparency, interpretive accounting, transnational governance, social movements and soft laws. The third paper named “social responsibility and karma of market”, provides a conceptual framework for all the mechanisms claimed to translate the social behavior of firms to financial performance. It then sets out the firm attributes and institutional factors at multiple levels that mediate this link. Overall, this dissertation attempts to provide a better understanding of how competing institutions at different levels condition the actors’ behavior and how actors selectively mobilize and edit the institutional frames and meanings

This project is an investigation into issues surrounding the placing of a building into the context of a site. The study manifests itself through the design of a museum for Phoenician sailing ships and their artifacts.
Master of Architecture

L'électronique transparente est actuellement limitée par la difficulté de construire une jonction p-n transparente, en raison du manque d'oxyde transparent conducteur (TCO) de type p réellement performant. L'oxyde cuivreux Cu2O est un TCO de type p prometteur, mais sa bande interdite relativement étroite pour un TCO (2,1 eV), limite sa transmittance dans le domaine visible. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous cherchons à augmenter cette valeur. Pour cela, nous explorons la méthode MOCVD comme technique de dépôt pour le dopage au strontium et au calcium de l’oxyde cuivreux. Ce dopage est supposé élargir la bande interdite du Cu2O d'après des calculs ab initio effectués à l'institut Tyndall, à Cork. Dans le chapitre I, nous présentons le contexte de cette thèse. Après avoir expliqué les conditions que doit remplir un matériau pour être un TCO de type p, nous présentons l'état de l'art concernant le Cu2O. Dans le chapitre II, nous présentons l'ensemble des techniques utilisées dans le cadre de cette thèse, de l'élaboration (MOCVD, recuits thermiques) à la caractérisation (MEB, MET, AFM, DRX, spectroscopie FTIR, spectroscopie Raman, XPS, spectroscopie UV-vis-NIR, mesures 4 pointes et mesures d'effet Hall). Au cours du chapitre III, l'influence des paramètres de la MOCVD sur la composition et la morphologie a été analysée pour l’élaboration de couches de Cu2O pures, non dopées en vue d'établir les conditions optimales de dépôt. Nous obtenons des couches continues sur substrat de Si/SiO2, alors qu'elles sont systématiquement hétérogènes avec des zones sans dépôt sur silicium. En outre, nous mettons en évidence le risque d'obtenir la phase cuivre métallique lorsque la concentration de précurseur est élevée, la pression partielle d'oxygène faible et/ou la température élevée. Partant de ces conditions optimales, nous étudions dans le chapitre IV l'influence du dopage au strontium sur les propriétés fonctionnelles des couches (résistivité, largeur de bande interdite et transmittance dans le visible). Une chute de la résistivité a été observée lors du dopage au strontium. Les couches non dopées ont des résistivités de l'ordre de 103 Ω.cm ou plus, contre 10 Ω.cm pour les couches contenant entre 6 et 15% de strontium. La conductivité est bien de type p avec une mobilité de l’ordre de 10 cm2.V-1.s-1 et une densité de porteur de quelques 1016 cm-3. L’écart très grand entre cette densité de porteur et la teneur globale en Sr est lié à la présence d’une contamination des couches par du carbonate et du fluorure de strontium mis en évidence par FTIR et XPS. L’influence réelle de ces impuretés n’a pu être déterminée. Enfin il n'a pas été constaté de variation significative des propriétés optiques, la bande interdite restant large d'environ 2,4 eV et la transmittance moyenne entre 500 et 1000 nm de l'ordre de 55%. Des tendances similaires sont observées dans le chapitre V qui aborde le dopage au calcium, avec comme particularité le fait pour un fort taux de dopage et sous assistance UV, d'aboutir à la présence d'espaces vides localisés à l'interface substrat/Cu2O qui pourrait être lié à la décomposition du carbonate de calcium. Finalement, nous procédons à des recuits thermiques des couches, dopées ou non, dans le chapitre VI. Pour les couches non dopées, cela permet de diminuer la résistivité jusqu’à des valeurs de 10-100 Ω.cm. Pour les couches dopées, cela permet aux couches ayant une résistivité initiale de 10 Ω.cm de descendre jusqu'à 1 Ω.cm. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons établi les effets du dopage au Sr ou Ca qui conduisent à une forte chute de résistivité sans impact sur les propriétés optiques à la différence des résultats prévus par les calculs ab initio. Nous sommes ainsi parvenus à améliorer les propriétés des couches Cu2O transparentes de type p
Transparent electronic is currently limited by the lack of a really performant p-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which makes the elaboration of a transparent p-n junction challenging. Cuprous oxide Cu2O is a promising p-type TCO, but its optical transmittance in the visible spectrum is limited by its relatively low band gap (2.1 eV). In this thesis, we aim at increasing this value. To achieve that, we explore MOCVD as the growth method for strontium and calcium doping of cuprous oxide. According to ab-initio calculations performed at Tyndall Institute in Cork, doping with these elements is supposed to increase the band gap of Cu2O. In chapter I, we introduce the context of this thesis. After explaining the required conditions that a material must fulfil to be a p-type TCO, we present the state of the art of Cu2O. In chapter II, we present all the techniques used in this work, from the elaboration (MOCVD, thermal annealing) to characterization (SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, 4 point probe and Hall effect measurement). In chapter III, our objective is to synthesize pure, undoped Cu2O thin films. We explore the influence of the MOCVD parameters on the films composition and morphology. We get homogenous films on Si/SiO2 substrates, while we get heterogeneous films with un-deposited parts on silicon substrate. In addition, we show the risk to get the metallic copper phase when precursor concentration is high, oxygen partial pressure is low, and/or temperature is high. This enables us to determine the optimal deposition conditions. Starting from those optimal conditions, we study the influence of strontium doping on the functional properties of the films (resistivity, band gap and visible light transmittance) in chapter IV. A decrease of resistivity was observed with strontium doping. While undoped films show resistivity values of 103 Ω.cm or more, films doped from 6 to 15% strontium show resistivity values of about 10 Ω.cm. P-type conductivity was confirmed through Hall effect measurements, with a mobility close to 10 cm2.V-1.s-1 and a charge carrier density of about 1016 cm-3. The large difference between this carrier density and the Sr concentration can be linked with the presence of a strontium carbonate and fluoride contamination that was detected by FTIR and XPS. The exact influence of those impurities is not well known. In addition, no significant variation of optical properties was observed, the band gap remained close to 2.4 eV and average transmittance in the 500-1000 nm range was about 55%. Similar tendencies were observed for calcium doping, addressed in chapter V. Calcium doping showed the particularity of leading to the presence of cavities localized at the substrate/Cu2O interface, for a high dopant concentration and under UV assistance. Eventually, we performed thermal annealing on some samples, doped and undoped, in chapter VI. For undoped samples, it allowed to decrease resistivity in the 10-100 Ω.cm range. For doped samples, it allows samples showing initial resistivity of about 10 Ω.cm to decrease it to 1 Ω.cm. No impact of thermal annealing on sample morphology or composition was observed. In this thesis, we successfully established the effects of Sr or Ca doping, which lead to a significant decrease of the resistivity without impact on the optical properties, unlike what was predicted by the ab initio calculations. We were thus able to improve the p-type transparent Cu2O thin films properties

Cette thèse propose d'analyser via l'utilisation de données microéconomiques les canaux spécifiques à travers lesquels la transparence serait susceptible de promouvoir la croissance des firmes appréhendée par l'effort d'Investissement et d'alléger leurs contraintes de financement. Ce travail se donne un double objectif. Il s'agit d'abord, de construire deux scores de transparence microéconomique et macroéconomique à travers une analyse discriminante multiple portant sur un échantillon de 64 pays entre 1997 et 2009, mettant également en évidence les facteurs les plus influents sur les deux types de transparence. Ensuite, l'intégration des scores de transparence dans un modèle d'investissement basé sur l'équation d'Euler permet d'évaluer les effets respectifs des deux types de transparence sur les contraintes de financement et sur le niveau de l'investissement réel. Cette étude, portant sur un échantillon de 5652 firmes entre 2005 et 2009, fait ressortir une hiérarchisation des effets des deux types de transparence. Ces effets sont aussi plus importants pour les firmes des pays émergents. Notre étude suggère également que la transparence microéconomique et la transparence macroéconomique allègent plus les contraintes financières des firmes les moins endettées et stimulent plus l'investissement des firmes les plus endettées. Il ressort de cette recherche que les petites firmes sont plus à même de tirer profit des avantages des deux types de transparence. L'étude met en relief une non-linéarité de l'effet de la transparence microéconomique sur l'investissement et des effets de la transparence macroéconomique sur les contraintes de financement et l'investissement des firmes
This thesis analyses the specific channels through which transparency promotes the growth of companies apprehended by investment efforts and reduces financing constrains. This work has two objectives. The first objective is to build two transparency measures, microeconomic and macroeconomic, through a multiple discriminant analysis performed on a sample of 64 countries between 1997 and 2009. This analysis put the emphasis on the factors that influences the most either the microeconomic or the macroeconomic transparency levels. Second, the Integration of the transparency measures in an Euler equation allowed to assess the effects of microeconomic and macroeconomic transparency on the financing constrains and the real investment level. This second study was based on data collected on 5652 companies between 2005 and 2009. The output is a prioritization of both kinds of transparency effects. We found that these effects are more important for emerging countries. This study also concludes that microeconomic and macroeconomic transparencies reduce financing constrains further for the firms with lower indebtedness. Transparencies stimulate investment further for the firms with higher indebtedness. This study finally highlights the non-linearity of microeconomic transparency effects on investment and also the non-linearity of macroeconomic transparency effect on financing constrains and on investment

International real estate investors have shown interest in the Swedish real estate market since the second half of the 1990s. The entrance period was marked with a large amount of infused foreign capital, which was a result of flexible real estate transactions to low prices. Since then, the international interest for the Swedish real estate market has increased and the forecast says that it will continue. The majority of the foreign capital has been invested indirectly, through funds, but direct investments also occur. In recent years, the Asian capital invested in the Swedish real estate market has increased, with the main reason being a strive for risk diversification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the motives and incentives of foreign investors when investing in Swedish real estate. A secondary objective is to research whether there may be difficulties for foreign operators to perform real estate business in Sweden. Furthermore, a deeper analysis about the increased interest from Asia is performed. The study has been carried out through interviews with experienced people in the real estate business. Recognized reports and transaction data have also been analyzed. The analysis in this thesis shows that the interest from foreign investors vary depending on the fluctuation in economic activity. Sweden is considered to be politically and economically stable, with a good potential for future growth. Therefore, the interest from foreign investors has not been negatively affected over time. Factors that contribute to foreign interest in the Swedish real estate market are the good liquidity, low transaction costs and a high transparency. There are various incentives to invest in a foreign market, but international diversification has emerged as the most important incentive. Other main motives are the possibilities of return, the ability to increase the return and to risk-adjust returns over other kind of assets. The main problems that have arisen when foreign investors have capitalized in Sweden have had strong ties to the cultural, legal and political aspects. Today these problems are rare, mainly because foreign investors are more well informed and have been established for a long time on the market. Although many investors are using hedging for currency exposure, the currency is considered to be relatively stable and therefore entails less risk. In recent years Asian investors have shown great interest in the Swedish real estate market. However, Asian investors have only made a few major investments in the market. The introduction of retirement funds in Southeast and East Asia has led to a lot of capital being collected, and to diversify the risk the capital will have to be invested in global real estate. The increased interest suggests that further investments are to come in the future.
Intresset från utländska aktörer för fastighetsinvesteringar på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden växte fram under andra halvan av 1990-talet. Perioden präglades av ett stort inflöde av utländskt kapital, vilket var ett resultat av flexibla fastighetsköp till bra priser. Det utländska intresset för den svenska fastighetsmarknaden har sedan dess vuxit ännu mer och det finns mycket som pekar på att utvecklingen kommer att fortsätta i samma riktning. Den största delen av det utländska kapitalet har investerats indirekt genom fonder, men även direkta investeringar förekommer. De senaste åren har mängden asiatiskt kapital som sökt sig till marknaden ökat, främst på grund av riskspridning. Denna studie syftar till att utreda vilka motiv och incitament som ligger till grund för det utländska intresset att aktivera sig på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Med det som utgångspunkt fokuserar studien även på huruvida det kan förekomma problem för utländska aktörer att utföra fastighetsaffärer i Sverige. Vidare har en djupare analys kring det ökade intresset från Asien utförts. Studien har utförts med hjälp av intervjuer med nyckelpersoner inom fastighetsbranschen samt genom analys av erkända rapporter och transaktionsdata. Genom analys kan det konstateras att vilken typ av aktörer som valt att investera på svenska marknaden varierat under konjunktursvängningarna. Intresset för marknaden har trots detta inte varit hämmande. Detta på grund av att Sverige anses vara politiskt och ekonomiskt stabilt med goda tillväxtförutsättningar. Faktorer som bidragit till utländska investeringar på den svenska marknaden är en god likviditet, låga transaktionskostnader och en hög tranparensnivå. Det finns olika incitament för att investera på en främmande marknad, där internationell diversifiering har framträtt som det mest betydelsefulla incitamentet. Andra incitament är att få avkastning, förmågan att öka sin avkastning samt få en riskjusterad avkastning över andra tillgångsslag. De problem som har uppstått när utländska aktörer aktiverat sig i Sverige, har haft stark anknytning till kulturella, legala och politiska aspekter. Idag märks dessa problem inte av då utländska investerare är mer pålästa och varit etablerade en längre tid på marknaden. Flertalet utländska investerare hedgar mot valutaexponering, detta trots att valutan anses vara relativt stabil idag och medför därför en mindre risk. Asiatiska aktörer har på senare år visat stort intresse för den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. De har emellertid endast gjort ett fåtal större investeringar på marknaden. Aktörer från Sydost- och Östasien har i och med införandet av pensionsfonder erhållit mycket kapital som ska allokeras i fastigheter med syftet att risksprida. Det intensifierade intresset tyder på att investeringarna på sikt kan komma att öka.

Konsumenter idag visar stort intresse för hållbarhet, vilket blir en allt viktigare fråga i dagens modeindustri. Hur modeföretag på den svenska marknaden väljer att marknadsföra och kommunicera sitt hållbarhetsarbete har stor inverkan på konsumenters attityder och köpintentioner. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur dessa attityder och köpintentioner påverkas av svenska modeföretags hållbarhetskommunikation. Konsumenterna som undersöks är kvinnor i åldrarna 20-40, som handlat på den svenska marknaden under de senaste 12 månaderna. Utifrån studiens syfte har frågor formulerats, vilka undersöker hur populationen i fråga uppfattar det marknadsförda hållbarhetsarbete som svenska modeföretag framställer, samt vilka attityder och köpintentioner som finns utifrån detta. För att undersöka konsumenters attityder till hållbarhetsarbete har empiriskt material samlats in genom en onlinebaserad enkätundersökning, vilken blivit besvarad av totalt 113 respondenter. Resultatet av studien visar att konsumenter anser att hållbarhet är en viktig del av svenska modeföretags arbete. Den marknadsföring som svenska modeföretag idag kommunicerar anses vara otydlig och inte tillräckligt transparent. Studien visar även att konsumenter i vissa fall kan tänka sig betala ett högre pris för en vara som är hållbart producerad, men att det finns andra faktorer som har större inverkan på köpintentioner än just hållbarhet. Slutsatsen av studien visar att engagemanget växer från konsumenternas sida när det kommer till att handla hållbart producerat mode, samt att de ställer högre krav på modeföretagen.

Både tillgängligheten av information samt hastigheten den förmedlas i har med den digitalautvecklingen ritat om kartan för politiska partier. Syftet med studien var att bidra med enökad kunskap och förståelse kring politiskt varumärkesbyggande. Studien har undersökt hurriksdagspartier använder sociala medier för att bygga varumärken, på vilket sätt enskildapartiföreträdare kan påverka varumärket samt vilken roll transparens har ivarumärkesbyggandet. Forskare har påstått att politiska partier mer börjat likna företag, attväljare blivit konsumenter och att många politiska partier idag använder sig av traditionellamarknadsföringsstrategier. Detta berörde teorierna kring författarnas två huvudteman;Varumärken och internet & sociala medier. För att undersöka frågeställningarna intervjuadestre respondenter från tre, ideologiskt sett, skilda partier med olika rötter. Även om detkonstaterades mycket likheter i respondenternas svar så fanns en del skillnader. I slutsatsensammanställdes nyckelfaktorerna vid partiers varumärkesbyggande genom sociala medier.
With the digital development, both the availability of information and the speed at which it isconveyed have redrawn the map for political parties. The purpose of the study was tocontribute to an increased knowledge and understanding of political branding. The study hasexamined how parliamentary parties use social media to build brands, in what way individualparty representatives can influence the brand and what role transparency has in branding.Researchers have claimed that political parties have begun to resemble companies, that votershave become consumers and that many political parties today use traditional marketingstrategies. This touched on the theories surrounding the authors’ two main themes; Brandsand internet & social media. To investigate the research questions, three respondents fromthree, ideologically speaking, different roots were interviewed. Although many similaritieswere found in the respondents’ answers, there were some differences. The conclusion compiled the key factors in parties’ branding through social media.

Hållbarhet, vilket kan förklaras som en balans mellan sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska faktorer, är ett ständigt aktuellt ämne och Transparens ett relativt nytt sådant. Transparens beskrivs som den mängd information som ett företag är villig att avslöja om deras leverantörskedja. Det sägs att människor vill höra klädesplaggets historia, så som vem, var och hur det har blivit tillverkat, men trots detta är Fast Fashion fortfarande ett utbrett koncept. Fast Fashion innebär att företag prioriterar låga priser, kort leveranstid och snabbt föränderliga trender. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om Transparens kan räknas som ett verktyg för Hållbarhet inom Fast Fashion, utifrån studenters perspektiv. Genom en kvantitativ enkät är förhoppningen att få svar på frågor om vad dessa konsumenter anser om hållbarhet och om det kopplas ihop med Transparens. Studien är menad att bidra till modeföretag med indikationer på konsumenters kunskap och åsikter om ämnet, för att ge dem en eventuell anledning att implementera Transparens i sin verksamhet. Resultaten visar på att intresse för Transparens finns hos målgruppen studenter och indikerar på att dessa ser ett samband mellan Hållbarhet och Transparens.
Sustainability, which can be explained as a balance between social, economic and ecological factors, is a constantly relevant topic and Transparency is a relatively new one. Transparency is described as the amount of information a company is willing to disclose about their supply chain. It is said that people want to hear the history of the garment, such as who, where and how it has been manufactured, but despite that, Fast Fashion is still a widespread concept. Fast Fashion means that companies prioritize low prices, short delivery times and fast-changing trends.This study aims at investigating whether Transparency can be regarded as a tool for sustainability in Fast Fashion, based on student perspectives. Through a quantitative survey, the hope is to answer questions about these consumers opinions about sustainability and if it is connected to Transparency. The study is intended to contribute to fashion companies with indications of consumer knowledge and opinions about the subject, to give them a possible reason to implement Transparency in their business. The results show that interest in Transparency is found in the target audience of students, indicating that they see a connection between Sustainability and Transparency. This paper is written in Swedish.

À l’intersection du design et de la muséographie, la vitrine est un objet d’étude hybride rarement abordé d’un point de vue esthétique, d’où cette thèse intitulée Esthétique de la vitrine. La vitrine est conçue, habituellement, comme décor, display et écrin. Une telle approche, en minimisant le rôle actif de la vitrine dans l’économie de la monstration, donne lieu à un esthétisme de la vitrine, dont la présente thèse souhaite se départir. Pourquoi ? Car, la transparence de la vitrine est un mythe. Bien qu’elle le soit matériellement, la vitrine est un élément interférant entre le regardeur et l’objet regardé. Elle prend part activement à la relation qui s’instaure, ou plutôt qu’elle instaure, entre l’un et l’autre. Le problème directeur de la recherche consiste à questionner ce rôle interférent, sa nature, son mécanisme et la possibilité d’une esthétique.Comment ? Par le questionnement des œuvres. Cette thèse prend pour objets d’étude les œuvres, principalement des installations et des performances – de Wall, Hirschhorn, Koh, Mayaux, Dion, Gette seront particulièrement étudiés - qui ont pour point commun de s’approprier une vitrine, soit de type commercial, soit de type muséal, pour en faire un élément à part entière de leur dispositif. Pour quelles conclusions ? L’interférence de la vitrine, par le biais de son appropriation artistique, apparaît à trois niveaux. Elle est un espace d’expositions (1er moment), un cadre de perceptions (2ème moment) et un écran de représentations (3ème moment) interférant dans le triple jeu de l’exposition, de la perception et de la représentation qu’elle met en œuvre
At the intersection of design and museography, the showcase is an hybrid study, rarely raised in terms of aesthetic appeal, hence this thesis is titled Aesthetics of the showcase. The showcase is usually designed as a decor, a display and a case. Such a perspective, minimizing the active role of the showcase in the economy of the demonstration, gives rise to an aesthetism of the showcase, which the present thesis wants to get rid. Why ? Because the transparency of the showcase is a myth. Although it is physically, the showcase is something that interfering between the Watcher and the watched object. It participates actively into the relationship that is established, or rather that it establishes between one and the other. The problematic orientation of this study is to inquire this interfere role, its nature, its mechanism and the possibility of an aesthetic.How ? Through questioning of the art-works. My doctoral thesis, mainly, focuses on installations and works performance - Wall, Hirschhorn, Koh, Mayaux, Dion, Gette will be particularly studied - who both of them, appropriates a showcase either commercial kind or Museum kind, to make them an integral part of their device.What conclusions ? The interference of the showcase, through its artistic appropriation, appears at three levels. It is a space for exhibitions (1st time), a framework of perceptions (2nd time) and a viewing of representations (3rd time) interfering in the triple set of exposure, perception and representation that it implements

Le photovoltaïque nécessite de nouveaux matériaux pour diminuer ces coûts et améliorer les rendements. Ces travaux de thèse ont concerné le développement de nouvelles phases d'oxyde de titane pour l'électronique transparente et la conversion de photon appliquée au PV silicium. L'ablation laser pulsé est une méthode de croissance particulièrement adaptée pour la prospection de matériaux aux propriétés innovantes. Le contrôle des phases anatase, rutile et d'une phase de composition TiO1.45 épitaxié en fonction de la pression partielle d'oxygène a permis de réaliser des films aux propriétés électriques, optiques innovantes. Un film biphasé anatase/rutile dopé niobium (TNO1.80) présente ainsi une transition métal-semi-conducteur aux alentours de 68K. Par ailleurs, le film de composition TiO1.45 épitaxié s'est révélé être un oxyde transparent conducteur de type p. La découverte de ce nouveau p-TCOs a été valorisée et validée par l'élaboration d'une homojonction p - n transparente. Les matrices d'oxyde de titane rutile et anatase ont également été utilisées pour accueillir des ions terres rares Ln3+ afin de convertir les photons ultra-violet du spectre solaire incident vers le proche infrarouge (800 > λ > 1100 nm). Le transfert d'énergie des matrices TiO2 vers les dopants Ln3+ a été étudié en fonction de la structure, de la quantité de dopant ainsi que la qualité de la microstructure des films dopés Ln3+ (Ln3+=Pr3+,Tm3+,Eu3+,Yb3+,Nd3+).

Ces travaux ciblent l’étude de la relation entre la microstructure et les propriétés optiques découlant d’une céramique de YAG:Ce. Les propriétés microstructurales d’une céramique luminescente définissent sa capacité à transmettre et émettre la lumière. En considérant l’ensemble des étapes d’élaboration, de la mise en forme de la poudre jusqu’à la densification maximale du matériau final, nous cherchons à déterminer les facteurs régissant l’activité de luminescence. Les céramiques ont été élaborées à partir de poudres commerciales produites par l’entreprise Baikowski. Les caractérisations réalisées sur les particules de poudres ont mis en évidences de défauts internes à l’échelle nanométrique. Une mise en forme par atomisation, pressage uni-axial et pressage isostatique a précédé une densification par pressage isostatique à chaud (HIP). Afin de conservé une bonne finesse granulaire, nous n’avons pas utilisé d’additif de frittage. La maitrise des conditions d’élaborations nous a permis de réaliser des céramiques à microstructures variables. Certaines de ces céramiques présentent de bonnes propriétés de transparence. Les caractérisations optiques confirment l’influence des facteurs expérimentaux considérés. Nous notons l’impact significatif de la quantité et de la dimension des phases diffusantes sur les propriétés optiques du matériau à travers les mécanismes de diffusion optique. De plus, ces phases diffusantes affectent le spectre d’émission du matériau. Un rendement de luminescence maximal a été observé pour une taille de grain sub-micronique. La corrélation des caractérisations optiques et microscopiques mettent en évidence l’influence de l’absorption non radiative sur l’efficacité globale. Grace à la technique de cathodoluminescence couplé à la microscopie électronique à balayage, nous avons observé la répartition spatiale de la luminescence ou sein de l’ensemble des matériaux élaborés
This work aims to study the relationship between microstructure and optical properties of a Ce:YAG ceramic. The microstructural properties of a luminescent ceramic define its capacity to transmit and emit light. Considering the integrally of the elaboration process, from powder shaping to maximal densification, our goal is to identify the factors ruling the luminescence activity. Ceramics were elaborated from Baikowski’s commercial powders. The characterizations on powders particules put in evidence internal defects at the nano scale. The shaping steps (granulation, pressing and isostatic pressing) were followed by densification through hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In order to keep a thin microstructure, we did not used any sintering additives. The mastering of elaboration allowed us to fabricate ceramics with different microstructures. Some of those ceramics present good transparency. Optical characterizations confirm the influence of the investigated parameters. We note the significant impact of both quantity and dimension of secondary phases on optical properties through scattering processes. Thus, scattering affects the emission spectra of the material. A maximal luminescence yield has been observed for a submicronic grain size. Linking optical and microscopic observations, we put in evidence the influence of un-radiative absorption mechanisms on efficiency. Thanks to cathodo-luminescence scanning electron microscopy, we observed the spatial repartition of luminescence on the full range of the elaborated materials

The use of chemicals in the textile industry is increasingly recognized as a problem and a matter of public concern. A proper EU policy on the subject is still missing. However, as testified by the number of self-organized communities and activist campaigns emerging around this theme, a demand for higher transparency is rising from the base of society. A kit made of a new label graphic; a hyperspectral camera and a mobile app have been design as a possible strategy to allow fashion companies to better meet the needs of their consumers. This final configuration opens up for a reflection about design practice, trust and transparency.

Purpose:  The purpose of this thesis is to examine how companies can favorablycommunicate their sustainable practices in a transparent way in order tobe perceived as trustworthy so that a competitive advantage canperhaps be achieved. Further, it will be investigated if transparencywithin the supply chain can be used as a fundament for being perceivedas credible by consumers. Method:   The method will be qualitative with an inductive approach. Theresearch will consist of forming a case study based on the companyPatagonia, where primary data will consist of interviews with multipleexperts on the topic. Besides, secondary data will consist of books,journal articles, conference material and information from the websiteof Patagonia. Conclusion:   In this research it was found that transparent communication aboutsustainable business practices can increase the trust in brands and canthus deliver a competitive advantage. Hence, companies need to solelyfocus on the core customer, integrate the customer in thecommunication process and deliver easy and clear information. Thisinformation should educate the customer and thus be perceived asvaluable and trustworthy.