Thèses sur le sujet « Transition Debate »

En raison du changement climatique, le monde doit de plus en plus faire face aux urgences environnementales. Plusieurs questions écologiques, notamment énergétiques, surgissent globalement d’une manière préoccupante et impose dans les esprits la nécessité d’une « transition énergétique » comme solution. Cette transition implique des changements économiques, politiques et sociétaux n’engagent plus la seule responsabilité gouvernementale. Et c’est au nom de ce principe que les autorités ont appelé tout à chacun à se prononcer sur ces questions lors du Débat National sur la Transition Énergétique (DNTE) en France en 2013. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’exposer les spécificités discursives et textuelles de ce débat national, depuis son origine jusqu’à son aboutissement présenté sous forme de synthèse. En situant dans le cadre théorique de l’analyse du discours, ce travail recourt à diverses approches : historique, communicationnelle, socio-politique et linguistique. Il entend en particulier décrire la fabrication des synthèses de ce débat et leur dimension textuelle pour à la fois rendre compte des caractéristiques propres du DNTE et son issue, laquelle devant permettre en principe au gouvernement de délibérer et décider sur des politiques à adopter
Due to climate change, the world is experiencing numerous environmental problems, which are in urgent need of solutions. Among the major ecological concerns being discussed globally are energy-related problems. The "energy transition" is known as an effective solution to such a situation. This implies the economic, political and societal changes that the government is no longer solely responsible for this global issue. In France, everyone is called upon to take a stand as evidenced by the National Debate on Energy Transition (DNTE) in 2013. The main objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the discursive and textual specificities of this national debate, from its origin to its completion presented in the form of synthesis. Within the theoretical framework of the French discourse analysis, this thesis combines historical, communicational, socio-political and linguistic approaches to analyze the debate. It focuses particularly on describing the production of the synthesis of this debate and their textual dimension in order to show the specific characteristics of the DNTE as well as its result which allows the government to deliberate and decide on the policies to adopt

A revolution is brewing within global biodiversity governance as attempts to govern and to deal with biodiversity loss have not led to any substantial results. The underlying drivers of biodiversity loss keep adding to the total ecological predicament which in turn sets in motion an epistemological paradigm shift (episteme) with a call for transformative change. This shift of episteme confronts Western modern ways of thinking and challenges to leave bifurcated views of Nature behind. This leads to a shift in the great conservation debate towards a new Anthropocene conservation debate, where new discursive positions arise stressing to move beyond nature-culture dichotomies and beyond capitalism. These positions challenge the reformist and prosaic mainstream conservation regime of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) with its tendency for rational problem-solving and incremental adjustments.  Contemporary process philosophers are now also creating their own discursive niche position within academia as “Earth bound”. This study draws from this position to shed a different light on the new Anthropocene conservation debate. It outlines how a “dogmatic image of thought” and how “the fallacy of the bifurcation of Nature” have created the conditions for the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss maintaining the mainstream conservation regime. “Living in harmony with nature” and “bending the curve of biodiversity loss” prove to be useful synergetic epistemic notions to break out of the dogmatic image and to leave bifurcation behind. Process-relational thinking can help understand how transition governance can support new policies that aim to create cross-scale alignments for local action within international negotiations.  Therefore, this study proposes a renewed process-inspired transition governance, which could help to find capacities that have yet remained unexercised. Based on speculative methods creating social-ecological imaginaries, these capacities can be discovered but this requires the global conservation community to see beyond the dogmatic image and bifurcation in the journey to living in harmony with nature in 2050, for which the epistemic notions of “living in harmony with nature” and “bending the curve of biodiversity loss” could turn out to be useful synergetic starting points.

China’s rise and Russia’s fall shape today’s global political economy. This new great divergence originates from the different policies pursued in the transition from a command economy. Russia applied a ‘big-bang’ doctrine with rapid price liberalisation at its core. In contrast, a policy of experimentalist gradualism manifested in the dual track price system (DTPS) laid the foundations for China’s economic success. But the Chinese reform approach was highly contested in the 1980s and China came close to implementing a big bang. My dissertation sheds light on this critical crossroads by asking on what intellectual grounds China escaped a big bang in price reform; or to turn the question positively, on what intellectual grounds the DTPS was defended against the plans to implement a big bang. To derive an answer, the first part presents the broad historical and theoretical context of the 1980s Chinese price reform debate. In particular, I analyse the ancient Chinese tradition of price regulation, the US price control experience and controversies during and after the Second World War, and the Chinese Communists’ price policies in the Maoist period. Against this background, the second part conducts an in-depth study of the 1980s price reform debate drawing on more than 50 interviews with Chinese and foreign economists, previously unexplored archival evidence and a wealth of Chinese sources. I show that the DTPS emerged from bureaucratic practices and was justified by large-scale empirical research efforts conducted by young intellectuals, who had gained influence through their contribution to rural reform. In contrast, I find that the big bang reform approach was introduced to China by Eastern European émigré scholars and Western economists, and was promoted by a group of Chinese academic economists. I demonstrate how the DTPS was grounded in a pragmatic philosophy of economic policy-making deeply rooted in China’s bureaucratic tradition, which prevailed over the idealist stance underlying the panacea of a big bang.

O presente trabalho analisa a obra de dois autores positivistas com atuação intelectual, política e social marcante durante os últimos anos do século XIX e primeiros anos do século XX no Brasil: Luís Pereira Barreto e Alberto Sales. Importantes representantes do positivismo paulista, tais autores, guiados por visão cientificista da realidade do país, elaboraram visão peculiar das necessidades de mudanças do país rumo à civilização e ao progresso. A hipótese trabalhada é a de que tais autores expressam, na esfera intelectual, um embate entre diferentes grupos e estratos nacionais interessados em impor à nação seu projeto de modernização, um embate pela hegemonia intelectual em momento de importante transição do país. Desta forma, trabalha-se com a ideia de que tais autores apropriam-se do discurso positivista com interesse sincero de colocar suas percepções e entendimentos em prática e alterar concretamente as condições sociais, econômicas e políticas do país. Discorda- se, deste modo, das análises que compreendem os posicionamentos intelectuais apenas como forma de reorganizar o discurso autoritário ou como modo de crítica ao governo, mais ou menos acentuada, de indivíduos distantes das esferas de poder.
The present study examines the work of two positivist authors with outstanding intellectual, political and social performance during the last years of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century in Brazil: Luís Pereira Barreto and Alberto Sales. Important representatives of paulista positivism, such authors, led by scientist vision of the reality of the nation, developed peculiar vision of the changing needs of the country towards progress and civilization. A crafted hypothesis is that such authors express, in the intellectual sphere, a contest between different groups and strata national interested in impose to the nation its modernization project, a contest for the intellectual hegemony in a important moment for the country\'s transition. Thus, we work with the idea that such authors appropriated from the positivist discourse with sincere interest to put their perceptions and understandings into practice and change concretely the social, economic and political of the nation. Disagree is thus of the analyzes who understand the intellectual positions only as a way of reorganize the authoritative discourse or as a form of criticism of the government, more or less pronounced, of individuals distant of the spheres of power.

La clave (1976-85) fue el primer programa de debates en directo que hubo en España. Dirigido y presentado por José Luis Balbín, fue un programa innovador que dio voz a colectivos históricamente discriminados y permitió visibilizar las aspiraciones, las demandas y las presiones de la sociedad española. Por primera vez en televisión se abordaron temas inéditos como la pena de muerte, las drogas, el aborto, la homosexualidad, la Iglesia, el Ejército o la guerra civil, que ayudaron a erosionar los valores sociales que el franquismo había permeabilizado en la sociedad española durante casi cuarenta años de dictadura. A lo largo de los 408 programas pasaron un total de 2.708 invitados, entre los que figuraban algunas de las personalidades más influyentes del panorama político español (Adolfo Suárez, Manuel Fraga, Santiago Carrillo, Enrique Tierno Galván, Federica Montseny, Jordi Pujol, Gil Robles, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta…) y del ámbito internacional como Olof Palme, Neil Armstrong, Mário Soares, Truman Capote o J. K. Galbraith. Un pluralismo que conllevó un principio demoledor del franquismo: ningún invitado era acusado por sus ideas políticas. Este trabajo parte del análisis de numerosa documentación de archivo, fuentes periodísticas, publicaciones oficiales de RTVE, y la última entrevista concedida por José Luis Balbín para defender la hipòtesis que La clave, a través de sus debates televisivos, contribuyó a la formación de una cultura política democrática en la España de la Transición.
La clave (1976-1985), the first live debate TV programme in Spain, directed and conducted by José Luis Balbín, was an innovative programme that gave a voice to groups of people who had historically been subjected to discrimination­ and (enabled the visualization of) fashioned the aspirations, sensitivities, claims and pressure of Spanish society. For the first time, television raised unprecedented (unthinkable) issues such as death penalty, drugs, abortion, homosexuality, the Church, the Army or the Civil War, eroding the social values that Francoism had instilled in Spanish society for about forty years of dictatorship. Throughout the 408 programmes, a total of 2,708 guests, among whom there were some of the most outstanding (influential) personalities of Spanish political scene (Adolfo Suárez, Manuel Fraga, Santiago Carrillo, Enrique Tierno Galván, Federica Montseny, Jordi Pujol, Gil Robles, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta…) and of international scope, such as Olof Palme, Neil Armstrong, Mário Soares, Truman Capote o J. K. Galbraith. Such cultural diversity and pluralism entailed a demolishing principle of Francoism: no guest was ever accused by their political ideas. This thesis is based on the analysis of extensive archival documentation, media sources, RTVE official publications, and the last interview given by José Luis Balbín, to defend the hypothesis that La clave, throughout its TV debates, fostered a democratic political culture in the Spanish Transition.

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a formação de uma área de pesquisas sobre crime, violência e punição nas ciências sociais contemporâneas no Brasil(1968-2010) e sua relação com a constituição de um campo da segurança públicaconvergência entre campo científico e arenas de política pública -,concebido como parte de um dispositivo de saber-poder(Foucault, 2000;2005), que se pretende alternativo ao monopólio do saber jurídico e policial no sistema de justiça criminal. Considerando a conversão da \"violência urbana\" em problema público, analisamos como no debate sobre o tema se constituem pontes entre preocupações públicas e questões científicas a partir de centros de pesquisa e de sua articulação com redes de ativismo na sociedade civil e no interior do Estado. Estivemos atentos a dois aspectos: 1) de um lado, à constituição de especialidades ou (sub)disciplinas em meio às disputas entre grupos de pesquisa por recursos burocráticos no interior de um campo científico; 2) de outro, à formação de redes de atores voltadas à legitimação política dos princípios causais, normativos e instrumentais a que estão identificados. Em, outras palavras, os cientistas sociais são analisados como atores voltados à conversão de contextos de politização em processos de disciplinarização e de estatização. Buscamos, assim, problematizar as ambiguidades do duplo papel dos pesquisadores deste campo, como construtores de padrões organizacionais de autonomia científica e como reformadores se esforçando por transformar seus saberes em práticas de governo através da profissionalização dos agentes aserviço do Estado e da formalização dos saberes a partir dos quais a administração se legitima. Trata-se, em suma, de analisar a mobilização de cientistas sociais para se legitimarem como agentes reconhecidos na disputa pela imposição de uma visão legítima do fenômeno da violência que sirva de base para o desenvolvimento de novas práticas técnico-políticas de gestão do social por parte do Estado. Observamos que o embate entre correntes políticas nas agendas de reforma dos sistemas de justiça criminal e segurança pública tensio na o campo de pesquisas entre esforços de reconfiguração crítica do modelo de Ciências Criminais integradas ao Direito Penal e um modelo de Criminologia independente, como formação profissional na área de gestão da segurança pública e justiça criminal.
This research analyzes the formation of an area of research on crime, violence and punishment in contemporary social sciences in Brazil (1968-2010) and its relation to the constitution of a field of public security-convergence between scientific fields and arenas of political public designed as part as knowledge-power apparatus (Foucault, 2000; 2005), which is intended alternative to the monopoly of legal and police knowledge in the criminal justice system. Whereas the conversion of \" urban violence\" in public problem, we analyze how the debate on the subject constitute bridges between public concerns and issues from scientific research centers and their coordination with networks of activism in civil society and within the state . We were aware of two aspects:1) on one hand, the establishment of specialties or (sub)disciplines amidst disputes between research groups by bureaucratic resources within a scientific field; 2) otherwise, the formation of networks of actors facing the political legitimacy of causal, instrumental and normative principles that are identified. In other words, social scientists are as actors aimed at converting contexts of politicization in processes of disciplinarisation and étatisation. We seek, therefore, to question the ambiguities of the double role of researchers in this field, as builders of organizational standards of scientific autonomy and as reformers striving to transform their knowledge in governance practices through the professional development of staff in the service of the state and formalization of knowledge from which the administration is legitimized. It is, in short, to analyze the mobilization of social scientists to legitimize themselves as agents recognized in dispute by imposing a legitimate view of the phenomenon of violence as a basis for the development of new technical practices -management policies for social the State. We observed that the clash between current policy agendas for reform of criminal justice and public safety systems tightens the field of research efforts between critical reconfiguration of Criminal Sciences Integrated Model to the Criminal Law and Criminology independent model, as professional training in management of public security and criminal justice.

Public debt management (PDM) in transition and other emerging countries is more complex and crucial than in developed ones. In these economies, the choice of the financial structure of the public debt is key to warrant fiscal stability because of higher volatility of macroeconomic and financial conditions. In addition, public debt dynamics exacerbate the weight of fiscal risk as a source of macroeconomic instability. This work is a contribution to the analysis of these issues; in particular, it is focussed on the optimal PDM in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, a relatively unexplored issue in the economic literature. This Ph.D. thesis is composed by three papers, each one corresponding to a chapter. The first one presents a brief description of the economy and public debt structure of the FSU countries since their independence, while the last two provide the optimal debt structure of Armenia and Lithuania. Break up of the Soviet Union put the FSU republics in front of a number of issues, which they had to solve on their own. Lack of significant own resources and loss of subsidies from the consolidated budget of the USSR necessitated foreign borrowings of financial resources. In the early years of the transition the republics borrowed from the international financial institutions mainly on concessional terms, thus, external debt increased to extremely high levels. Lately, the markets for debt securities expanded significantly in order to diversify the risks and to look for a different sources of finance. But these financial markets remain undeveloped, which causes extremely difficulties to collect data on debt composition. Chapter 1 is the first attempt to describes the public debt evolution in the FSU republics since their independence, thus, represents a unique contribution to the literature. Chapter 2, relying on a stylized set of securities and on a simple econometric model of the Armenian economy, analyzes the optimal public debt composition, balancing fiscal and financial risks and costs. Considering several alternative macroeconomic shocks hitting the economy, I find that the balance of risks and costs underlying Armenian public debt can be improved by reducing foreign-currency denominated debt (both on concessional and commercial terms), and by increasing fixed-rate bonds. Also, the analysis clearly supports the introduction of real bonds. Chapter 3 presents a model in which PDM stabilizes the debt ratio to minimize the risk that the budget deficit exceeds the 3% limit set by the EU Stability and Growth Pact, in face of different macroeconomic and financial shocks affecting Lithuanian economy in the context of a pegged exchange rate. To minimize debt risks and costs the estimated results suggest giving priority to fixed rate securities. The model introduces inflation-indexed bonds and describes the share necessary for potential gains to the government from their issuing.
La gestione del debito pubblico nelle economie emergenti ed in transizione è più complessa e cruciale rispetto alle economie sviluppate. A causa della maggiore volatilità delle condizioni macroeconomiche e finanziarie tipiche di queste economie, la scelta della struttura del debito pubblico è fondamentale per garantire la stabilità fiscale. Inoltre le dinamiche del debito aumentano il peso del rischio fiscale come fonte di instabilità macroeconomica. Questo lavoro contribuisce all'analisi di questi argomenti; in particolare, focalizzandosi sull'ottimizzazione della gestione del debito pubblico nelle repubbliche ex-URRS, aspetto ancora relativamente inesplorato nella letteratura. Questa tesi di dottorato è composta da tre articoli, ognuno dei quali corrisponde ad un capitolo. Il primo rappresenta una descrizione dell'economia e della struttura del debito pubblico delle repubbliche ex-URRS dalla loro indipendenza ad oggi, mentre gli ultimi due sono dedicati al calcolo della composizione ottimale del debito pubblico di Armenia e Lituania. La caduta dell'Unione Sovietica ha posto le repubbliche ex-URRS di fronte a diverse difficoltà che ogni paese ha dovuto affrontare individualmente. La mancanza di risorse proprie e la perdita dei sussidi dal bilancio consolidato dell'URRS ha creato la necessità di ricorrere a prestiti dall'estero. Nei primi anni dell'indipendenza le repubbliche si sono indebitate principalmente con istituzioni finanziarie internazionali usufruendo di prestiti agevolati. Successivamente, hanno cominciato a sviluppare il mercato dei titoli di stato allo scopo di diversificare i rischi ed accedere ad altre fonti finanziarie. Ma questi mercati finanziari rimangono ancora poco sviluppati, ciò rende la raccolta dei dati sul debito pubblico difficile. Il Capitolo 1 è il primo tentativo di descrivere l'evoluzione del debito pubblico nei paesi ex-URRS dalla loro indipendenza, per cui rappresenta un contributo unico alla letteratura. Il Capitolo 2, basandosi su un set semplificato di titoli di stato ed un modello econometrico semplificato dell'economia armena, analizza la composizione ottimale del debito pubblico della Repubblica di Armenia, bilanciando rischi e costi fiscali e finanziari. Applicando differenti shock macroeconomici all'economia Armena, emerge che il bilanciamento fra rischi e costi sottostanti il debito pubblico armeno può essere migliorato riducendo i titoli di stato denominati in valuta estera e aumentando l'emissione di titoli a tasso fisso. Inoltre, l'analisi supporta l'introduzione di titoli indicizzati all'inflazione. Il Capitolo 3 presenta un modello in cui la gestione del debito è orientata a stabilizzare il rapporto del debito-PIL per minimizzare il rischio che il deficit ecceda il 3% (limite stabilito dal Patto Europeo di Stabilità e Crescita) nel contesto di tasso di cambio fisso considerando diversi shock che colpiscono l'economia lituana. I risultati suggeriscono di dare priorità ai titoli a tasso fisso. Per minimizzare i rischi e costi del debito, il modello introduce l'emissione di titoli indicizzati all'inflazione e descrive i possibili vantaggi per il governo dovuti alla loro emissione sul mercato.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A dissertação focaliza de que forma a educação importa / contribui no processo de (re) produção das desigualdades sociais a partir da reflexão dos três eixos temáticos abordados nas Ciências Sociais: estratificação educacional, educação e entrada no mercado de trabalho e a relação entre educação e renda. São considerados os modelos explicativos e evidências empíricas relativas ao Brasil sobre as relações estabelecidas pela educação com os processos de estratificação social.
The dissertation focus on the way of education contributes to the social inequality (re) production process from the reflection on the three thematic issues that were dealt with Social Science: educational stratification, education and the access to the labour market and the relations between education and income. The explicably models and empiric evidences related to Brazil are considered about the relations between education with the social stratification process.

This work has two main aims: it wants, from one side, to revive the debate on the Transition to Capitalism, whereas, on the other side, it proposes a new political approach to historical materialism. Triggered by social concerns about our times - which are characterised by growing inequality and poverty, by class polarisation, climate emergences, economic crises and new wars - the research devotes theoretical attention to the dialectics between political present and the writing of history. While the world leaves behind thirty years of neo-liberal unipolarism, and History, in its magnitude, gets back into the scene, the paper, critically focusing on the origins of Capitalism and on the praxis of change, shakes the hypostatization of the present social system and, highlighting the specific features that make it finite and superable, historicises it. The work challenges those academic studies which have dealt, in the wake of several cultural trends, with the history of economic and social development, counterposing to micro-specialisation, post-modern fragmentation and the multiplication of perspectives, a systematic contestation of the whole bulk of relations which Capitalism entails. Devoting a new importance to class paradigm - even with respect to materialist traditional approaches - the essay contributes to Marxist historiography, originally investigating theoretical nodes such as the relationship between base and superstructure, history and theory, materiality and ideology, objectivity and subjectivity. Group interests, class relations and conflicts in XVIII century England are inspected with the goal of defining a new method for historical investigation: the social praxis, as a methodological criterion, does not only permit us to reframe the dynamics relating economic (structural) and social transformations, but proves to be a valid guide to preserve the researcher’s writing from from the ideological influence of his time hegemony.

Não é incomum que os historiadores estejam colocados diante da necessidade de usar conceitos de temporalidade, tais como época, etapa, situação, fase ou conjuntura: são critérios de periodização, para situar os movimentos de mudança, ou preservação, dos mais diferentes aspectos da vida econômica, social ou política das sociedades que estudam. Mas, é também freqüente que o uso dessas categorias seja, inúmeras vezes, pouco rigorosa, senão descuidado. Os mais perigosos anacronismos, um pecado mortal neste ofício são, então, possíveis. O argumento desta pesquisa busca demonstrar a importância decisiva destas noções de temporalidade, para realçar que as medidas dos tempos são, necessariamente, desiguais e diversas. O marxismo sugeriu uma série de critérios de periodização que estabelecem um elo entre os tempos longos das mudanças históricas, na escala das épocas que se sucedem, e os tempos mais curtos das etapas e situações, até o tempo acelerado das conjunturas. Mas, como se sabe, o marxismo se desenvolveu como uma corrente de pensamento plural e hetereogênea. Este trabalho procurou resgatar uma parte do debate sobre as temporalidades, à luz da teoria da revolução política e social, elaborada por Marx Engels, e alguns dos seus discípulos. Nele se discute o que seriam épocas, etapas, situações e crises revolucionárias, e se avançam um conjunto de sugestões para uma periodização histórico-política do século que se encerra.
Historians not uncommonly have to face up with the need of using concepts of temporality such as epoch, stage, situation, phase and juncture as criteria for periodization. These concepts are used to situate the movements of change and preservation of the most diverse aspects of the economic, social or political life of the societies they study. Nevertheless, the use of these categories is not quite rigorous. On the contrary, it is rather untidy. The most dangerous anachronisms – a deadly sin in this craft – are therefore possible. The reasoning of this research tries to demonstrate the paramount importance of these notions of temporality in order to highlight that the measures of times are necessarily uneven and diverse. Marxism has suggested a series of criteria of periodization which establish a link between the long time of historical changes – at the scale of epochs which take place recurrently – and the shorter times of stages and situations, ending in the accelerated time of junctures. Marxism – as it is widely known – has developed itself as a plural and heterogeneous tendency of thought. The current research aimed to rescue a portion of the debate about the temporalities, in the light of the theory of political and social revolution elaborated by Marx and Engels and their disciples. We tried to discuss in our theses what would be the meaning of revolutionary epochs, stages, situations and crises. We have also issued a set of suggestions for the making of a historical and political periodization of the current ending century.

Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Based on the work of leading theorists within peace and conflict studies, this thesis develops a theoretical framework in order to analyse the seemingly deadlocked ‘peace vs. justice’ debate to explore the possibility of expanding the perspectives in a combined approach. It finds that the debate is based on a narrow perception of both concepts, where they are perceived as negotiations and punishment respectively. Only through applying such a combined approach is it thereby possible to move beyond this current situation. This theoretical framework is then applied on the case of the ongoing conflict in Northern Uganda, where the empirical aspects of this debate have lasted for the longest period of time since the International Criminal Court’s involvement in 2004. With basis in the Juba peace agreement from 2008 that would have balanced retributive and restorative forms of justice, this study finds that the only way to create sustainable peace is by striking a balance between the transitional justice mechanisms of the ICC, conditional amnesties and more traditional forms of justice in the affected communities in Northern Uganda.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op grond van die werk van voorste teoretici op die gebied van vrede- en konflikstudie, ontwikkel hierdie tesis teoretiese raamwerk vir die ontleding van die oënskynlik vasgevalle debat tussen vrede en geregtigheid, ten einde die moontlike verbreding van perspektiewe met behulp van 'n gekombineerde benadering te ondersoek. Die studie bevind dat die debat tussen vrede en geregtigheid op 'n baie eng opvatting van dié twee konsepte berus, naamlik dié van onderhandeling en straf onderskeidelik. Slegs deur 'n gekombineerde benadering toe te pas, is dit dus moontlik om die huidige toedrag van sake te bowe te kom. Die teoretiese raamwerk van die studie is vervolgens op die voortslepende konflik in Noord-Uganda toegepas, waar die empiriese aspekte van dié debat steeds sedert die betrokkenheid van die Internasionale Strafhof in 2004 voorkom. Met die Juba-vredesooreenkoms van 2008 as uitgangspunt, wat veronderstel was om 'n balans te vind tussen vergeldende en herstellende vorme van geregtigheid, bevind dié studie dat volhoubare vrede slegs bereik kan word deur 'n gebalanseerde kombinasie van die Internasionale Strafhof se oorgangsgeregtigheidsmeganisme, voorwaardelike amnestie, en meer tradisionele vorme van geregtigheid in die geaffekteerde Noord-Ugandese gemeenskappe.

This thesis, which contains fourteen chapters in two parts, presents theoretical and computer simulation studies of dynamics in supercooled liquids and thermotropic liquid crystals. These two apparently diverse physical systems are unified by a startling similarity in their complex slow dynamics. Part I consists of six chapters on supercooled liquids while Part II comprises seven chapters on thermotropic liquid crystals. The fourteenth chapter provides a concluding note. Part I starts with an introduction to supercooled liquids given in chapter 1. This chapter discusses basic features of supercooled liquids and the glass transition and portrays some of the theoretical frameworks and formalisms that are widely recognized to have contributed to our present understanding. Chapter 2 introduces a new model of binary mixture in order to study dynamics across the supercooled regime. The system consists of an equimolar mixture of the Lennard-Jones spheres and the Gay-Berne ellipsoids of revolution, and thus one of its components has orientational degrees of freedom (ODOF). A decoupling between trans-lational diffusion and rotational diffusion is found to occur below a temperature where the second rank orientational correlation time starts showing a steady deviation from the Arrhenius temperature behavior. At low temperatures, the optical Kerr effect (OKE) signal derived from the system shows a short-to-intermediate time power law decay with a very weak dependence on temperature, if at all, of the power law exponent as has been observed experimentally. At the lowest temperature investigated, jump motion is found to occur in both the translational and orientational degrees of freedom. Chapter 3 studies how the binary mixture, introduced in the previous chapter, explores its underlying potential energy landscape. The study reveals correlations between the decoupling phenomena, observed almost universally in supercooled molecular liquids, and the manner of exploration of the energy landscape of the system. A significant deviation from the Debye model of rotational diffusion in the dynamics of ODOF is found to begin at a temperature at which the average inherent structure energy of the system starts falling as the temperature decreases. Further, the coupling between rotational diffusion and translational diffusion breaks down at a still lower temperature, where a change occurs in the temperature dependence of the average inherent structure energy. Chapters 4-6 describe analytical and numerical approaches to solve kinetic models of glassy dynamics for various observables. The β process is modeled as a thermally activated event in a two-level system and the a process is described as a β relaxation mediated cooperative transition in a double-well. The model resembles a landscape picture, conceived by Stillinger [Science 267, 1935 (1995)], where the a process is assumed to involve a concerted series of the β processes, the latter being identified as elementary relaxations involving transitions between contiguous basins. For suitable choice of parameter values, the model could reproduce many of the experimentally observed features of anomalous heat capacity behavior during a temperature cycle through the glass transition as described in chapter 4. The overshoot of the heat capacity during the heating scan that marks the glass transition is found to be caused by a delayed energy relaxation. Chapter 5 shows that the model can also predict a frequency dependent heat capacity that reflects the two-step relaxation behavior. The high-frequency peak in the heat capacity spectra appears with considerably larger amplitude than the low-frequency peak, the latter being due to the a relaxation. The model, when simplified with a modified description of the a process that involves an irreversible escape from a metabasin, can be solved analytically for the relaxation time. This version of the model captures salient features of the structural relaxation in glassy systems as described in chapter 6. In Part II, thermotropic liquid crystals are studied in molecular dynamics simulations using primarily the family of the Gay-Berne model systems. To start with, chapter 7 provides a brief introduction to thermotropic liquid crystals, especially from the perspective of the issues discussed in the following chapters. This chapter ends up with a detail description of the family of the Gay-Berne models. Chapter 8 demonstrates that a model system for calamitic liquid crystal (comprising rod-like molecules) could capture the short-to-intermediate time power law decay in the OKE signal near the isotropic-nematic (I-N) phase transition as observed experimentally. The single-particle second rank orientational time correlation function (OTCF) for the model liquid crystalline system is also found to sustain a power law decay regime in the isotropic phase near the I-N transition. On transit across the I-N phase boundary, two power law decay regimes, separated by a plateau, emerge giving rise to a step-like feature in the single-particle second rank OTCF. When the time evolution of the rotational non-Gaussian parameter is monitored as a diagnostic of spatially heterogeneous dynamics, a dominant peak is found to appear following a shoulder at short times, signaling the growth of pseudonematic domains. These observations are compared with those relevant ones obtained for the supercooled binary mixture, as discussed in chapter 2, in the spirit of the analogy suggested recently by Fayer and coworkers [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 9303 (2003)]. In chapter 9, orientational dynamics across the I-N transition are investigated in a variety of model systems of thermotropic liquid crystals. A model discotic system that consists of disc-like molecules as well as a lattice system have been considered in the quest of a universal short-to-intermediate time power law decay in orientational relaxation, if any. A surprisingly general power law decay at short to intermediate times in orientational relaxation is observed in all these systems. While the power law decay of the OKE signal has been recently observed experimentally in calamitic systems near the I-N phase boundary and in the nematic phase by Fayer and coworkers [J. Chem. Phys. 116, 6339 (2002), J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6514 (2005)], the prediction for the discotic system can be tested in experiments. Chapter 10 presents the energy landscape view of phase transitions and slow dynamics in thermotropic liquid crystals by determining the inherent structures of a family of one-component Gay-Berne model systems. This study throws light on the interplay between the orientational order and the translational order in the mesophases the systems exhibit. The onset of the growth of the orientational order in the parent phase is found to induce a translational order, resulting in a smectic-like layer in the underlying inherent structures. The inherent structures, surprisingly, never seem to sustain orientational order alone if the parent nematic phase is sandwiched between the high-temperature isotropic phase and the low-temperature smectic phase. The Arrhenius temperature dependence of the orientational relaxation time breaks down near the I-N transition and this breakdown is found to occur at a temperature below which the system explores increasingly deeper potential energy minima. There exists a remarkable similarity in the manner of exploration of the potential energy landscape between the Gay-Berne systems studied here and the well known Kob-Andersen binary mixture reported previously [Nature, 393, 554 (1998)]. In search of a dynamical signature of the coupling between orientational order and translational order, anisotropic translational diffusion in the nematic phase has been investigated in the Gay-Berne model systems as described in chapter 11. The translational diffusion coefficient parallel to the director D// is found to first increase and then decrease as the temperature drops through the nematic phase. This reversal occurs where the smectic order parameter of the underlying inherent structures becomes significant for the first time. The non-monotonic temperature behavior of D// can thus be viewed from an energy landscape analysis as a dynamical signature of the coupling between orientational and translational order at the microscopic level. Such a view is likely to form the foundation of a theoretical framework to explain the anisotropic translation diffusion. Chapter 12 investigates the validity of the Debye model of rotational diffusion near the I-N phase boundary with a molecular dynamics simulation study of a Gay-Berne model system for calamitic liquid crystals. The Debye model is found to break down near the I-N phase transition. The breakdown, unlike the one observed in supercooled molecular liquids where a jump diffusion model is often invoked, is attributed to the growth of orientational pair correlation. A mode-coupling theory analysis is provided in support of the explanation. Chapter 13 presents a molecular dynamics study of a binary mixture of prolate ellipsoids of revolution with different aspect ratios interacting with each other through a generalized Gay-Berne potential. Such a study allows to investigate directly the aspect ratio dependence of the dynamical behavior. In the concluding note, chapter 14 starts with a brief summary of the outcome of the thesis and ends up with suggestion of a few relevant problems that may prove worthwhile to be addressed in future.

Modern scholars are deeply divided over the extent to which early Byzantine provinces such as Egypt adopted imperial Roman law. This thesis undertook a diachronic study of the published debt acknowledgements from Egypt and Nessana for the fifth through seventh centuries CE to examine the degree of adoption of imperial legal changes. The debt acknowledgements are one of the largest sets of papyri documents for this period, consisting of 283 Greek and fifty-seven Coptic documents. Having created a database of these documents, in their original Greek or Coptic plus an English translation and information from the major commentaries, I had an unparalleled opportunity to analyse change, both legal and socio-economic. The research shows that while many legal changes, including the requirement for regnal dating and changes in the liability of co-debtors, were generally adopted, there was resistance to other changes. For example, the interest rate reduction ordered by Justinian I in 528 was clearly disseminated because some documents reflect the reduction. Most people, however, continued to charge the earlier higher rates. Furthermore, some sectors of the population appear to have struggled with the imperial changes. Model formats for a simplified Greek debt acknowledgement and a very similar Coptic debt acknowledgement were developed and disseminated in the sixth century. These simplified formats did not use regnal dating or many of the other customary clauses of the formal Greek debt acknowledgment. The early development of these simplified formats, together with evidence of the privatisation and localisation of many imperial functions, including dispute resolution, support the view that the later sixth century experienced an unravelling of ties with the Roman Empire. The catastrophic seventh century, with its civil wars and Persian and Arab invasions, resulted in a shift in language from Greek to Coptic for personal legal documents. The disruption of the seventh century, however, only accelerated and finalised a process of change that was already well established in the sixth century.

Les matériaux moléculaires vitrifiables présentent généralement des mobilités complexes incluant plusieurs relaxations non-exponentielles (non - Debye) comme le montre la spectroscopie de relaxation diélectrique. Une relaxation de type Debye est cependant observée dans plusieurs alcools primaires et amides et se caractérise par une contribution basse fréquence de très grande amplitude et de forme symétrique. Celle-ci demeure encore très mal comprise car elle correspond à environ 90% de la réponse diélectrique et ne semble pourtant pas couplé à la viscosité η(ω) ou la chaleur spécifique complexe C(ω). Ce type de relaxation Debye très particulière a été récemment identifié dans plusieurs composés pharmaceutiques de la famille des profènes.Au moyen de simulations de dynamique moléculaire, nous avons mené des investigations des propriétés physiques de trois composés moléculaires de la famille des profènes (ibuprofène, flurbiprofène et kétoprofène) dans l’état liquide afin d’analyser leurs organisations, leurs mobilités moléculaires et clarifier l’origine de la relaxation Debye. Nous avons montré que le processus Debye observé expérimentalement provient de mouvements extrêment lents des groupes carboxyliques très polaires dans des environnements moléculaires relaxant rapidement : une conversion interne des groupes O=C-O-H entre deux conformations d’équilibre couplée aux transformations du réseau de liaisons hydrogènes intermoléculaires. L’organisation dominante dans le liquide se trouve être composée de petits agrégats correspondant à des associations en dimères cycliques précurseurs de l’ordre cristallin. L’influence d’une situation de confinement sur les mobilités moléculaires a aussi été explorée en lien avec des études récentes de spectroscopie diélectrique
Molecular glass-formers usually exhibit complex mobility including multiple non-simple exponential (non-Debye) relaxation processes as observed from dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. However, a Debye relaxation type is observed in several primary alcohols and amides, and is characterized by a low frequency contribution of very large amplitude and symmetrical shape. It is still very poorly understood because it is about 90% of the dielectric response and seems not yet coupled to the viscosity η (ω) or the complex specific heat C (ω). This very peculiar Debye relaxation has been recently identified in several pharmaceutical compounds of the profens family. By means of molecular dynamics simulations, we have conducted an investigation of physical properties of the three molecular compounds of the profens family (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen and ketoprofen) in the liquid state in order to analyze their organizations, their molecular mobilities and to clarify the origin of the Debye relaxation. We have shown that the Debye process observed experimentally originates extremely slow movements of very polar carboxyl groups in the molecular environments with rapidly relaxing: an internal conversion of the O=C-O-H groups between two conformations of equilibrium coupled to changes of the network of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The dominant organization in the liquid is found to be composed of small hydrogen bonding aggregates corresponding to associations in cyclic dimers precursors of the crystalline order. The influence of a situation of confinement on molecular mobility has also been explored in relation with of the recent studies of dielectric spectroscopy

Questo lavoro di tesi ha come obiettivo generale quello di indagare attraverso un modello multidimensionale come le Felt Obligation, definite nelle dimensioni del mantenimento dei contatti e dei rituali familiari, del ricambiare nella relazione per ciò che si è ricevuto e del personal sharing, si delineano e si costruiscono nelle relazioni familiari. Il primo studio è di carattere strettamente psicometrico ed è volto a definire la struttura fattoriale della Felt Obligation Measure nel contesto italiano. La Felt Obligation Measure rappresenta a tutt’oggi l’unico strumento presente in letteratura che permette di valutare ciò che le persone sentono (felt) essere gli obblighi da assolvere nelle loro relazioni familiari. Il secondo studio è volto ad indagare le possibili implicazioni a livello generazionale e individuale delle Felt Obligation in due differenti generazioni (generazione di mezzo e giovani adulti); sono quindi indagate sia variabili di outcome qualificanti le relazioni familiari quali la soddisfazione e l’identità familiare sia variabili di adattamento individuale come autostima, depressione e benessere psicologico. Infine, il terzo studio è dedicato allo studio delle Felt Obligation nelle famiglie di giovani adulti. La transizione all’età adulta nel contesto italiano è caratterizzata da una prolungata co-abitazione di due generazioni adulte. Obiettivo del lavoro è pertanto approfondire il ruolo delle Felt Obligation per capire come esse diventino parte qualificante della relazione genitori – figli in questa fase del ciclo di vita e come siano legate a specifiche variabili del funzionamento familiare, quali soddisfazione e identità familiare.
The general aim of this research is to investigate, through a multi-dimensional model, how Felt Obligation, defined in the dimensions of maintenance contacts and family rituals, repayment in the relationship and personal sharing, are delineated and build in family relationships. First study’s aim is to identify the factorial structure of Felt Obligation Measure in the Italian context. Felt Obligation Measure is the only instrument in literature by which people could report feelings about their obligations to fulfill in their family relationships. Second study’s aim is to investigate the generational and individual implications of Felt Obligation into two different generations (middle – adults and young adults). Finally, the third study is aimed to examine Felt Obligation in young adults’ families . The transition to adulthood in Italy is characterized by a prolonged co-habitation of two generations of adults; therefore the aim is to enhance the role of Felt Obligation in this specific phase of the life cycle and how they are linked to specific variables of family functioning (family satisfaction and family identity).

Esta tese analisa os processos de transições à democracia e os debates referentes à luta pela educação sobre/para os direitos humanos, em três países distintos (Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai). Utilizando-se de uma metodologia transnacional, na qual o pano de fundo é o fluxo de conhecimento sobre violações cometidas pelos Estados, durante as ditaduras destes países, conectadas pelo Sistema Condor, ela procura delinear a construção de uma identidade conformada pelo território imaginado do Río de la Plata. Esta identidade se baseia nas memórias sobre a violência e nas lutas pela consolidação das memórias das vítimas em um espaço público, sob a pretensão da construção de conhecimento para a não repetição de histórias de catástrofes. Desta forma, as discussões trabalhadas abrangem debates sobre os direitos humanos de níveis locais, regionais e globais, em diferentes contextos. E elas trazem para o debate rio-platense dois conceitos essenciais dentro dos direitos humanos, que marcam a identidade regional: a prática social genocida e o desaparecimento forçado.
This thesis analyzes the processes of transitions to democracy and the debates concerning the struggle for education about/for human rights in three different countries (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Using a transnational methodology, in which the background is the movement of knowledge about violations committed by the states, during the dictatorships of these countries, connected by the Condor System, it seeks to delineate the construction of an identity conformed by the imagined territory of the River Plate. This identity is based on memories of violence and struggles to consolidate the victims memories in a public space, under the pretense of building knowledge for non-repetition of catastrophic stories. In this way, the discussions include human rights debates at local, regional and global levels in different contexts. And they bring to the River Plate debates two essential concepts within human rights that mark the regional identity: genocidal social practice and forced disappearance.

Au voisinage et au dessous des fréquences térahertz, nous avons investigué la dynamique des modes mous centraux de type Debye dans les super-réseaux ferroélectriques BaTiO3/BaxSr1-xTiO3 dans un large domaine de températures en utilisant la spectroscopie Raman polarisée. La coexistence d'un pic central et du mode mou sous-atténué suggère un caractère complexe ordre-désordre des transitions de phase successives dans ces matériaux. L'apparition du mode central prononcé pourrait expliquer l'anomalie diélectrique de type relaxateur récemment observée dans de tels super-réseaux. Nous avons exploré et comparé la dynamique des super-réseaux à trois couches et à deux couches. Nous avons montré que l'utilisation de couches de compositions chimiques différentes dans des super-réseaux multicouches permet d'obtenir des hétérostructures ayant des caractéristiques souhaitables en raison des effets de déformation entre les couches alternées et de contrôler leurs paramètres.Nous avons établi les diagrammes de phase théoriques "strain-misfit temperature" pour les couches minces de BaxSr1-xTiO3 déposées sur des substrats cubiques orientés (111). Ces diagrammes de phase sont utiles pour des applications pratiques dans l'ingénierie des couches minces. Nous avons aussi réalisé une étude expérimentale sur un film mince de Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 déposé sur un substrat MgO (111) pour vérifier nos prédictions théoriques. Nous avons étudié l'inversion de la polarisation induite par le champ dans la phase ferroélectrique orientée suivant l'axe C des films de structure pérovskite sous contrainte. Nous avons montré qu'en plus du mécanisme de commutation longitudinal conventionnel, lorsque le module du vecteur de polarisation orienté selon l'axe c change, les mécanismes longitudinaux-transversaux et transversaux sont aussi possibles lorsque la composante perpendiculaire de la polarisation est activée dynamiquement
We investigate near- and sub-Terahertz dynamics of soft and Debye-type central modes by the polarized Raman spectroscopy in ferroelectric BaTiO3/BaxSr1-xTiO3 superlattices in a broad temperature range. Coexistence of the central peak and the underdamped soft mode suggests complicated order-disorder character of successive phase transitions in these superlattices. The occurrence of the pronounced central mode can explain the recently observed relaxor-like dielectric anomaly in such superlattices. We explore and compare the lattice dynamics of three-layer and two-layer superlattices. We show that the using layers of different chemical compositions in multilayered superlattices one can obtain heterostructures with the desirable characteristics and realize fine tuning of their parameters due to strain effects between alternating layers.We construct the “temperature-misfit strain” theoretical phase diagrams for BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films grown on (111)-oriented cubic substrates. The phase diagrams are useful for practical applications in thin-film engineering. We experimentally investigate a Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin film deposited on (111)MgO substrate with the aim to verify our theoretical predictions. We study the field-induced polarization reversal in the c-oriented ferroelectric phase of strained perovskite films. We show that in addition to the conventional longitudinal switching mechanism, when the c-oriented polarization vector changes its modulus, the longitudinal-transversal and transversal mechanisms when the perpendicular component of polarization is dynamically admixed are possible

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé l’étude de systèmes amorphes moléculaires chiraux en évaluant leur vieillissement, leur mobilité ainsi que leur capacité à recristalliser en fonction de la composition énantiomérique du matériau. Pour limiter les facteurs additionnels à la chiralité, ce travail s’est concentré sur des systèmes modèles formant des conglomérats stables : N-acetyl-α-methylbenzylamine (Nac-MBA) et 5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin (12H). De ces travaux il ressort que l’impact le plus spectaculaire de la chiralité est exprimé dans la propension à la cristallisation ou l’habilité à former un verre (qui augmente de façon inversement proportionnelle de l’excès enantiomérique (ee)). Les cinétiques de vieillissement sont implicitement impactées par l’ee : Celles-ci sont plus lentes pour les ee importants. Enfin, il semble que les processus de relaxation ainsi que les temps associés soient identiques quelle que soit l’ee, bien que le comportement à la cristallisation soit lui significativement impacté. A noter que la signature la plus manifeste de la chiralité dans l’état amorphe du Nac-MBA s’exprime dans l’intensité diélectrique des processus D et α
In the framework of this thesis, we carried out the study of amorphous chiral molecular systems by evaluating their molecular mobility, the evolution of physical properties during aging and the recrystallization behavior as function of the initial enantiomeric excess (ee). In order to avoid factors additional to chirality itself, we focused on enantiomeric systems forming stable conglomerates (full chiral discrimination in the solid state) by choosing two model compounds: 5-ethy-5-methylhydantoin (12H) and N-acetyl-α-methylbenzylamine (Nac-MBA). From this thesis it was shown that the most spectacular effects of chirality in the amorphous state is expressed in the GFA or the crystallization propensity. The GFA increases as the ee decreases. The kinetics of physical aging is implicitly impacted by chirality. Glassy pure enantiomer requires more time to reach equilibrium than that of an intermediate composition. This situation is hypothetically due to constraints effects mostly resulting from a strong nucleation behavior in the glass state at high ee. Furthermore, the time scale of all the processes (D, α, βJG, γ) and the evolution of their temperature dependency are approximatively identical even though the crystallization behavior is highly impacted by ee. it seems that molecular mobility would not be a key parameter in the crystallization behavior of Nac-MBA. The main expression of chirality in amorphous Nac-MBA is evidenced in the signature of the dielectric strength of both D and α processes

Dans cette thèse nous étudions théoriquement de systèmes dissipatifs pompés,décrits par une équation maîtresse de Lindblad. En particulier, nous adressons les problématiques liés à l’émergence de phénomènes critiques. Nous présentons une théorie générale reliant les transitions de phase du premier et deuxième ordres aux propriétés spectrales du superopérateur liouvillien. Dans la région critique, nous déterminons la forme générale de l’état stationnaire et de la matrice propre du liouvillien associée à son gap spectral. Nous discutons aussi l’utilisation de trajectoires quantiques individuelles afin de révéler l’apparition des transitions de phase. En ayant dérivé une théorie générale, nous étudions le modèle de Kerr en présence de pompage à un photon (cohérent) et à deux photons (paramétrique) ainsi que de dissipation. Nous explorons les propriétés dynamiques d’une transition de phase du premier ordre dans un modèle de Bose-Hubbard dissipatif et d’une de second ordre dans un modèle XYZ dissipatif d’Heisenberg. Enfin, nous avons considéré la physique des cavités soumises à de la dissipation à un et deux photons ainsi qu’un pompage à deux photons, obtenu par ingénierie de réservoirs. Nous avons démontré que l’état stationnaire unique est un mélange statistique de deux états chats de Schrödinger, malgré de fortes pertes à un photon.Nous proposons et étudions un protocole de rétroaction pour la génération d’états chat purs
In this thesis we theoretically study driven-dissipative nonlinear systems, whosedynamics is capture by a Lindblad master equation. In particular, we investigate theemergence of criticality in out-of-equilibrium dissipative systems. We present a generaland model-independent spectral theory relating first- and second-order dissipative phasetransitions to the spectral properties of the Liouvillian superoperator. In the critical region,we determine the general form of the steady-state density matrix and of the Liouvillianeigenmatrix whose eigenvalue defines the Liouvillian spectral gap. We discuss the relevanceof individual quantum trajectories to unveil phase transitions. After these general results,we analyse the inset of criticality in several models. First, a nonlinear Kerr resonator in thepresence of both coherent (one-photon) and parametric (two-photon) driving and dissipation.We then explore the dynamical properties of the coherently-driven Bose-Hubbard and of thedissipative XYZ Heisenberg model presenting a first-order and a second-order dissipativephase transition, respectively. Finally, we investigate the physics of photonic Schrödingercat states in driven-dissipative resonators subject to engineered two-photon processes andone-photon losses. We propose and study a feedback protocol to generate a pure cat-likesteady state

La Tunisie a longtemps été un laboratoire de recherches pour les sociologues occidentaux sur l'apport des sciences sociales dans un pays du Maghreb. Toutefois ces études sociologiques restent encore centrées sur une période très précise qui dénotait l'existence d'un pouvoir autoritaire et les abus du gouvernement. Le débat occidental s'est alors cristallisé sur la forme du régime et les contestations protestataires en Tunisie. Il a fallu attendre le 13 Janvier 2011 lors du discours au palais de Carthage, pour que la question de la remise en question se pose sans équivoque. Le président Ben Ali avait atteint avec cet ultime affront aux citoyens tunisiens, les limites de son autorité abusive. Au 14 Janvier 2011, la fuite du président déchu Ben Ali a consommé la rupture avec l'ancien régime et a créé ce phénomène que l'on nomme à tort ou à raison la transitologie. Pour la première fois dans le pays, les élections étaient ouvertes à différentes catégories socio-professionnelles, de cultures politiques différentes, à tous les partis hormis le RCD ancien parti du régime, et aux femmes comme aux hommes. Cette initiative a créé un tel engouement, que le jour d’entrée des élus parlementaires au sein du Palais du Bardo, il était nécessaire de déterminer qui étaient ces nouveaux locataires du palais. C’est ainsi que débutent ces travaux de recherche
Tunisia has been, for a long time, a research laboratory for Western sociologists in terms of the contribution of social sciences in a Maghreb country. However, these sociological studies are still focused on a very precise period which pointed out the existence of an authoritarian power and the abuses of the government. The Western debate then froze on the form of the regime and protests in Tunisia. It was not until January 13, 2011 that the issue of questioning arises unequivocally, during the speech at the palace of Carthage. President Ben Ali had reached the limits of his abusive authority with this ultimate outrage to Tunisian citizens. On January 14, 2011, the flight of the deposed President Ben Ali consumed the break with the old regime and created this phenomenon that is rightly or wrongly called transitology. For the first time in the country, elections were open to different socio-professional categories, from different political cultures, to all parties except the former RCD party of the regime, and to both women and men. This initiative has created such a craze, that the day of entry of elected MPs in the Palace of Bardo, it was necessary to determine who were these new tenants of the palace. This is how this research begins

The external debt is no doubt "a front burner" nowadays, not only in the group of well informed economists or politicians. And although it is regarded as a problem ascribed to the third world countries only, any national economy can bear it. Anyway, neither developed countries are exceptions, despite distinctly small attention which is given to them from the external indebtedness point of view. In my thesis, I decided to link the foreign debt problem with another frequent topic of any discussions: with the really prudent process of the European Union expansion to the East. Primarily, I will try to confute many skewed information about both of them. Or - is the foreign debt really such an uncompromising indicator of the external instability hindering any economic progress? Must thus the relatively successful transformation of the transitive economies pass off with the zero foreign indebtedness entirely?

La transition énergétique nécessite une évolution des structures productives et financières afin de développer, financer et déployer des actifs peu intensifs en carbone. S’appuyant sur une approche historique et prospective, cette thèse propose quatre essais contribuant à l’analyse de la soutenabilité d’une telle transition sous une approche structurelle. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur le rôle de l’énergie dans la croissance à long terme lors de la révolution industrielle. Nous montrons qu’une fois pris en compte le capital humain, le progrès technique et la démographie, l’énergie apparaît davantage comme un catalyseur que comme une cause profonde de la croissance moderne. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une croissance économique non dépendante des ressources fossiles serait réalisable, mais qu’elle pourrait présenter des coûts de transition importants, notamment en raison de la dépendance au sentier technologique. Les deux chapitres suivants portent sur l’arbitrage entre stabilité financière et soutenabilité climatique au niveau mondial. Nous montrons qu’un paquet de politiques climatiques volontaristes est nécessaire pour atteindre un sentier de croissance équilibré maitrisant ces deux risques. Le dernier chapitre traite de l’attitude des citoyens à travers l’étude du financement participatif des énergies renouvelables en France. Nous montrons que le cadre d’action politique est essentiel pour le succès d’un tel instrument, qui est pertinent pour diversifier et sensibiliser la base d’investisseurs. Ces derniers seraient avant tout guidés par leurs opinions sur la durabilité du secteur, la transparence des opportunités d’investissement et la perception des risques
Achieving the energy shift requires an evolution of the structural and financial structures to develop, finance, and deploy low-carbon assets. Based on a historical and prospective approach, this PhD thesis develops four essays devoted to an analysis of the viability of the energy shift within the framework of a structural approach. The first chapter focuses on the role of energy in long-term growth focusing on the industrial revolution. We show that, once human capital, technical progress and demography are taken into account, energy appears more as a catalyst than as a root cause of modern economic growth. These results suggest that non-fossil fuel-dependent growth may be possible, but that it may have potentially large transition costs, particularly because of the dependence on technological pathways. The second and third chapters address the trade-off between financial and climate sustainability at the global level. We show that a comprehensive and proactive set of climate policies is needed to achieve a balanced growth path and to control both risks. The last chapter deals with citizens’ attitudes towards renewable energy financing through the case of crowdfunding in France, a relevant instrument to diversify the investor base and raise awareness. We show that the policy framework is essential for the success of such instruments, as investors are mainly guided by their views on the sustainability of the sector, the transparency of investment opportunities and the perception of risks

Cette thèse se pose la question de savoir comment la politique budgétaire pourrait être utilisée à des fins de financement du développement. Elle identifie et explore les canaux par lesquels les pays en développement peuvent efficacement mobiliser les ressources (internes et externes) pour le financement du développement. Pour cela, nous conduisons des recherches axées sur les politiques économiques (en utilisant des outils statistiques et économétriques appropriés) et nous formulons des recommandations de politiques économiques aux pays en développement. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à la question de la mobilisation des ressources externes dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 1 et Chapitre 2). Dans le Chapitre 1, nous analysons les effets des dépenses publiques sur les spreads de taux dans les pays émergents. Nous montrons que les pays en développement pourraient avoir un meilleur accès aux marchés financiers internationaux en augmentant leurs investissements publics et en réduisant leurs dépenses courantes. Plus précisément, les dépenses en capital humain (éducation et santé) et autres infrastructures publiques réduisent considérablement les spreads de taux. Ils devraient également améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance puisque les marchés financiers récompensent les pays bien gouvernés à travers de meilleures conditions d'emprunt. Nous examinons, dans le Chapitre 2, la force des règles de politiques budgétaires en termes d’amélioration de l’accès des marchés financiers internationaux par les pays en développement. Nous trouvons que l’adoption de règles budgétaires réduit les taux d’intérêts sur la détention des obligations d’Etat souverains et par conséquent améliore l’accès aux marchés financiers. Nous expliquons ce résultat par le canal de la crédibilité de la politique budgétaire : les gouvernements crédibles sont récompensés sur les marchés financiers internationaux par de faibles taux d’intérêt et des notations élevées des dettes souveraines. Nos résultats prouvent que l’adoption et la bonne mise en œuvre des règles de politiques budgétaires constitue un moyen substantiel pour les décideurs publics d’améliorer l’accès des pays en développement aux marchés financiers internationaux. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se focalise sur ce que les pays en développement pourraient faire pour améliorer la mobilisation des ressources internes (Chapitre 3 et Chapitre 4). En effet, nous explorons la relation entre l’adoption des règles budgétaires et la réduction des inégalités de revenus (Chapitre 3) et nous trouvons que l’adoption des règles budgétaires réduit les inégalités de revenus. Ces pays pourront financer leur développement de façon soutenable (à travers la réduction des inégalités) en adoptant des règles budgétaires. En outre, nous évaluons les effets de la lutte contre les flux financiers illicites sur la mobilisation de recettes fiscales (Chapitre 4). Nous révélons que les pays qui respectent les Recommandations du Groupe d’Action Financière (GAFI) en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme (pays coopératifs) enregistrent des montants de recettes fiscales plus élevés comparativement aux pays qui ne respectent pas ces Recommandations (pays non coopératifs). Par conséquent, les pays en développement pourront mobiliser plus de recettes fiscales en mettant en œuvre des politiques visant à empêcher les flux financiers illicites. Par ailleurs, ils doivent mettre en place de bonnes institutions
The central question of this thesis is how fiscal policy could be used for development finance purposes. Indeed, we identify and investigate pathways through which developing states can mobilize resources to improve sustainable development. For this purpose, we conduct policy-oriented researches (using suitable statistical and econometrical tools) and provide advices for developing countries. The first part of the dissertation addresses the issue of external resources mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2). In Chapter 1, we investigate the effects of public expenditures on sovereign bond spreads in emerging market countries. We show that developing countries could have a better access to international financial market by supporting public investment and reducing current spending. Specifically, spending on human capital (education and health) and other public infrastructures significantly reduce bond spreads. They should also improve the quality of governance since financial markets award well-governed countries with better borrowing conditions. We examine, in Chapter 2, the strength of fiscal rules in terms of improving financial markets access for developing countries. We find that the adoption of fiscal rules reduces sovereign bond spreads and consequently improve financial market access. Indeed, this result is explained by the credibility of fiscal policy channel: more credible governments are rewarded in the international financial markets with low sovereign bond spreads and high sovereign debt ratings. Our findings confirm that the adoption and sound implementation of fiscal rules is an instrument for policy makers to improve developing countries’ financial market access. The second part of the dissertation focuses on what developing countries could do to improve internal resources mobilization (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). As a matter of fact, we explore the relationship between fiscal rules and inequality (Chapter 3) and find that fiscal rules adoption contributes to reduce inequality in developing countries. The policy implication is that developing countries could finance their development in a sustainable way (via the reduction of inequalities) by adopting fiscal rules. Moreover, we assess the effects of combating illicit financial flows on domestic tax revenue mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 4). We highlight that countries which cooperate with international standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) are more able to mobilize tax revenue than countries which do not cooperate. Consequently, developing countries could mobilize more domestic tax revenue by implementing policies to curtail illicit financial flows. They should establish sound institutions

碩士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系
107
In response to the climate change, energy transition has become vital and challenging tasks in all countries. However, due to the complexity and unstablity of policy development, the global energy transition has remained in the state of flux. Currently, the Taiwan Government is actively promoting policy development, strategic planning, and local energy governance so as to enhance the energy transition governance. The development of renewable energy is mainly focus on solar power and wind power. This study uses narrative analysis to compare five countries, including: Australia, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and India. Moreover, the discussion is mainly based on the development of policies and debates of each country that has achieved a certain standard of development in wind and solar energy which is critical to provide a good role model for Taiwan to promote a better future in energy transformation. This study initially introduces the current energy transformation trends in solar power and wind power in five different countries. This is follow by narrative analysis which futher discussed the policy and debate issues. Finally, based on the above results, policy recommendations of energy transformation are used as a guideline for Taiwan future energy transformation development. Taiwan is in the midst of energy transformation. Therefore, it is important to analyze from the advance country on the current development trend of solar power generation and wind power through narrative analysis in order to set a role model for Taiwan to implement. The purpose of using narrative analysis is to seek out the key opportunities and make reasonable inferences from revealing some important observations. The topics discussed in this study are divided into three main categories (including: transformation, financial status, and power supply security) which is based on the main classification from previous relevant literature. The results show that the promotion of energy transition is vital and should be a concern for the future generation. The Government should provide the visions of desirable futures by announcing a clear implementation subsidy system; large-scale and small-scale power grid investment, wholesale price, and renewable energy surcharge, retail prices, etc. Moreover, it is critical to have advance power supply system to ease the fluctuation in electricity supply and demand. Energy storage systems can be used to track and manage the stability of renewable energy, and vital for the development of energy transformation technology. In order to achieve power supply security, it is imperative to construct a stable, affordable and low-risk energy system from energy demand side, supply side and system side. Lastly, expansion in grid network and battery storage would help to decrease the electricity shortage.

Thesis (M.A.) Masters of Arts--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1997.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-120).