Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Trade union practices »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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Hernaus, Tomislav, Dejana Pavlovic et Maja Klindzic. « Organizational career management practices ». Employee Relations 41, no 1 (7 janvier 2019) : 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-02-2018-0035.
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Purpose Organizations profoundly create development paths of individual’s careers. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to gain understanding about how organizational context (shaped by the complex relationship between trade union strength and HRM strength) influences the application of organizational career management (OCM) practices seen through the lens of the theory of cooperation and competition (Deutsch, 1949; Tjosvold, 1984). Design/methodology/approach Inferential statistical analyses (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests) were applied to test the CRANET survey data collected from 92 large-sized private-sector organizations within an EU country characterized by a medium to high-trade union density. Findings Results offered consistent empirical evidence that a comprehensive set of OCM practices are applied differently across four distinctive modalities of the union-HRM relationship. Specifically, the “union-HRM synergy” relationship (high-HRM/high-unionization) has been recognized as the most promising for adopting such developmental practices, providing an evidence of complementarities between trade unions and HRM professionalism. Practical implications The research suggests that synergistic collaboration between trade unions and HRM might provide employees with even more career development opportunities than when organizations pursue the asynchronous single-sided “Total HRM strategy.” Originality/value This study rejuvenate a traditional career management research agenda by introducing a new theoretical lens for studying the interplay between trade unions and HRM and have put an emphasis on how their strength is related to the incidence of OCM practices.
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Abd Razak, Siti Suraya, et Nik Ahmad Kamal Nik Mahmod. « AN ANALYSIS OF THE GOOD FAITH BARGAINING PRACTICE IN THE TRADE UNION RECOGNITION PROCESS : REFORM OF THE MALAYSIAN TRADE UNION LEGAL FRAMEWORK ». IIUM Law Journal 27, no 2 (18 décembre 2019) : 501–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v27i2.455.
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The trade union recognition process is a pre-requisite to the collective bargaining action of a trade union. The recognition is important to ascertain the competency of a trade union and the acceptance by the workers to represent them in the collective bargaining action with the employer. However, the ambiguities in the existing legislations on the trade union recognition process in Malaysia and the anti-union practices of the employer are currently depriving the workers of their rights to negotiate for better working conditions. The primary focus of the present work is to identify the weaknesses of the recognition legal framework and the anti-union practices of employers in the recognition process of trade unions. Secondly, is to critically analyse the good faith bargaining practice in other countries and its significance to the recognition process in Malaysia. To explore the anti-union tactics perpetrated by employers, semi-structured interviews have been conducted to analyse the trade unions’ experience in their recognition claims. This research employed a qualitative approach as the instrument to study the good faith bargaining practices in the Australian and New Zealand labour law framework. The findings reveal that the good faith bargaining practices in Australia and New Zealand have improved the odds for trade unions to represent the workers in negotiating collective agreements. The study finally concludes that in order to reform the recognition process of trade unions in Malaysia, the good faith bargaining practice should be implemented in the nation’s industrial relations law framework.
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Thursfield, Denise, et Katy Grayley. « Exploring performance management in four UK trade unions ». Employee Relations 38, no 5 (1 août 2016) : 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-08-2015-0167.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore performance management in four UK trade unions. Specifically, the extent to which managers in the four unions accept or dismiss the unitarist, disciplinary and performative values that arguably characterise performance management practices. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research design was adopted to investigate trade union managers’ interpretations of performance management. Managers were targeted because they held the power to shape performance management practices in their specific areas. The research employed qualitative semi-structured interviews. Findings – Performance management in trade unions is linked to the structure, purpose and orientation of different types of trade union. It is also linked to the wider environmental context. The trade union managers’ interpretations of performance management are linked to disciplinary and performative values. As such they are comparable to the unitarist forms of performance management described in the literature. There are moreover, similarities and differences between the approaches to performance management between trade unions and for profit or public sector organisations. Originality/value – The paper adds to the emerging literature on internal trade union management by highlighting a particular aspect of human resource management.
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Stacenko, Sergejs, et Biruta Sloka. « Trade Union Practices in the EU and Latvia : Experience for Eastern Partnership Countries ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 4, no 2 (1 octobre 2014) : 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0018.
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AbstractThe article will show major dimensions in the experience of EU Member States that could be shared with the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries. The framework of the study is the EU concept of trade unions in social dialogue and social partnership in the public sector. This study outlines the concept of social dialogue as a core element of industrial relations and will focus on industrial relations specifically in the public sector. The authors have elaborated the approach to industrial relations and social dialogue taking into account comparative approach to definitions provided by international institutions such as ILO and OECD, as well as institutions in the EU and Latvia. Latvia is also a case study for Eastern Partnership countries as these countries and their trade unions are in a transition period from socialist structures to structures that possess liberal economies. Trade unions in these countries are members of the International Trade Union Confederation. The major transformation that trade unions underwent from being part of the socialist system and becoming an independent institution since Latvia regained independence in 1991 has been studied. The paper discusses the current developments related to the position of Latvian Free Trade Union Federation in the system of decision-making process related to the public administration management. Finally, the prospective role of trade unions in the EU and in Latvia is analysed and possible revitalisation of trade union is discussed. This approach could be applied to the Eastern Partners of the EU.
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Choi, Hae-Lin. « State of the Union ». PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 38, no 153 (1 décembre 2008) : 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v38i153.454.
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For a long time trade unions in USA had an extreme weak position. With new practices of organizing especially SEIU (Services Employees International Union) had some success and was used as a model. But also inside SEIU new problems and conflicts grew. The future development of US trade uniqns is rather uncertain.
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Aðalsteinsson, Gylfi Dalmann, et Þórhallur Örn Guðlaugsson. « Stéttarfélagsaðild á Íslandi ». Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 15, no 1 (17 juin 2019) : 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2019.15.1.4.
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Few studies have been conducted on trade union density in Iceland, some has been written about trade unions in Iceland. There has been a lot of debate in Europe over the last 20 years of declining trade union density. There are various reasons for this decline, such as general economic prosperity since the end of the Second World War, EU directives and regulations on increased rights and protection of workers, more focus on work life balance, increased economic growth, higher employment rates, structural change in the labour market and new management practices that encourage employees to be outside of trade unions. Furthermore, as a possible explanation, internationalization and fierce competition of companies in global markets has also been pointed out, greater emphasis on flexibility in employment contracts, job outsourcing and the fact that it is more difficult to get well-educated professionals to be union members. The development of trade union density in Iceland has been different. For the last 20 years, trade union density in Iceland has been very high and remained fairly stable. This paper deals with trade union density in Iceland from 1994 to 2016. Few proposition, according to the authors’ assessment, are put forward that can shed light on high union density in Iceland. They are: 1) closed shop agreements, 2) check-off system, legal obligation for employers to deducts a portion of an employee’s wages to pay union dues, 3) large public sector, 4) strategic work of trade unions to make union membership attracting with various services and benefits for members, 5) trade unions has emphasized on reaching to young people in the labour market, 6) trade union membership granted union members access to pension fund, 7) the “Ghent system” which linked unemployment benefits to union membership.
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Ahmed, Farheen, Kirsten Forkert et David Featherstone. « Solidarity against the odds : trade union activism in a hostile environment ». Soundings 82, no 82 (1 mars 2023) : 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.82.02.2022.
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A discussion on the challenges facing trade union activists in the light of the government's determination to create a hostile environment for trade unionists as well as people of colour - including the ways in which intersectionalities of race and class play out in the workplace and the labour movement. Topics discussed include: how and why people get involved in unions - and how to maintain their interest in the face of sometimes outdated practices; organising with the United Voices of the World (UVW) and larger trade unions; the relationship between students and university staff/academics in the University and College Lecturers (UCU) strike; migrant justice; cross-sector organising; activism versus bureaucracy; the effects of restrictive legislation on trade union activities, especially for workplaces where the union is not recognised or has limited resources; organising with the most precarious workers; the current increase in activism. There is also discussion of anti-migrant rhetoric within the Labour Party and trade union movement, but also recognition of the many examples of solidarity, including trade union solidarity with the Muhammad Idrish campaign.
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Cho, Sang Kyun. « Judgment the eligibility of the party in the application for remedy for unfair labor practices ». Institute for Legal Studies Chonnam National University 43, no 1 (28 février 2023) : 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.38133/cnulawreview.2023.43.1.175.
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In this case, the issue was whether the conciliatory remarks of the executive director, who has the position of representing the interests of the company, constituted an unfair labor practice against union members and labor unions, As a related issue or prerequisite, whether an employer who are not business owner is eligible as a respondent for an unfair labor practice remedy application, and a labor union who is not the direct counterpart of the unfair labor practice is eligible as an applicant for an unfair labor practice remedy application in case of infringement of rights. This is a case in which a judgment is made on the eligibility of the parties, etc. Regarding this issue, the target judgment is based on Article 81 of the Trade Union Act, criticizing the understanding that only the business owner has the qualifications of the respondent in relation to the remedy order when it is conventionally judged that unfair labor practices are established with respect to the eligibility of the respondent. It was judged that all the users specified were qualified as respondents. And if the rights of a specific trade union may be infringed due to unfair labor practices against a trade union that seeks to join or solidarity with a specific trade union regarding the eligibility of the applicant, the specific trade union directly commits the unfair labor practice Even if it is not the other party, it is judged that it has the qualifications to apply for remedy for unfair labor practice. In spite of some unsatisfactory aspects in the target judgment, it is possible to apply for relief against the manager, etc. It is significant in that it is a ruling that can make a big change in practice related to unfair labor practice relief applications, such as the specific labor union having the right to apply for relief.
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Reshef, Yonatan. « Changing Environments and Management IR Practices. Implications for US Trade Unions ». Articles 43, no 1 (12 avril 2005) : 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050387ar.
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Since the first oil shock of 1973, in the U.S., significant changes have shaken long-standing industrial relations patterns in the union manufacturing sector. This paper concentrates on the challenges posed to manufacturing unions by changing environments and management industrial relations practices.
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NG, IGNACE, et DENNIS MAKI. « Trade Union Influence on Human Resource Management Practices ». Industrial Relations 33, no 1 (janvier 1994) : 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.1994.tb00330.x.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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Lockwood, Graeme Hugh. « The impact of Conservative legislation on trade union practices, procedures and behaviour ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-impact-of-conservative-legislation-on-trade-union-practices-procedures-and-behaviour(285874f1-7772-468e-806a-9f52fde509b6).html.
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Ojo, Stella Ibiyinka. « Work-life balance policies and practices in Nigeria : experiences from managerial and non-managerial employees in the banking sector ». Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13048.
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Work design and content is changing. Accompanying this change has been an increasing demand by workers for policy makers to factor the issue of managing workers’ work and life. Work–life balance as a concept has attracted attention for several years as a result of individuals attempting to juggle multiple demands from both work and outside the workplace. The number of multiple demands on individuals usually vary from one person to the other and can increase or decrease at different stages of the person’s life. Essentially, this study reviewed work–life balance literature as espoused from the UK and US schools of thought. The purpose of this research is to explore the extent to which work–life balance policies and practices are a reality for employees and managers in the Nigerian banking sector; to investigate the adoption and use of policies/practices in Nigerian banks and finally to examine the barriers to and reasons for their muted adoption and utilisation of work–life balance policies and practices in Nigerian banks. This research is exploratory in nature and it adopted a mixed-method research technique which allowed for in-depth information from the respondents. The methodological approach used in this study is a qualitative dominant mixed method. A mixed-method approach was used in this study following the traditions of McCarthy, Darcy and Grady (2010); Kalliath and Brough (2008); Halford, (2006) and Beauregard and Henry (2009) to ensure the validity and reliability of the study and also to offer different insights in order to make the final result of the research more robust. A questionnaire and semi structured interview technique was utilised. The study was based on 20 of the 24 banks in the Nigerian banking sector. The total sample size was three hundred and sixty nine (369), of which two hundred and fifteen (215) questionnaires were completed and one hundred and thirty four (134) semi-structured interviews conducted for the bankers while (20) semi structured interviews were conducted for the trade union officials. In order to ensure that the cross-section of relevant respondents was as representative as possible, interviewees were divided into three categories: employees, managers and trade union officials. SPSS was used to analysis the quantitative data, while qualitative data was analysed using NVivo software through the coding of the large quantity of data collected. The themes that emerged from the analysis were used to discuss the research issues in the light of prior research findings from various empirical researches. The quantitative contribution of the study revealed that age was not significant to the bankers as regards issues relating to work life balance. The qualitative findings on the other hand revealed that there is diversity in terms of how both managerial and non-managerial employees understood and experienced WLB initiatives in the Nigerian banking sector. In addition, the study showed that cultural sensitivity affects how WLB is appreciated and utilised. The research also contributes to the spill-over theory by adding age, gender, implementation and benefits of work–life balance. This research has contributed to the body of knowledge on work–life balance issues in the Nigerian banking industry. This study also contributes to the existing literature on connotations of work–life balance by utilising a mixed method approach to explore and explain the different notions of work–life balance and usage of work–life balance initiatives.
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Carolissen, Lee-David. « An analysis of the impact of the European Union's policy of export subsidies has on South Africa's Agricultural sector ». Thesis, Online access, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_9435_1256215062.pdf.
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Alderton, Tony. « Trade unions and Japanisation ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266998.
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LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. « Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.
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Defence date: 11 March 2008Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
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Fischer, Maria Clara. « Radical trade union education in practice ? A study of CUT's Education Programme on Collective Bargaining ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363653.
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Masiya, Tynai. « Social movement trade unionism : an investigation of workers' perceptions of the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions practices on election and living wage issues ». University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4127.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study investigates workers’ perceptions of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) practices on elections and living wage issues from a social movement perspective from the Apartheid (South Africa) and Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Zimbabwe) eras to 2009. The trade union social movement perspective refers to labour movements that develop a socio-political character, and concern themselves not only with workplace issues but with broad social and political issues. A study of COSATU and ZCTU practices in South Africa and Zimbabwe at this time in the field of social movements is consistent with current calls for a conceptual shift, away from looking for invariant causes and effects to looking for mechanisms and processes that occur in many different kinds of movements and that lead to different outcomes depending on the specific contexts within which they occur. The study draws insights from social movement unionsm theory to understand mechanisms and processes pursued by COSATU and ZCTU in seeking to influence policy outcomes. This study used a qualitative approach and a case study strategy. In the study, questionnaire and in-depth interview responses were drawn from COSATU secretariat, two affiliates, the South African Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU) and National Union of Mine Workers (NUM). Questionnaire and in-depth responses were also drawn from the ZCTU secretariat, two affiliates, the General Agriculture and Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe (GPWUZ) and the Zimbabwe Urban Municipal Workers Union (ZUMWU). The objective was to gain insights from a broad cross-section of union members – blue-collar workers, professionals, state or semi state institution workers and ordinarily low income farm workers. The study concludes that workers’ perceptions of the two labour social movements is that they can influence changes in the political system (through elections) as a means to securing living wages by engaging in five practices, namely, disruption mechanisms, public preference mechanisms, political access mechanisms, judicial mechanisms and international access mechanisms. However, while the study noted that workers perceive COSATU and ZCTU practices as essential in influencing elections and living wage issues, the popularity of the mechanisms was lower in Zimbabwe where workers often face persecution. In South Africa, utilisation of these practices is also affected by the less militant public sector affiliates and non- standard forms of work such as subcontracting, casualisation, informalisation, externalisation and the ballooning informal sector. Given these problems, social movement trade unionism remains a viable means of representing the interests of the working poor. Establishment of these challenges leads to areas of possible further research such as how the unions can effectively represent the unorganised workers of the informal sector. A broader research on the impact of the exponential growth of non-standard forms of work is also relevant at this time in the two countries.
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Portilla, Hoffmann Nathalie. « Résister depuis l'école : une ethnographie des Ecoles intégrales d'éducation basique au Michoacán (Mexique) ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7131.
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Afin d'analyser la résistance en actes, au ras du sol, depuis des pratiques pédagogiques ordinaires resituées dans leur contexte, cette thèse porte sur la proposition pédagogique alternative du syndicat dissident d'enseignants·es du Michoacán (Mexique). Elle mobilise pour cela un ancrage théorique puisant dans les sciences de l'éducation et l'anthropologie de l'éducation, et une méthodologie qualitative, l'observation ethnographique. Depuis la profession qui est la leur, l'enseignement, et à partir du pouvoir politique qu'ils·elles construisent en tant que membres d'un mouvement social, ces enseignants·es ont pensé, écrit et mis en œuvre, au sein des écoles d'éducation basique dites intégrales, un curriculum alternatif et politiquement situé à gauche. Ces écoles sont brandies comme outil de lutte et de résistance face aux réformes éducatives nationales répondant aux injonctions internationales. En analysant cette lutte spécifique, cette thèse s'inscrit dans des questionnements plus généraux concernant les formes de subversion du nouvel ordre éducatif mondial. Par le fait même d'être menée au sein de l'espace scolaire, la résistance se trouve soumise aux mêmes tensions et aux mêmes contradictions que l'école. Les enseignants·es doivent en même temps faire l'institution et lui résister. Dans ce mouvement social, les enseignants·es mobilisés·es ont pour référence un passé révolutionnaire. Néanmoins, la structure et la dynamique corporatiste mexicaine font également partie du mouvement dissident. Cette thèse propose un regard par le bas, individualisé, qui témoigne des dispositions de chaque enseignant·e en termes de valeurs. Quelles que soient les positions personnelles de chacun·e, le groupe syndical dissident a travaillé pour écrire un curriculum alternatif. Celui-ci est un objet autour, ou à partir duquel, se mettent en place des stratégies administratives, politiques ou pédagogiques pour soutenir la lutte de ces enseignants·es. Cet objet légitime les discours, à l'interne dans le syndicat comme à l'externe quand ils sont dirigés vers la société dans son ensemble. Une fois appliqué, le curriculum se retrouve dans les écoles intégrales qui sont, après tout, des écoles comme les autres : une cour, des salles avec leurs tableaux, pupitres, cahiers et un enseignant face aux élèves. Pour autant, il est possible, dans l'enceinte de ces écoles, de dévoiler l'arbitraire des contenus scolaires, de questionner la structure pédagogique d'un cours, d'y élever des poissons pour les vendre, et même, de reproduire l'école officielleThis thesis focuses on the alternative pedagogical proposal of the dissident union of teachers of Michoacán (Mexico). Combining theory from education science and anthropology of education as well as ethnographic qualitative methods, this research aims to analyse acts of resistance in everyday pedagogical practices. Through their work as teachers and through their political power as members of a social movement, these teachers have thought, written, and implemented an alternative left-wing curriculum in so-called Integral Schools of Basic Education. These schools are raised by their teachers as a tool of struggle and resistance in the face of national educational reforms and international injunctions. By analysing this specific struggle, this thesis is part of more general questions concerning the forms of subversion of the new educational world order. By the very fact of taking place within school, the resistance finds itself subject to the same tensions and the same contradictions the school faces. Indeed, these teachers contribute to building the institution while resisting it at the same time. The teachers of this social movement use the revolutionary past. Nevertheless, the Mexican corporatist structure and dynamics are also part of this dissident movement. This thesis analyses the personal experiences and values of each teacher. At the same time, it considers the fact that those teachers went beyond their differences to put forward this alternative pedagogical proposal. The teachers use the alternative curriculum to think and build political, administrative, and pedagogical strategies for their struggle. This curriculum also legitimises the rhetoric within the union and public discourses. In the end, Integral Schools are a school like any other: playgrounds, classrooms, blackboards, desks, notebooks, and a teacher facing the students. Nevertheless, in these schools, teachers, students, and the community can reveal the arbitrariness of school content, can question the pedagogical structure of a course, can breed fish and sell them, and they even can reproduce the official school
A partir del estudio de caso de la propuesta de un curriculum alternativo del magisterio disidente de Michoacán (México), esta tesis se propone analizar una resistencia educativa en acción, a ras del suelo, desde prácticas pedagógicas cotidianas y contextualizadas. El marco teórico se constituye desde las ciencias de la educación y la antropología de la educación, en complemento con una metodología cualitativa, la observación etnográfica. Desde su profesión de maestros·as, y desde el poder político que construyen como miembros de un movimiento social, el magisterio michoacano disidente concibió, escribió un currículo alternativo, políticamente de izquierda, que implementó en lo que llamaron Escuelas integrales de educación básica. Estas escuelas se manejan como herramienta de lucha y resistencia frente a las reformas educativas nacionales que, por su parte, responden a mandatos internacionales. El análisis de caso de esta tesis hace eco a debates que rebasan las discusiones estatales y nacionales, agregándose a otras formas de subversión frente al nuevo orden educativo mundial. Al llevarse a cabo dentro del espacio escolar, la resistencia estudiada está sujeta a las mismas tensiones y contradicciones que vive la escuela. Es decir, los y las maestras deben al mismo tiempo hacer escuela y resistir a la institución. En un primer momento, el trabajo de campo reveló la necesidad de revisar las raíces históricas que aún se hacen presentes en la vida del magisterio. Por un lado, el movimiento social construido por las y los maestros movilizados se ancla en el pasado revolucionario. Sin embargo, la estructura y la resistencia al cambio del corporativismo mexicano también forman parte del movimiento disidente. En seguida, además de los factores históricos, se planteó la paradoja de ofrecer una mirada desde abajo que le dé cabida tanto a la subjetividad de cada maestro·a, como al trabajo colectivo que gestó al propio plan de estudios alternativo. El análisis avanza para revelar un curriculum que es un objeto en torno al cual, o a partir del cual, se ponen en marcha estrategias administrativas, políticas o pedagógicas para sostener la lucha magisterial. Este curriculum legitima discursos, tanto internamente en el sindicato como externamente cuando se dirigen a la sociedad en su totalidad. El plan de estudios alternativo toma vida en las Escuelas integrales, que son, al fin y al cabo, escuelas como las demás: tienen un patio, aulas con pizarrones, pupitres, cuadernos y un·a maestro·a frente a los alumnos. Sin embargo, en los recintos de estas escuelas es posible hacer todo tipo de cosas, como revelar la arbitrariedad de los contenidos escolares, cuestionar la estructura pedagógica de un curso, criar peces para venderlos e incluso reproducir la escuela oficial
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Creanor, Linda Margaret. « The impact of networked learning in a social action context : an exploration of theoretical and practical constructs for learning in European Trade Unions ». Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517971.
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The focus of this research is networked learning within European trade union organisations where there is a strong recognition that technology has a key role to play in developing educational opportunities and in extending the trade union influence locally, nationally and globally. This cross-disciplinary study explores a range of theories, models and approaches which underpin the pedagogical process in a distinctive educational environment, drawing on the fields of learning technology and knowledge management. The development and implementation of two transnational projects on networked learning form the basis of the research. Structuration theory, which highlights the interplay between the objective nature of broader social structures and the subjective perspectives of human agency, provides the epistemological foundation. To balance this highly abstract concept, related theoretical frameworks derived from education, learning technology and social informatics research have also usefully informed the investigations. This study contends that the design of networked learning and preparation for key roles can be valuably informed by focusing on the individual, social and technical boundary encounters inherent in the complex interplay of structure and agency. It has cast new light on an under-researched area of adult education and has highlighted the value of cross-disciplinary collaboration in advancing our understanding of networked learning. It has also gone some way towards addressing the recognised imbalance in linking theory and practice in networked learning and signposts new directions for learning technology research. Most importantly, there is evidence that it has influenced practice in the field, thus fulfilling one of the key aims of the research.
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Mouyivou, Bongo Pélagie. « Le métier d’instituteur au Gabon ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20058/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’interroger les mécanismes régissant la dynamique corporatiste et les logiques d’action du collectif des instituteurs au Gabon. Cette réflexion a été orientée au départ par deux constats : l’action collective enseignante et les changements statutaires marquant l’évolution de ce groupe professionnel. La démarche méthodologique s’appuie sur l’apport de plusieurs disciplines des sciences sociales et de diverses approches théoriques. L’hypothèse théorique repose sur l’idée de la constitution d’un corps de métier. Cette thèse tente d’appréhender le métier d’instituteur à partir d’un triptyque articulant trois pôles d’analyse : les relations sociales, l’organisation et le contexte social.L’enquête de terrain réalisée auprès des différents acteurs éducatifs, principalement les instituteurs, est centrée sur les conditions de vie et de travail de ces derniers. L’analyse porte à la fois sur les aspects statutaires, les relations entre les instituteurs et les autres acteurs de l’action pédagogique - principalement les élèves, les familles, les pouvoirs publics - et sur la pratique quotidienne de la classe. Elle met en lumière, la pluralité des identités socioprofessionnelles et la variabilité des pratiques professionnelles suivant les configurations relationnelles, les règles organisationnelles et le contexte socioculturel de travail. A titre d’exemple, l’instituteur notable dans un village devient le fonctionnaire mal payé en ville. De même, quand la gestion de la discipline en classe, la multiplicité des activités variées, la recherche des outils didactiques, l’entretien de la classe, rythment une matinée de travail de l’instituteur de l’école publique et de ses élèves, l’exploitation maximale des nombreuses ressources pédagogiques disponibles caractérise une matinée de travail de l’instituteur de l’école conventionnée.L’analyse permet aussi de cerner les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les accords et les désaccords au sein du système scolaire dans sa globalité. Des dispositifs de formation non adaptés aux conditions réelles de travail, la marginalisation de l’instituteur étranger à la province, les attentes des familles vis-à-vis de l’instituteur exerçant dans son village d’origine, la fuite des classes d’examen ou des classes pléthoriques par certains instituteurs, la constitution et la gestion des budgets dans les établissements, la radicalisation ou non de l’action syndicale… sont autant de facteurs sources des oppositions caractérisant les relations des instituteurs entre eux, des instituteurs avec les parents d’élèves ou avec les pouvoirs publicsThis thesis has for objective to examine the mechanisms governing the corporatist dynamics and logics of action of the collective of teachers in Gabon. This reflection has been directed at the outset by two observations: the teacher collective action and statutory changes marking the evolution of this occupational group. The methodological approach relies on the contribution of several disciplines of social sciences and various theoretical approaches. The theoretical assumption rests on the idea of the creation of a corps of business. This thesis attempts to apprehend the profession of schoolmaster from a triptych linking three areas of analysis: social relations, organization and social context.The field survey conducted among different educational actors, mainly teachers, is centered on the life and work of these conditions. The analysis focuses both on the statutory aspects, relations between teachers and other actors of the educational action - mainly students, families, public authorities - and the daily practice of the class. It highlights, the plurality of professional identities and professional practice variability following relational configurations, organizational rules, and, the social and cultural context of work. For example, the significant teacher in a village becomes an employee being poorly paid in the city. Similarly, when the management of discipline in the classroom, the multiplicity of varied activities, looking for teaching tools, maintenance of the class, punctuate a morning's work of public school teacher and of his students, the maximum exploitation of the many educational resources available characterized a morning's work of the partner school teacher.The analysis can also identify the mechanisms underlying the agreements and disagreements within the school system in its entirety. Training devices not adapted to the actual conditions of work, the marginalization of the teacher in the province, the expectations of the families against the teacher in his home village, leakage of exam classes or oversized classes by some teachers, the constitution and the management of budgets in institutions, radicalization or non of Union action... are all factors sources of opposition characterizing the relationships of teachers between them teachers with parents of students or the public authorities
Livres sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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London Metropolitan University. Working Lives Research Institute, dir. Trade union practices on anti-discrimination and diversity : European Trade Union Anti-Discrimination and Diversity study : innovative and significant practices in fighting discrimination and promoting diversity : report. Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union, 2010.
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Godard, John. Trade union recognition : Statutory unfair labour practice regimes in the USA and Canada. [London] : Dept. of Trade and Industry, 2004.
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The new european law of unfair commercial practices and competition law. Oxford : Hart Pub., 2011.
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UNCTAD/WTO, International Trade Centre, dir. Business guide to trade remedies in the European Community : Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards legislation, practices and procedures. Geneva : ITC, 2004.
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Rōdō kumiai no shokuba kisei : Nihon jidōsha sangyō no jirei kenkyū = The influence of the enterprise union at the shopfloor level : a case study of the automobile industry in Japan. Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1994.
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Duhamel, Luc. The KGB campaign against corruption in Moscow. Pittsburgh, Pa : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.
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Cohen, Maurie J. Innovations in Sustainable Consumption : New Economics, Socio-technical Transitions and Social Practices. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar, 2013.
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The KGB campaign against corruption in Moscow. Pittsburgh, Pa : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.
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IV--Competition, European Commission Directorate-General. Distribution and servicing of motor vehicles in the European Union : Commission regulation (EC) no. 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector : explanatory brochure. [Brussels?] : European Commission, Directorate General for Competition, 2002.
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Kam, Flip de. Economic effects of and social responses to unfair tax practices and tax havens : Report on a meeting of trade union experts held under the OECD Labour/Management Programme (Paris, 14th April 2000). Paris, France : OECD, 2000.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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Zimmer, Reingard. « Trade Union Approaches to Global Value Chains : The Indonesian Experience ». Dans Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 171–85. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_10.
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AbstractThe evident failure of voluntary corporate codes of conduct and their monitoring has further intensified debates over the purchasing practices and legal accountability of transnational corporations. This article analyses the development of International Framework Agreements as an alternative approach advanced by trade unions and describes the characteristics of these instruments, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses concerning implementation and monitoring. It specifically focuses on the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association, a special framework agreement concluded between Indonesian trade unions and international sportswear firms to protect freedom of association and trade union rights in the Indonesian textile, garment and footwear industries. After presenting the protocol’s content, the article discusses findings concerning the implementation and monitoring of the agreement, based on interviews conducted by the author in Indonesia between November 2018 and January 2019. It identifies several key factors that led to the successful promotion of strong trade union rights in the formation phase of the agreement, namely public awareness due to intensive campaigning around a mega sporting event, strong support from different civil society actors and the presence of a neutral facilitator. Overall, the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association is an example of a bottom-up process that strengthens the signatory trade unions and thus serves as a potential model for actors in other countries.
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Ness, Immanuel. « Conclusion : Hiring Halls and Workplaces : Trade Union Organizing Strategies and Unemployment Practices ». Dans Trade Unions and the Betrayal of the Unemployed, 193–206. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315790602-7.
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Lorgat, Aisha. « “No, We Are Not Fighting Against Foreign Workers and We’ll Never Fight Against Foreign Workers” : Trade Unions and Migrant Rights ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 247–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_17.
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AbstractInternational human rights instruments do not explicitly include protection of undocumented migrants, but arguments for their inclusion are made on both normative and pragmatic basis. These denizens are often prevented from accessing rights de facto due to social practices, even when they are accorded de jure rights through legislation. As a result, the overwhelming majority of migrants are faced with limited options, have little voice, and have to make a living among and as part of the precariat. After 1994, South Africa was increasingly seen as a favourable destination for migrants seeking asylum and/or economic opportunities. Migrants are perceived as serving as a reserve of labour that is highly flexible, easily exploited, and unlikely to seek legal recourse for violations of labour law or to join a trade union. This labour market effect is particularly apparent and problematic in host countries with pre-existing high unemployment rates. As official workers representatives trade unions have a major role to play in recognising and mitigating the dangers inherent in dividing workers into citizens and denizens. Trade unions themselves though are in decline, with union density rates falling largely as a result of increasing use of non-standard employment arrangements by employers. Trade unions find it extremely difficult to access and organise these atypical workers, many of whom are migrants. The research for this chapter considered official union publications as well as interviews with trade union officials in the construction sector in Cape Town to assess trade unions responsiveness to migrant rights claims. Migrants are generally located in the periphery due to their more vulnerable status, and this position in the labour market renders their claims to rights and the role of trade unions in supporting these claims more difficult but equally necessary.
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Rideout, R. W. « Unfair Industrial Practices ». Dans Trade Unions and the Law, 91–114. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003345404-6.
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Naef, Tobias. « The Global Reach of the Right to Data Protection ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 19–113. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_2.
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AbstractThe internet as a technology not only revolutionized communication, it also enabled new forms of trade. Digital trade often involves personal data. Information about individuals now travels around the world on an unprecedented and rapidly growing scale. The key to understanding the implications of data protection in the EU for trade with the wider world is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (Charter, CFR). The Charter has the status of primary Union law and data protection is enshrined as a fundamental right in Article 8 CFR. The first section of this chapter traces the development of the right to data protection from the early data protection laws in Europe to the inclusion of Article 8 into the Charter. It identifies the driving forces behind this development and offers insights into the origins of this new fundamental right (Sect. 2.1). The second section addresses the substance of the right to data protection. It explains the underlying values for the interpretation of the new fundamental right and analyzes the six written constituent parts of Article 8 CFR. It shows that the right to data protection must be distinguished from the right to private life in Article 7 CFR. The second section also explains what counts as an interference with the right to data protection and addresses lawful limitations on the exercise of this new fundamental right (Sect. 2.2). The third section focuses on the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. The jurisprudence of the ECJ reveals an unwritten constituent part of the new fundamental right: the right to continuous protection of personal data. Personal data cannot be exported to third states that do not provide a level of protection for the transferred personal data that is essentially equivalent to that guaranteed within the EU (Sect. 2.3). Certain practices in third states are of particular relevance for the extraterritorial dimension of Article 8 CFR. Foreign internet surveillance often targets personal data that is transferred from the EU to a third country. The fourth section analyzes the requirements for foreign internet surveillance practices emanating from the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR (Sect. 2.4).
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Underhill, Elsa. « The Decline of Trade Unions and Worker Representation ». Dans Handbook on Management and Employment Practices, 855–71. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29010-8_40.
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Underhill, Elsa. « The Decline of Trade Unions and Worker Representation ». Dans Handbook on Management and Employment Practices, 1–17. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24936-6_40-1.
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Opute, John Ebinum. « HRM Practices in Nigeria : Employee Relations and Trade Unions ». Dans Employee Relations and Trade Unions in Africa, 27–47. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26825-0_2.
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Mayer, Claude-Hélène. « HRM Practices in South Africa : Diversity and Inclusion in Contemporary and Future Workplaces ». Dans Employee Relations and Trade Unions in Africa, 143–58. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26825-0_7.
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Pérez Henríquez, Blas L. « Key Theoretical, Policy, and Implementation Experience Considerations for the Mexican ETS : Toward an Equitable and Cost-Effective Compliance Phase ». Dans Springer Climate, 3–31. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_1.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the policy design and theoretical environmental economic principles that underpin the concept of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a policy approach to address climate change. It discusses basic environmental economic principles pertinent to the development of market-based solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and co-pollutants. The chapter serves as the technical basis for the broader discussion that this book as a whole presents on the launch of the pilot phase of the Mexican ETS on January 1, 2020. Understanding international program design experiences, theoretical principles, and implementing best practices is key to ensuring Mexico’s success in the transition from the pilot or learning phase to an operational ETS compliance system. This will ensure Mexico fulfills its national climate policy goals and nationally determined contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in a cost-effective manner, while also providing compliance flexibility to the industrial sectors covered under the program. A well-designed ETS ultimately provides the right incentives for industrial carbon emission reductions to drive cost-effective abatement and clean innovation. Secondly, this chapter presents a more in-depth review of policy developments focusing specifically on key implementation lessons from the two most advanced ETS systems in operation to date: (1) the European Union ETS and (2) California’s cap-and-trade program. In short, this chapter outlines a set of key policy lessons and design parameters to support the transition from the pilot Mexican ETS to an operational compliance phase in a socially just, environmentally sound, and cost-effective manner.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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« Improving the Model of HRM Practices and Trade Union in Simultaneous With Key Role of Iraq Law ». Dans rd Joint International Conference on Accounting, Business, Economics and Politics. Tishk International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/icabep2021p27.
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Alamanova, Chinara. « Experience of Economic Integration of Kyrgyzstan within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02188.
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At present, practically all countries of the world are involved in integration processes. However, at the present stage, the mechanism of integration interaction is not sufficiently regulated, as evidenced by the experience of integration of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The history of various integration groupings, along with regularities, carries in itself essential features of historical uniqueness. This determines the theoretical and practical relevance of the research topic. In the article, the example of Kyrgyzstan explores the experience of the country's integration into an integration association. Practice has revealed not only positive results, but also negative unpredictable consequences. Such experience requires scientific and practical study and will be useful for further improvement of economic integration processes. The abolition of customs control has enabled the development of an illegal flow of goods both to Kyrgyzstan and from Kyrgyzstan. The change in tariffs of the Eurasian Economic Union for third countries may lead to a reduction in multilateral trade. Russia's application of anti-sanctions to individual countries violates the first basic principle of integration: the trade policy of the four members of the Eurasian Economic Union is becoming less coherent. The difficult access of goods due to the application of restrictive measures in relation to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is noted. To achieve the integration result, the following conditions are necessary: Conducting a harmonious trade integration policy, Implementation of political (institutional) integration, General political support for integration plans, including by third countries.
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Podkolzina, Anastasiia Dmitrievna. « Trade unions as a guarantee for the realization and protection of the labor rights of teachers ». Dans VII International Scientific and Practical Conference, Chair Natalia Vladislavovna Tarasova. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-464275.
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Chikhladze, Nikoloz, et Gocha Ugulava. « Georgia's Export Challenges in the Context of Increasing Global Security Risks ». Dans V National Scientific Conference. Grigol Robakidze University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55896/978-9941-8-5764-5/2023-95-112.
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Despite the general trend of liberalization of foreign trade of goods and services in most countries of the world, this process is characterized by different intensity in different countries and requires taking into account the features of national and regional models of economic development. However, the existing legal field of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in terms of export promotion significantly limits the possibility of using it in international trade for individual countries. Under such circumstances, countries are forced to look for new legal ways to support domestic exporters. In particular, the need for state support for export in many developing countries is due to the fact that in world practice, despite the requirements of the WTO, there are contradictions between economically developed countries (unions) and developing countries. Differences in the national economic interests of different countries in the field of foreign trade give rise to conflicts of interests, the intensity of which led to the necessity of institutionalization of opportunities for the harmonization of interests within the framework of the WTO. Despite the efforts of multilateral trading system institutions and regional trade associations, the list of protectionist barriers that prevent the free movement of goods, capital and people is growing. This is confirmed by the practice of using various taxes and quotas, technical restrictions on imports (introduction of safety norms or standards that differ from those established in the exporting countries), as well as establishing fiscal, legislative, and administrative barriers. The paper examines the main trends of Georgia's exports and highlights the main challenges in the conditions of increasing global security risks. Keywords: Export, Global Security, Foreign Trade.
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Olaru, Sabina, Carmen Ghituleasa, Alexandra Cardoso, Pedro nero Guimaraes, Jorge Domenechpastor et Carmen Boiciuc. « COMPREHENSIVE TOOLS FOR ENABLING EMPLOYABILITY AND MOBILITY IN EUROPEAN CLOTHING SECTOR ». Dans eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-161.
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In recent years, European reindustrialization has occurred, specifically in the textile and clothing sector in Portugal, Spain and Romania, from the application of the Just In Time (JIT) methodology with the result of the need more skilled labour available in the European Union. The paper presents aspects concerning the CosTUmE project that contributes to the diminishing of skills' gaps between the qualification offer and clothing industry needs, to attract young trainees to graduate technical qualifications and to stimulate professionals to update their skills. Also, this work presents the comprehensive tools that were developed in order to raise the awareness of companies to support the employees in the process of upskilling and to provide tools for European mobility and implementation of the updated Clothing Technician profile for validation and recognition in Portugal, Spain and Romania. The training package integrates practical explanation of the Clothing Technician Profile with resources and exercises to integrate learning outcomes and work-based learning. In concrete, the training package contains guidelines, study cases and strategies to motivate and support the trainee, and to support the learning process. The tutorial guide for mobility describes the mobility purposes with the main documents used for recognising the mobility in Europe. The comprehensive tools target all VET providers, trainees, companies, trade unions, sectors associations and other entities that work or help with mobility process. The anticipation of needed skills and the promotion of cooperation between industry and vocational and educational training are considered relevant actions to be implemented in the next period.
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Stefenhagena, Dita, Inga Vanaga et Anda Grinfelde. « Working conditions of academic personnel of higher education institutions in Latvia ». Dans 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.54.031.
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Academic society is exposed to continuous growing demands and requirements – innovative pedagogical work, international recognition in research, cooperation with industry - these are just part of requirements which have to be ensured by academic staff at each higher education institution (HEI) in Latvia. The question arises – do working conditions of academic staff, taking into consideration described demands, duties and requirements, correspond with decent work practice, such as competitive pay and working stability? The aim of the research paper is to investigate if the factors influencing work of academic staff are following decent work practice. In order to reach the aim of the research paper, the authors have used the results of the Latvian Trade Union of Education and Science Employees (LIZDA) survey conducted at public higher education institutions in Latvia. The time period of survey was April – September, 2019. The target group of the survey were representatives of academic staff. The major conclusions of the research are the following: (1.) salary of academic staff isn’t competitive with other public professions and positions in Latvia; (2.) working stability of academic staff is low because of insecure and precarious contracts; (3.) working conditions of academic personnel regarding competitive salary and work stability don’t correspond with the decent work practice.
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Densmaa, Oyuntsetseg, Gerelchimeg Kaliinaa, Norovsuren Nanzad et Tsogzolboo Otgonbayar. « MONGOLIA’S “THIRD NEIGHBOR POLICY” ». Dans Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7365.
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Geographically Mongolia has two neighbors. Mongolia’s existence today depends largely on mutually friendly relationships with two big neighbors. The main pillars of Mongolia’s new international strategy were incorporated in Mongolia’s National Security Concept adopted on June 30, 1994. This document, approved by the Mongolian Parliament, emphasizes a balanced policy towards the country’s two giant neighbors, underlines the importance of economic security in protecting Mongolia’s national integrity, and warns about too much dependence on any one country for trade. In today’s world of globalization and interdependence, Mongolia has to engage with other countries beyond these two neighbors, Russia and China. This is fundamental thing of the Mongolia’s searching third neighbor. Mongolia needs more friends to ensure its national security interests and achieve economic prosperity its ‘Third Neighbor Policy’1 is a policy of extending its friends all around the world. Two immediate neighbors of Mongolia, Russia and China, remain the foreign policy priority and this priority is not contradictory to the policy of having more friends. Mongolia is becoming an arena of clashes of economic interests of developed countries, multinational corporations due its rich mining deposits. Mongolia's Third Neighbor Policy is aimed to leverage the influence of neighboring countries in the national security issues of Mongolia. In contrast with other satellite states of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia concurrently instituted a democratic political system, a market-driven economy, and a foreign policy based on balancing relations with Russia and China while expanding relations with the West and East. Mongolia is now pursuing a foreign policy that will facilitate global engagement, allow the nation to maintain its sovereignty, and provide diplomatic freedom of maneuver through a “third neighbor” policy. 2 This policy is very much alive today but there is no reason to claim that its implementation is satisfactory. Mongolia has major investors from the US, Japan, Germany and France from the EU, for example. There are many universal conventions related to landlocked country. For Mongolia, access to sea via our two neighbors, means promoting economic ties with the third neighbors, as an important factor conducive to reinforcing the material foundations of Mongolia’s third neighbor policy.
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Rudohradská, Simona, et Diana Treščáková. « PROPOSALS FOR THE DIGITAL MARKETS ACT AND DIGITAL SERVICES ACT : BROADER CONSIDERATIONS IN CONTEXT OF ONLINE PLATFORMS ». Dans EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18317.
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Proposals for a Regulation on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Atc) of 15th of December, 2020 were long-avaited tools, through which, in the field of digital services, a higher degree of legal certainty for the consumer should be ensured and the functional responsibility regime of online platforms should be secured, in direct proportion. Submitted proposals preceded open public consultation of interested stakeholders, including the general public, academics, digital companies and other businesses, associations, civil society public authorities, and trade unions. The need to adopt adequate legislation in line with rapid technological development also stemmed from the fact that the E-commerce Directive was adopted in 2000 and has so far been considered as the main legal framework governing the issue of digital platforms, but it is also necessary to add that the regulation of online platforms has been mainly left to the Member States. As much of the activity has shifted to the online enviroment, digital platforms are playing an increasingly important role in our lives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relevant provisions of the proposal in the context of competition rules and also in view of the increased use of online platforms due to the global crisis. The content of the article will also contain a brief comparison with the current legal situation with reference to the practical implications that await us with the adoption of the new legislation.
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Kesler, John K., Monique F. Stewart, Debra M. Chappell et Lloyd Parker. « Railroad Industry Workforce Assessment—Next Steps : Working Together to Shape the Rail Workforce of the 21st Century ». Dans 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56055.
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Since 2009, the Obama Administration’s focus on rebuilding the nation’s infrastructure and creating jobs has generated a tremendous amount of investment in transportation related initiatives. Championed by U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Secretary, Ray LaHood, these initiatives have spanned the transportation industry including a portion being allocated to rail. At the 2010 ASME Joint Rail Conference (JRC), Kevin Kesler, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Chief of Equipment and Operating Practices Division shared insight into FRA’s tentative workforce development activity (FRA-WDT). This effort is being conducted as part of the larger USDOT National Transportation Workforce Strategy Initiative, which endeavors to identify and report workforce challenges and commonalities across all modes of transportation and discuss strategies to address those issues. Since that presentation, the FRA Workforce Development Team (FRA-WDT) has identified six railroad industry specific challenges and submitted them for incorporation in the USDOT Framework for a National Transportation Workforce Strategy: 1. Aging railroad workforce – highlighting need for knowledge transfer. 2. Workforce diversity – shortages of women and minorities in the rail workforce. 3. Overall image of the rail industry – declining and stagnant technologically. 4. Need for national training standards for freight rail craft and trade positions. 5. Work-life balance issues – attrition among employees with less than five years of service. 6. Availability of suitable metrics to constantly monitor the collective railroad workforce. These issues were derived from independent research as well as interviews conducted with representatives from across the railroad industry (i.e. Class I railroads, short line and regional railroads, labor unions, associations, academia, and FRA staff). Thus, FRA is interested in continuing the dialog and information exchange with railroad industry stakeholders as a means to strategize about these workforce concerns that impact each facet of the industry. An initial set of approaches to each challenge has been identified, which includes partnering with industry stakeholders. Full details and additional insight into the analysis will be shared in the paper.
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Nicoleta, Danescu. « VOCATIONAL DISTANCE LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN THE EU AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH THE UK, GERMANY, AUSTRALIA AND THE U.S.A. » Dans eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-170.
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Lately we have been witnessing a very intense form of promoting education, learning and training called distance learning. This phenomenon requires clarifications at both conceptual and practical levels, especially since the methods seem to be approved by a large number of participants in the educational process, therefore we’ll try to approach things from a global perspective. This paper reviews the evolution and impact of all types of distance learning. Distance learning is not a new phenomenon, there was at least 100 years ago, representing a form of teaching and learning through printed educational material was distributed by mail. Due to increased interest in training electronic or "e-learning", in recent years, rapid progress of electronic learning programs, developing Internet and e-mail. This report analyzes the media of information. Except for a few leading companies, the adoption of e-learning in Europe occurred in a much slower rate than in the U.S., one of the main reasons being the different types of training systems in Europe. Also, each European country has a different educational system on access to education, the financing of it, and participating students (as individuals, supported by employers or public systems). Such systems have been developed following discussions between employers, government agencies, educational institutions, accreditation authorities and trade unions. For example, in Germany, these systems are very well organized. Students can participate in distance learning, developing his skills, but not required to work in a field requiring professional mobility. Distance learning courses are also designed a number of contextual issues. Many employees are satisfied with their professional performance and we need much persuasion for them to understand that such courses can improve the existing system. This summary’s meaning is to be a review of the professional development of distance education, particularly in the agricultural and biological sciences in Great Britain and Germany, seeking as well the recommendations for future actions in Romania, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Trade union practices"
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Frohmann, Alicia, Jaume Ventura, Rainer Schweickert, Michel Fouquin, Omar Licandro, Jacques Ziller, Helen Wallace, Rolf J. Langhammer et Claudio Bravo Ortega. Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT) : 2nd Annual Conference. Inter-American Development Bank, janvier 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006622.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The process of economic reform and trade liberalization in Latin America and the Caribbean, under way since the end of the 1980s, has brought about an increasing integration of the countries in the region into the world economy, both in terms of commercial and investment flows. At the same time, Latin American countries have been pursuing the process of deepening economic integration at the subregional level, negotiating trade liberalization at the regional and hemispheric level, as well as engaging in multilateral trade negotiations. Latin American countries are also negotiating cooperation and free trade agreements with other countries and regions of the world, both developing and industrial ones. These developments, as well the emergence of new powerful players on the international arena, such as China and India, represent opportunities but also enormous challenges for Latin America. In facing these challenges, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are open to ideas, experiences and good practices that may contribute to their successful integration into an increasingly open and competitive international economy. In this regard, the rich European experience in the process of regional integration over the last decades that has brought about not only mutual trade liberalization, but also the establishment of joint institutions, a common currency as well as political cooperation and a strong component of solidarity among member countries could be of benefit for the region. Moreover, Latin America is an important market for the European Union as it positions itself in global competition and seeks partners for economic as well as political cooperation. With this in mind, in 2002, the Inter-American Development Bank, through the Special Office in Europe and the Integration and Regional Programs Department, through the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), launched the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT). The Network operates with the collaboration of partner European centers, leaders in research in the area of integration and trade. ELSNIT represents a platform for an exchange of ideas between European and Latin American experts, and ultimately a source of support for policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic. This publication provides an account of the main findings of the second cycle of activities of the Network during 2004/2005.
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Ventura, Jaume, Rainer Schweickert, Michel Fouquin, Omar Licandro, Jacques Ziller et Rolf J. Langhammer. Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT) : 3rd Annual Conference. Inter-American Development Bank, septembre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006623.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The process of economic reform and trade liberalization in Latin America and the Caribbean, under way since the end of the 1980s, has brought about an increasing integration of the countries in the region into the world economy, both in terms of commercial and investment flows. At the same time, Latin American countries have been pursuing the process of deepening economic integration at the subregional level, negotiating trade liberalization at the regional and hemispheric level, as well as engaging in multilateral trade negotiations. Latin American countries are also negotiating cooperation and free trade agreements with other countries and regions of the world, both developing and industrial ones. These developments, as well the emergence of new powerful players on the international arena, such as China and India, represent opportunities but also enormous challenges for Latin America. In facing these challenges, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are open to ideas, experiences and good practices that may contribute to their successful integration into an increasingly open and competitive international economy. In this regard, the rich European experience in the process of regional integration over the last decades that has brought about not only mutual trade liberalization, but also the establishment of joint institutions, a common currency as well as political cooperation and a strong component of solidarity among member countries could be of benefit for the region. Moreover, Latin America is an important market for the European Union as it positions itself in global competition and seeks partners for economic as well as political cooperation. With this in mind, in 2002, the Inter-American Development Bank, through the Special Office in Europe and the Integration and Regional Programs Department, through the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), launched the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT). The Network operates with the collaboration of partner European centers, leaders in research in the area of integration and trade. ELSNIT represents a platform for an exchange of ideas between European and Latin American experts, and ultimately a source of support for policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic. This publication provides an account of the main findings of the second cycle of activities of the Network during 2005/2006.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot et Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin et Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices : Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, mai 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.
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Walsh, Alex, et Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia : Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
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Bromley, Mark, Lauriane Héau et Giovanna Maletta. Post-shipment On-site Inspections : Multilateral Steps for Debating and Enabling Their Adoption and Use. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/owbx3499.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Among the key tools that states that export arms and military equipment can adopt to help to prevent and mitigate the diversion of military materiel are post-shipment on-site inspections. These inspections involve the exporting state requiring and conducting physical checks on previously authorized and transferred military materiel on the territory of the importing state. In the past decade a growing number of states have adopted and implemented this policy tool. In addition, some multilateral bodies and instruments—including forums connected to the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty, the European Union and the United Nations—have been used to exchange views on the use of post-shipment on-site inspections and to develop related good practice guidelines. The wider use of post-shipment on-site inspections could help to prevent diversion of military materiel and reduce the human suffering that this generates, but several barriers and challenges appear to be blocking their broader adoption. This SIPRI Policy Paper reviews these barriers and challenges, and summarizes the steps that have been taken at the national level to address them. The paper then examines the steps that have been taken and that could be taken at the multilateral level to expand discussion about post-shipment on-site inspections and help to support those states that are considering adopting this policy tool. For each step, the policy paper presents a series of recommendations that could be taken forward by states, research institutes, or the executives or secretariats of relevant multilateral instruments or bodies.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml et Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Mackie, James. Promoting policy coherence : Lessons learned in EU development cooperation. European Centre for Development Policy Management, septembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Policy coherence for development, or PCD, refers to the need for multiple policies from different sectors to work in unison rather than in opposition to each other, if international development is to be achieved. In Europe, the argument for PCD was based on the recognition that EU efforts on development cooperation were often contradicted or undermined by other EU policies, both internal as much as external, to the extent that the EU was effectively taking back with one hand what it had given with the other. In some severe cases, the EU was even taking back more than it gave. Thus for instance, while on the one hand the EU was funding development projects to support agriculture production projects in Africa, on the other, its trade policies and domestic agriculture subsidy policies in Europe were encouraging the dumping of cheap subsidised food on African markets thereby undercutting local producers competing in the same markets. The impact of European development aid was therefore being negated by its trade and agriculture policies. This note first outlines how the concept of PCD developed in European development policy circles and what measures the EU and its member states took to promote policy coherence since it was first written into the EU Treaty in 1992. The practical experience gained over these nearly 30 years is of course of wider relevance in good policymaking and not just in development cooperation. This became particularly apparent with the agreement on the UN’s 2030 Agenda in 2015 that saw the introduction of the new concept of PCSD or policy coherence for sustainable development that recognised the wider relevance of policy coherence across the whole integrated policy package of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The note will also cover this latest, global chapter in the history of efforts to promote policy coherence and see how the EU has responded, notably with the Better Regulation package of the Juncker Commission and in the work on the Von der Leyen Commission Green Deal. The note will conclude with potential lessons on promoting policy coherence for EU policy-making for coping with the cascading effects of climate change.