Articles de revues : « Trade associations – Europe »

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Sizova, D. A., T. V. Sizova et N. A. Volobuev. « Mergers and acquisitions trends in the context of European trade associations ». Lizing (Leasing), n^o 5 (24 octobre 2022) : 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-03-2205-03.

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Current turbulent state of the economy, on the one hand, and the formed tendencies, on the other hand, predetermined business development trends relevant for the analytics. Trends in mergers and acquisitions have emerged in the trade sector through integration processes in Europe and Russia. Trade networks, as a cooperative organization, ensure that the parent company takes on the main cooperative joint tasks, such as procurement, branding, goods supply, and network management. Subsidiaries help to supply cooperatives and shops, ensuring growth through efficient and attractive shops.

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Lis, Catharina, Hugo Soly et Lee Mitzman. « “An Irresistible Phalanx” : Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300–1800 ». International Review of Social History 39, S2 (août 1994) : 11–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112921.

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The paths of historical research resemble the forces in the sea. As some topics surface and rise to ever greater heights, others may be dragged to the depths of silence and cease to affect the beating of the waves. In most western European countries, research on journeymen has suffered this second fate. Along with the decline in interest in guild-based economies, the issue of whether pre-industrial journeymen associations were predecessors (or perhaps adumbrations) of modern trade unions, which had inspired widespread debate during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, faded from the agenda following World War II. This trend does not mean that the new generation of social historians has blithely ignored disputes involving journeymen. Nevertheless, many authors designate such events as crowd movements or view them as obvious forms of traditional resistance.

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Zhyvko, Vitaliy Zapukhlyak et Andriy Zastavny. « DIFFERENCES OF INTEGRATION PRIORITIES OF EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COUNTRIES ». Economic Analysis, n^o 30(2) (2020) : 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.02.024.

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The subject of the study is the integration priorities in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The aim of the article is to identify differences in integration priorities in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and to identify common aspirations in the regions. Methodology (method). Achieve the goal and solve the outlined tasks in the research process used general and special methods: logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and quantitative comparison, visualization. Results. The main differences between the integration priorities of Europe, the Middle East and Africa are considered. Large-scale integration shifts in the studied regions are singled out and economic and political processes that played a role in the formation of integration groups taking into account interests with the use of various forms of economic integration are detailed. The number of existing regional trade agreements in the regional context by types of agreements is analyzed. Global subjects of world trade by region are studied, taking into account the importance of the EU in the global economy, which is characterized by a high degree of integration processes. The main integration priorities for the EU member states, compliance with a set of rather strict requirements, due to restrictions on production in agriculture and the real sector of the economy, foreign trade specialization and geography of trade flows of the new member states have been identified. It was confirmed that in order to strengthen integration processes it is necessary to take possible approaches to regional integration in institutional and technological terms. The growing role of the Middle East and Africa based on economic and trade processes in the region and the availability of fuel resources is confirmed. The structure of regional integration associations in Africa is considered and the export of goods between the countries of integration associations within groups is studied.

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Salguero, Justino, et Jose Alberto Carvalho dos Santos Claro. « Fair Trade como Alternativa para os Empreendedores Familiares : Um Estudo Exploratório ». Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 8, n^o 1 (15 avril 2015) : 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2015v8n1p95-113.

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O objetivo deste artigo é entender o conceito do Fair Trade e verificar se esta prática tem sido utilizada como forma de inclusão para os pequenos empreendedores brasileiros, bem como as perspectivas de crescimento desta modalidade de associativismo. O método utilizado foi o exploratório, baseado em revisão bibliográfica e documental das informações provenientes de organizações não governamentais, e de sítios das principais associações relacionadas a este assunto. A pesquisa revelou que o negócio do Fair Trade tem crescido mundialmente, sobretudo na Europa, por meio de associações privadas; contudo, no Brasil este tema ainda é incipiente, sobretudo com a participação de pequenos produtores agrícolas. A modalidade de recompensa via um prêmio ao empreendedor familiar é validada pela Teoria do Embeddedness; no entanto, tem sido contestada pelos pesquisadores que colocam a qualidade como primeiro atributo nas transações comerciais. Fair Trade as an Alternative For Family Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study ABSTRACT: Current paper focuses on Fair Trade and verifies whether such a practice has been employed as an inclusion form for small Brazilian entrepreneurs and whether there are any prospects of growth in such associations. The exploratory method was based on a bibliographical and documental review on information from non-government organizations and electronic sites of the main associations linked to the theme. Research revealed that Fair Trade has increased worldwide, especially in Europe, through private associations, even though in Brazil the theme is still fledging, especially among small agricultural producers. Recompense modality through a premium to the family entrepreneur is validated by the Embeddedness Theory even though it has been opposed by researchers who place quality as the prime attribute in all commercial transactions. KEYWORDS: Family Economy; Entrepreneurship; Small Producers

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강유덕. « Role of trade associations in EU trade policy making procedure : Case studies of Global Europe and Korea-EU FTA ». Journal of Contemporary European Studies 30, n^o 3 (décembre 2012) : 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17052/jces.2012.30.3.31.

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S, Maria Immanuvel, et Daniel Lazar. « Does Volume of Gold Consumption Influence the World Gold Price ? » Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, n^o 7 (21 juin 2022) : 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070273.

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Gold is a universal commodity traded across the world. The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) fixes prices twice a day, known as AM and PM fix prices. This study is an attempt to find out whether the volume of gold consumption shows any significant impact on the world gold prices, known as LBMA fix prices. The sample includes major gold-consuming countries, such as India, the USA, China, Japan, and countries in Europe and the Middle East grouped together under Europe and the Middle East, respectively. The results conclude that there exists a long-run relationship between LBMA fix prices and the gold demand of all the countries. Furthermore, the volume of gold demand significantly influences LBMA AM fix and PM fix prices. It is found out that the demand of all the countries together, and India and China individually, affect the world gold prices significantly. India consistently stands as the largest consumer of gold in the world gold market. In spite of this, India is a price taker. Bullion associations and commodity exchanges that allow bullion trade in India may take initiatives to make India a price maker in the world gold markets.

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Trampusch, Christine. « Social partners’ policy reactions to migration in occupational labour markets : The case of the Swiss construction industry ». European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, n^o 2 (5 avril 2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840574.

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There has been extensive research into policy reactions to migration with regard to wages and labour conditions, but not vocational training. I show that employers’ associations and unions in the Swiss construction industry have reacted to increasing mobility by protecting existing occupational labour markets through policies regulating the entry to these. The multi-layered structure of employers’ associations, trade unions and collective agreements along occupational and territorial lines explains the high level of collective occupational protectionism in this industry. The Swiss case thereby presents a particularly interesting and controversial example of regulation of free movement of workers in Europe.

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Lefebvre, Bruno. « Posted workers in France ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 12, n^o 2 (mai 2006) : 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200207.

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This contribution presents ongoing research that sets out to assess for the first time the situation of the foreign workers, from Europe and beyond, who work in France, in various economic sectors, as a result of the operation of networks of subcontractors. It appears that neither the legal framework nor the obligations of the foreign firms employing these workers are clear, in terms either of relations with government departments or of the legal arguments that may legitimately be invoked for the settlement of disputes. Trade unions, citizens' associations, locally elected officials and civil servants alike are strikingly ill-prepared to deal with this new phenomenon of the movement of workers in Europe.

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Tholen, Jochen. « Trade unions in CEE and SEE ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.28.

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This article focuses on trade unions as important stakeholders in the system of labour relations in the countries of Central East and Southeast Europe, namely Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – now North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo.Our hypothesis is that the development of trade unions in these regions, with their traditional company-centred organisation (syndicalism), is embedded in a discrete Central Eastern and South Eastern European type of neo-liberal economy. The cleavage of the EU in the East and West goes far beyond labour relations and the development of trade unions and determines other societal fields as well.This empirical evidence comes from a multi-level evaluation of a prolonged consultancy project (1998–2013) involving German, Dutch, European and global trade unions and political foundations and aimed at modernising selected trade unions in the CEE and SEE countries. Beyond the necessary analysis of documents, 92 expert interviews with trade unionists, representatives of employers’ associations and politicians were carried out between 2009 and 2013. The results were presented and discussed in five regional conferences involving different country groupings; these discussions influenced the final results by way of a reflexive process.In summary, because of the faltering process of modernising trade unions in these regions, the trade unions are endangered and may sink into insignificance.

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Shchodra, Olha. « The Empire of Rus’ : prehistory and the beginnings of formation ». Problems of slavonic studies 69 (2020) : 64–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490.

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Background: The article attempts to study the processes of political consolidation of Slavic tribes in the IV–VIII centuries, to establish the main factors that influenced the formation of the early Slavic states; trace the prehistory of Rus’ and determine the beginnings of the Rus’ empire. Purpose: To identify a set of medieval sources for studying the history of the early Slavic states, to analyze the information of medieval writers about the Slavs and Rus’ people, their early state formations and titles of rulers to help establish the nature and degree of state-building processes. Analysis of written sources shows that the first reports of the early Slavic states appear in the Byzantine chronicles in the VI century during the era of the Great Migration, when large-scale migration in the Balkans formed large Slavic regions and Slavic expansion was a serious threat to the territories of the empire. Arab authors begin to mention the Slavs and Rus’ people later, in the VII–VIII centuries, during the beginning of Arab expansion within Byzantium and the development of international trade between Europe and the Arab East in which the Slavs played a leading role. According to sources the formation of Rus’ in southern Eastern Europe was preceded by the formation of large military-political associations of the Slavs - the unions of the Ants and Dulibs, Greater Croatia. Here as in the Baltic Pomerania and the Danube, they originated in the Slavic areas through which international trade routes passed. International trade contributed to the development of cities, strengthened the process of political consolidation and became an important factor in the formation of the early Slavic states and the formation of the Rus’ empire. Its territorial core was the Middle Dnieper region through which passed the routes connecting the north and south of the continent, as well as the transcontinental trade route between the European West and the Arab East. The establishment of control over water and land international routes was the main reason for the expansion of the Rus’ people which resulted in the formation of the largest European empire in the Middle Ages. Keywords: migrations of the Slavs, early Slavic states, the Ant Union, the Dulib Union, international trade routes, Rus’ people, Rus’ empire.

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ESKENS, LAURA. « ‘The Troublesome Word of Crisis’ : Discourse on the Agricultural Crisis of the 1930s in the Belgian Parliament ». Rural History 29, n^o 2 (10 septembre 2018) : 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000122.

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AbstractThe concept of a ‘crisis’ was omnipresent in the period of economic depression in the 1930s. What is more, the agricultural crisis was part of a never previously experienced despair in Europe and the whole of the Western world. Historians have extensively researched the crisis in agriculture, however, without reflecting on the consequences of the use of the concept and the discourse related to it. In this article – inspired by refreshing historical research on parliamentary practices – I investigate the language and figures of speech used in the Belgian Parliament to frame the agricultural question in a particular way. The case of Belgium is unique because farmers’ associations were well represented in parliament, in spite of the declining importance of agriculture in the active population and national economy. Since 1840 onwards, Belgian governments had embraced free trade and pursued an economic policy with little or no trade obstructions, dictated by the interests of the export industry. The depression of the 1930s urged a re-evaluation of the relationship between the state and the economy, which extended to agriculture. The Belgian free trade tradition – already exceptionally abandoned during and immediately after the Great War to cope with food scarcity – seemed to crumble during the interwar period as farmers’ associations asked for protectionist measures from 1929 onwards. This article contributes to our understanding of this paradigm shift from free trade towards agricultural protectionism. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the complexity of the interest groups campaigning for agricultural protectionism and using specific metaphors and discourse to influence politics.

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Hsu, Chen-Hao, Oliver Posegga, Kai Fischbach et Henriette Engelhardt. « Examining the trade-offs between human fertility and longevity over three centuries using crowdsourced genealogy data ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 8 (5 août 2021) : e0255528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255528.

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The evolution theory of ageing predicts that reproduction comes with long-term costs of survival. However, empirical studies in human species report mixed findings of the relationship between fertility and longevity, which varies by populations, time periods, and individual characteristics. One explanation underscores that changes in survival conditions over historical periods can moderate the negative effect of human fertility on longevity. This study investigates the fertility-longevity relationship in Europe during a period of rapid modernisation (seventeenth to twentieth centuries) and emphasises the dynamics across generations. Using a crowdsourced genealogy dataset from the FamiLinx project, our sample consists of 81,924 women and 103,642 men born between 1601 and 1910 across 16 European countries. Results from multilevel analyses show that higher fertility has a significantly negative effect on longevity. For both women and men, the negative effects are stronger among the older cohorts and have reduced over time. Moreover, we find similar trends in the dynamic associations between fertility and longevity across four geographical regions in Europe. Findings and limitations of this study call for further investigations into the historical dynamics of multiple mechanisms behind the human evolution of ageing.

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Valovaya, M. D. « CHANGES IN FOREIGN TRADE POLICY MAJOR INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS IN CONDITIONS OF TURBULENCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ». International Trade and Trade Policy, n^o 2 (6 juillet 2018) : 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-2-37-46.

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Turbulent states, structural changes and systemic crises of the world economy have been one of the decisive factors influencing the activity of large integration associations in all centuries. A particularly clear example is the integration processes in the Eurasian space. «The Great Silk Road» – a huge branched system of caravan routes. The Great Silk Road was a kind of connecting link between countries, civilization and socio-economic systems. The path «From the Varangians to the Greeks functioned along the Volga route. The end of the 17th and the first quarter of the 18th centuries was the period of Peter's reforms. Peter I regarded foreign trade as an important means of integrating Russia into Western European culture. Major bans related to the outside world were imposed on the Russian economy in the early 19th century. Anglo-German rivalry and antagonism played a decisive role in the complex system of imperialist contradictions that led to the First World War in 1914–1918. The Second World War almost six times exceeded the First in terms of the total number of victims: 50 million people. The consequence of the Second World War was the formation of the world socialist system, the disintegration of the colonial system and the beginning of the formation and development of major integration projects in Europe, Latin America, East Asia and Africa. Since January 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union functions. The possibilities of cooperation between the EAEU and other integration associations are widely discussed. The interface with the project of the Economic belt of the Silk Road Road is of particular interest.

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KHAN, YASIR, et QIU BIN. « THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND TRADE ON BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE COUNTRIES : A SPATIAL PANEL DATA APPROACH ». Singapore Economic Review 65, n^o 04 (2 juillet 2019) : 1099–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590819500255.

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This paper empirically examines the nexus between CO2 emissions and international trade for the 65 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies over the period of 1985–2017. We first consider the cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity test in the panel, and we observed from the results that there is substantial heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. We employed the results of the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator and determined that for all 65 BRI economies, foreign direct investment inflow, gross domestic product (GDP) squared and urbanization had a positive and significant impact on carbon emissions (CO2). Moreover, this study found that foreign direct investment inflow led to an increase in carbon emissions in BRI countries across South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Europe. Finally, on the basis of the panel causality test, we found evidence of various causality associations among the selected variables across the regions. These findings are significant for the related policymakers in BRI countries, as they can assist in developing appropriate carbon emission, trade and energy policies with the goal of reducing carbon emissions.

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Glaser, Marina, P. E. Tomann et Nikolai Novik. « GREATER EURASIA AND GREATER EUROPE : THE GEOPOLITICS OF COOPERATION PERSPECTIVES ». Urgent Problems of Europe, n^o 1 (2021) : 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.01.01.

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In world history, 2020 will forever remain a year of serious humanitarian and economic upheavals that have further changed the geopolitical alignment of key actors in the system of international relations. In this regard, the concepts of Greater Eurasia and Greater Europe, which were held as two significant narratives present in the international academic and political discussion, are particularly interesting. The main questions of this research are whether consensus is possible and what are the prospects for geopolitical interaction between the projects of Greater Eurasia and Greater Europe, taking into account the interests of Russia, how will this affect the system of international relations and the environment of macro-regional security? The article discusses the opportunities for cooperation between Greater Eurasia and Greater Europe, as well as the key principles of internal interaction between the participants. Russia, being a key link in this context, can act as a guarantor of trade and economic, geostrategic and political stability. The authors conclude that Greater Eurasia and Greater Europe are geopolitical representations created by the key actors of the European and Eurasian space for various options for adapting their plans to reality, and conflicts and security challenges that arise on the periphery of these two associations and their great powers can jeopardize not only European but also the entire global security. To prevent this, countries need to review the existing Eurasian and European security architecture, based on the principles of mutual respect, cooperation and parity. The article is based entirely on qualitative analysis and does not refer to quantitative arguments or statistical data. The methodological platform for the research is the analysis based on the concept of geopolitics.

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MELIKH, Olena, Valerii NEMCHENKO et Andrii KHVOSTIKOV. « MODERN PARADIGM OF WORLD ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUBSTANTIATION OF METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC ». Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, n^o 1 (24 février 2021) : 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-1-25.

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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology of research of international trade and economic relations on the basis of identification of tendencies of formation of a modern paradigm of development of world economy. The main trends in the formation and development of the modern paradigm of the world economy are considered, the implementation of which to the practical aspects of socio-economic processes has a significant impact on applied aspects of the interaction of national economies in trade and economic relations. There are among them: regionalization, deepening specialization between countries in the production of key products, growth of the services sector, strengthening the role of transnational corporations, increasing the importance of supranational regulatory institutions, increasing the impact of social and environmental determinants, exacer-bating social inequality, changing the structure of world leaders. The fundamental orientation of the process of international trade development and economic relations is revealed, which is manifested in the movement from economic contacts to interaction, and then to economic cooperation and international economic integration. The transition from the abstract to the concrete in the study of the formation of the modern configuration of trade and economic relations is carried out on the example of the European Union. The stages of development of trade and economic relations in Europe are distinguished: the stage of origin and development of large-scale foreign trade (first half of the XIII-XIX centuries); industrial revolution (second half of the XIX century - the beginning of the First World War 1914 p.); the period of world wars (1914–1945); modern stage (1950 - our time). It is proved that the development of trade and economic relations in the modern globalization space involves further convergence of market economy and regulatory influence by national and suprana-tional institutions, strengthening the competitive position of individual countries in the world market and further diversification of their development. The conclusion is made about the scope of the methodological content of the study of the trade and economic relations development, which includes their consideration through the prism of institutions, markets and direct interstate partnership. Keywords: research methodology, paradigm, world economy, international trade and economic relations, regionalization, regional economic associations.

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Mariam Chachua, Mariam Chachua. « Hindering Factors for exporting Georgian Agri-food Products to the EU Market (DCFTA) ». New Economist 16, n^o 03 (28 janvier 2022) : 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec62-6303-042021-72.

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In 2014 after signing the Association Agreement between the European Union and Georgia, a wide range of trade relations has been opened for the state of Georgia and was given the opportunity for the free trade. Chapter IV of the Agreement - "Trade and Trade-Related Issues", the agreement about Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) includes the mechanism of economic integration with the EU and opens its internal market for Georgia. According to the agreement, if the required conditions are achieved, the world’s largest market will be opened for Georgia, which currently unites 28 countries and more than the 500 million customers. Utilizing this opportunity will lead increasing investment flows in the country, the emergence of new enterprises and export products, suppling of safe and harmless products to the customers. This will ultimately have a positive impact on the country's economic growth and the development, nevertheless it is still a distant prospect. In order to receive all the foreseen benefits of the Association Agreement, it became necessary to identify and eliminate problems in the number of areas. According to the agreement, food safety is recognized as a political priority of the European Union. Created program of legislative approximation with the EU includes the fulfillment of commitments and the deadlines, which is an ongoing process. In the years of 2015-2020, in accordance with the DCFTA agreement, 146 legal acts had been aligned with the EU legislation in the fields of food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary. Despite all these achievements, the major challenge for both the regulators and business operators still remains to be the enforcement and putting into effect the EU required standards. As the most products in the EU market are subject to harmonized rules, that protect the consumers, public health and the environment, it excludes the adoption of different national rules - the product made in Georgia must comply with the EU standards. That is why the Georgian business operators have to: introduce internationally recognized systems in the enterprise; adapt to the new regulatory environment; create a harmless, quality and competitive product; attract the European partners and be able to produce the required quantity, which may need to involve the different and modern production technologies. Therefore, it is essential to understand, that using the terms of the agreement do not completely depend on the smooth running of government agencies, as it largely depends on the personal progress of the business operators and the relevant associations. Keywords : Economic integration with Europe, food safety, international commitment, Association Agreement.

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Adamuscin, Andrej, Sławomir Palicki et Izabela Rącka. « Real Estate Appraisal in Central-Eastern Europe : Comparative Analysis of Poland and Slovakia ». Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2017) : 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0029.

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Abstract The countries in Central-Eastern Europe have been subjected to dynamic economic changes. Researchers from Poland and Slovakia study the history of the creation of and rules by which the real estate appraiser’s profession functions. They also present the methodological basics for property appraisals. The original value of this article is a comparative analysis depicting the similarities and differences occurring in the research area, in two countries from the same region of Europe. The analysis may also influence the methodological discussions of specialists concerning the correctness and purpose of certain approaches, methods or techniques of property appraisal. The main goal of this article is conducting research on the operational rules of the real estate appraiser profession and property appraisal methods. The detailed objectives include: a critical comparative analysis of the solutions used in the above-mentioned countries, searching for interesting, unusual methodological propositions, and presenting a current assessment of the applied property appraisal methodology. The foremost methods used in this article are: the analysis of legislative instruments, the analysis of literature concerning property appraisal methodology in Poland and Slovakia, and a questionnaire (CAWI and PAPI technique). Complementary knowledge was derived from official government internet portals and trade associations dealing with property appraisals. A comparative analysis was the basis for conducting research on the similarities and differences in the studied countries.

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Meirinaldi, Yolanda et Yulius Eka Agung Seputra. « Analysis of Foreign Exchange Using Perceptron and Genetic Algorithm Machine Learning (GALM) ». European Journal of Business and Management Research 7, n^o 6 (22 novembre 2022) : 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.6.1723.

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Foreign Exchange (FOREX) is the trading of one cash against another. FOREX rates are affected by multitudinous affiliated plutocrat-related, political and internal factors and along these lines awaiting it may be a worrisome errand. The individualities included within the field of universal fiscal trade have looked for interpretations of rate changes and latterly, trusting to ameliorate vaticination capabilities. It's this capacity to directly prevision FOREX rate changes that allow for the maximization of profit. Trading at the correct time with fairly correct procedures can bring huge benefits, but an exchange grounded on off-base development can risk big mischances. numerous styles to prognosticate the FOREX rate consolidate quantifiable examination, time arrangement examination, featherlight systems, brain associations, and mix systems. These styles involve the sick impacts of the issue of directly anticipating the exchange. A Perceptroning presents information and predicts results that regard certain situations of unpredictability or randomness, and over inheritable Algorithm Learning Machine are proposed to prognosticate the longer-term pace of the FOREX show since can combine top and technical FOREX Information for Fundamental and Technical Analysis. The free factors considered in this consideration were the trade rates of China, Japan, Europe, Gold and Unrefined Oil to dissect the Rupiah trade rate inferior variable. For the examination, USDIDR is switching scale from the forex stamp. The Combination Stochastic and inheritable Algorithm Learning Machine Model fulfilled a MSE of 0.01 and a MAE of0.0082 during the preparation and testing stage.

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Jagielska-Burduk, Alicja. « Challenges and Prospects for the Art Market Vis-à-vis the Evolving EU Regime for Counteracting Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects (Erika Bochereau talks to Alicja Jagielska-Burduk and Andrzej Jakubowski) ». Santander Art and Culture Law Review 7, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2021) : 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.016.15261.

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Erika Bochereau is Secretary General of the International Federation of Art and Antique Dealer Associations (CINOA). Established in 1935, CINOA is the principal international confederation of Art & Antique art market professional associations. Affiliated dealers from 30 leading associations cover a wide array of specialties, from antiquities to contemporary art. CINOA’s associate members include leading associations of auction houses and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB), which alone represents an additional 22 book seller associations. CINOA, and all of its member organizations, have a strict application process to ensure acceptance of only peer-vetted art professionals that have established businesses, reputable galleries, and/or practices. CINOA-affiliated groups abide by a high standard of business practices and codes of ethics which include strict due diligence. During the past nearly 70 years, dealers have been changing their practices to abide by biodiversity, cultural property, and heritage legislation. The CINOA Code of Conduct is updated regularly to reflect these changes. The vast majority of CINOA’s members are businesses of four people or less who work hard to cultivate their clientele: http://www.cinoa.org. UNESCO uses the term partnership for very specific relationships. I don’t think we can keep this sentence. Alicja Jagielska-Burduk is Editor-in-chief of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” (SAACLR) and the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Property Law at the University of Opole. Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). The present interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project.

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Pecotic Kaufman, Jasminka, et Ružica Šimic Banovic. « The Role of (In)formal Governance and Culture in a National Competition System : A Case of a Post- Socialist Economy ». World Competition 44, Issue 1 (1 mars 2021) : 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2021005.

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Research increasingly suggests that the effectiveness of competition laws and policies could be enhanced if their implementation is linked with a better understanding of the cultural influences on competitionrelated decisions.Moreover, the lack of competition culture has been considered one of the main barriers to the enforcement of competition rules. But the studies examining this interplay of competition policy and national culture appear to be rather limited. Based on interviews with key actors of the Croatian competition system, this study examines the interaction of the competition system and the national culture through the governance perspective of a European (post)transitional society. Our findings indicate three key features that are unlikely to support the competition system development: first, collectivism and high power distance in the society; second, a strong influence of planned economy legacy; and third, a clash between the process of Europeanization and inherited collusion-friendly (in)formal governance mechanisms. Based on a unique set of empirical evidence, the contribution of this article lies in the analysis of the relations between modes of governance, national culture, and competition system development in a postsocialist society. This study is expected to have broader resonance for other post-transitional countries and for other developing countries with similar cultural features. competition law, competition culture, informal governance, trade associations, postsocialist countries, national culture, Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe, planned economy legacy, Europeanization

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Dadabaeva, Z. A. « Trade and Economic Cooperation of the EAEU countries with the Republic of Tajikistan ». Post-Soviet Issues 6, n^o 4 (24 janvier 2020) : 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-4-355-365.

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Recent years have become a time for the Eurasian space to rethink integration priorities. The existing associations in the post-Soviet space were not able to fully cover the entire range of interests of countries and not all countries were ready for even closer integration. An important task of forming and strengthening of the EAEU, the most successful integration is to create «outer contour» of the Eurasian integration and the development of bilateral relations with third countries, including developing a system of trade-economic relations with partners outside the EAEU. In this regard, considering the prospects of cooperation between the EAEU and border States, on the example of Tajikistan, is an urgent and timely task.The Republic occupies a special place in integration projects in the post-Soviet space and is located on the periphery of the CIS. But, having difficult geographical and natural conditions, and possessing considerable geopolitical, economic, demographic potential, the country has no real opportunities for their use.Awareness of the importance and necessity of integration with stronger and economically developed States is justified by the fact that the Republic, like other countries in the region, is in the zone of political, economic and military interests of the largest world powers (Russia, the United States, Europe, China, India).The analysis of Tajikistan’s bilateral economic relations with each of the EAEU countries shows, that only Russia and Kazakhstan have stable trade and investment ties with it. In this regard, the factor of the EAEU is not yet decisive in the foreign economic priorities of Tajikistan, which is highly dependent on other international partners, primarily China. But the search for new formats of interaction in the Eurasian space can provide the Republic with a stable economic situation.

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Najat Abdrabbo Alyafei, Amani Adel El-Hamarnah, Syeda Hafsa Azhar, Belal Ghassan Mardieh, Mohammad Faris Alshwatereeh, Suadah Ismail Asraf, Shaijiya Banu, Fahimeh Hossain Ghadiri, Elham Saleh et Fahina Kunhammad Pokker. « Dental hygienist in Qatar : Review and challenges ». World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research 1, n^o 1 (30 juin 2021) : 014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0116.

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Bachelor's and diploma dental hygienists' practices vary in different countries regarding education duration, the scope of practice, salary, and challenges. The present review article aims to posit a comparison of the dental hygiene profession in Qatar and other world's countries as US, UK, Europe, Australia, Asia, and GCC countries; to identify the challenges and gaps of dental hygiene in the dental hygiene field in Qatar, and to set suggestions for dental hygienists' associations worldwide to resolve the present challenges that dental hygienists face. The review used various articles to explore the history of dental hygienists and compare the profession in different countries. The study adopted the scholarly publications that the researchers obtained from academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, published theses and dissertations, a popular news article, the trade sources commonly referred to as the trade publications, and government documents. The findings suggest that lower salaries and limited scope of work are eminent in Asia and GCC countries. European countries have different legislation for dental hygienists, making their scope of work limited to the country where the professionals study. This review also suggests the high level of stress, burnout, and musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienist professions in most countries. We recommend resolving the dental hygienists' challenges by increasing awareness among the dentists, medical professions, and general public, standardizing their scope of practice, assigning those assistants, and giving those technologies to simplify their work.

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Costa, Ana, Joana Soares, Emilio Salas-Leiton, Adriano Bordalo et Sérgia Costa-Dias. « The COVID-19 as a Driver for Alternative Trade Networks in the Small-Scale Fisheries : Portugal as a Case Study ». Sustainability 14, n^o 11 (24 mai 2022) : 6405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116405.

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The fisheries industry has been one of the most immediate and severely impacted sectors by the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in particular. This study aimed to gather detailed information about the new initiatives that, preferentially on an online basis, emerged worldwide to trade fish and seafood. A special focus was applied on the usefulness of the digital tools in Portugal, which was considered as a case study. From a global view, the European countries resulted in being especially active to launch nationwide campaigns promoting the domestic consumption of fishing products. A total of 122 digital initiatives, distributed among 48 countries, mainly in America, Southern Europe, southeast Asia, and Oceania, were recorded all over the world to sell fish and seafood. Social media (33.6%), mainly though Facebook, WhatsApp, phone, and e-mail (25.4%) were the main channels used for this purpose. In Portugal, the entity responsible for the first-sale of fishing products allowed free access to the five online auctions that operate nowadays in this country. As expected, in 2020, this digital space experienced an increase in both users (94%) and volume of traded products (121%) compared to the previous year. Moreover, eight Portuguese online shops specializing in fresh fish and seafood, operating exclusively on an online basis, were identified in this study. In general, all of them reported an increase in new users during the first lockdown and were required to recruit additional employees to fulfil the added demand. In parallel, questionnaire surveys conducted in this study revealed that only 33% of the Portuguese fisher associations and producers organizations looked for new technologies as a valuable tool during the pandemic situation, being significantly more valued in the Northern region compared to the rest of the country. Aligned with this perception, 57% of fisher trainees in the Northern coast of Portugal opined that the pandemic changed their view on how the fishing catches can be traded, one way being the use of digital tools considered by the majority as an asset to face the arisen challenges. In conclusion, the key role globally played by digital tools to overcome many of the limitations posed by the pandemic, particularly for the small-scale fisheries, is evident. This recent open-minded environment for technological transition is an undoubted advantage for the future generation of fishers to modernize the classic trade channels into more functionally diversified supply chains.

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Weiss, Manfred. « Enlargement and Industrial Relations : Building a New Social Partnership ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 20, Issue 1 (1 mars 2004) : 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2004002.

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Abstract: This paper argues that the accession of 10 new Member States in 2004 represents the greatest challenge the EU has ever faced, since the considerable enlargement in surface area and population, along with the increase in the number of countries and languages, is not matched by a commensurate rise in GDP. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe the development of industrial relations has not managed to keep pace with the emergence of democratic freedoms and the market economy, with highly individualistic neo-liberal values tending to prevail. The weakness of the trade unions is matched by that of the employers’ associations, and collective bargaining is largely confined to company or plant level. In Central and Eastern Europe a legalistic approach is common, with a wide gap between legislative provisions and day-to-day practice, but EU Directives increasingly rely on the active participation of the social partners for their implementation, that varies widely from country to country. The impact of the single currency on working conditions and collective bargaining is discussed, some cases of cross-border collective bargaining are examined, and the fundamental role of employee participation in company decision-making is underlined. Without the involvement of social partners and/or workers’ representatives, the most recent Directives cannot be implemented in a satisfactory manner. The challenge is therefore for the EU as a whole to build an integrated system of industrial relations, and for the new Member States in particular to play an active part in this transformation.

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Bee, Tay Kin. « Asia’s Chemical Distribution Market : The final Frontier for Mergers and Acquisitions ! » Archives of Business Research 9, n^o 9 (25 septembre 2021) : 148–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.99.10861.

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The chemical distribution business had undergone huge transformational changes globally, through mergers and acquisitions, by both strategic buyers and private equity firms. The industry consolidation process in Europe and North America which started many years ago is now being shifted to Asia. There is very little research being done on Asia’s chemical distribution market size and the major chemical distributors. Asia’s chemical industry enjoyed tremendously high growth in the past years, and coupled with the highly fragmented chemical marketplace, it offers huge scope for consolidation. The lack of information and clarity in Asia’s chemical distribution sector has somewhat impeded the pace of the consolidation process. A clearer knowledge of the chemical distribution market size, and the key players in the market, itself would help potential investors enormously in their decision making to expedite the mergers and acquisitions process. The research findings can serve as a compass for potential investors to navigate through Asia when searching out for potential targets and would offer investors a much-needed informational tool to know where to look to invest in. Literature review on existing publications, chemical industry trade publications, and chemical distribution associations will provide the background information for this research.

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Stierl, Maurice. « Of Migrant Slaves and Underground Railroads : Movement, Containment, Freedom ». American Behavioral Scientist 64, n^o 4 (12 novembre 2019) : 456–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219883006.

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This article explores the figure of the “migrant slave” that appears to conjoin antithetical notions—migration, often associated with intentionality and movement, and slavery, commonly associated with coercion and confinement. The figure of the migrant as slave has been frequently mobilized by “antitrafficking crusaders” in debates over unauthorized forms of trans-Mediterranean crossings to EUrope. Besides scrutinizing the depoliticized and dehistoricized ways in which contemporary migrant journeys have come to be associated with imaginaries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, this article draws other, actual, comparisons between historic slavery and contemporary forms of migration. It argues that there does exist a historical resonance between the former and the latter. By remembering slave rebellions on land and at sea, the article makes the case that if one had to draw comparisons between historic slaves and contemporary migrants, beyond often crude visual associations, one would need to do so by enquiring into moments in which both enacted escape to a place of perceived freedom. It is shown that the fugitive slave escaping on the “underground railroad” resembles most closely the acts of escape via the Mediterranean and its “underground seaways” today.

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Lapin, A. A. « Economic Diplomacy as a Kind of Diplomatic Activities ». Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, n^o 3 (4 décembre 2019) : 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-3-65-72.

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The article analyses economic diplomacy through the prism of modern Russian-German relations. Russia and Germany are the two largest countries in Europe. Their bilateral relations have the appropriate weight and importance. The concept of “economic diplomacy” does not have a strictly scientific definition, despite the fact it has long been used in the practice of regulating modern international economic relations. Together, bilateral and multilateral economic diplomacy form an effective mechanism for managing global processes, both in the interests of individual countries and the world community as a whole. It is economic diplomacy that allows us to balance the results of world economic development for national economies, groups of states and entire regions, without leading to a crisis of interstate institutions, regional associations and the escalation of trade and economic conflicts. At the same time, economic diplomacy, based on significant financial, organisational, information and other resources of the state, can become — in the case of ill-considered, impulsive use — a negative factor for the world economy, violating its integrity and established sustainable interdependence. Therefore, the most important task of modern economic diplomacy is the effective integration of national interests into the overall context of sustainable development of the regional and global economy.

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Butorina, O. V., et Yu A. Borko. « Benefits of Regional Integration : Redefining the Concept ». Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S2 (juin 2022) : S105—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622080020.

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Abstract For decades, the topic of regional integration has been considered in research through its economic benefits. The classic theories of customs unions and optimum currency area, together with, to a lesser extent, the new regionalism approach are based on analyses of potential costs and benefits of regional associations. Regional integration is traditionally understood as a way to encourage trade flow between member states, to facilitate more efficient allocation of resources by stimulating competition by increasing the capacity of the internal market. That is expected to result in faster economic growth and, consequently, increased per capita income. The 70-year history of the European Union provides sufficient research material to analyze whether economic benefits truly are the main driving force of regional integration. With this goal in mind, the presented article first sums up the key reasons for the post-war unification of Western Europe, then explores the position of the cost-benefit analysis in the theory of regional integration, and finally analyzes the degree of influence of welfare effects on strategic decisions of the European Union. The analysis shows that economic gain is not an immanent property of regional integration: it does not occur at all stages of the process and is neither its primary goal nor its driving force. Instead, regional integration aims to respond to the changing global order, i.e., help member states strengthen their international position and protect themselves from undesirable external influence. While economic benefits are also important, they are not necessarily the decisive factor.

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Martini, Manuela. « When Unpaid Workers Need a Legal Status : Family Workers and Reforms to Labour Rights in Twentieth-Century France ». International Review of Social History 59, n^o 2 (9 mai 2014) : 247–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000145.

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AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century small family businesses were still widespread in France. An important reason for this resilience was the share of unpaid work performed by kin in producing for the market. The unpaid work of family members in a range of craft and commercial family businesses – particularly by spouses, sons, and daughters – contributed to both the survival of the businesses and the well-being of the families, as is testified to in numerous sources, albeit statistically undocumented. Although social rights in France are considered to be some of the most advanced in Europe, the French Parliament was extremely slow to define the legal status of these family workers. It was not until 1982 that a law was finally enacted to bestow occupational status on collaborating spouses and to define a procedure optionally to register this unpaid work and to secure social security benefits for those carrying it out. This article focuses on the process that led to a new definition of the demarcation between the marital duty to assist, and work that exceeds this moral and legal obligation, thus creating a legal right to be compensated. Two empirical perspectives, involving an analysis of the reasons behind the shifting position of trade associations on this issue, and an assessment of the influence of long-standing gendered institutions, such as marital authority, on the formal and informal rules regulating family business are used to illustrate this slow and tortuous process of acquiring occupational rights for family workers.

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Sternberg, Henrik S., Erik Hofmann et Robert E. Overstreet. « Perils of road freight market deregulation : cabotage in the European Union ». International Journal of Logistics Management 31, n^o 2 (11 avril 2020) : 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2018-0321.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of the ongoing freight market deregulation in the European Union (EU). Specifically, this case study focuses on cabotage penetration rates in Germany, the largest logistics market in Europe. In light of the upcoming trade barriers, we intend to move this topic forward by emphasising its interdisciplinary nature.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis of Eurostat data, expert interviews and a review of related literature, we elaborate and discuss four propositions related to the factors affecting cabotage penetration, future cabotage levels and the effects on modal split and empty runs.FindingsWe found that cabotage in Germany plays a more important role than officially reported and has increased drastically since 2008. Given our analysis, increased cabotage penetration seems to thwart efforts within the EU to promote a modal shift from road to rail and increased national empty runs are the future outcome of current regulations. In Germany, the cabotage share is likely to reach 16% in the next five years.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper highlights the need for incorporating a more contextual understanding in freight carrier selection theory development in general as well as country-specific investigations in particular.Practical implicationsLogistics managers and policymakers looking at future strategies are advised to take the ongoing deregulation trend into consideration. European freight movement using cabotage operators may represent significant cost savings; however, these cost savings come at an environmental and social sustainability price as the modal shift to rail and fill rates suffer.Originality/valueThis paper represents an empirical and unbiased point of view, in contrast to the reports of the European Commission (pro-deregulation) or the reports of the haulage associations and labour unions (anti-deregulation).

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Kyryliuk, Yurii Volodymyrovych, Liudmyla Mikolaivna Mekshun et Svitlana Oleksandrivna Polkovnychenko. « PECULIARITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE PARTS OF THE UKRAINE–EUROPEAN UNION ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT ». SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, n^o 4(12) (2017) : 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2017-1-4(12)-110-114.

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MULLIN, RICK. « EUROPE European Commission suspends chemical trade association from lobbying register ». Chemical & ; Engineering News 87, n^o 30 (27 juillet 2009) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n030.p013a.

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Pjerotic, Ljiljana. « Trade liberalization in the south east Europe : Effects and controversial issues ». Panoeconomicus 55, n^o 4 (2008) : 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0804497p.

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Included in the regional cooperation of SEE countries, trade liberalization is considered the most important factor of a sustainable economic growth which should contribute to the mutual trade among SEE countries, growth of the foreign direct investments, further production specialization and export structure change. Countries of the region have accepted liberalization as one of the conditions of the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), hoping, each of them individually, that in that way they would improve proper position. Creating a free trade area will contribute to a further increase of intra-regional trade flows, but it shouldn't be expected that the relative importance of mutual exchange will prevail the importance which EU has for the SEE countries, except Moldova. Paper is divided into five sections. After the introduction, the trade liberalization process in the SEE region is explained in the second part (section 2). The third section analyses actual intra-regional trade flows and SEE countries trade relations with the EU (section 3). Some controversial issues raised in recent debates on trade liberalization in SEE are also discussed (section 4). The main conclusions are given at the end (section 5). .

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Kashyap, Usha, et Neha Bothra. « Sino-US Trade and Trade War ». Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.879180.

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Trade has been one of the most primary reasons behind economic association. Cross-border trade not only makes the markets cost-efficient but rather also brings up a higher degree of specialization to the respective nations. Bilateral trades have proven to be quintessential to both sides of the deal. However, on a parallel front, every economy has a self-interest toward the domestic produce, and they also try to defend their local manufacturers from cross-border competition. The United States has an “America-first” policy. Whenever the United States imposes tariffs and duties, similar responses have been observed by China. These moves are an area of great concern for global trade. The impact is often visible on the rest of the world. A trade-off exists between domestic economic growth and favored imports. This study is an attempt to discuss the trade relations between the United States and China and how this has led to a trade war. The trade tensions between the United States and China may continue for a few more years. There is a battle for economic supremacy and global leadership. This study explains why the United States is increasing tariffs on Chinese goods and how China is retaliating. This US–China trade war has affected not only the two economies but also the world economy. This study elucidates the repercussions of trade war on the international supply chain and the countries of the European Union. This study has also endeavored to discuss the impact of this trade war on the Indian economy. It is a golden opportunity for India to increase exports to China, the United States, and Europe.

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Soroka, Svitlana. « Economic Consequences of the Realisation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement ». Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, n^o 2 (15 juin 2022) : 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2022.2.7.

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The article focuses on the features of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and the economic consequences of its implementation for Ukraine. The impact on foreign trade, export–import component of trade with the EU, problems and prospects for introducing European standards in Ukraine are determined. The study hypothesises that the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement has worsened the already weak economic situation in Ukraine and led to a reorientation of Ukraine’s foreign trade with a simultaneous loss of markets to which Ukraine exported high value-added products and their replacement for EU markets where only raw materials are exported. It also led to a loss of more than a quarter of its own industrial production and the gradual transformation of Ukraine into a raw material appendage of Europe.

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Simonova, Natalya B. « Journalism. Institutionalization of Profession on the Boundary of the 19th – 20th Centuries : World Trends and Russian Specificity ». Vestnik NSU. Series : History and Philology 19, n^o 6 (2020) : 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-6-33-47.

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The article spans the growth of journalism as a profession, analyzes the process of its institutionalization in Europe, the USA and in Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The focus of the article is the genesis and development of professional organizations associated with internal corporate professional reflection. The journalism as a profession was established and recognized by society and the professional community almost simultaneously in European countries, in the USA, and in Russia, in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. At the same period significant changes shocked the economic, political and social spheres of these countries. Strengthening the activities of trade unions, the spontaneous struggle of workers for their rights led almost everywhere to an increase in wages and a decrease in the length of the working day. Technical innovations improved the process of collecting and disseminating information. All these above-mentioned factors encouraged the rapid development of the mass press. Publishers and journalists faced a major challenge since society demands for journalism, as one of the most public professions, at that time was extremely high, but journalists and professional community did not meet them well. The article studies the goals and functions declared by public professional journalistic organizations. As a result of investigation the author identifies several types among these institutions: organizations that maintained and broadcasted ethical and professional standards; organizations that fought for the rights of members of the corporation; organizations that provided financial support to members of the corporation; organizations that provided training for journalists; organizations that solved commercial, business problems through the intercorporate cooperation, protection of commercial interests in relations with the state. Organizations from different countries gave priority to various aspects of journalistic activity. Whereas the first European professional journalism organizations usually joined forces of the editors, journalists, and publishers to solve ethical and social problems, in the United States commercial interests and professional ethics came to the fore, so the fight for the rights and struggle for freedom of speech were far less important. The experience of journalists of the “Progressive Era” and the “Muckrakers” indicates that this is primarily due to the characteristics of political system and traditions of the country. In Russia, the process of institutionalization of corporate relations developed in accordance with global trends, but, unlike them, under state control. The main functions of professional associations were supporting members financially, establishing and codifying ethical standards.

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Ložek, Filip, Jiří Patoka et Martin Bláha. « Another hitchhiker exposed : Diceratocephala boschmai (Platyhelminthes : Temnocephalida) found associated with ornamental crayfish Cherax spp. » Knowledge & ; Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, n^o 422 (2021) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021023.

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There are known plenty tiny invertebrate species associated with decapod crustaceans. Our contribution documents the first record of New Guinean ornamental Cherax crayfish epibiont, Diceratocephala boschmai (Platyhelminthes: Temnocephalida) found in pet trade in the Czech Republic. Correct species assignment was confirmed by genetic barcoding. The pathway for introductions of organisms unintentionally moved in association with ornamental crayfish via the international trade has been highlighted. Although Cherax species survive in thermal waters in Europe, even potential introduction to these habitats posed threat to native crayfish ectosymbionts (branchiobdellids) thought similar ecological niche.

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Rigby, Mike, et Miguel Ángel García Calavia. « Institutional resources as a source of trade union power in Southern Europe ». European Journal of Industrial Relations 24, n^o 2 (19 mai 2017) : 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680117708369.

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Institutional resources are one of the sources of power available to trade unions, but recent literature has tended to pay less attention to these than to associational and organizational resources. We examine institutional resources in three Southern European countries, Greece, Portugal and Spain, which share many common characteristics. However, the character of institutional resources in Spanish industrial relations is distinctive. We examine the plasticity of industrial relations institutions in Spain in terms of labour market outcomes but argue that institutional security is an essential platform for unions seeking to develop other sources of power.

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk, Adriana. « Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa ». Ekonomia 22, n^o 2 (10 novembre 2016) : 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.2.2.

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Deepen and congeneric free trade area — a new form of business collaboration of the European Union with its neighbours from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus within the European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.

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Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elżbieta. « The EU-Georgia Association Agreement : An Instrument To Support The Development Of Georgia Or Lip Service ? » Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, n^o 2 (16 juin 2015) : 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0013.

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On 1 September 2014, the Association Agreement (AA) between the EU and Georgia partially came into force. Its main pillar is a “deep and comprehensive free trade agreement” (DCFTA). It provides for the full liberalisation of trade in industrial products and substantial reduction of barriers in agricultural trade. A significant part of the AA is devoted to the elimination of regulatory barriers to trade (e.g. technical standards). The Agreement provides for a progressive and partial liberalisation of trade in services as well as for fast and deep elimination of barriers to capital flows. The liberalisation of the movement of workers is of a very limited scope however. Provisions of the EU–Georgia AA resemble the earlier Europe Agreements (EAs) signed by the Central and Eastern European Countries, albeit there are many differences as well. It is expected that the AA will bring about a number of advantages for Georgia, including: (a) stabilisation of its economic and legal system, thus making it more predictable for investors and more business friendly; (b) alignment of many business laws to those in the EU, which will broaden the market for Georgian products and services; (c) better implementation of business laws. The short term advantages resulting from trade liberalisation will be modest for Georgia, partly because it granted open access to its market before the AA entered into force. Implementation of the Agreement will involve adjustment costs, which are usually an inevitable part of the path to increasing exports to the huge EU market.

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Cuyvers, Ludo, et Weifeng Zhou. « Linking International Trade and Labour Standards : The Effectiveness of Sanctions under the European Union’s GSP ». Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 1 (1 février 2011) : 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011003.

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Linking international trade and labour standards is one of the ways to make countries comply with their international obligations to respect core labour standards. Under the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences (EU’s GSP), trade preferences of Myanmar in 1997 and Belarus in 2006 were withdrawn for the use of forced labour and for violations of the freedom of association. This paper highlights the EU’s GSP scheme and idea of linking EU trade policy to core labour standards. Based on two case studies, we investigate the trade effects of the EU sanctions on the target country and analyse the effectiveness of the EU’s GSP sanctions. We find that using the EU’s GSP regime to sanction countries which violate the core labour standards has very limited effectiveness. However, sanctions can be an effective way to demonstrate the political commitment to a particular set of values and norms such as core labour standards. Sanctions may also deter other countries from committing violations. If Europe must have a stronger social dimension, so should its trade policy. – Former EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson

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Wiśniowski, Arkadiusz, Jakub Bijak, Solveig Christiansen, Jonathan J. Forster, Nico Keilman, James Raymer et Peter W. F. Smith. « Utilising Expert Opinion to Improve the Measurement of International Migration in Europe ». Journal of Official Statistics 29, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2013) : 583–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2013-0041.

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Abstract In this article, we first discuss the need to augment reported flows of international migration in Europe with additional knowledge gained from experts on measurement, quality and coverage. Second, we present our method for eliciting this information. Third, we describe how this information is converted into prior distributions for subsequent use in a Bayesian model for estimating migration flows amongst countries in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The article concludes with an assessment of the importance of expert information and a discussion of lessons learned from the elicitation process.

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Troitiño, David Ramiro, Karoline Färber et Anni Boiro. « Mitterrand and the Great European Design—From the Cold War to the European Union ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 7, n^o 2 (1 octobre 2017) : 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2017-0013.

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AbstractFrançois Mitterrand had a leading role in directing the course for the European integration process. While he orchestrated the economic integration of Europe, he remained deeply opposed to further political integration within the Communities. This article researches Mitterrand’s rationale for his clear focus on economic affairs and develops his vision for the institutional setting of the European Union (EU). The focus of the article is allocated to four different perspectives that reflect the four pillars of Mitterrand’s European policy: the common currency, the establishment of a closely integrated and small Western European based EU, the development of the Social Europe and of a free trade area between Europe and Africa. It is argued that although EU institutions have been established based on Mitterrand’s design, today’s reality deviates from the conditions on which his plan was based. For Mitterrand, the ideal EU involved a deep-rooted Western Europe with France at its core and a loose association with Central and Eastern Europe. His perception resembles the current discussions of multi-speed Europe and the determination of France and Germany to proceed to the next stage of the integration process. Importantly, Mitterrand’s print can still be recognised in the EU’s social policy included in the treaties, yet still far from being implemented. Notably, like all of the French Presidents, Mitterrand developed a design for Africa in which an extensive free trade area between Europe and former French colonies were to be established. In this proposal, Germany was to be assigned the part of the economic engine behind the actualisation of the proposal, while France was to carry out the role of a required middle man of the transactions. To further assure France’s political predominance over the Communities, Mitterrand designed a common currency for a small number of homogenous Western-European states.

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Bidaurratzaga, Eduardo, et Patxi Zabalo. « Los Acuerdos de Asociación de la UE con África y América Latina : La nueva apuesta europea por Tratados de Libre Comercio con cooperación ». Studies of Applied Economics 30, n^o 3 (7 juin 2020) : 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i3.3607.

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This paper examines the scope and potential effects of the association agreements promoted by the European Union in order to institutionalize its relations with countries or groups of countries in Africa and Latin America. The content of the agreements goes beyond traditional trade issues in two ways. On the one hand, apart from a free trade area, they also include political and development cooperation components. On the other, the agreements address a set of issues that aim to go beyond those covered by the WTO.

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Avdiu, Msc Arjanit. « Strategic Management Key to Success for Kosovo Companies - Expansion in International European Market ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, n^o 3 (19 mai 2017) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i3.p148-153.

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A recent signed Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), an platform that promotes harmonious economic relations and gradually development of a free trading areas between EU and Kosovo, encouraged many companies from this country to start thinking big for international business expansion in Europe. Access in Europe via free trade, is a mine of gold opportunity since it allows reaching a large number of customers in a vast and broad market. Getting and even more competing with European and other international companies for a slight market share, obviously it is a hard "piece of cake". Path to be paved attaining business objectives could be more easily headed applying an appropriate management strategy. Strategic thinking, strategic planning, strategic marketing, and international managerial strategy are pillars that could support and craft any company have a proper approach and successive performance into European market environment.

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Avdiu, Msc Arjanit. « Strategic Management Key to Success for Kosovo Companies - Expansion in International European Market ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8, n^o 1 (19 mai 2017) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v8i1.p148-153.

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A recent signed Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), an platform that promotes harmonious economic relations and gradually development of a free trading areas between EU and Kosovo, encouraged many companies from this country to start thinking big for international business expansion in Europe. Access in Europe via free trade, is a mine of gold opportunity since it allows reaching a large number of customers in a vast and broad market. Getting and even more competing with European and other international companies for a slight market share, obviously it is a hard "piece of cake". Path to be paved attaining business objectives could be more easily headed applying an appropriate management strategy. Strategic thinking, strategic planning, strategic marketing, and international managerial strategy are pillars that could support and craft any company have a proper approach and successive performance into European market environment.

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Lifang, Song. « Design of Intelligent Environment Observation and Decision Support for Regional World Economy ». Mobile Information Systems 2021 (30 novembre 2021) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9078814.

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In order to avoid the risk of marginalization of low-level areas in the process of economic globalization, regional economies have also developed from this, which is important for the regional world economy in a smart environment. Observation and decision support have also attracted much attention from academia. Based on the important situation of regional world economic development, scholars have conducted a lot of research studies; this paper studies the development trend of the regionalized world economy in the intelligent environment under the network of interconnected objects and uses decision support technology and sensor networks to observe and design decision support for the regionalized world economy. Association rule mining technology is used to conduct data mining and data collection on the relevant data in the regionalized world economy, cluster analysis is used to sort and calculate the mined experimental data, and the experimental data model is extracted through the decision tree algorithm. This study collects various data on the number of trade agreements in 2015–2019, the expansion of free trade zones, the import and export trade rates of the EU, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region, and the currency circulation in each region of the world and also organize, observe, and analyze the regional world economy. The final results show that, from 2015 to 2019, free trade areas in various regions of the world are expanding every year. There are 12 free trade areas in Western Europe, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. At the same time, North America, Asia-Pacific, and the EU pay more attention to intraregional trade, especially the annual trade rate of the EU of more than 50%. The regional world economy still has a trend of development in modern society and even in the next few decades, and the regional world economy has a certain role in promoting the economic development of various countries and regions. The regional world economy still has a development trend in modern society and even in the next few decades. It has a certain promoting effect on the economic development of various countries and regions. It is an inevitable trend of world economic development and the only way to economic globalization.

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Raposeiras-Roubín, Sergio, Emad Abu-Assi, Rafael Cobas Paz, Xavier Rosselló, Cristina Barreiro Pardal, Miguel Piñón Esteban, Carlos Rodriguez Pascual et al. « Impact of malnutrition in the embolic–haemorrhagic trade-off of elderly patients with atrial fibrillation ». EP Europace 22, n^o 6 (13 mars 2020) : 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa017.

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Abstract Aims Nutrition is an important determinant of health above the age of 80 years. Malnutrition in the elderly is often underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and prognostic value of malnutrition in patients ≥80 years old with atrial fibrillation (AF) with and without anticoagulant therapy. Methods and results We assessed the nutritional status of 4724 octogenarian patients with diagnoses of AF in a single centre from Spain between 2014 and 2017 with the CONUT score. Malnutrition was confirmed in 2036 patients (43.1%). Anticoagulation prescription was more frequent in patients with good nutrition than in those malnourished (79.5% vs. 71.7%, P < 0.001). The impact of malnutrition on mortality was evaluated by Cox regression, whereas its association with ischaemic stroke and major bleeding was studied through competing risk analysis. After multivariate adjusting, malnutrition was associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–1.49], stroke [sub-distribution HR (sHR) 1.37, 95% CI 1.10–1.69], and major bleeding (sHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.64). In anticoagulated patients, the embolic–haemorrhagic trade-off event was virtually neutral for those who had normal nutritional status [average daily rates (ADRs) for stroke and bleeding: 4.70 and 4.69 per 100 000 patients/day, respectively; difference = +0.01 per 100 000 patients/day; P = 0.99] and negative for those with malnutrition (ADR for stroke and bleeding: 5.38 and 7.61 per 100 000 patients/day, respectively; difference = −2.23 per 100 000 patients/day; P = 0.07). Conclusion Malnutrition is very common in octogenarian patients with AF, being a clinical predictor for poor prognosis. For anticoagulated patients, malnutrition was associated with a negative embolic–haemorrhagic balance.

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Stute, Ina, Bruno Kezeya-Sepngang, Verena Haberlah-Korr et Marcus Mergenthaler. « Cultivation of faba beans for regional protein supply : a case study on the association ‘Rheinische Ackerbohne e.V.’ ». International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, n^o 4 (5 novembre 2020) : 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0179.

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Faba beans have been an important component in human and animal nutrition in many parts of the world for long periods of time. Soybean imports from overseas have been displacing domestic protein crops in Europe since the 1950s. Although the cultivation of faba beans entails different eco-system services, they are rarely cultivated due to their low market performance. The societal benefits and provisions of eco-system services of cultivating faba beans are well recognized by the non-profit association ‘Rheinische Ackerbohne e.V.’ (association for faba bean cultivation in the Rhineland). The board and the members of the association are mainly farmers but also agricultural trade companies. The association was founded to strengthen the cultivation of faba beans in the Rhineland, a region in Western Germany. For this purpose, promoting products made from local faba beans, and raising the awareness about faba beans, which may protect bees and the environment, shall help to establish market structures and a regional value chain.

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