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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Trade associations – Europe »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Sizova, D. A., T. V. Sizova et N. A. Volobuev. « Mergers and acquisitions trends in the context of European trade associations ». Lizing (Leasing), n^o 5 (24 octobre 2022) : 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-03-2205-03.

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Current turbulent state of the economy, on the one hand, and the formed tendencies, on the other hand, predetermined business development trends relevant for the analytics. Trends in mergers and acquisitions have emerged in the trade sector through integration processes in Europe and Russia. Trade networks, as a cooperative organization, ensure that the parent company takes on the main cooperative joint tasks, such as procurement, branding, goods supply, and network management. Subsidiaries help to supply cooperatives and shops, ensuring growth through efficient and attractive shops.

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Lis, Catharina, Hugo Soly et Lee Mitzman. « “An Irresistible Phalanx” : Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300–1800 ». International Review of Social History 39, S2 (août 1994) : 11–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112921.

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The paths of historical research resemble the forces in the sea. As some topics surface and rise to ever greater heights, others may be dragged to the depths of silence and cease to affect the beating of the waves. In most western European countries, research on journeymen has suffered this second fate. Along with the decline in interest in guild-based economies, the issue of whether pre-industrial journeymen associations were predecessors (or perhaps adumbrations) of modern trade unions, which had inspired widespread debate during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, faded from the agenda following World War II. This trend does not mean that the new generation of social historians has blithely ignored disputes involving journeymen. Nevertheless, many authors designate such events as crowd movements or view them as obvious forms of traditional resistance.

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Zhyvko, Vitaliy Zapukhlyak et Andriy Zastavny. « DIFFERENCES OF INTEGRATION PRIORITIES OF EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COUNTRIES ». Economic Analysis, n^o 30(2) (2020) : 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.02.024.

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The subject of the study is the integration priorities in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The aim of the article is to identify differences in integration priorities in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and to identify common aspirations in the regions. Methodology (method). Achieve the goal and solve the outlined tasks in the research process used general and special methods: logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and quantitative comparison, visualization. Results. The main differences between the integration priorities of Europe, the Middle East and Africa are considered. Large-scale integration shifts in the studied regions are singled out and economic and political processes that played a role in the formation of integration groups taking into account interests with the use of various forms of economic integration are detailed. The number of existing regional trade agreements in the regional context by types of agreements is analyzed. Global subjects of world trade by region are studied, taking into account the importance of the EU in the global economy, which is characterized by a high degree of integration processes. The main integration priorities for the EU member states, compliance with a set of rather strict requirements, due to restrictions on production in agriculture and the real sector of the economy, foreign trade specialization and geography of trade flows of the new member states have been identified. It was confirmed that in order to strengthen integration processes it is necessary to take possible approaches to regional integration in institutional and technological terms. The growing role of the Middle East and Africa based on economic and trade processes in the region and the availability of fuel resources is confirmed. The structure of regional integration associations in Africa is considered and the export of goods between the countries of integration associations within groups is studied.

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Salguero, Justino, et Jose Alberto Carvalho dos Santos Claro. « Fair Trade como Alternativa para os Empreendedores Familiares : Um Estudo Exploratório ». Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 8, n^o 1 (15 avril 2015) : 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2015v8n1p95-113.

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O objetivo deste artigo é entender o conceito do Fair Trade e verificar se esta prática tem sido utilizada como forma de inclusão para os pequenos empreendedores brasileiros, bem como as perspectivas de crescimento desta modalidade de associativismo. O método utilizado foi o exploratório, baseado em revisão bibliográfica e documental das informações provenientes de organizações não governamentais, e de sítios das principais associações relacionadas a este assunto. A pesquisa revelou que o negócio do Fair Trade tem crescido mundialmente, sobretudo na Europa, por meio de associações privadas; contudo, no Brasil este tema ainda é incipiente, sobretudo com a participação de pequenos produtores agrícolas. A modalidade de recompensa via um prêmio ao empreendedor familiar é validada pela Teoria do Embeddedness; no entanto, tem sido contestada pelos pesquisadores que colocam a qualidade como primeiro atributo nas transações comerciais. Fair Trade as an Alternative For Family Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study ABSTRACT: Current paper focuses on Fair Trade and verifies whether such a practice has been employed as an inclusion form for small Brazilian entrepreneurs and whether there are any prospects of growth in such associations. The exploratory method was based on a bibliographical and documental review on information from non-government organizations and electronic sites of the main associations linked to the theme. Research revealed that Fair Trade has increased worldwide, especially in Europe, through private associations, even though in Brazil the theme is still fledging, especially among small agricultural producers. Recompense modality through a premium to the family entrepreneur is validated by the Embeddedness Theory even though it has been opposed by researchers who place quality as the prime attribute in all commercial transactions. KEYWORDS: Family Economy; Entrepreneurship; Small Producers

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강유덕. « Role of trade associations in EU trade policy making procedure : Case studies of Global Europe and Korea-EU FTA ». Journal of Contemporary European Studies 30, n^o 3 (décembre 2012) : 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17052/jces.2012.30.3.31.

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S, Maria Immanuvel, et Daniel Lazar. « Does Volume of Gold Consumption Influence the World Gold Price ? » Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, n^o 7 (21 juin 2022) : 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070273.

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Gold is a universal commodity traded across the world. The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) fixes prices twice a day, known as AM and PM fix prices. This study is an attempt to find out whether the volume of gold consumption shows any significant impact on the world gold prices, known as LBMA fix prices. The sample includes major gold-consuming countries, such as India, the USA, China, Japan, and countries in Europe and the Middle East grouped together under Europe and the Middle East, respectively. The results conclude that there exists a long-run relationship between LBMA fix prices and the gold demand of all the countries. Furthermore, the volume of gold demand significantly influences LBMA AM fix and PM fix prices. It is found out that the demand of all the countries together, and India and China individually, affect the world gold prices significantly. India consistently stands as the largest consumer of gold in the world gold market. In spite of this, India is a price taker. Bullion associations and commodity exchanges that allow bullion trade in India may take initiatives to make India a price maker in the world gold markets.

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Trampusch, Christine. « Social partners’ policy reactions to migration in occupational labour markets : The case of the Swiss construction industry ». European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, n^o 2 (5 avril 2019) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840574.

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There has been extensive research into policy reactions to migration with regard to wages and labour conditions, but not vocational training. I show that employers’ associations and unions in the Swiss construction industry have reacted to increasing mobility by protecting existing occupational labour markets through policies regulating the entry to these. The multi-layered structure of employers’ associations, trade unions and collective agreements along occupational and territorial lines explains the high level of collective occupational protectionism in this industry. The Swiss case thereby presents a particularly interesting and controversial example of regulation of free movement of workers in Europe.

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Lefebvre, Bruno. « Posted workers in France ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 12, n^o 2 (mai 2006) : 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200207.

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This contribution presents ongoing research that sets out to assess for the first time the situation of the foreign workers, from Europe and beyond, who work in France, in various economic sectors, as a result of the operation of networks of subcontractors. It appears that neither the legal framework nor the obligations of the foreign firms employing these workers are clear, in terms either of relations with government departments or of the legal arguments that may legitimately be invoked for the settlement of disputes. Trade unions, citizens' associations, locally elected officials and civil servants alike are strikingly ill-prepared to deal with this new phenomenon of the movement of workers in Europe.

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Tholen, Jochen. « Trade unions in CEE and SEE ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.28.

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This article focuses on trade unions as important stakeholders in the system of labour relations in the countries of Central East and Southeast Europe, namely Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – now North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo.Our hypothesis is that the development of trade unions in these regions, with their traditional company-centred organisation (syndicalism), is embedded in a discrete Central Eastern and South Eastern European type of neo-liberal economy. The cleavage of the EU in the East and West goes far beyond labour relations and the development of trade unions and determines other societal fields as well.This empirical evidence comes from a multi-level evaluation of a prolonged consultancy project (1998–2013) involving German, Dutch, European and global trade unions and political foundations and aimed at modernising selected trade unions in the CEE and SEE countries. Beyond the necessary analysis of documents, 92 expert interviews with trade unionists, representatives of employers’ associations and politicians were carried out between 2009 and 2013. The results were presented and discussed in five regional conferences involving different country groupings; these discussions influenced the final results by way of a reflexive process.In summary, because of the faltering process of modernising trade unions in these regions, the trade unions are endangered and may sink into insignificance.

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Shchodra, Olha. « The Empire of Rus’ : prehistory and the beginnings of formation ». Problems of slavonic studies 69 (2020) : 64–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490.

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Background: The article attempts to study the processes of political consolidation of Slavic tribes in the IV–VIII centuries, to establish the main factors that influenced the formation of the early Slavic states; trace the prehistory of Rus’ and determine the beginnings of the Rus’ empire. Purpose: To identify a set of medieval sources for studying the history of the early Slavic states, to analyze the information of medieval writers about the Slavs and Rus’ people, their early state formations and titles of rulers to help establish the nature and degree of state-building processes. Analysis of written sources shows that the first reports of the early Slavic states appear in the Byzantine chronicles in the VI century during the era of the Great Migration, when large-scale migration in the Balkans formed large Slavic regions and Slavic expansion was a serious threat to the territories of the empire. Arab authors begin to mention the Slavs and Rus’ people later, in the VII–VIII centuries, during the beginning of Arab expansion within Byzantium and the development of international trade between Europe and the Arab East in which the Slavs played a leading role. According to sources the formation of Rus’ in southern Eastern Europe was preceded by the formation of large military-political associations of the Slavs - the unions of the Ants and Dulibs, Greater Croatia. Here as in the Baltic Pomerania and the Danube, they originated in the Slavic areas through which international trade routes passed. International trade contributed to the development of cities, strengthened the process of political consolidation and became an important factor in the formation of the early Slavic states and the formation of the Rus’ empire. Its territorial core was the Middle Dnieper region through which passed the routes connecting the north and south of the continent, as well as the transcontinental trade route between the European West and the Arab East. The establishment of control over water and land international routes was the main reason for the expansion of the Rus’ people which resulted in the formation of the largest European empire in the Middle Ages. Keywords: migrations of the Slavs, early Slavic states, the Ant Union, the Dulib Union, international trade routes, Rus’ people, Rus’ empire.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Duvanova, Dinissa S. « Interest groups in post-communist countries a comparative analysis of business and employer associations / ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1183919779.

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Murhem, Sofia. « Turning to Europe : A New Swedish Industrial Relations Regime in the 1990s ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3737.

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Horovitz, Dan D. « Regulation of competition under the rules of the free trade area agreements concluded by the European Economic Community ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213301.

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Petronzio, Edward. « Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes / ». Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.

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Petronzio, Edward Jr. « TALKING TRADE OVER WINE : ASSESSING THE ROLE OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, BUREACRATIC AGENCIES AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN THE UNITED STATES-EUROPEAN UNION AND CANADA-EUROPEAN UNION WINE TRADE DISPUTES ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1192736566.

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Chornyi, Dmytro. « Trade and Investment Perspectives between European Union and Ukraine ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16834.

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EU-Ukraine trade relations are important for both parties: for the EU it is a new market with huge land and labor potential, for Ukraine it is a short-term perspective to modernize it's economy. For now the trade and investment relations are not developed as they can be, in this work we analyze the current trade and investment flows between EU and Ukraine, determine the key partners and industries. In order to bring the relations to the new level, we analyze the possible impact of Free Trade Agreement on the both sides in general and more specifically regarding key industries. The result is the recommendation to continue EU-Ukraine integration, especially in terms of economical cooperation.

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Alt, Yvette Camilla. « Negotiating European trade policy : industrial influence, diplomatic constraints and bureaucratic behaviour in the 1995 EU-Israel Association Agreement ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1726/.

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This thesis explores the role of Government negotiations, industrial pressure and private interests in the development of European Union (EU) trade relations with Israel, focusing on the 1995 EU-Israel Association Agreement. Employing a two-level metaphor, it discusses the evolution of the EU's ability to negotiate and ratify trade agreements, the history of European-Israeli political and commercial relations, and Israel's political economy. This thesis posits that trade policy can be used to further ideological foreign-policy goals, but that the content of trade policy is ultimately shaped less by "high political" considerations than by developing linkages at the domestic levels. In evaluating the ability of commercial and scientific communities to sway the progress of the Association Agreement negotiations, this thesis finds that the existence of some types of links between Israel and EU member states allowed Israeli interests to gain domestic "allies" in Europe, and thus to secure additional trade concessions. A further consideration developed in this paper is the existence of at least two "domestic" arenas within the Community: at the transnational EU level, within the member states, and increasingly at the regional level. This thesis discusses the way in which both negotiators and private interests recognised these tensions and exploited traditional political relations at the national and occasionally the regional levels in order to further affect negotiation and ratification capabilities of the Community. The thesis thus argues for a more complex rendering of the traditional multi-level analytical model, which assumes a discrete "level one". Instead, it puts forward a multilevel model, in which the ability of domestic communities to constrain negotiators is applied not only to the Community's own procedures, but also to its sub-units.

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Lubienecki, Paul E. « The American Catholic Diocesan Labor Schools. An Examination of their Influence on Organized Labor in Buffalo and Cleveland ». Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1372766552.

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de, Somer Gregory John Humanities &amp Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. « The Redefinition of Asia : Australian Foreign Policy and Contemporary Asian Regionalism ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38666.

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This thesis set out to ascertain the position of recent Australian Governments on the latest instalments of Asian regionalism in the context of an assessment of whether there has been a redefinition of Asia and thus a redefinition of Australia???s engagement with Asia. It will concentrate on the broad themes of politico-strategic and economic engagement. Whilst there has been extensive research and documentation on the Asian economic crisis there has been less work on the issue of a new Asian regionalism and the implications for Australia???s complex and variable engagement with the region. This is the basis for the claim to originality of this thesis, a claim supported by its focus on the practical and policy implications of Australia???s engagement, or lack of it, with regional institutions. The process of regional integration has been extremely slow, thus supporting the conclusion that there is no evidence of a major redefinition of Asia. Efforts at Asian regionalism are meeting obstacles that pose immense challenges. Asian regionalism remains nascent and poorly defined. This reflects the diversity and enormous disparities in cultures, political systems and the levels of economic development and differences over economic philosophies within East Asia. What is discernible is that the regionalism is proceeding more rapidly on financial issues than on trade, and in the security area it is conspicuously absent. This research highlights the fact that the question of Asian engagement remains a sensitive issue in Australia and continues to grow more complex. Australia???s engagement with Asia since 1996 has been variable because of the Howard Government???s broader balance of priorities between global and regional issues, and because of the changing nature of the Asian region. The perception gleaned from sources is that, for the Australian Government, regionalism initiatives are characterised by much discussion but lack substance. Consequently, this appears to have led the Government to the position that exclusion from some manifestations of regionalism is not so important. Australia is excluded from some of the regional architectures being constructed. In its efforts to seek inclusion in ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, Australia is facing the same barriers that have stood in the way of an AFTA-CER agreement. Exclusion would be important if the performance of regional groupings was not so indifferent. Exclusion from ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, however, does not equate to Australia???s exclusion from the region.

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Kerdreux, Anne Louise. « L'outre-mer au regard du droit européen et du droit international : evolutions statutaires influencées par le droit européen et le droit international ». Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812.

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L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le droit communautaire tandis que les pays et territoires d’outre-mer, situés en dehors du territoire communautaire, connaissent un régime d’association avec l’Union européenne.Le Danemark, l’Espagne, la France, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni ont procédé aux réformes constitutionnelles autorisant de multiples évolutions statutaires dans le respect du droit à l’autodétermination des populations.Forts d’une évolution statutaire et d’un développement économique et social continu, les régions, pays et territoires d’outre-mer souhaitent maintenant faire valoir leurs droits et défendre leurs intérêts au niveau européen et sur la scène internationale.La globalisation des politiques les incite à se regrouper au sein d’institutions internationales. Le rattachement de ces territoires à des Etats de droit leur a ouvert la voie à des systèmes juridiques bien structurés mais aussi aux valeurs européennes. Leur ultrapériphérité les a placés dans une situation géopolitique qui les a fait accéder aux relations internationales.L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer l’interdépendance entre ces différents ordres juridiques et l’influence du droit européen et du droit international sur l’évolution statutaire de l’outre-mer vers davantage d’autonomie, mais aussi de responsabilisation et de prise en charge de son développement au moyen d’une implication dans son environnement régional, d’une coopération inter-régionale ou transnationale et d’une participation aux travaux des organisations internationales
The Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations

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Livres sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Justin, Greenwood, et Ernst & Young Association Management, dir. The effectiveness of EU business associations. Houndmills : Palgrave, 2002.

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1810/11-1993, Handwerk und Interessenpolitik : Von der Zunft zur modernen Verbandsorganisation. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1993.

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1962-, Jordana Jacint, et Levi-Faur David, dir. The politics of regulation : Institutions and regulatory reforms for the age of governance. Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar, 2004.

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Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation., dir. Répertoire des organisations professionnelles européennes dans la ce = : Directory of European Community trade and professional associations = Verzeichnis der europäischen verbände in der eg. 4^e éd. Brussels : Editions Delta, 1990.

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Teuber, Jörg. Interessenverbände und Internationalisierung : Dachverbände, Automobilindustrie und Einzelhandel in der Europäischen Union. Wiesbaden : VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009.

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Interessenverbände und Internationalisierung : Dachverbände, Automobilindustrie und Einzelhandel in der Europäischen Union. Wiesbaden : VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009.

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1946-, Streeck Wolfgang, dir. Governing interests : Business associations facing internationalization. London : Routledge, 2005.

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E, Atterberry Tara, dir. Trade associations and professional bodies of continental Europe : An alphabetical and subject classified guide to 5,000 organisations that promote and foster business, commerce, trade, science and related activities in Europe. London : Graham & Whiteside, 2002.

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Thaidigsmann, S. Isabell. Einstellungen zu Gewerkschaften, Wirtschaftsverbänden und Umweltschutzgruppen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2007.

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Belén, Balanyá, et Corporate Europe Observatory, dir. Europe Inc. : Regional and global restructuring and the rise of corporate power. London : Pluto Press, 2000.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Knight, Melvin M., Harry Elmer Barnes et Felix Flügel. « Industrial and Trade Associations ». Dans Economic History of Europe, 643–71. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003354727-20.

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Gladman, Imogen. « Trade and Professional Associations ». Dans The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 2022, 429–53. 22^e éd. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179887-1320.

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Schwok, René. « The European Free Trade Association : Revival or Collapse ? » Dans The External Relations of the European Community, 55–76. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22207-0_4.

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Bolivar, Luis Miguel, et Francisco Javier Maza-Avila. « Losing Your Main Trade Partner : Adapting Trade Networks Amid Commercial Blockages ». Dans Palgrave Studies in Cross-disciplinary Business Research, In Association with EuroMed Academy of Business, 19–41. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76575-0_2.

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Fukai, Shigeko. « Prospects for an Asian Trade Bloc : Japan, the Association of South-east Asian Nations and the Asian Newly Industrializing Economies ». Dans Japan, NAFTA and Europe, 164–88. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23627-5_8.

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Salazar-Xirinachs, José Manuel, et Jorge Mario Martínez-Piva. « Trade, Labour Standards and Global Governance : A Perspective from the Americas ». Dans Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 315–70. Vienna : Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_10.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. « International Trade and International Labour Standards : Choosing Objectives, Instruments, and Institutions ». Dans Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Europaforschung (ECSA Austria) / European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 289–314. Vienna : Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6036-7_9.

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« SUPRANATIONAL TRADE ASSOCIATIONS ». Dans Uniting Of Europe, 318–54. University of Notre Dame Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19m62zk.16.

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« TRADE ASSOCIATIONS : 1952 AND 1957 ». Dans Uniting Of Europe, 162–213. University of Notre Dame Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19m62zk.12.

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Lipgens, Walter. « I. Views of Socialist and Trade Union Associations on the Postwar Order in Europe ». Dans Plans for European Union in Great Britain and in Exile 1939–1945, 653–98. De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110890808-018.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Olaru, Sabina, Carmen Ghituleasa, Alexandra Cardoso, Pedro nero Guimaraes, Jorge Domenechpastor et Carmen Boiciuc. « COMPREHENSIVE TOOLS FOR ENABLING EMPLOYABILITY AND MOBILITY IN EUROPEAN CLOTHING SECTOR ». Dans eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-161.

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In recent years, European reindustrialization has occurred, specifically in the textile and clothing sector in Portugal, Spain and Romania, from the application of the Just In Time (JIT) methodology with the result of the need more skilled labour available in the European Union. The paper presents aspects concerning the CosTUmE project that contributes to the diminishing of skills' gaps between the qualification offer and clothing industry needs, to attract young trainees to graduate technical qualifications and to stimulate professionals to update their skills. Also, this work presents the comprehensive tools that were developed in order to raise the awareness of companies to support the employees in the process of upskilling and to provide tools for European mobility and implementation of the updated Clothing Technician profile for validation and recognition in Portugal, Spain and Romania. The training package integrates practical explanation of the Clothing Technician Profile with resources and exercises to integrate learning outcomes and work-based learning. In concrete, the training package contains guidelines, study cases and strategies to motivate and support the trainee, and to support the learning process. The tutorial guide for mobility describes the mobility purposes with the main documents used for recognising the mobility in Europe. The comprehensive tools target all VET providers, trainees, companies, trade unions, sectors associations and other entities that work or help with mobility process. The anticipation of needed skills and the promotion of cooperation between industry and vocational and educational training are considered relevant actions to be implemented in the next period.

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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. « Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions ». Dans International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona : Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.

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Deswal, Chitra Singh, et Juozas Merkevičius. « ASSESSMENTS OF EU COUNTRIES FOR INDIVIDUALS TRADING POSSIBILITIES ». Dans 23rd Conference for Young Researchers "Economics and Management". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/vvf.2020.019.

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Data and correspondences innovation (ICT) is an extensional term for data innovation (IT) that burdens the job of brought together interchanges and the reconciliation of media communications (phone lines and remote signs) and PCs, just as essential endeavor programming, middleware, stockpiling, and varying media frameworks, that empower clients to get to, store, transmit, and control data. At the most basic level, ICT encompasses all technologies that allow individuals and businesses to interact in the digital world. It is like Information Technology (IT), yet centers fundamentally around correspondence innovations. This incorporates the Internet, remote systems, mobile phones, and other correspondence mediums. There are many problems faced during International trade which can be solved by using virtual organizations for international trades. Because of globalization, numerous organizations are presently working in more than one nation which brings forth multicultural association where representatives from more than one nation are cooperating. This paper aim of the study to find the best country for international trade using virtual organization which was accompalished using Topsis method. The following European countries (Germany, Finland, Check Republic, Austria, Estonia, Denmark, France and Belgium) were analysed during years 2014 to 2018. The limitation faced was that the data for all European countries was not available.

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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Hasan Boztoprak et İlyas Sözen. « An Alternative to The European Customs Union for Turkey in The Framework of Economic Integration Theory : Eurasian Customs Union ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01957.

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The liberalization policies begun after 1980 and globalization process bring with new economic associations and trade blocs among countries. The European Customs Union which established to improve economic relations and to make the political integration possible after World War II, reached large trade capacity today. On the other hand, the Post-Soviet countries that followed similar way like European ones established Eurasian Customs Union under the leadership of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia. The advantage of European Customs Union for Turkey which became a member of it in 1995 is still discussed. From this viewpoint the study aims to answer a question that Eurasian Customs Union can be an alternative to European Customs Union for Turkey in point of trade capacity. The aim of the study is to discuss the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union and to compare it with the European Customs Union in which Turkey is involved. In this context, at first, the conceptual framework about the subject will be discussed and European Customs Union and Turkey relations will be examined. After, the current situation of the Eurasian region will be analyzed and the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union will be discussed. And, which customs union will be more advantageous in terms of Turkey will be examined by VAR analysis.

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« EUROPEAN PROPERTY STOCKS TRADE IN REVERSAL PATTERNS ; COUNTRY INDICES FOLLOW MOMENTUM. » Dans 2006 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society : ERES Conference 2006. ERES, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2006_182.

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Lautala, Pasi T., Rosa´rio Ma´ca´rio, Jo¨rn Pachl, J. Riley Edwards et William J. Sproule. « Developing Railway Higher Education in the European Union and United States ». Dans 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36025.

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Congestion, emissions generated by transportation, increasing fuel costs and expanding demand for mobility have revived the interest for modern rail transportation throughout the world. Simultaneously, expansion of global trade and increasing demands for technology to improve the safety and productivity of the industry are creating a new environment that requires a different way of thinking when developing railway systems. Overall, the authors believe that current changes provide a fertile ground for institutions of higher education in the United States and the European Union (EU) to increase their transatlantic cooperation in education and research. Recent studies related to railway higher education have been undertaken in Europe and the United States. The European Rail Research Network of Excellence (EURNEX) conducted a study to develop and organize educational and training activities in participating higher education institutions. In Germany, a comprehensive inventory was conducted to define the current level of rail transportation activities in higher education institutions. In the United States, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (AREMA) conducted a study to determine the type and extent of rail education currently offered on campuses. In addition, a benchmarking study was performed by Michigan Tech University to investigate rail education and recruitment at universities with the objective to define the quantitative and qualitative demands for rail engineers by industry employers. This paper presents a synopsis of these past studies and introduces an on-going “TUNRail” project to “tune” and intensify the railway higher education knowledge exchange and collaboration between the EU and the United States.

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Huber, R., et A. Ohliger-Volmer. « Over Ten Years of Quality Assurance, Education and Training in Thermal Spraying ». Dans ITSC2008, sous la direction de B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima et G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p1018.

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Abstract Since 1993 education and training guidelines and as well as qualification standards of thermal spray personnel have been created step by step by the European Committees of EWF (European Federation of Welding, Joining and Cutting) and CEN (European Committee or Standardisation). ISO personnel qualification and quality management standards result together with the EWF education and training guidelines in a sound QM-system, which meets the increased demands of trade and industry of high quality sprayed coating. Meanwhile about 13 ETS courses were held at the German Welding Institute. Also ETS courses have been held in Finland. The EWF education and training course of the ETSS European Thermal Spraying Specialist will be offered by the German Welding Institute in Munich - SLV München - for the eleventh time in October 2008. DIN EN ISO 9000 series are commonly valid, that is why the product related quality management EN ISO 14922 ”Quality Requirements of Thermally Sprayed Structures, part 1 - 4” was created. This standard series puts principles for the fitness of the purchaser and of his spray production. The QM-system that was established by the GTS e.V.– the Association of Thermal Sprayers – was pioneer and does an excellent job concerning its requirements. The QM-standards are also involve the important ISO standards of the Thermal Spraying Co-ordinator and the Approval Testing of Thermal Sprayers.

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Böhme, D., et R. Huber. « Possibilities for Qualification and Certification of Personnel, Companies and QM-Systems in the Field of Thermal Spraying ». Dans ITSC2007, sous la direction de B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima et G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p1160.

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Abstract In the thermal spraying technology a lot of things have been and still are happening in education and training of personnel and in quality management. The QM-system that was established by the GTS e.V.– the Association of Thermal Sprayers – was pioneer and does an excellent job concerning its requirements. These GTS QM-requirements are meanwhile completed by newly created and internationally accepted EWF-education and training guidelines of supervising personnel and thermal spray workers. These guidelines involve also the new ISO standards of the Thermal Spraying Coordinator and the Approval Testing of Thermal Sprayers. Meanwhile the ETS (European Thermal Sprayer) and the ETSS (European Thermal Spraying Specialist) education and training courses are very much in demand. For the QM-System the standard ISO 14922 Part 2-4 (Quality requirements of thermally sprayed structures) is established, which includes the standard ISO 14918 (Approval Testing of Thermal Sprayers). Here, different destructive testing procedures are required depending on the spray process, which provide useful statements concerning the quality of sprayed coatings. With the GTS-Certification, the EWF-Qualifications and the ISO Standards a System is installed, which meets the increased Demands of Trade and Industry for High Quality Sprayed Coatings.

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Sussman, Michael. « International Standards for Food Authenticity and Allergen Detection from ISO TC 34/SC 16 Horizontal Methods for Molecular Biomarker Analysis ». Dans 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mylm7606.

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ISO Technical Committee 34 “Food Products”/Subcommittee 16 “Horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis” works to ensure that standardized biomolecular testing and laboratory criteria are reproducible and technically sound reducing potentialdisputes between exporting and importing nations and increasing predictability in world trade. Harmonized, easy to handle methods of analysis with defined patterns and known nomenclatures bring more customers to the market. TC 34/SC 16 has increased international stakeholders’ participation in standardizing biomarker testing, improved the quality and relevance of these standards and continues to increase transparency in international markets, particularly for food authenticity, varietal identification and genetically engineered (GMO) products. ISO standards have been adopted by Codex Alimentarius and many governments throughout the world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO.org) was formed in 1946. It is an independent, nongovernmental voluntary consensus standard body based in Geneva, Switzerland with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. The US ISO member is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI.org) a consortium of US standardization organizations. ISO TC 34/SC 16 was created in 2008. There are 45 participating countries. Contributing organizations in liaison with TC 34/SC 16 include AOAC International, Cereals and Grains Association, the European Commission, the International Seed Testing Association, the US Pharmacopeia, the European Plant Protection Organization and the International Plant Protection Convention. The scope of TC 34/SC 16 is, "Standardization of biomolecular testing methods applied to foods, feeds, seeds and other propagules of food and feed crops." The US delegation responsible for developing the US position for standards development in food authenticity and allergen detection is called the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG). It was delegated to the American Oil Chemist’s Society (AOCS.org) by ANSI. AOCS also hosts the TC 34/SC 16 international secretariat.

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Croitoru, Doina. « SPORT EVENT ORGANIZER - A BLENDED LEARNING COURSE EXPERIENCE ». Dans eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-240.

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Sport event organizer as a blended learning course was developed in "E-learning for social partners" project. This project aimed to provide the possibility to study online to professional athletes. The project was financed from the Social European Fund and was implemented by the Professional and Amateur Footballers Association (AFAN) in partnership with National Trade Union Block (BNS) and Escola Professional Cristovao Colombo (EPCC) from Portugal In the project were developed 10 different courses - all of them aiming to facilitate the achievements of AFAN and BNS members - mainly by using an online learning platform One of the courses developed into the project was Sport Events Organizer, and I was the tutor. In this role I designed the course architecture, with 6 learning modules in blended learning type - online and face-to-face. The blended organization of the course was imposed by the specifically modules: Sport Event 1. Ideation, 2. Planning, 3. Preparation, 4. Promotion, 5. Coordinating and 6. Evaluation. I considered that the 5th module must be constructed as effectively involving the learners into a specific activity and they must be present and implied. Each module lasts one week starting on Monday until Friday. On Saturday and Sunday there were no more new assignments. The online learning platform was Moodle type and I used specific online tools: activity guides, learning resources (written materials e-courses, embedded and different reference sources), discussion forums, quizzes, case study, group work, glossary creation. The activity started in November 2012 and was finalized in April 2013

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Trade associations – Europe"

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Caetano, Gerardo. Analysis and foresight of the European Union - Mercosur Association Agreement. Fundación Carolina, avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff04en.

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After a negotiation that has been ongoing for more than two decades, the “agreement in principle” between the European Union and Mercosur regarding the trade pillar, announced in June 2019, has not been confirmed. Moreover, in the current context, the perspectives that are outlined in both blocks are not auspicious, for various reasons that are analyzed. In this context, the text will analyzes the following points: i) in the absence of a specific Treaty in progress of application, it informs about the negotiations of the trade pillar, its current status, the contents of the principle of agreement signed in 2019, the possibilities of closure and ratification by the two parties and the main expected impacts; ii) the potential implications of this agreement for both the European Union and Mercosur, in particular with regard to its foreseeable consequences for the strategic autonomy of both regions and for the strengthening of multilateralism at present; and iii) the expected impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the eventual contribution of this Association Agreement in the new scenarios. The text closes with a brief overview.

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml et Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.

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