Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Toxicological Interest »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Toxicological Interest"
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Patil, Rahul, Pratap Bahadur et Sanjay Tiwari. « Dispersed graphene materials of biomedical interest and their toxicological consequences ». Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 275 (janvier 2020) : 102051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.102051.
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Plata-Calzado, Cristina, Ana I. Prieto, Ana M. Cameán et Angeles Jos. « Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions : A Review ». Toxins 14, no 12 (8 décembre 2022) : 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120861.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The presence of cyanotoxins and its bioaccumulation in the food chain is an increasingly common problem worldwide. Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Studies conducted under laboratory conditions are of particular interest because these provide information which are directly related to the effects produced by the toxin. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ATX-a toxicological database inadequate to support the publication of a formal guideline reference value. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to compile all of the in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies performed so far and to identify potential data gaps. Results show that the number of reports is increasing in recent years. However, more in vitro studies are needed, mainly in standardized neuronal cell lines. Regarding in vivo studies, very few of them reflect conditions occurring in nature and further studies with longer periods of oral exposure would be of interest. Moreover, additional toxicological aspects of great interest such as mutagenicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and alteration of hormonal balance need to be studied in depth.
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Fierascu, Irina, Ioana Catalina Fierascu, Roxana Ioana Brazdis, Anda Maria Baroi, Toma Fistos et Radu Claudiu Fierascu. « Phytosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles—between Nanomedicine and Toxicology. A Brief Review of 2019′s Findings ». Materials 13, no 3 (25 janvier 2020) : 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030574.
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Phytosynthesized nanoparticles represent a continuously increasing field of research, with numerous studies published each year. However, with the emerging interest in this area, the quality of the published works is also continuously increasing, switching from routine antioxidant or antimicrobial studies on trivial microbial lines to antibiotic-resistant strains or antitumoral studies. However, this increasing interest has not been not reflected in the studies regarding the toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs); this should be a subject of greatest interest, as the increasing administration of NPs in general (and phytosynthesized NPs in particular) could lead to their accumulation in the environment (soil, water and living organisms). The present review aims to present the most recent findings in the application of phytosynthesized NPs as antimicrobial and antitumoral agents, as well as the results regarding their toxicological potential.
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Xiong, Yuhao, Fang Li, Jingwen Wang, Ailing Huang, Mei Wu, Zhi Zhang, Dongjian Zhu, Wei Xie, Zhenhua Duan et Linjing Su. « Simple multimodal detection of selenium in water and vegetable samples by a catalytic chromogenic method ». Analytical Methods 10, no 18 (2018) : 2102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay00265g.
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Puche, Emilio, et Manuel Perea. « Esterases and anti-tumoral chemotherapy : an interaction of clinical and toxicological interest ». Clinica Chimica Acta 304, no 1-2 (février 2001) : 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(00)00347-8.
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Emmanouil, C., M. Bekyrou, C. Psomopoulos et A. Kungolos. « An Insight into Ingredients of Toxicological Interest in Personal Care Products and A Small–Scale Sampling Survey of the Greek Market : Delineating a Potential Contamination Source for Water Resources ». Water 11, no 12 (27 novembre 2019) : 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122501.
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Wastewater is not a waste but a valuable resource that should be reused. Nevertheless, it should be devoid of physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters that can harm the consumer. Along with the multitude of possible pollutants found in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), emerging pollutants, such as Personal Care Products (PCPs), have arisen. The present research examines some of the main ingredients commonly found in PCPs, focusing on their toxicological profile on their occurrence in WWTPs influents and effluents worldwide and on their persistence and biodegradability. A small-scale market sampling of PCPs was performed in Athens, Greece, in June 2019, and their individual ingredients were recorded, coded according to their main activity, scanned for the presence of ingredients of important toxicological profile, and finally analyzed for the presence of other candidates of toxicological interest. Results show that some ingredients of concern (i.e., parabens and triclosan) are a decreasing trend. On the other hand, information on the presence of synthetic musks and perfume synthesis is scarce and encumbered by brand protection. Finally, UV filters are numerous, and they are used in various combinations, while other ingredients of toxicological interest are also present. Since the reclaimed water may well be used to cover irrigation needs in Greek areas with water deficiency or to enrich bodies of surface water, it is important to know what PCP ingredients are on the rise in the market, to monitor their presence in WWTPs influents and effluents and to extend research on their environmental fate and behavior.
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Perales, Eduardo, Laura Lomba, María García-Escudero, Esther Sarasa, Carlos E. Lafuente et Beatriz Giner. « Toxicological study of some ionic liquids ». Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no 4 (26 juillet 2018) : 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0031.
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Abstract The increasing interest in the development of new environment-friendly solvents has led to the synthesis of new materials that minimize the impact of solvents on the environment. However, most of the published studies on green solvents focus primarily on their physicochemical properties, with limited emphasis on their toxicological risk in the environment. In this study, the acute toxicities of five ionic liquids, 1-propylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, on Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna are evaluated. In the latter bioassay, the presence and position of a methyl group on the pyridinium ring or the length of the chain attached to the nitrogen atom seem to be the key factors for toxicity. In the Vibrio fischeri study, the alkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom has a considerable influence on EC50 values. Moreover, quantitative structure activity relationship studies are performed to relate their physicochemical properties with their acute toxicity.
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Aouam, Yasmine, Sabah Benhamza, Kenza Damaane, Mohamed Lazraq, Youssef Miloudi, Ghizlane Berdai, Imane Rahmoune et al. « INTEREST OF EARLY TOXICOLOGICAL SAMPLING DURING ALPHA CHLORALOSE IN TOXICATION, A CASE REPORT ». International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no 07 (31 juillet 2023) : 972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17306.
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Alphachloralosis intoxication isverycommon and constitutes a real public healthproblem. Diagnosisisdifficultbecause of itsaspecificsymptoms, whichmayerroneously point to other pathologies, hence the importance of good questioning.The clinicalpictureis suggestive of disturbedconsciousness, myoclonus, sharposteotendinous reflexes with changes in pupillarydiameter, hypersialorrhoea and bronchial hypersecretion. A definitivediagnosisisbased on the detection of alphachloralose in gastricfluid, urine and blood. Toxicological samples must betaken as soon as possible after ingestion, otherwisetheywillbenegative. Progress isusuallyfavourable, and the severity of intoxication depends on the dose ingested. Treatmentismainlysymptomatic and isbased on evacuation of the toxic substance, protection of the airways and control of myoclonus.
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Boraschi, Diana. « An Evolutionary and Environmental Perspective of the Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System ». Nanomaterials 12, no 6 (14 mars 2022) : 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060957.
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Assessing the modes of interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the immune system is a topic of particular interest for research in several fields, from a toxicological and safety perspective to potential nano-based immunomodulatory strategies for medical use [...]
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Cruz, A., M. Lopez-Rivadulla, P. Fernandez et A. M. Bermejo. « Simultaneous Sequential Determination of Compounds of Toxicological Interest in Mixtures by Derivative Spectroscopy ». Journal of Analytical Toxicology 16, no 4 (1 juillet 1992) : 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/16.4.240.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Toxicological Interest"
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Alfazil, Abdulkareem Abdulwahab. « Stability of drugs and pesticides of forensic toxicological interest and their metabolites in biological samples ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1309/.
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Loss of analyte from biological samples during the post-mortem interval or during storage has potentially serious implications in forensic toxicology and represents a challenge for the forensic toxicologist, especially in the interpretation of case results. The initial aim of the studies in this thesis was to evaluate the stability of some important drugs and compounds in blood under different storage conditions in order to optimize the preservation of these compounds. A second aim was to evaluate a new method of stabilizing these compounds in blood by storing them as dried blood spots on filter paper. The third aim was to investigate methods by which corrections could be made for analyte losses based on quantification of their degradation products, which would serve as markers of the former presence of the compounds even if they were no longer detectable. The background to toxicology and its classification systems is reviewed along with the most common areas of application, including forensic toxicology. Details are given of the most commonly-used matrices and of current problems facing forensic toxicologists, particularly the problem of analyte instability. The literature concerning stability of drugs and pesticides in biological samples are reviewed and discussed as well as methods applied to enhance and stabilize analytes for long storage periods. Background is provided on methodologies used in the work reported in this thesis, including extraction techniques and instrumental analysis by LC-MS/MS and GC/MS. Also, because of its importance in forensic toxicology at present validation procedures and requirements are also discussed. An initial study was made of drug stability during storage in blood samples for 1 year under conventional laboratory conditions using selected drugs from the benzodiazepine group, alprazolam, lorazepam, oxazepam and estazolam. Blank blood containing these drugs at low and high concentrations was stored in tubes at -20° C, 4°C and room temperature. Half of the tubes contained fluoride-oxalate preservative. Blood samples were analysed on the first (day zero), second and fourth days, and after one week, two weeks, one month, two months, three months, six months and one year using a method which was developed and validated for this study based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Alprazolam and estazolam were stable at -20° C and 4° C, but decreased by almost 10% at room temperature (RT) at both concentrations. Lorazepam and oxazepam were stable at 20°C but were poorly stable at 4° C and decreased by 100% at RT by the end of the 1 year period. Sodium fluoride stabilised the drugs by approximately 13% compared to unpreserved samples. The long-term stability of alprazolam and estazolam is attributed to the presence of the trizolo ring in their structures which makes the compounds more resistant to hydrolysis, the most prominent degradation reaction affecting benzodiazepines. A similar study was performed on the stability of morphine-3- and 6-glucuronide and codeine-6-glucuronide in blood and urine under the same storage conditions. These compounds were stable at -20° C, losing less than 7% but losses were higher at 4° C, up to 18% in blood and 28% in urine, and at room temperature up to 54% in blood and 78% in urine after 1 year. Sodium fluoride did not have a significant effect (<10% increase in stability). An investigation was carried out on stabilisation of hydrolytically-labile benzodiazepines and cocaine in blood during storage as dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper. An analytical method was developed and validated for this study based on SPE and LC-MS/MS analysis. The drugs selected were flunitrazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, diazepam and cocaine. Blood spots (100 µl blood) on Guthrie card 903 containing the drugs at 1000ng/ml were dried overnight at RT. Spots were cut out and extracted with buffer (pH 6), which was analysed with the validated method. DBS were stored in duplicate at RT, 4°C and -20°C for up to one year. Degradation of the drugs in DBS in all storage conditions was less than for the corresponding liquid blood samples stored under similar conditions. More than 80% of each analyte could be recovered from DBS after one month while 15 % cocaine and 74 % of the benzodiazepines were recovered after 1 year under all conditions. The degradation of diazepam, temazepam, chlorodiazepoxide and oxazepam by hydrolysis was studied over a 1 month period under conditions designed to accelerate the reaction (80 °C, pH 2 and 12) and the hydrolysis products 2-methylamino 5-chlorobenzophenone (MACB) and 2-amino 5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB) were analysed by a method based on SPE and LC-MS/MS which was developed and validated for this study. MACB and ACB in whole blood and urine were evaluated as indicators of the original drug concentrations. Blank blood and urine containing these compounds at 1000 ng/ml stored at high temperature (80°C) and under acidic (pH 2) and basic (pH 12) conditions at room temperature for one month. The samples were analyzed in duplicate at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 30. MACB and ACB were the main hydrolysis products and their concentrations increased as degradation of the drugs proceeded. They could be detected when the starting materials had completely disappeared. However, MACB and ACB were found to be further degraded under some of the conditions used and a further study was made of the conversion of MACB to ACB. It was concluded that the drugs studied were more sensitive to alkaline pH than to acidic pH or high temperature and that MACB and ACB can be used to confirm the original presence of these drugs in samples, especially when they have decomposed due to poor or prolonged storage conditions. A final study was made of organophosphates (OPs) and their dialkylphosphate (DAP) hydrolysis products. A new method was developed and validated for analysis of OPs and DAPs in blood samples based on SPE and GCMS after derivatization with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluroacetamide. The influence of sodium fluoride preservative and storage as DBS on filter paper on the stability of OPs in blood was assessed over a 3 day period at RT. With preservative, DAPs concentrations increased as degradation of the OPs proceeded and they could be detected when the parent compounds had completely disappeared. OPs in DBS showed good stability in comparison to liquid blood samples containing NAF and the parent compounds were detected at the end of the observation period. It was concluded that careful attention should be given to the storage of samples to avoid loss of analyte and erroneous interpretation of results. DBS could be an effective and inexpensive way of increasing analyte retention but routine use of preservatives without evaluation of their effects is discouraged, as these may accelerate loss of analyte.
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Mendonça, Caritas de Jesus Silva. « Alcaloides pirrolizidinicos em plantas brasileiras de interesse alimentar e medicinal : identificação e toxicologia ». [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256653.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientadores: Gil Eduardo Serra, Lauro Euclides Soares BarataTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T23:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_CaritasdeJesusSilva_D.pdf: 40292176 bytes, checksum: 6da445071de469a9bc032ba40e9fe981 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Plantas con tendo Alcalóides Pirrolizidínicos (APs) sao amplamente consumidas com propósitos medicinais (remédio caseiro) ou alimentícios (saladas, sucos), em alguns países tais como Índia, Afeganistão, Estados Unidos da América e União Soviética. Algumas plantas, dentre as quais Senecio, são vendidas como ervas medicinais em lojas de produtos naturais. Durante muitos anos o Confrei (Symphytum ssp) foi usado para fins alimentícios (vegetal, bebida) e medicinal. Porém, atualmente estas plantas são conhecidas por sua carcinogenicidade em animais de laboratório. Existem evidências concretas de que os efeitos causados pela exposição a uma única dose de AP pode progredir para uma doença crónica do fígado, e para cirrose. Os APs são ésteres de l-metilhidroxilpirrolizidinas, constituídos por um aminoálcool (base necina) e uma parte ácida (ácido necico). Cerca de 200 APs foram identificados em 300 espécies de plantas. Estes compostos ocorrem principalmente nas famílias Boraginaceae (todos os gêneros), Asteraceae (tribos Senecionae e Eupatoriae) e Leguminosae (gênero Crotalaria)...Observação: O resumo, na integra, podera ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA's) are consumed as medicinal herbs or as foods (salads, juices).in India, Afganistan, America, Russia and Brazil. But nowadays those species are known as carcinogenic for laboratory animaIs. There are concrete evidence that the effects of a single dose of PA can cause chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. PA's are esters l-methilhydroxylpyrrolizines, composed by an aminoalcohol (necine base) and an acid (necic acid). More than 200 structures had been isolated from species of Senecio and Eupatorium (Asteraceae) , (Boraginaceae) . In this work, preliminary qualitative analysis using GC-MS was Crotalaria (Leguminosae) and Heliotropium performed in 28 Senecio species and 87 of Eupatorium. Senecio showed three types of PAs satured...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Camargo, Samira Esteves Afonso. « Análise de propriedades biológicas de materiais de interesse na Odontologia / ». São José dos Campos, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144182.
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Banca: Marcia Carneiro ValeraBanca: Luciane Dias de Oliveira
Banca: Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes
Banca: Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
Banca: Daniela Rios
Resumo: O objetivo desta tese foi reunir os resultados de estudos in vitro e in vivo que avaliaram as propriedade biológicas de materiais de interesse na Odontologia. Foram avaliados a biocompatibilidade de materiais para capeamento pulpar (1 estudo in vivo e 1 estudo in vitro), cimentos endodônticos (3 estudos in vitro) e dentifrícios (2 estudos in vitro). Dentre os materiais de capeamento pulpar, o polímero da mamona (COB) induziu in vivo menor inflamação subcutânea em ratos e apresentou in vitro alta viabilidade celular sobre células pulpares. O mineral trióxido agregado (MTA) branco mostrou proliferação celular em linhagens de V79 e em células pulpares. Os cimentos endodônticos apresentaram respostas biológicas diferentes dependendo de sua composição. O cimento a base de resina epóxi (AH Plus) e o cimento MTA Fillapex apresentaram moderada citotoxicidade e produziram baixa formação de micronúcleos. Os cimentos fitoterápicos a base de polímero da mamona (COP) e da Copaíba apresentaram alta viabilidade celular e não induziram nenhuma formação de micronúcleos, não sendo considerados citotóxicos e nem genotóxicos. Todos os dentifrícos com efeito clareador foram citotóxicos e o Oral B Whitening foi também genotóxico para fibroblastos. Dentre os dentifrícios dessensibilizantes foi verificado que o Colgate Sensitive foi o dentifrício menos citotóxico. Já, Oral B Sensitive e Sensodyne foram bastantes citotóxicos para os fibroblastos gengivais. Quanto à genotoxicidade, nenhum dentifrício dessensibilizante proporcionou formação de micronúcleos em fibroblastos. os dentifrícios dessensibilizantes apresentaram moderada atividade antimicrobiana para C. albicans, S. mutans e S. aureus. Como conclusão geral, os estudos mostraram que: a) os materiais fitoterápicos, como o COB e o COP apresentam boa biocompatibilidade in vivo e in vitro; b) o MTA branco induziu proliferação celular in vitro; c) os cimentos endodônticos..
Abstract: The aim of this thesis was to assemble the results of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the biological properties of materials of interest in dentistry. It was evaluated the biocompatibility of pulp capping materials (1 in vivo study and 1 in vitro study), sealers (3 in vitro studies) and toothpastes (2 in vitro studies). Among the pulp capping material, the castor oil bean (COB) induced in vivo subcutaneous less inflammation in rats and in vitro showed high cell viability of pulp cells. White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) showed cell proliferation in V79 cells and human pulp cells. The sealers showed different biological responses depending on their composition. The cement based on epoxy resin (AH Plus) and the MTA Fillapex cement showed moderate cytotoxicity and induced low formation of micronuclei. Phytotherapy sealers based on castor oil polymer (COP) and Copaifera showed high cell viability and did not induce any formation of micronuclei, not considered cytotoxic nor genotoxic. All whitening toothpastes were cytotoxic and Oral B Whitening was also genotoxic to gingival fibroblasts. Colgate Sensitive was the least cytotoxic among the desensitizing toothpastes. However, Oral B Sensitive and Sensodyne were quite cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts. For genotoxicity, all desensitizing toothpastes provided no micronucleus formation in fibroblasts. These toothpastes showed moderate antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, S. mutans and S. aureus. As a general conclusion, the studies showed that: a) phytotherapy materials such as COB and COP exhibit good biocompatibility in vivo and in vitro; b) white MTA induced cell proliferation in vitro; c) the sealers have high to moderate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity depending on their composition; d) whitening toothpastes were cytotoxic and Oral B Whitening was also genotoxic; e) Colgate Sensitive was not cytotoxic and genotoxic and showed moderate antimicrobial activity
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Carvalho, Lucila Maria Lopes de. « Detecção e efeito de drogas no crescimento e desenvolvimento de formas imaturas e adultas de Chrysomya Albiceps (Wiedemann) e Chrysomia Putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera : Calliphoridae), duas moscas varejeiras de interesse forense ». [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314314.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Aricio Xavier LinharesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A análise toxicológica de formas imaturas e adultas de insetos como amostra biológica, contribui em investigações criminais para uma estimativa do tempo de morte mais acurada e permite confirmar a presença ou ausência de substâncias químicas no cadáver. Duas espécies de moscas varejeiras, Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) e Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) foram selecionadas para o presente estudo e colonizadas em laboratório. Tais espécies foram escolhidas por serem úteis nas investigações médico-legais, haja vista, sua abundância e freqüência, tanto de imaturos como de adultos, em carcaças e cadáveres em decomposição, sendo consideradas boas indicadoras forenses (MOURA et alli, 1997; CARVALHO & LINHARES, 2001). Diazepam, cocaína, anfepramona e maconha foram as drogas utilizadas nos experimentos por serem amplamente consumidas em nosso país. O coelho comum foi utilizado como animal teste e foi submetido à concentração 2x letal de cada droga. Os animais foram sacrificados e sangue, fígado, coração, pulmão e urina foram coletados para a análise toxicológica, que foi feita utilizando-se um aparelho de cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (GC/MS). Uma parte do fígado foi utilizada como meio de criação das larvas de moscas durante um período de 54 horas. Durante esse período foram pesadas de 6 em 6 horas, sendo posteriormente coletadas e analisadas. Amostras de pupários e adultos também foram analisadas toxicologicamente. Fatores como tempo de desenvolvimento e crescimento das larvas, mortalidade e longevidade dos adultos foram estudados. Todas as drogas testadas influenciaram as fases de desenvolvimento das espécies estudadas, acelerando ou retardando tais fases, agindo de forma mais visível em algumas fases do que em outras. Foi possível detectar a presença de drogas tanto nas amostras biológicas dos coelhos como na dos dípteros. Os dados obtidos confirmam a relevância da utilização dos insetos nas investigações legais
Abstract: The toxicological analysis of biological samples such as imature stages and adults of insects can contribute to criminal investigations to improve the estimate the post mortem interval and to determine the absence or presence of a drug in the corpse. Two blow fly species: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were selected to the studies. Colonies of these two flies were stabilished in the laboratory. These species were chosen because they are commonly found visiting and breeding in decomposing corpses and carcasses, beeing, therefore, of forensic importance (MOURA et alli, 1997; CARVALHO & LINHARES, 2001). Diazepam, cocaine, anphepramone and marijuana were the drugs chosen for the experiments because of their heavy consuption among drug users in Brazil. Rabbits were used as test animals and were submited to twice the lethal dosages of different drugs to study the effects of these drugs on the development of the flies. Heart, liver, blood, and urine samples were taken for chromatographic analyse using a GC-MS equipment. A liver sample was used to rear the maggots and from hours 0 to 54 of exposition, larvae feeding on tissues were weighted and analised. The time required for pupariation and adult emergence was also determined. Some factors such as developmental time, mortality and longevity were also determined. All drugs influenced the developmental stages of both fly species, acelerating or delaying these stages related to control the flies. It was possible to detect the drug presence in fly and rabbit samples. The data confirm the importance of these insects as tools in criminal investigations
Doutorado
Doutor em Parasitologia
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Avila, Damara da Silva. « Ação citotóxica e antimicrobiana do extrato glicólico de Zingiber officinale sobre micro-organismos de interesse para odontologia / ». São José dos Campos, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182441.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Antonio Olavo Cardoso JorgeBanca: Luciane Dias de Oliveira
Banca: Cristiane Aparecida Pereira
Resumo: O número de espécies bacterianas resistentes aos antimicrobianos tem atingido níveis elevados. Com isso, torna-se necessária a realização de pesquisas que avaliem os efeitos de métodos terapêuticos alternativos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar a citotoxicidade do extrato glicólico de Zingiber officinale em macrófagos de camundongos e queranócitos humanos, atividade antimicrobiana sobre biofilmes monotípicos (micro-organismos aeróbios: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e anaeróbios: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia) e biofilmes heterotípicos (associação: C. albicans e bactérias aeróbias). Para ação citotóxica, as células foram cultivadas em meio DMEM, semeadas (2 x 104 células/poço) na placa de 96 poços. Após aderência inicial, foi adicionado o extrato em diluição seriada (5 min e 24 h), e realizado o teste de MTT. Para avaliar a ação antimicrobiana, a Concentração Inibitória Mínina (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) foram determinadas segundo as normas do CLSI. Para biofilmes, foram adicionados 100 µL meio de cultura e 100 µL suspensão microbiana (107 UFC/mL) em placas de 96 poços, nos heterotípicos foram utilizados 50 µL de cada micro-organismo. As placas foram incubadas (37ºC), por 48 h (aeróbios) ou por 7 dias (anaeróbios). Aplicou-se o extrato (5 min e 24 h), nas concentrações efetivas pré-determinadas (CMM) e duas superiores, depois os biofilmes foram desa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The number of bacterial species resistant to antimicrobials has reached high levels. Thus, it is necessary to perform research that evaluates the alternative therapeutic methods, such as ginger. The present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the Zingiber officinale glycolic extract in human and mouse macrophages, antimicrobial activity on monotypic biofilms (aerobic microorganisms: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia) and heterotypic biofilms (association: C. albicans and aerobic bacteria). To cytotoxic action, the cells have been cultivated in DMEM medium, seeded (2x104 cells/well) in the 96-well plate. After initial adhesion, the extract has been added to serial dilution (5 min and 24 h), and the MTT tests were performed. In order to assess the antimicrobial action, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (MMC) were determined in according to CLSI standards. In the biofilms case, 100 μL culture medium and 100 μL microbial suspension (107 CFU / mL) were added to 96-well plates, 50 μL of each microorganism was used in the heterotypics. The plates were incubated (37°C) for 48 h period (aerobic) or for 7 days (anaerobic). The extract (5 min and 24 h) was applied at the pre-determined effective concentrations (MMC) and two higher concentrations, after which the biofilms were disaggregated and se... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Caçador, Joana do Paço. « Ptaquiloside, a natural compound with toxicological interest : Monitoring and optimization of isolation ». Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/88684.
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Caçador, Joana do Paço. « Ptaquiloside, a natural compound with toxicological interest : Monitoring and optimization of isolation ». Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/88684.
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Monteiro, Carla Maria Pinto. « Análise de substâncias voláteis com interesse forense : validação de um método analítico por Gc-Fid ». Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/44171.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Medicina Legal, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de CoimbraO uso de substâncias orgânicas voláteis encontra-se amplamente disseminado nas sociedades atuais. Desde uma extensa variedade de produtos de utilização doméstica até muitos componentes de uso industrial têm substâncias voláteis na sua constituição. A escassa literatura científica sobre os procedimentos analíticos a seguir nas situações de intoxicação por muitas das substâncias voláteis, bem como a particularidade da sua fácil evaporação, associada aos fenómenos de redistribuição post mortem, originam frequentemente dificuldades interpretativas no estudo destes casos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a otimização e validação de procedimentos analíticos sensíveis e rápidos para a deteção e quantificação de alguns compostos orgânicos voláteis (acetaldeído, acetato de etilo, acetona, acetonitrilo, 1-butanol, clorofórmio, éter, metanol, 2-propanol, tolueno e p-xileno) em diferentes matrizes (sangue, urina e humor vítreo) utilizando um cromatógrafo de gás Agilent 6890N equipado com um detetor de ionização de chama e acoplado a um injetor de headspace de volume fixo (1 mL) Agilent G1888 (HS-GC/FID). As substâncias em estudo foram divididas e agrupadas de acordo com a sua solubilidade e gama de trabalho. Assim, as substâncias com elevada solubilidade em água foram agrupadas numa mesma solução mistura (acetaldeído, acetato de etilo, acetona, acetonitrilo, 1-butanol, éter, metanol, 2-propanol), enquanto as restantes, caracterizadas pela sua elevada insolubilidade em água mas apresentando uma boa solubilidade em metanol, foram divididas de acordo com as respetivas gamas de trabalho. Antes da análise cromatográfica, todas as amostras, incluindo os calibradores, foram diluídas. Para tal, 100 L de urina, humor vítreo ou sangue foram diluídos em 1 ml de solução aquosa de n-propanol (100 mg/L), utilizado como padrão interno. A separação cromatográfica foi realizada utilizando duas colunas capilares com diferentes polaridades, a fim de garantir o cumprimento dos critérios de identificação recomendados para este tipo de análise. Todos os compostos estudados, incluindo o n-propanol (padrão interno), eluíram num intervalo de tempo de 15 minutos e todos apresentaram uma boa resolução sem interferência de metabolitos, produtos de degradação ou outras substâncias. O estudo incidiu sobre todos os parâmetros referidos no procedimento de validação de métodos quantitativos em vigor no Serviço de Toxicologia Forense da Delegação do Centro do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, I.P., o que incluiu o estudo da seletividade, linearidade, limites de deteção e quantificação, precisão, robustez, estabilidade e exatidão. Após a análise dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir pela adequabilidade do método analítico desenvolvido, tendo sido aplicado a casos reais
The use of volatile organic substances is widespread in contemporary societies. A wide variety of products for household use until many components for industrial use have volatile substances in its constitution. The sparse literature on the analytical procedures to be followed in cases of poisoning by many of the volatile substances, as well as the particularity of its easy evaporation, associated with the phenomena of post mortem redistribution, create interpretive difficulties in the study of these cases. The purpose of this work was the optimization and validation of sensitive and rapid analytical procedures to the detection and quantification of some volatile organic compounds (acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-butanol, chloroform, ether, methanol, 2-propanol, toluene and p-xylene) in different matrices (blood, urine and vitreous humor) using a gas chromatograph Agilent 6890N, equipped with a flame ionization detector coupled to a headspace injector of fixed volume (1 mL) Agilent G1888 (HS-GC/FID). The substances under study were divided and grouped according to their solubility and working range. For substances with high water solubility it was created a mixture solution (acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-butanol, ether, methanol, 2-propanol), while the others, characterized by high water insolubility but with good solubility in methanol, were divided according to the respective working range. Before the gas chromatography analysis, all specimens, including the calibrators, were diluted. With this purpose 100 μL of urine, vitreous humor or blood were diluted with 1 mL aqueous solution of n-propanol (100 mg/L), used as internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed using two capillary columns with different polarities, in order to ensure fulfillment of the identification criteria recommended for this type of analysis. All compounds studied, including npropanol (internal standard), eluted in a run time of 15 minutes and were all well resolved with no interference of metabolites, degradation products or other substances. The study focused on all parameters included in the validation procedure for quantitative methods, in place at the forensic toxicology laboratory of Centre Branch – Portuguese National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, I.P., which included the study of selectivity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, stability, precision, accuracy, robustness. After analyzing the results we concluded the suitability of the analytical method developed, and used it in real casework.
Livres sur le sujet "Toxicological Interest"
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Williams, Cheryll. Phytochemistry of Australia's Tropical Rainforest. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307593.
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Rare, unique and irreplaceable – precious native rainforests occupy a precariously small part of Australia while retaining a remarkable level of both biological and chemical diversity unrivalled by any other ecosystem. Australia's ancient history and traditions are intimately intertwined with the rainforest plants that humans have utilised as both food and medicine.
Phytochemistry of Australia's Tropical Rainforest is a record of this history and details how our understanding of these plants has led to the discovery of anaesthetics, analgesics, steroids, antimalarials and more. It provides an insight into the habitat, ecology and family associations of hundreds of species and explores their future therapeutic potential, alongside phytochemical studies of the ancient plant lineages. Toxicological evaluations of important poisonous plants are also included.
Rainforests provide shelter for unique flora and fauna that are counted among the rarest species on Earth, many of which are illustrated in this book. This comprehensive work is an essential reference for phytochemists, ethnobotanists and those with an interest in rainforests and their medicinal and botanical potential.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Toxicological Interest"
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Kintz, P., A. Tracqui et P. Mangin. « Toxicological Investigations on Unusual Materials (Hair and Vitreous Humor) : Interest and Limitations ». Dans Archives of Toxicology, 282–85. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77260-3_37.
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Eysseric, H., C. Marka, F. Vincent, J. Bessard, G. Bessard et L. Barret. « Interest of Including Dextropropoxyphene Research in Systematic Toxicological Screening : Poisonings and Forensic Aspects ». Dans Acta Medicinæ Legalis Vol. XLIV 1994, 175–76. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79523-7_54.
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Hale, Robert C., Meredith E. Seeley, Ashley E. King et Lehuan H. Yu. « Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris : Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation ». Dans Microplastic in the Environment : Pattern and Process, 17–67. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_2.
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AbstractApproaches for the collection and analysis of plastic debris in environmental matrices are rapidly evolving. Such plastics span a continuum of sizes, encompassing large (macro-), medium (micro-, typically defined as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm), and smaller (nano-) plastics. All are of environmental relevance. Particle sizes are dynamic. Large plastics may fragment over time, while smaller particles may agglomerate in the field. The diverse morphologies (fragment, fiber, sphere) and chemical compositions of microplastics further complicate their characterization. Fibers are of growing interest and present particular analytical challenges due to their narrow profiles. Compositional classes of emerging concern include tire wear, paint chips, semisynthetics (e.g., rayon), and bioplastics. Plastics commonly contain chemical additives and fillers, which may alter their toxicological potency, behavior (e.g., buoyancy), or detector response (e.g., yield fluorescence) during analysis. Field sampling methods often focus on >20 μm and even >300 μm sized particles and will thus not capture smaller microplastics (which may be most abundant and bioavailable). Analysis of a limited subgroup (selected polymer types, particle sizes, or shapes) of microplastics, while often operationally necessary, can result in an underestimation of actual sample content. These shortcomings complicate calls for toxicological studies of microplastics to be based on “environmentally relevant concentrations.” Sample matrices of interest include water (including wastewater, ice, snow), sediment (soil, dust, wastewater sludge), air, and biota. Properties of the environment, and of the particles themselves, may concentrate plastic debris in select zones (e.g., gyres, shorelines, polar ice, wastewater sludge). Sampling designs should consider such patchy distributions. Episodic releases due to weather and anthropogenic discharges should also be considered. While water grab samples and sieving are commonplace, novel techniques for microplastic isolation, such as continuous flow centrifugation, show promise. The abundance of nonplastic particulates (e.g., clay, detritus, biological material) in samples interferes with microplastic detection and characterization. Their removal is typically accomplished using a combination of gravity separation and oxidative digestion (including strong bases, peroxide, enzymes); unfortunately, aggressive treatments may damage more labile plastics. Microscope-based infrared or Raman detection is often applied to provide polymer chemistry and morphological data for individual microplastic particles. However, the sheer number of particles in many samples presents logistical hurdles. In response, instruments have been developed that employ detector arrays and rapid scanning lasers. The addition of dyes to stain particulates may facilitate spectroscopic detection of some polymer types. Most researchers provide microplastic data in the form of the abundances of polymer types within particle size, polymer, and morphology classes. Polymer mass data in samples remain rare but are essential to elucidating fate. Rather than characterizing individual particles in samples, solvent extraction (following initial sample prep, such as sediment size class sorting), combined with techniques such as thermoanalysis (e.g., pyrolysis), has been used to generate microplastic mass data. However, this may obviate the acquisition of individual particle morphology and compositional information. Alternatively, some techniques (e.g., electron and atomic force microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry) are adept at providing highly detailed data on the size, morphology, composition, and surface chemistry of select particles. Ultimately, the analyst must select the approach best suited for their study goals. Robust quality control elements are also critical to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the sampling and analysis techniques. Further, improved efforts are required to assess and control possible sample contamination due to the ubiquitous distribution of microplastics, especially in indoor environments where samples are processed.
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Gosting, Dorothy C., M. Ellin Doyle, Carol E. Steinhart et Barbara A. Cochrane. « Naturally Occurring Toxicants and Food Constituents of Toxicological Interest ». Dans Food Safety 1990, 261–326. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-9210-6.50010-4.
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Doyle, M. Ellin, Carol E. Steinhart et Barbara A. Cochrane. « Naturally Occurring Toxicants and Food Constituents of Toxicological Interest ». Dans Food Safety 1993, 361–416. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003067214-11.
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Scendoni, Roberto. « Salivary Analysis for Medico-Legal and Forensic Toxicological Purposes ». Dans Forensic Analysis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95625.
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Saliva testing has attracted great interest in the forensic scientific landscape recently, especially among institutions or legal authorities interested in determining drug concentrations (for application in the workplace, drug driving, legal issues associated with drug testing, and pharmacokinetics of selected drugs). Indeed, it has been established that oral fluid is an adequate alternative biological matrix to blood for the determination of xenobiotics and/or drugs of abuse and/or metabolites both in living and deceased individuals. The concentration of a detectable substance in saliva is generally proportional to the free fraction of the drug present in plasma; this measurement therefore makes it possible to correlate the concentration of the substance and its pharmacological effects on the individual. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the main analytical techniques developed thus far in saliva drug testing, from screening to confirmatory analysis, taking into account the interpretation of cut-off levels. Both well-defined and potentially problematic issues are highlighted from medico-legal and toxicological perspectives.
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S.M. Vieira, Nicole, Margarida L. Ferreira, Paulo J. Castro, João M.M. Araújo et Ana B. Pereiro. « Fluorinated Ionic Liquids as Task-Specific Materials : An Overview of Current Research ». Dans Ionic Liquids - Thermophysical Properties and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96336.
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This chapter is focused on the massive potential and increasing interest on Fluorinated Ionic Liquids (FILs) as task-specific materials. FILs are a specific family of ionic liquids, with fluorine tags equal or longer than four carbon atoms, that share and improve the properties of both traditional ionic liquids and perfluoro surfactants. These compounds have unique properties such as three nanosegregated domains, a great surfactant power, chemical/biological inertness, easy recovery and recyclability, low surface tension, extreme surface activity, high gas solubility, negligible vapour pressure, null flammability, and high thermal stability. These properties allied to the countless possible combinations between cations and anions allow the design and development of FILs with remarkable properties to be used in specific applications. In this review, we highlight not only the unique thermophysical, surfactant and toxicological properties of these fluorinated compounds, but also their application as task-specific materials in many fields of interest, including biomedical applications, as artificial gas carries and drug delivery systems, as well as solvents for separations in engineering processes.
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Raghavender Suresh, Raghavv, Shruthee Sankarlinkam, Sai Rakshana Karuppusami, Niraimathi Pandiyan, Suwetha Bharathirengan, Dinesh Kumar Subbiah, Soorya Srinivasan, Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy et Noel Nesakumar. « Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles ». Dans Handbook of Research on Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials, 289–311. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8936-6.ch013.
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In recent years, there has been significant growth and burgeoning interest in utilizing nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, including medical diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biomedical textiles. In particular, nanoparticles functionalized with biological molecules have unique properties and are very effective in medical diagnostics. Besides that, nanoparticles have a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the development of nanodrug delivery systems, the design of novel drugs, as well as their contribution to the design of therapeutic materials. This chapter provides an overview of recent advancements in the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Finally, this chapter discusses the challenges of the toxicological evaluation of engineered nanoparticles and the importance of conducting detailed studies on the synthesis of future nanomaterials to develop cutting-edge technologies for addressing a wide range of biomedical issues.
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Murphy, Jacqueline, Kate Herr et Venkata Vepachedu. « Polymerase Chain Reaction : Applications in Gene and Cell Therapy Studies ». Dans Polymerase Chain Reaction [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110837.
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The rapidly developing fields of gene and cell therapy allow us a platform to repair or replace defective genes or introduce a missing gene. AAV and lentivirus are common viral vectors used in gene therapy to deliver a DNA payload to a tissue of interest. Recently, self-replicating RNA-based vaccines and therapies are also becoming increasingly popular for gene therapy after the success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Cell therapy is the transplantation of human cells without or with ex vivo modification utilizing CAR-T and stem cell technology. Because PCR allows us to detect transgenes with high sensitivity, we can leverage this technology to quantify the efficacy of a therapy and long-term expression in vivo using both qPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively. PCR provides information that is used to justify first in human dose, toxicological evaluations, efficacy through PK/PD relationships, monitor persistency and shedding as well as biomarker and gene expression quantitation. As evaluation of safety endpoints is critical to drug development, PCR is imperative in the field of clinical pharmacology discovery.
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Edowaye Odiko, Andress. « Some Metals Found in Stored Canned Fish Products Sold in Nigeria ». Dans Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110214.
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Trace amount of some metals like zinc, iron, manganese is normally constituent of natural water bodies, canned products and fishes. Excessive levels of metals can become detrimental to consumers of fish and fish products especially those stored for prolonged period at varied temperatures. Toxicological and environmental concerns have therefore prompted interest into the investigation of some of these metals especially in canned fish stored in different media, sold in Nigeria. In order to curb preventable damage to consumers’ vital organs as a result of unsuspecting elevated levels in consumed fish and fish products, this study will determine the presence of some metals in different storage media and compare their values with safe set-standard levels. Monthly mean concentration of metals was determined using Inductive Coupled Plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and values compared with permissible set-values by different moderating organizations like the Codex, World Health Organization (WHO) among others when considering metal contamination. Based on all the different storage media, an average concentration of 2.88–29.45 mg/kg Fe, 7.04–72.09 mg/kg Zn, 0.09–0.67 mg/kg Mn, 0.55–5.61 mg/kg Ni, 0.02–0.27 mg/kg V were detected during the period of study. This study is therefore intended to encourage comprehensive periodic monitoring of canned products in Nigeria market.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Toxicological Interest"
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Farag, Radwan S., et Layla S. Tawfeek. « ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF SOME PLANTS' CRUDE JUICES ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.08.
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In the latest years, there was an interest in seeking for antimicrobial substances of botanical parts that have capability to suppress foodborne pathogens. Therefore, the antibacterial activity was evaluated on the crude juices produced from the mechanical pressing of some agro and food industrial byproducts, i.e., pomegranate leaves and peels and the leaves of fig, guava and olive. Also, the cytotoxicity effects of these crude juices on normal cells were estimated to check the safety of these crude juices on the human body. The results elucidate that the crude juice of pomegranate peels showed bactericidal ability against all tested bacteria. Olive leaves crude juice exhibited bactericidal ability against S. aureus, B. cereus and E. coli only, while guava leaves crude juice had a bactericidal activity against only S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Otherwise, pomegranate leaves and fig leaves crude juices did not show any inhibition zones at all. Toxicological potential of crude juices under study revealed no cytotoxic effects at the concentrations used in the current study. Accordingly, pomegranate peels crude juice can be used as a naturalistic antibacterial substance to prohibit the deterioration of stored foods by bacteria moreover, the shelf-life of food would be expanded and massive economic losses due to food wastage would be avoided.
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Aquino, Camila Diovani, Isabelle Abrão Inácio et Maria Lucia De Queiroz Guimaraes Hernandes. « EXPANSÃO DA ÁREA ENTOMOLÓGICA NAS REDES SOCIAIS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA ». Dans I Congresso Brasileiro On-line de Biologia de Insetos. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/2306.
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Introdução: Em virtude da pandemia de Covid-19, novas estratégias acadêmicas tiveram de ser adotadas e ampliadas. No ramo da Entomologia não foi diferente, com a ausência das aulas presenciais, as mídias sociais ganharam bastante destaque para agregar conhecimento aos discentes de diferentes cursos e áreas. O ramo Entomológico usa seus conhecimentos para resolver problemas na agricultura, como programa de controle de pragas, na medicina com o controle de vetores, criminologia, reflorestamento, entre outros. Para isso, a entomologia está ligada a diferentes áreas do conhecimento como a genética, a fisiologia, a toxicologia, a ecologia, a taxonomia, entre outras. Objetivo: Para a elaboração deste projeto, foi criada uma página por meio da plataforma Instagram (@insetonaticos), com o intuito de trazer conteúdos relacionados ao estudo dos insetos e suas grandes variações. Material e Método: As redes sociais auxiliam no ensino-aprendizagem e fornecem informações interessantes sobre o conteúdo de Biologia, ampliando o aprendizado e conhecimento acerca de assuntos relacionados a área entomológica. Resultados: Com a página conseguimos alcançar estudantes, professores e curiosos sobre a Entomologia e suas ramificações. A internet tem o papel fundamental de manter uma certa rotina e parâmetros de "normalidade" nesse momento de suspensão das atividades presenciais. O acesso à internet possibilita que muitos continuem a ter aulas, a manter atividades de trabalho, a participar de atividades culturais e artísticas e acessar suas redes de apoio. Conclusão: É através das redes digitais que se tem acesso a informações sobre a pandemia e as formas de proteção. A vantagem da divulgação científica pelas redes sociais é essa: a gente já tem a ponte, ela é mais curta ou, às vezes, nenhuma porque somos a própria ponte.