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1
Hed Jakobsson, Anna. « Constructions in Space : Framing Similarities between Medieval Churchyards and Towns ». Current Swedish Archaeology 9, no 1 (10 juin 2021) : 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2001.09.
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The symbolism present in medieval church buildings and church interiors has been extensively studied. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the less considered space surrounding the churches, that is the churchyards. The layout larchitecture) of the churchyard must have been just as meaningful as the church itself. In the present interpretation it is suggested that the Scandinavian churchyard, due to its form, was associated with the town and its connotations. The churchyard is proposed to have been apprehended as a "piece of town" moved out into the rural landscape, representing some of the things that the town or city stood for: the ideal society, the centre of the world and a manifestation of power (and perhaps also contra-power). The point of departure is the observation that medieval churchyards in their layout resemble in some respects how the contemporaneous towns were spatially organised.
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De Jongste, Jan A. F. « Conflicten Rond Predikantsbenoemingen in Enkele Hollandse Steden, Ca. 1670-1770 ». Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 75, no 1 (1995) : 64–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002820395x00038.
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AbstractWithin the rather complex relationship between State and Church the appointment of ministers has always been of the greatest importance. Attempts to make a regulation, which would be valid in all the towns of the province of Holland, were not successful because of the fundamental disagreement between church and civil authorities on the limits of competence on both sides. The "broad" church council, composed of ministers, elders and deacons and sometimes also former elders and representatives of the town government (commissarissen politiek) officially decided on the selection of ministers. In almost every town however, the church council had to ask the burgomasters for permission to set the procedure in motion. In the end the council had to present a select list of three candidates and finally the name of the candidate the majority of its members thought preferable. This procedure offered the town governments ample opportunities to intervene. They could decline to initiate the selection process, impose conditions or veto unsuitable candidates. Many church councils considered these interventions as unacceptable encroachments on their rights and freedom. The appointments of ministers were always potential causes of discord between the civil authorities and the church councils. The article deals with the many conflicts in a number of towns in the province of Holland between 1670 and 1770. The beginning is marked by the political crisis of 1672 which resulted in the restoration of the stadholderly regime under William III. The Voetians, the Reformed orthodoxy, hoped for support of the stadholder in their theological struggle with the adherents of Coccejus. In the second half of the 18th century this conflict had lost its original character and furthermore the dissension within the Reformed Church was no longer mainly based on disagreement between these two groups but the changed situation had produced a tripartition. Somewhat later political elements began influencing the internal relations. Analysis of the conflicts leads to the conclusion, that local circumstances often played a decisive part. It also demonstrates the complex and comprehensive character of these collisions. Yet it is possible to categorize the various conflicts by distinguishing between different, although closely interconnected, dominating factors: 1. religious antagonism within the Reformed Church (the richtingenstrijd); 2. discord between political factions within the town governments; 3. differing opinions on the relation between church and state at the local level and more specifically the part played by the church council in the selection procedure; 4. nepotism and favouritism; and 5. meddling by the Orange stadholders in the appointments of ministers under William III and after the restoration of the Orangist regime in 1747.
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Mcswain, Larry L. « Book Review : The Small Town Church ». Review & ; Expositor 83, no 1 (février 1986) : 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463738608300152.
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Georgieva, Miroslava. « Church Architecture in Southwestern Bulgaria in the Late 9th – Early 11th Century (Based on Archaeological Data) ». Studia Ceranea 13 (30 décembre 2023) : 347–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.13.42.
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This publication is devoted to the church architecture in Southwestern Bulgaria (now Blagoevgrad region) during the First Bulgarian Tsardom, in the period from the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century. From the second half of the 9th century (specifically from 864) the territories of the region under consideration officially entered the borders of the medieval Bulgarian state, which coincided with the conversion to Christianity in Bulgaria (865). The studied region covers the valleys of the rivers of Struma (Middle Struma) and Mesta (Upper and Middle Mesta), which were part of the southwestern borders of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. At present, three churches can be attributed to this period, all excavated through regular archaeological excavations. These are the Basilica of St. Nicholas in the town of Melnik, the single-nave church in the area of Shipotsko at the town of Bansko and the three-conchal church at the village of Kulata, Petrich municipality. In terms of their functional characteristics, these churches include an episcopal (or parish) church (“St. Nicholas” in Melnik), a cemetery church (the church in the area of Shipotsko near the town of Bansko) and a monastery church (the church at the village of Kulata). Characteristic for the first two is their construction on older cult sites – on an ancient sanctuary and an early Christian church (the church “St. Nicholas” in Melnik) and on an early Christian temple (the church in the area of Shipotsko, at the town of Bansko). The small number of excavated church buildings from the First Bulgarian Tsardom is also typical for the rest of the Bulgarian lands. Although the examples from the region are few, they show that almost all major architectural types are found here.
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Butler, Richard J. « Catholic Power and the Irish City : Modernity, Religion, and Planning in Galway, 1944–1949 ». Journal of British Studies 59, no 3 (juillet 2020) : 521–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.68.
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AbstractA major town planning dispute between church and state in Galway in the 1940s over the location for a new school provides a lens for rethinking Ireland's distinctive engagement with modernity. Using town planning and urban governance lenses, this article argues that existing scholarship on the postwar Irish Catholic Church overstates its hegemonic power. In analyzing the dispute, it critiques the undue focus within European town-planning studies on the state and on the supposedly “rational” agendas of mid-century planners, showing instead how religious entities forged parallel paths of urban modernity and urban governance. It thus adds an Irish and an urban-planning dimension to existing debates within religious history about urbanization and secularization, showing how adaptive the Irish Catholic Church was to high modernity. Finally, with its focus on a school building, it brings a built environment angle into studies of education policy in Ireland. In seeking to revisit major historiographical debates within town planning, religious history, and studies of urban modernity, the article makes extensive use of the recently opened papers of Bishop Michael Browne of Galway, a noted public intellectual within the Irish Catholic Church and a European expert on canon law.
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Gordon, Rona Johnston. « Controlling Time in the Habsburg Lands : The Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in Austria below the Enns ». Austrian History Yearbook 40 (avril 2009) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000034.
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On 6 January 1584, the provost of Zwettl in the archduchy of Austria below the Enns recounted events two days earlier that had greatly alarmed him. Present in the town of Zwettl on administrative business, Ulrich Hackel had been very surprised to see the town church unlocked and packed with peasants and townspeople. An additional 600 peasants, according to his reckoning, were gathered outside the church. All were dressed in their best and all were celebrating Christmas. Yet, as far as Hackel had been concerned, Christmas had already been celebrated ten days earlier. He halted worship in the church, telling the congregation that Christmas was now past and had been duly marked. He then sought out the local magistrate to ensure that the church would be kept locked and that trade would be resumed in the town. His actions had, however, aroused very great opposition. An angry crowd surrounded Hackel, accusing him of being a papist and a rogue and demanding to know why he was depriving them of Christmas. He believed that had he uttered one more word in favor of the earlier celebration of Christmas, he would have been killed on the spot. Hackel had escaped their fury only by being escorted by the town magistrate out of the local parish house in which he had taken refuge and beyond the walls of the town.
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Buržinskas, Žygimantas. « Urban Development of Merkinė Town in the 16th–18th Centuries ». Archaeologia Lituana 22 (30 décembre 2021) : 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2021.22.4.
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This study presents data reflecting the urban development of Merkinė in the 16th–18th centuries. The old names of the city streets and the development of the street structure are analyzed. After the analysis of historical sources, the approximate location of the lost masonry and other town buildings is presented, as well as the data of residential and public town buildings and the manor house. In the 16th–18th centuries, wooden buildings dominated in the town, but sources testify that, especially before the mid-17th century war, brick residential buildings were also built in the main town streets. Along with the town hall, the parish church dominated in the structure of the town, as well as the churches and monasteries of the Jesuit residence and the Dominican convent, and on the top of the town a wooden St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s Church stood, which was to be prominently seen in the town’s skyline.
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Szőcs, Péter Levente. « The medieval parish church of Baia Mare : preliminary results of an archaeological research project ». Hungarian Archaeology 11, no 2 (2022) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2022.2.4.
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Baia Mare (Nagybánya in Hungarian, a town today in Northwestern Romania) was an important mining town in medieval Hungary. It was called Rivulus Dominarum, meaning “Lady’s Creek.” The town owed its emergence and prosperity to gold and silver mining and related minting. The town, therefore, was an important economic centre, not only in the region but also for the whole Hungarian Kingdom. Once a large parish church stood near the main square, but it became almost entirely dismantled, only its tower standing since the second half of the 19th century. From 2012 to 2014, archaeological excavations were carried out in the parish church and its surroundings; the results allow us to outline a much more detailed picture of this significant medieval building.
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Golec, Boris. « Market town of Vače until the mid-nineteenth century ». Kronika 71, no 1 (3 février 2023) : 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.71.1.03.
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The contribution discusses the development of Vače, one of the smallest Slovenian market towns, from its beginnings to the mid-nineteenth century. The place first appeared in written sources at a relatively late stage (1429), and its main feature was that, unlike most Slovenian market towns, it did not develop as a suburban settlement below the castle as the seigniorial seat but a bit further away, around the vicariate and later parish church. Of the four market towns in Upper Carniola, Vače was the only »classical« market town, meaning that it emerged in the Middle Ages, exercised the standard economic functions of market-town settlements, and enjoyed a full administrative-judicial autonomy. Due to the specific structure of the sources preserved, much more is known about the normative aspect of the market town’s internal structure than about the practical implementation of its self-administration and the lower judiciary. In terms of economy, Vače functioned as a typical small market town with well-established trade fairs and craftsmen, whose basic craft services catered to the needs of the local population.
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Du Preez, Sophia. « Die eerste bewoners van kerkplein, Pretoria ». New Contree 3 (12 juillet 2024) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v3i0.844.
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Pretoria was founded to meet the need of the community north of the Vaal for a place where the Volksraad could assemble and church gatherings could be held. At a meeting which took place on 27 July 1857, regulations were drawn up for the town of Pretoria. several buildings having by that time been erected on what is today known as Church Square. On 27 May 1856 the Volksraad met at Hendrik Vermeulen's house and the first church was consecrated on 22 February 1857. The part played by the Vermeulen family in establishing Pretoria, they being among the first to settle in this town, is commemorated in the name Vermeulen Street.
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Linzey, Kate. « Making a Place : Mangakino 1946-1962 ». Architectural History Aotearoa 5 (31 octobre 2008) : 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v5i0.6766.
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In between Whakamaru (1949-56) and Maraetai (1946-53) dams, on the Waikato River, sits Mangakino. Planned and built from c.1948 to 1951, by the Town Planning section of the Ministry of Works, the civic centre was to provide housing and services for the work force on the Maraetai scheme. The architectural design of these dams has previously been discussed as the work of émigré architect, Fredrick Neumann/Newman (Leach), and the town, as that of Ernst Plischke (Lloyd-Jenkins, Sarnitz). In 1949 the plan for Mangakino was published, alongside the plan for Upper Hutt, in the February-March edition of the Design Review. As two "rapidly growing towns," Upper Hutt and Mangakino are briefly reviewed in the context of two essays ("Who wants community centres?" and "Community Centres" by HCD Somerset), an outline of the curriculum of the new School of Architecture and Town Planning, run by the Wellington Architectural Centre, and notification of the 1948 Town Planning Amendment Act. As published in the Design Review, the plan of Mangakino includes a church in the south west, with the sporting facilities to the north and Rangatira Drive flanking a shopping strip on the east. The church sits in a field of grass, isolated and apparently serene. In the drawing published in the monograph Ernst Plischke, however, this building has been cropped off. Focusing on the case of Mangakino, this essay will review the discourse of town planning for secular and religious community in the late 1940s. This era, framed by the end of World War II and the deepening of the Cold War, is seen as the context for industrial action, a changing sense of nationalism, and small town New Zealand as the site of civil dispute.
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Gordon, Scott Paul. « Entangled by the World : William Henry of Lancaster and “Mixed” Living in Moravian Town and Country Congregations ». Journal of Moravian History 8, no 1 (2010) : 7–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41179899.
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Abstract Members of Moravian “town and country” congregations in eighteenth-century America confronted particular challenges: unable or unwilling to separate themselves from “the world,” such Moravians were often looked at with suspicion by church authorities in settlement congregations such as Bethlehem. These ongoing tensions were exacerbated during the Revolutionary War, when the decisions of many Brethren—most visibly, William Henry of Lancaster—to engage in political activity seemed to confirm the suspicions that town and country congregations had admitted individuals to their fellowship who were too entangled in the world to devote themselves to spiritual matters. Yet it was these Brethren who, thanks to the very entanglements that dismayed church authorities, possessed the political influence to aid and protect the Moravian Church when it was threatened.
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Harding, Alan. « A Victorian Church in Edinburgh’s Old Town : St Columba’s Episcopal Church in Context ». Scottish Church History 37, no 1 (juin 2007) : 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sch.2007.37.1.6.
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Frankl, P. J. L. « Mombasa Cathedral and the CMS Compound : the Years of the East Africa Protectorate ». History in Africa 35 (janvier 2008) : 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0017.
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Exactly when Islam arrived on the Swahili coast is difficult to say, but Mombasa was a Muslim town long before the arrival of Vasco da Gama in 1498. During the two centuries or so that the Portuguese-Christians occupied this part of the sea route from Europe to India there were churches in Mombasa and elsewhere in Swahililand, but none has endured. Modern Christianity dates from 1844, when Ludwig Krapf arrived in Mombasa. Before then Mombasa was a “wholly Mohammedan” town. Krapf, a German Lutheran, was employed by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) based in London. Failing to make any converts on the island, Krapf moved into the coastal hinterland, among the Nyika, where Islam was less in evidence and where, therefore, Krapf was more hopeful of success. With remarkable perspicacity he wrote: “Christianity and civilisation ever go hand in hand…. A black bishop and black clergy of the Protestant Church may, ere long, become a necessity in the civilisation of Africa.”In England, when attention was drawn to the east African slave trade, a settlement of liberated slaves was established on the mainland north of Mombasa island in 1875, and a church built (Emmanuel Church, Frere Town)—the first parcel of land in central Swahililand to be owned by European-Christians. There was still no church on the island. However, this was the zenith of the British imperial power and in the capital of almost every major British overseas possession, it was de rigueur—alongside the Secretariat and the Club—to have a Church of England cathedral.
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Kadnichanskyy, D., et A. Manko. « Problems of use of architectural heritage of Sambir district in tourist activity ». Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no 43 (19 octobre 2013) : 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1539.
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Architectural heritage of the town of Sambir and Sambir district is described. The problems of use of the monuments of architecture of Sambir district in tourism are discussed. Key words: architectural heritage, tourist activity, monument of architecture monument of architecture, castle, church, Roman-catholic church.
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Gleń, Piotr, et Aleksandra Jarocka-Mikrut. « Adaptation Of Forgotten Buildings The Example Of The Ruins Of The Kościelec Protestant Church In Piaski ». Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 19, no 4 (1 décembre 2015) : 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2015-0047.
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Abstract Small towns in the Lublin Province are abundant with buildings possessed of outstanding historical and architectural values, representing the culture of past generations. Piaski, about 30 km east of Lublin, also boasts some of the remarkable characteristic of small towns. Not only does it feature post-Jewish tenements, but also a palace and complexes of religious buildings situated on its outskirts. This article focuses on the Kościelec - an unused, dilapidated former Protestant church. Now, works are being carried out that have inspired the Piaski town authorities to try to find a best-use scenario for the former church, in order to preserve its architectural values for future generations. The authors of this article aim to prove the necessity of research and analysis in finding the best new functions for properties whose function has already been imposed. The example of successfully completed revitalisation works at the palace and park complex in Gardzienice, located not far from the baroque Protestant church in Piaski, illustrates the advantages of some of the adaptation processes that can be employed in such buildings.
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Cuthbertson, G. C. « The St Andrew's Scottish Church mission in Cape Town, 1838-1878 ». New Contree 9 (11 juillet 2024) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v9i0.810.
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When slaves at the Cape were emancipated at the end of 1838, St Andrew's Presbyterian (Scottish) Church became the first church in Cape Town to open its membership to Blacks. This accounts for the fact that ex-slave converts joined St Andrew's and not other churches. The St Andrew's Mission became an important 'westernizing agency' under the Rev. George Morgan and the Rev. G. W. Stegmann. It performed not only a religious function, but also became an educational and welfare organisation for ex-slaves during the 1840s. A clash between Morgan and Stegmann resulted in a split in the Mission and the establishment of an independent Coloured congregation at St Stephen's Church. Later, in 1878, dissension between the White congregation and the mission congregation at St Andrew's Church caused the closure of the continuing St Andrew's Mission. The mission to the Blacks was taken over by the newly formed Cape Presbytery in 1893.
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Urbaniak, Miron. « Zbąszynek (Neu Bentschen) ». Architectura 47, no 1-2 (24 juillet 2019) : 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2017-0007.
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AbstractZbąszynek (Neu Bentschen), a German border post, with accommodation for railway workers, customs officials, postmen and border guards, was established primarily between 1923 and 1930. It was built in the middle of the countryside, designed according to the garden city concept and provided with an urban technical infrastructure. In the years 1932 to 1945, the town had the status of a rural parish. The majority of the houses and civic buildings (railway station, school, town hall, Protestant church, Catholic church, inn) were designed by Wilhelm Beringer from the Deutsche Reichsbahn administration in Frankfurt (Oder). He incorporated neo-baroque and expressionist motifs. The monumental and expressionist water tower, designed by Bruno Möhring from Berlin, is also worth noting. The town comprised two parts. The eastern part contained housing for company workers and officials, a school at the main town square and an inn; the western part was intended – though the idea was short-lived – to comprise privately owned houses, both churches and the town hall. By design, the slaughterhouse, sewage treatment plant and cemetery were all placed on the periphery of the town. The two parts were, and still are divided by ul. Wojska Polskiego, Zbąszynek’s main street. Its southern end is the imposing pl. Dworcowy, the Station Square, taking the form of a cour d’honneur.
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Mormino, Gary R. « The Reader and the Worker : Los Lectores and the Culture of Cigarmaking in Cuba and Florida ». International Labor and Working-Class History 54 (1998) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006189.
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“You know what Victor Hugo say?” asked José Vega Díaz. Thus began a lengthy recitation, the product of decades of labor agitation, listening to Les Miserables, and rolling cigars. He had been asked to explain the influence of el lector (the reader) on the lives of cigar workers. The answer filtered through ninety-five years of experience in Cuba and Florida.“You know what Victor Hugo say? In all the towns, in every place, they have a schoolteacher. And in every town, the schoolteacher is the light. He lights the candle. But in every town they try to blow away the light. The preachers, the priests. That's why they [the church, the owner] don't want the reader. The reader lights the candle. It was a good thing.”
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Lundie, Ruth Edith, et Deborah Merle Hancox. « The Local Church and the First Thousand Days of a Child's Life : A Mixed Methods Study from South Africa ». Christian Journal for Global Health 7, no 3 (6 août 2020) : 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v7i3.323.
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Background: Whilst there is a growing body of research indicating the life-long significance of the first thousand days (F1000D) in a person’s life, there is currently limited research regarding the church’s understanding and support of this critical period for human health and wellbeing. Exploratory research was therefore conducted by a Cape Town faith-based organization seeking preliminary answers to the question: What is the specific contribution a local church can make in support of the first thousand days (conception to 2 years) of a child’s life in Cape Town, South Africa?
Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted with 194 respondents, seeking to understand knowledge and attitudes of church leaders towards F1000D, current church responses, existing F1000D models, and approaches that may be suited to the church, the role that respondents see for the church in F1000D, and barriers to mothers accessing F1000D services.
Results: The research showed that although there is limited knowledge and engagement with F1000D by church leaders, there is broad consensus that the church does have a significant role to play in this life stage. The church has many assets that can be mobilised in support of F1000D and doing so will also serve the church’s missional purpose.
Discussion: Key recommendations include the following: F1000D should be included and normalised across all church activities; programmatic responses to F1000D that use the assets of a local church should be developed; the collective voice of the church for advocacy for F1000D support and services within society should be harnessed.
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Aibabin, Aleksandr I., et Elzara A. Khairedinova. « Quarter Churches of the Mediaeval Town atop Eski-Kermen Plateau ». Античная древность и средние века 48 (2020) : 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2020.48.020.
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In the late sixth century AD, the Byzantines established a fort atop the plateau of Eski-Kermen. From the tenth to twelfth century, this structure developed into a small mediaeval town. Almost all the territory of the southern half of the plateau was occupied by a few rectangular quarters each comprising several houses. The excavations of the quarters in question unearthed four small aisleless churches of two types: I – with a rectangular hall and an apse, II – with a narthex attached to the naos with an apse. According to stratigraphic observations, the quarter churches in question were built in the tenth and eleventh century following the re-planning of many town quarters. The architectural appearance of the quarter churches of type I is reconstructed by a small model of a church carved from limestone. The churches were small buildings of rectangular ground-plan, covered with a gable roof and having a protruding semicircular apse with a vaulted roof. The roofs were covered with tiles. The walls were plastered inside; in some churches, they were additionally covered with polychrome fresco paintings. According to the proportions of the model, the height of the gable-roofed church equalled to the building length without the apse, i. e. around five meters. The ground plan, dimensions, and proportions of the church of type II are similar to those of the arcosolia church, which L. G. Kolesnikova excavated in 1963–1965 in the port area of Chersonese. From the tenth to twelfth century, aisleless churches spread through the entire area of Byzantium. According to V. M. Polevoi, wide distribution of the single type of churches from the tenth to twelfth century testifies to the development of “folk architecture.” The archaeological excavations at Eski-Kermen plateau revealed a re-planning of all the urban quarters which started from the late ninth century with the aim of the construction of quarter churches to be owned by a single family or clan. This process testifies to the strengthening of the Church’s positions even in small towns located on the imperial borderland.
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Kaminskas-Krinčius, Algimantas. « Publication of a Church Metrics Fragment (1705–1710) Which Is Part of the Oldest Remaining Original Stakliškiai Church Baptism Metrics Dated 1705–1726 ». Bibliotheca Lituana 2 (25 octobre 2012) : 447–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2012.2.15594.
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Transcriptions of the Stakliškiai church metrics can be found dated from 1699 to 1798 while originals are available from 1705 to modern times. The article presents a church metrics fragment (1705–1710) which is part of the oldest remaining original Stakliškiai church baptism metrics dated 1705–1726. This period was chosen because in 1710 the plague made fundamental changes in the demographic situation of the town and other neighboring settlements. The main aim of the publication is to present the text not only semantically but also graphically. The entries are ordered this way: first column – the day, second column – name of the town, third column – the year, month and the whole text of the entry: name of the baptized baby, names of the parents, names of the godparents, area information and other additional notes e.g. information on the nobility of those present at the ceremony. The presented fragment is not only important to researchers of the specific town and area but also could serve as an example for preparing and researching other metrics books. Metrics books are important not only to genealogy researches but also to researchers of local history and specialists of demographics, linguistics or religious sciences.
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White, Chris. « Appropriating Christian History in Fujian : Red Tourism Meets the Cross ». Studies in World Christianity 23, no 1 (avril 2017) : 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0168.
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In the early years of China's Civil War, the Communist army and leadership sought refuge from Nationalist troops in the remote western district of Fujian Province known as Tingzhou. Here, for over three years, the leaders of the fledgling Communist Party, including Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, occupied the city's Christian hospital and church. Because of the importance of this period in CCP historical lore, these buildings today are national-level protected sites and promoted in ‘red tourism’ junkets that visit sites central to the revolution. Despite its close connection to CCP history, the church building in the county town today is a functioning religious site – the only registered church in the county town – and this has created an interesting dynamic for both the local state and church as both sides hope to capitalise on the historic significance of the Christian property. This article, in providing a brief background on the Tingzhou Church, suggests that this case reflects a new willingness in China to acknowledge and promote Christian history. Furthermore, the article argues that churches are becoming increasingly adept at realising the value the state sees in their heritage and use this in their negotiations with governing authorities.
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Landecka, Halina. « Saint Virgin Mary Parish Church in Kraśnik – new research results after I phase of studies 2008-2009 ». Budownictwo i Architektura 7, no 2 (13 décembre 2010) : 053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2269.
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The town of Kraśnik is one of the oldest of its kind in the Lublin region – archaeological researches confirmed that that in the XIII century in the same place existed a settlement with castle and a church. Municipal rights were granted to Krasnik in 1377, when town was ruled by Gorajski family. A brick church was founded by Teczynski family around 1448. Today this is reflected by the chancel build around the altar from Gothic bricks, to which in the next phases vestry and treasury has been constructed. In 1461 a n Canons Regular of the Lateran Order has been brought to Krasnik from Cracow. The Order extended the original structure and built a monastery. From stone blocks they erected main nave and church aisles and Gothic church was incorporated in the new form. Consecutive rebuilding continued in 1st half of XVI century (raising of church walls, new arches, Renaissance decorations, polychrome wall paintings, memorial chapels). After damages to the church caused by the wars with Sweden, it became a property of Zamoyski family, who rebuilt it in the Baroque style (new elevation copings, building of new chapel in which the foundation date remained – 1657). In the year of 1864 after the cessation of the Order, church has been taken under the control of Russian government. Damaged by fires it required renovations (front elevations, roof). In 1911 the last phase of modifications was recorded – extension to the clock tower. Church in Krasnik with its 600 years of history always attracted attention from architectural researchers and scientists. In 2007 renovation of front elevation commenced. Initial works on removing plaster revealed perfectly preserved stone blocks and details from the earliest phases of the construction (fragments of a Gothic arch, stone window framings, front walls). Conservatory and archaeological researches inside the church on the foundation, roof and elevation levels uncovered new architectural elements and therefore allowed to understand in more complete way the construction phases of the church. As the results of the research, a decision has been made to restore the Gothic form of the church (rarely found in Lublin region) and to expose the oldest brick front, stone contour with beautiful stepped facade, portal, high windows and architectural details from the II phase of construction. Research to reveal more about the history of church, monastery and the town itself continues along with reconstruction works.
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Nikonov, Vadim V. « THE CASE OF THE “COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY GROUP OF CHURCHMEN OF THE TOWN OF YEGORYEVSK” IN 1935 AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE PERSECUTION BY THE NKVD OF THE “NON-COMMEMORATORS” MOVEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE GA OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE GA OF SO AND THE CENTRAL STATE ADMINISTRATION OF MOSCOW) ». History and Archives 5, no 1 (2023) : 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2023-5-1-47-62.
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The article deals with the case of the “counter-revolutionary group of churchmen, consisting of the monks, nuns and former people of the town of Yegoryevsk”, that began in April 1935. Among the defendants in the case were the monastics, the representatives of the white clergy from the temples in the town of Yegoryevsk and the surrounding area, as well as the laypeople who took an active church position. The formal charges brought against the members of the “counterrevolutionary group” were reduced to anti-Soviet agitation aimed at disrupting the events organized by the Soviet government, directed to spreading false rumors about its imminent downfall and to organizing a secret church. However, the archival documents indicate that the main purpose of the initiated case was an attack on the believers who did not accept the 1927 Declaration of Metropolitan Sergius of Nizhny Novgorod (Stragorodsky), the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens, and who formed the groups of the True Orthodox Church and the non-commemorators. In the mid-1930s. those groups were mostly filled by the priests and clergymen returning from exile who were forced to settle outside the 100-kilometer zone from Moscow, in the towns such as Yegoryevsk, Pokrov, Alexandrov, etc. The material is based on the documents from the collections of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the State Archives of the Smolensk Region and the Central State Archives of the Moscow Region
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Young, Peter. « Series on Church and State Church and State in the Legal Tradition of Australia ». Journal of Anglican Studies 1, no 2 (décembre 2003) : 92–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174035530300100207.
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ABSTRACTThe relationship between church and state in Australia has been examined on many occasions, though principally by historians and theologians. This article examines how the legislature and courts of Australia have handled problems where there has been a conflict at the interface between secular and religious interests. The article deals with constitutional issues, conflict in education, in town planning and taxation as well as considering what we really mean by ‘church’ and ‘state’ in this context and how problems might manifest themselves in the twenty-first century.
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Vukadinovic, Zoran. « The Temple of St. Sava in Kosovska Mitrovica ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 122 (2007) : 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0722203v.
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Activity of the Serbian Orthodox Church during the enslavement under the Turks was of decisive and invaluable significance for maintaining the national spirit of the Serbian nation in the region of the Old and South Serbia. The construction of monasteries and temples, as the centers of Serbian spirituality, was the primary goal of The Serbian Orthodox Church and The Government of The Kingdom of Serbia. Kosovska Mitrovica is a small town which got its Orthodox church last. The construction of the church (1896-1921) went slowly, depending on the political and economic (mis)happenings. Anger of the Albanians, obstinacy of the Turks, two Balkan and one world war dictated the speed of the construction of the church. The project of the church (Andra Stevanovic) and of the bell-tower (Aleksandar Deroko) was also economically expensive. The executor(s) of the work, master masons from Veles and painters from Macedonia were also expensive. The church was built with the great effort of The Church Municipality and it was the spiritual center of the Serbs in Kosovska Mitrovica and its surroundings between the two world wars. The Temple of St. Sava celebrates a great jubilee on August 6, 2007 - the 110th anniversary from the beginning of its construction. The Serbs do not live in the so-called South Mitrovica, where the church, the bell-tower, the chapel and the cemetery are located. From the distance of 500 meters, the Serbs from Northern Mitrovica watch the burnt temple, destroyed chapel and broken monuments in the southern part of the town, waiting for the new construction of the church, of the chapel, of the cemetery...
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Mengesha, Megersa. « The Effect of Spiritual Leadership on the Spiritual Growth of Youth in Western Showa Dano District Seyo Town ». Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no 4 (2023) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000341.
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Today's fast-paced digital world has an impact on people's spiritual lives, particularly those of young people. Christian youth should lead lives that are marked by development or progress. Young people require a leader who has a spiritual soul and can serve as a role model and life guide as they enter the process of maturing, particularly in terms of their spiritual development. Because of this, the necessity for leaders in human life has always changed with time and has always been a fascinating subject of conversation. A church leader is required to possess this spiritual leadership. This is due to the significant influence that church leaders have on Christian youth's spiritual development within the church. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how spiritual leadership affects young people's spiritual development. With 130 members, Seyo Evangelical Church of Mekane Iyesus youth, West Showa, served as the study's sample. Regression analysis is the analytic technique employed. The spiritual development of the fledgling Seyo Evangelical church of Mekane Iyesus is positively impacted by spiritual leadership. Youth spiritual growth will accelerate in the presence of strong spiritual leadership.
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Kharismawan, R., G. C. Dewanda, S. Nugroho, A. S. Mahendra et W. Setyawan. « The image of Gresik Town Square based on participatory design of multicultural society in Gresik ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1351, no 1 (1 mai 2024) : 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012003.
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Abstract Gresik Town Square, or Alun-alun Gresik, was originally an open space that was used by local residents for various activities. However, in 2017, the Gresik Town Square was converted into an Islamic Center, which caused pros and cons in the society. This refusal is based on the position of the Gresik Town Square as a cultural heritage and the conditions around the Square are not only based on Islamic culture. This is marked by the existence of the Pentecostal Church and Kim Hin Kiong Temple near the Alun-Alun. This phenomenon generates a “placelessness”, which describes the ignorance of special feature of places in the creation of the new landscapes. The existence of Alun-Alun Gresik, which is an Islamic Center, can slowly replace the special meaning of places, such as the Pentecostal Church and Kim Hin Kiong Temple which are also highly related to the cultural traditions. Based on this problem, the multicultural condition of the Old City of Gresik is the basis for restoring Gresik Town Square by respecting other cultures. Using participatory design approach, this project is trying to involve participants’ contributions in seeing this issue and giving aspirations on the design of multicultural Gresik Town Square. The research employs field observation, interview, survey, and literature review for data collection. The results showed that two groups (accepting and rejecting the design) are likely to have multicultural image of the town square, supported by activities and facilities that accommodate each communities’ culture.
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Stamatatou, E. « Two Graffiti of Sailing Vessels at Paliachora on Aigina ». Annual of the British School at Athens 92 (novembre 1997) : 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016762.
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Graffiti have been found in a number of the churches in the medieval town of Paliachora on Aigina and elsewhere on the island. Recently two graffiti of sailing vessels were noted in the church of Agioi Anargyroi in Paliachora and it is suggested that their presence may be related to the maritime activities of the medieval inhabitants, pirate raids on the town, and the beliefs of fishermen and sailors.
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Aldous, Benjamin, et Michael Moynagh. « Learning from “Fresh Expressions of Church” and the “Loving-First Cycle” through a Case Study from Cape Town ». Mission Studies 38, no 2 (28 septembre 2021) : 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341790.
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Abstract This article outlines and engages the “loving-first cycle” as a contextual model for starting new faith communities and as potentially one of the lessons from “fresh expressions” for the wider church. Initially we describe two alternative approaches to church multiplication and explain the “loving-first cycle” as a contrasting methodology arising from the experience of fresh expressions of church in the UK. Next, we ground the cycle in a case study from Cape Town, South Africa. Then we argue that the cycle has the potential to be an intentional methodology for mission.
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Esser, Raingard. « Contested Space in a Contested Border Area : The Sint Jan in ‘s Hertogenbosch - Or : From Bosch to the Ten Commandments ». Entangled Religions 7 (27 juillet 2018) : 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v7.2018.46-77.
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This article investigates contemporary perceptions of church space in the border town of ‘s Hertogenbosch in the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia. Through a close reading of two chorographies, the study sheds light on ways in which historians can try to grasp contemporary views on what mattered in a church interior in the contested border areas of the Generality Lands, regions in the Dutch Republic, where the Calvinist political elite remained a minority. The study alerts us to the temporality of changes to church interiors and its embeddedness in local and regional circumstances.
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Vacková, Barbora, et Nina Bartošová. « Baťovany – Partizánske : The Contemporary Re/invention of the Heritage of a Baťa Company Town ». Český lid 111, no 2 (25 juin 2024) : 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.21104/cl.2024.2.03.
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The text focuses on the re/construction of identity and heritage conservation in the Slovak town of Partizánske. The town was founded as one of the industrial towns of the Baťa company at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s. Despite the efforts of experts, neither the town’s urban plan nor any significant part of it (except for the modernist church) is institutionally protected to this day. In this text, we offer an alternative approach to the re/construction of historical heritage and its institutional protection. In addition to qualities deemed valuable by art historians, this approach is informed by the current collective memory on which the town’s inhabitants base their relationship to historical heritage. We anticipate that focusing on the inhabitants’ current relationship and understanding of the city’s history and broadening the focus beyond the founding firm and its activities can support efforts to institutionalise local heritage conservation.
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Zavadskaya, Irina. « Small Churches in the Ancient Town of Eski-Kermen ». Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, XХVII (15 décembre 2022) : 310–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.310-353.
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First time in the historiography, this article analyses and summarises the information about 10 small churches uncovered on the plateau of Eski-Kermen and a semi-circular carved pit in front of the city gate, which is called the “apse” of the “gate church” that does not survive (III). However, the cult purpose of this carved structure remains questionable. The small churches belong to the same time with a single nave (naos) and a semi-circular apse. The narthex, probably of a later date, appeared only in 2018–2019 church (XI). The construction and structural characteristics of the churches in question are also very similar. Their builders used the foundations cut into bedrock, or the “beddings.” There was two-face masonry with the core of fine stones, broken pottery, clay, and soil. The churches were covered with tiled roof on wooden rafters. There is a church featuring remains of plinth pavement (IX), and another one with the pavement of polished stone slabs (XI). The destruction layers of four churches contained the remains of fresco paintings (VII, VIII, IX, XI). Some of the churches were adorned with architectural details with incised geometrical ornaments, sometimes with crosses. Most of the small churches of Eski-Kermen have preserved the remains of the altar and altar screen. Two churches (IV, VI) have small niches of prothesis in the wall to the left of the apse. Therefore, most or possibly all the small churches of Eski-Kermen were adapted for liturgy. Almost all the churches were also used for funeral and commemorative rituals, as different kinds of graves, including ossuaries, occurred in their complexes. The appearance of small churches atop of the plateau of Eski-Kermen has been dated to the ninth and tenth centuries and related to the intensification of urban life. Four churches (I, II, IV, V) were located at the access road and near the main town gates. Three churches (IV, V, VI) were built at the sites of former fortifications. Quarter churches (VIII, X, XI) are uncovered in three town quarters. According to the archaeological materials, one of them (X) dates from not earlier than the mid-tenth century, and another (XI) one at the turn of tenth and eleventh centuries. The latest is the cemetery church (IX) constructed in the fourteenth century at the ruined cathedral basilica, where the cemetery appeared after the destruction of the town by a raid of Nogay’s horde. A great part of the small churches probably perished along with the town in the late thirteenth century. The churches in the access road area (I, II, IV) were probably destroyed earlier, in result of an earthquake. Small above-ground churches are also known in the vicinity of Eski-Kermen. The remains of one of them occur in the fort of Kyz-Kule on a promontory to the north-west of Eski-Kermen. Presumably, there was another church at the foot of this mountain.
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Dolynska, Maryana. « THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF LVIV IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE 13TH CENTURY ». City History, Culture, Society, no 6 (10 avril 2019) : 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.06.039.
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The researches during the last 20 years have shown that there were some spatial features of Magdeburg (city) rule in that time. Primarily the structure of the town was similar to other Central or Western European towns: a castle (castrum, burg, grad, dytynets) and an extensive settlement (podil), the latter having no fortifications and being where merchants and craftsmen lived. The initial formation of the city territory based on the principles of the spatial location of the cities of the German law started around the 70-th years of 13 century – the times of rule of duke Lev.No research this period the author has applied the methodology of recreating the historical topography based on the retrospective comparison of the prestatictical sources and applying it to the historical maps of the period. The primary Lviv space of the 13th century was based on the real-estate of the first Lviv «advocatus», Bertold Stecher, and the «laneus» area of Maria Snizhna Church. (Laneus – medieval measure of area, the similar term «mansus»). The 1368th manuscript explained the German family Stecher received land from Duke Lev without being subject to any rent. This real-estate consisted of three parts; the villa (a house in the countryside); allod (the land owned andnot subject to any rent); and the molendinum (mill).After the late 19th-century comment to Latin text insisted that all of these parts of real-estate were Everyone of Lviv`s historians knows were sure these advocates Bertold Stecher`s real-estate (villa Maly Vinyk, allod Podpresk and molendinum Schilzkikut) were nearby contemporary town Vynnyky and far from 13th -14th cc. town of Lviv and far one from another.Using both the method of the retrospective location of real estate and systematic-criterion approach allows to made hard conclusion, that originally, the Maria Snizhna church «laneus» was near the Stecher mill and this «laneus» had divided the Duke`s jurisdiction from the Stecher settlement. Villa Maly Vinyk have changed its name to «Zamarstyniv ». All these real-estate parts constituted the core of the town of the Magdeburg rule. Lviv`s downtown (town within walls) has the typical Middle Age’s spatial urban form, but some specific of it shows it was founded in the 13th century
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Davies, N. « How to move a town - church and all [built environment] ». Engineering & ; Technology 11, no 6 (1 juillet 2016) : 46–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2016.0603.
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Santos, Ruperto. « The Town and the Church of Pasig : A Historical View ». Philippiniana Sacra 28, no 83 (1993) : 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps2007xxviii83a7.
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Little, Patrick. « Discord in Drogheda : a window on Irish Church–State relations in the sixteen–forties* ». Historical Research 75, no 189 (1 août 2002) : 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00154.
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Abstract This article explores a dispute between the clergy and choir of St. Peter's church, Drogheda, in November 1645. At first sight this seems little more than a local row over pay and conditions, but the dispute also sheds light on relations between the town and its royalist governors, the difficulty of the marquess of Ormond's political position in a crucial period, and the collaboration between Ormond and the primate of Ireland, Archbishop Ussher. It also reveals much about the condition of the Church of Ireland outside the Irish capital in a time of uncertainty and upheaval in Church and State.
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Skop, Bartosz. « Organs at the church of St. Nicholas in Elbląg from the late 18th century until 1945 ». Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 307, no 1 (20 mai 2020) : 4–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134781.
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The St. Nicholas parish church in Elbląg, currently the Elbląg diocese cathedral, is a unique building in every respect. Until today, it remains the most important element of the town and reflects its turbulent history. Since its erection, the church was an important centre of liturgical music. The paper discusses the changes in the organ instruments of the largest Elbląg church after the fire of 26 April 1777 until 1945. Their story has remained largely unknown until today. It is particularly surprising that no one analysed the issue of the instrument’s history in St. Nicholas’ church ever since it became a cathedral. The author of this paper intends to contribute to reviewing the history of the grand renovation of the church of St. Nicholas after the fire of 1777.
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Landman, C. « Die susters van die broederkerk - 'n Verhaal van vrouens in die Morawiese kerk in Suid-Afrika ». Verbum et Ecclesia 16, no 2 (21 septembre 1995) : 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v16i2.457.
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The sisters of the Brethern Church. A story of women in the Moravian Church in South AfricaThe story of early women converts of the Moravian Church is told. It is argued that this church, since it commenced with missionary work in South Africa in 1737, showed a positive and reconstructive attitude towards women. Presently many so-called coloured women hold high positions in the ministry and moderamen of this church. It is therefore appropriate thatNelson Mandela called his Cape Town residence "Genadendal" in commemoration of the first Moravian mission slation in South Africa and the work done there for the past three cellluries in service of human dignity. As such it is also appropriate to dedicaTe this ankle to Carl Borchardt for his inclusive attitude towards women colleagues.
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Zavadskaya, Irina. « The Structures Outside the Town Gate atop the Plateau of Eski-Kermen : Reality and Conjectures ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 6 (décembre 2023) : 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.6.6.
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Introduction. The architectural complex around the main (southern) gates of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau in the mountainous Crimea was formed from the end of the 6th century to the end of the 13th century. It included structures that were different in architecture and purpose. Studying the remains of these structures, determining their role and chronology are important tasks in the study and reconstruction of the history of the city. Methods. The area around the gate was explored by N.I. Repnikov in 1929. Brief descriptions of the open remains of the structures are reflected in publications and archival documents. Based on the analysis of these descriptions and the study of the preserved rock foundations, first time in the historiography the article revises the widespread hypothesis about existence of the gate church in the medieval city on the plateau of Eski-Kermen in the mountainous Crimea. Analysis. Some researchers see an apse of this church in a rounded carved pit located in front of the main gate, east of the corridor carved into the rock leading to the city. Features of the architectural space at the city gates and the location of this clearing are likely to have its presence at the gate church. This felling arose simultaneously with the defensive structures near the gates in the end of the 6th c. As is known, gate churches as a type of church architecture appeared in the Eastern Christian world no earlier than the 10th or 11th centuries. Results. There is no reason to talk about the gate church on the plateau of Eski-Kermen. Directly at the entrance to the city (to the west of the passage) there was only one church-chapel of the 9th – 10th centuries, destroyed by an earthquake even before the onset of the city, burned at the end of the 13th century.
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Koehl, M., Ph Fabre et B. Schlussel. « 3D Modeling By Consolidation Of Independent Geometries Extracted From Point Clouds &ndash ; The Case Of The Modeling Of The Turckheim's Chapel (Alsace, France) ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (6 juin 2014) : 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-327-2014.
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Turckheim is a small town located in Alsace, north-east of France.<br><br> In the heart of the Alsatian vineyard, this city has many historical monuments including its old church. To understand the effectiveness of the project described in this paper, it is important to have a look at the history of this church. Indeed there are many historical events that explain its renovation and even its partial reconstruction.<br><br> The first mention of a christian sanctuary in Turckheim dates back to 898. It will be replaced in the 12th century by a roman church (chapel), which subsists today as the bell tower. Touched by a lightning in 1661, the tower then was enhanced. In 1736, it was repaired following damage sustained in a tornado. In 1791, the town installs an organ to the church. Last milestone, the church is destroyed by fire in 1978. The organ, like the heart of the church will then have to be again restored (1983) with a simplified architecture.<br><br> From this heavy and rich past, it unfortunately and as it is often the case, remains only very few documents and information available apart from facts stated in some sporadic writings. And with regard to the geometry, the positioning, the physical characteristics of the initial building, there are very little indication.<br><br> Some assumptions of positions and right-of-way were well issued by different historians or archaeologists. The acquisition and 3D modeling project must therefore provide the current state of the edifice to serve as the basis of new investigations and for the generation of new hypotheses on the locations and historical shapes of this church and its original chapel (Fig. 1)
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Gorringe, Timothy. « Salvation by Bricks : Theological Reflections on the Planning Process ». International Journal of Public Theology 2, no 1 (2008) : 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973208x256466.
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AbstractThis article proposes that planning is driven by values. Since Christian doctrine implies values, theology has a prima facie interest in town planning. Seven marks of the church are proposed as criteria by which to measure planning proposals.
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Rybchynskyi, Oleh. « UNSUCCESSFUL TOWNS OF THE BAR SURROUNDINGS : YALTUSHKIV, MEZHYRIV, POROSIATKIV, MARIANIVKA, BAROK AND BERLYNTSI ». Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, no 2021 (2021) : 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.122.
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Historical towns of Ukraine are the subject of numerous interdisciplinary studies. The focus is mainly on those settlements that have preserved the planning composition or have significant historical significance. Instead, towns that have lost opportunities for spatial development remain unnoticed. The purpose of article is to determine the spatial parameters of downtown and individual development anomalies of unsuccessful cities: Yaltushkiv, Mezhyriv, Porosyatkiv, Maryanivka, Barok and Berlyntsi. Urban factors with varying intensity stimulate the development of settlements. In each example, this happens individually. The formation and long-term formation of the town had hereditary, evolutionary and variable-pulsating properties. Given these characteristics, several cities located in the vicinity of Bar and recorded on the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670 attract attention. These towns had a short period of development and did not differ in the history of the region. Instead, they deserve to examine the peculiarities of formation and restoration historical memory. On the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670, Yaltushkiv is shown with a castle and fortified downtown. The settlement was located on the road that connected Bar with Dunaivtsi. Analysis of the current state of street network and relief allows to delineate boundaries of historic downtown. It had two gates, the main street on which stood the Church of Holy Trinity and Church of Holy Spirit. The market square had the shape of an elongated rectangle. The castle was located in the north-western corner. Preserved regular street network shows that the downtown was built thoughtfully and according to the developed plan. Most likely it happened in the middle of the 16-th century, but due to repeated devastation of the 16 - 20 centuries, no significant buildings and temples have survived. On the map of Podolia Voivodeship in 1670, Mezhyriv is marked as a densely built-up town with a castle. Analysis of current state of the street network and relief helps to determine the boundaries of the ancient fortified city center, the probable location of the gates and the castle complex. On the map of Podolia voivodeship in 1670, Porosyatkiv is shown as a wellfortified town, with bastions and ramparts, but without castle. Instead, the fortification, market and temple have been lost today. The street network allows you to roughly delineate the area of the historic center. On the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670, Maryanivka is shown as a quadrangular fortified town with a castle located near the eastern part of the downtown. An analysis of existing street network and relief shows that the ancient Rynok Square was located near the church, town had ramparts and dry ditches, two gates and a regular type of layout. The castle was rectangular in shape, with ramparts and a moat, located near the road to Kopaygorod. On the map of Podolia Voivodeship in 1670, Berlyntsi is mentioned as a fortified settlement with a castle located on the southern side of downtown. On the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670, Barok is shown as a fortified town with a castle located on the north side of downtown. The essence without the success of towns is concentrated in the reasons that determined their decline. The quality of the potential development of settlement was influenced by natural factors - geographical and topographic location, climate and geology. The analysis of natural properties in each settlement showed that from the very beginning they had significant limitations in spatial development. Consideration of economic factors, namely favorable conditions for the development of handicrafts and trade, the availability of natural resources indicate that Yaltushkiv, Mezhyriv, Porosyatkiv, Maryanivka, Barok and Berlyntsi were primarily focused on agriculture. The dominance of this vector of settlement activity has negatively affected their functional role in the development of region. An overview of urban planning factor - the development of form and composition of the town show that a clear plan for the creation of the downtown was in Mezhyriv, Yaltushkiv, Berlyntsi, Barok and Maryanivka. Porosyatkiv was planned without prior planning. According to the map of the Podolsk Voivodeship of 1670, the defensive structures of downtown consisted of earthen ramparts, small bastions and wooden fences. On the map of Ricci Zanoni in 1767 it is recorded that Mezhyriv has good fortifications; Porosyatkiv with fortifications (probably scalded); Yaltushkiv, Berlyntsi, Barok and Maryanivka - without fortifications. Thus, the spatial dissolution of the downtown in these towns began in the middle of the XVIII century. An analysis of the towns Yaltushkiv, Mezhyriv, Porosiatkiv, Maryanivka, Barok and Berlyntsi revealed that from the beginning of their founding and during the two centuries of progress, they had hereditary, evolutionary and variable-pulsating anomalies in development. Instead, this is no reason to neglect their significance for the history of Ukrainian urban planning. On the contrary, these settlements today need a special monument protection status.
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Nkonge, Dickson. « Equipping Church Leaders for Mission in the Anglican Church of Kenya ». Journal of Anglican Studies 9, no 2 (5 mai 2011) : 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355311000088.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractLeadership remains the biggest challenge facing the Church in Africa today. The Anglican Church in Kenya (ACK) was started in 1844, but was it was not until 1888 that the official training of church leaders was commenced with the opening of a Divinity School at Frere Town. Since its inception the ACK has experienced a tremendous growth in membership, growing at the rate of about 6.7 per cent per annum. In spite of this rapid growth, the ACK is in leadership crises due to lack of enough and well-equipped clergy to run it. The Anglican population of about 3,711,890 Christians is served by only about 1555 clergy, translating to clergy per Christians ratio of about 1 : 2400. This affects the Church's mission in that it is impossible for one clergy to effectively provide spiritual care to 2400 Christians. On top of this, the majority of the clergy currently serving in the ACK are not properly trained to match the rapidly changing Kenyan society. About 83 per cent of these clergy have diploma and below theological qualifications. If the ACK has to be successful in its mission in this century, it has to reconsider its training systems.
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Mayzlish, Anna. « Time of Drapery Crafts and Time of Magistrates in Towns of Southern Flanders in the 14th — 15th Centuries ». ISTORIYA 14, no 7 (129) (2023) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027536-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the regulations related to the working hours of weavers as well as the traditions concerning the time of renovation of magistrates in towns of southern part of Flanders ((Douai, Kortrijk, Lille, Comines) in 14th — 15th centuries. Working hours of artisans were regulated by town authorities as it was usual for many Flemish towns in that period. They used for it so called “working bell”. Its tolling indicated the time when weavers had to start their work in the morning, have a break for lunch and finish their work in the evening. The study of the privilege granted to the weavers of Kortrijk in 1408 reveals that this craft-guild appealed to the antiquity of its traditions and regulations when it sought for their restoration after the events of Ghent’s revolt of 1379—1385. The time of the ceremonies related to the formation of the magistrates was often very long-lived. Usually the dates when the town authorities were renewed or other important procedures took place fell on the church holidays (different ones in different towns) and did not changed over the centuries. The time of the appointment of the authorities of the craft-guilds could also be connected to the date of the renewal of the magistrates.
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Sághy, Marianne. « Juckes, Tim. 2012. The Parish and Pilgrimage Church of St Elizabeth in Košice - Town, Court, and Architecture in Late Medieval Hungary (Architectura Medii Aevi 6). Turnhout : Brepols. XII+292 pp. 224 figs. » Hungarian Cultural Studies 8 (22 janvier 2016) : 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2015.200.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Juckes, Tim. 2012. The Parish and Pilgrimage Church of St Elizabeth in Košice - Town, Court, and Architecture in Late Medieval Hungary (Architectura Medii Aevi 6). Turnhout: Brepols. XII+292 pp. 224 figs. Reviewed by Marianne Sághy, Central European University (CEU), Budapest
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Klinkers, Ellen. « The Archives of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany ». Itinerario 17, no 1 (mars 1993) : 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003727.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Moravian archives are located in the small German town of Herrnhut, not far from the Polish and Czech borders. The archives are a treasure of information on the extensive and fascinating history of missionary work, which took the Protestant missionaries to all continents. The many letters and annual reports which the missionaries sent to Herrnhut also contain valuable and lively ethnographic descriptions.
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Temperley, Nicholas. « The Lock Hospital Chapel and its Music ». Journal of the Royal Musical Association 118, no 1 (1993) : 44–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/118.1.44.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It has been generally recognized that the music of the Lock Hospital chapel was an important new influence in English and American church music during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The chapel attracted fashionable congregations and thereby disseminated an elegant, theatrical type of hymnody that was far removed from the norms of church music, whether in cathedral, town church, village parish or dissenting meeting-house. Many hymn tunes first used at the Lock Hospital became enormously popular; some still remain in common use; and their style became the model for a ‘school’ of hymn tunes that remained in vogue for several decades.
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Woltjer, J. J. « 'De Zuivering Der Leer'. Over Protestantiserende Katholieken En Protestanten in Groningen in 1556.1 ». Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 78, no 1 (1998) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002820392x00248.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractEven after its incorporation in the realm of Charles V in 1536, Groningen remained independent. It continued to be so in the early years of Philip II's reign. The town authorities made the local church tolerant and broad. Even the separatist Mennonites were accepted until the government in Brussels forced the local magistrates to take action against secret conventicles. Between the broad "established church" and the Mennonites, there was hardly room for a Reformed community. It thus remained small until 1566.