Articles de revues : « Torture victims treatment »

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Fidaner, Hüray. « Turkey : Treatment centre for torture victims ». Lancet 338, n^o 8778 (novembre 1991) : 1324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92611-5.

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Silva, Jesús. « Oral and maxillo-facial injuries in victims of political repression during the Chilean dictatorship ». Torture Journal 33, n^o 1 (17 mars 2023) : 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v33i1.130035.

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Introduction: Chile was under a civil-military dictatorship during 17 years from 1973 to 1990. During that time, systematic violations to the human rights were perpetrated. Oral and maxillo-facial trauma was not an exception using different methods of torture or ill treatment by agents of state. Currently, Chile has laws and programs in the public healthcare system to carry out the rehabilitation and reparation process in victims, where the registration of the suffered damages is considered an important part of medico-legal procedures. Methods: 14 “Reports of oral and maxillo-facial damage” of tortured victims elaborated from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed, considering the alleged history of the patient, the visible effects on the oral examination and the background about the type of torture that were applied. Historical clinical records and RX exams were analyzed when available. Results: 6 ways of torture and ill-treatments that involve the maxillo-facial area were found caused by agents of state occurred during all the dictatorship period. Discussion: All of the torture techniques applied caused directly or indirectly the loss of teeth according to the patient´s story and the clinical examination, causing not only physical problems, but psychological problems to the victims.

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Dauster, Manferd. « Germany’s Attitude Vis-à-vis International Crime and its Prosecution by Domestic Courts ». Bratislava Law Review 7, n^o 1 (30 juin 2023) : 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2023.7.1.269.

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International and national immunities prevent prosecution. They must therefore be observed ex officio. In the case of a subordinate Afghan military officer and his acts relevant under international criminal law, the highest German criminal court, by ruling of 28 January 2021, found that customary international law does not contain such immunities, if the accused officer committed Rome Statute offences abroad against non-German victims. The finding reinforces the principle of global jurisdiction according the Rome Statute. The court defined the legal war crimes element of torture. Torture does not necessarily require the use of physical force; injuries suffered are therefore an indicator. The concept of torture is also satisfied if an atmosphere of violence is created that may influence the victim’s right to self-determination in the intention of the torturer. An additional crime element consisted in the violation of post-mortem dignity of human beings, which demands respectful treatment of dead opponents. A public display of dead adversaries for the purpose of propaganda runs counter this.

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Rasmussen, Andrew, Mia Crager, Eva Keatley, Allen S. Keller et Barry Rosenfeld. « Screening for Torture ». Zeitschrift für Psychologie 219, n^o 3 (janvier 2011) : 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000061.

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Torture has been defined most precisely in legal contexts. Practitioners who work with torture survivors and researchers who study torture have frequently cited legal definitions, particularly those in the United States’ Torture Victims Relief Act, the United Nations Convention against Torture, or the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Tokyo. Few practitioners have operationalized these definitions and applied them in their practice. We describe how a New York City torture treatment clinic used a coding checklist that operationalizes the definitions, and present results. We found that in practice these definitions were nested; that using guidelines for applying the definitions in practice altered the number of cases meeting criteria for these definitions; and that the severity of psychological symptoms did not differ between those who were tortured and those who were not under any definition. We propose theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

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Fred, Mayanja. « Physiotherapy for the sequelae of physical torture : Uganda’s experience ». South African Journal of Physiotherapy 55, n^o 4 (30 novembre 1999) : 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v55i4.579.

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The paper discusses the African Centre for treatment and rehabilitation of torture victims (ACTV) which was established in Uganda in 1993. The ACTV is a nongovernmental organisation offering treatment to the victims of torture. Professional staff at the centre include a physiotherapist, clinical psychologist, social worker, psychiatrist and psychiatric nurses. Specialised medical services outside of these areas that may be required, are provided by outside specialists.Torture commonly involves both physical and psychological abuse and is often administered by individuals on behalf of an institution or organisation with the aim of punishing or intimidating a victim or attempting to obtain information from a victim. Physical torture may involve beatings, kickings, tyings, suspensions in forced positions, hard labour and other such physical abuse.Apart from offering treatment and rehabilitation services the ACTV aims to raise awareness in the public arena concerning the plight of torture victims through workshops and seminars conducted in hospitals, schools and other institutions. Services are carried out both at the centre and in the community where satellite centres have been established. Referrals to the ACTV come from a wide variety of sources including, hospitals, human rights institutions, community leaders and self-referral.From July to December 1997 the physiotherapist working at the centre conducted a survey of clients referred to the ACTV. During this period 309 people were referred to the centre; 45% male and 55% female. (See table below)In this survey approximately 90% of the clients were referred for physiotherapy and 10% were referred to other specialists. It was reported that 97% of the victims showed improvement following treatment although the criteria for this are not discussed.An emphasis regarding the respectful and ethical handling of clients is emphasised throughout the paper. For example, not pursuing a particular line of questioning should the client not want to answer a particular question; avoiding the use of equipment that may remind the client of their torture (eg. ropes and certain electrotherapy apparatus) and listening carefully to the client’s regarding their treatment.

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Hong, Alex S., et Rachael Pickering. « Psychological torture : definitions, clinical sequelae and treatment principles ». British Journal of Hospital Medicine 84, n^o 8 (2 août 2023) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2023.0104.

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Psychological torture, in its broadest sense, is the intentional infliction of suffering without resorting to direct physical violence, in what is known as ‘no-touch’ torture. While several other definitions of psychological torture have been suggested, there is no one precise definition. Given the rapidly evolving current global political climate and the intensification of conflict, war and asylum seeking, the need for better recognition of psychological torture among clinicians, followed by the provision of appropriate treatment support for victims, has become increasingly pertinent. This article raises awareness of the concept of psychological torture among clinicians, through an overview of its debated definitions, the modalities which constitute this form of torture, and its clinical sequelae and treatment approach.

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Rasmussen, Ole Vedel, et Inge Lunde. « The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture ». International Journal of Mental Health 18, n^o 2 (juin 1989) : 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1989.11449128.

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Lønning, Moa Nyamwathi, Inga Laupstad, Anette Bringedal Houge et Ann Evy Aasnes. « “A random system” ». Torture Journal 30, n^o 3 (10 février 2021) : 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i3.119875.

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Introduction: This article addresses the provision of rehabilitation services for torture victims with a refugee background in Norway. It engages the topic from the outset of relevant rehabilitation rights and duties, presenting the organisation of rehabilitation services within the Norwegian health care system, and exploring the challenges and opportunities professionals see and experience as they seek to provide adequate treatment and rehabilitation for torture victims. Methods and material: The article is based on qualitative interviews with 46 experts and practitioners that contribute to or otherwise focus on treatment and rehabilitation for torture victims in Norway, conducted between March and August 2019. Findings and discussion: Rehabilitation services for torture victims in Norway are fragmented, and the resulting practice is highly person dependent. Public services are characterised by insufficient knowledge about torture injuries and rehabilitation and a generalised lack of familiarity with international protocols for identification and documentation of torture. Moreover, the quality of rehabilitation services suffers from a lack of coordination and inclusion of actors that can contribute to comprehensive rehabilitation processes. Conclusion: Individuals with a refugee background are far from guaranteed adequate rehabilitation for torture-related injuries in Norway. Rehabilitation services suffer from the absence of a systematic approach to identification and documentation, and an unclear division of responsibilities. Three recommendations are proposed in order to ensure minimum standards in rehabilitation services for this group: 1) developing and implementing a national plan of action on torture rehabilitation; 2) knowledge and capacity-building within relevant educational programmes, the national health services and other relevant public sector services; and 3) strengthening and institutionalising interdisciplinary communities of practice with specialised expertise on the topic at all relevant levels.

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Spasov, Svetlozar. « THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIAL EXPERTS AND THE MEDICAL EXPERTISES PREPARED BY THEM IN THE INVESTIGATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT ». Knowledge International Journal 34, n^o 5 (4 octobre 2019) : 1559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051559s.

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The promotion and protection of human rights is one of the fundamental priorities of the United Nations, the European Union and every rule of law and democracy governed country. One of the most serious violations of human rights and human dignity is torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. For decades, the international community and the European Union take a number of actions aimed at preventing and limiting this type of negative manifestations. The main ones are the adoption of international universal and regional human rights instruments and the creation of specialized jurisdictions to monitor compliance with the established legal framework. Judicial experts and their expertise play an extremely important role in the proper and effective investigation of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The serious importance that the international community attaches to these medical professionals and their expertise is reaffirmed in the 2004 Istanbul Protocol drawn up by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. This act establishes internationally recognized standards and principles for the effective investigation and documentation of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, some of which relate specifically to the role of judicial experts and their medical expertise. These include: the principles of impartiality and independence of medical experts in identifying such types of offenses, the compliance of their activities with the highest ethical standards, the principle of obtaining informed consent from the person alleged to be a victim of torture before doing any research. The Istanbul Protocol also introduced standards for order in which any medical examination of victims of torture or other ill-treatment should take place, as well as on the form and structure of medical expertise.The particular emphasis placed on the role of judicial experts by the international community is completely understandable, as it is these medical professionals who make the physical and / or psychological evaluation of the victim, which is objectified in the medical expertise, medical psychiatric expertise, or medical psychological expertise. On the basis of these expertises, the investigating authorities have the opportunity to prove the causal link between the victim's bodily harm and the psycho-traumas with the alleged torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Medical expertise is a method of proof not only in the course of the investigation, but also in the judicial process, as the specialized knowledge of forensic experts assist the court in establishing the objective truth, as well as the victims and their lawyers in the exercise of their rights of defense.

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Einolf, Christopher. « Sexual torture among Arabic-speaking Shi’a Muslim men and women in Iraq : Barriers to healing and finding meaning ». Torture Journal 28, n^o 3 (28 novembre 2018) : 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111193.

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Introduction: Rape and sexual torture are frequent experiences among torture survivors, but relatively little is known about how victims respond to and find meaning in these experiences. Method: This study used secondary qualitative interview data from 47 male and female Shi’a Arab victims and survivors of sexual torture and rape in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq to examine how sexual torture affected them, what were the barriers to healing, how they found meaning in their experiences, and how their experiences varied by gender. Results: Respondents experienced profound psychological effects that lasted for years, including: shame, feeling broken and prematurely aged, and wanting to isolate themselves from others. Most female victims who were unmarried at the time of sexual torture never got married. Many survivors found meaning in their experiences by defining their suffering as unjust, placing their experience in the context of a hopeful narrative of Iraqi history, turning to religion, and calling for vengeance upon their persecutors. Discussion: The results of this study show how survivors of sexual torture, most of whom did not receive psychological treatment, draw upon their own resources to find meaning in existential trauma.

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ALLODI, FEDERICO A. « Assessment and Treatment of Torture Victims : A Critical Review ». Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179, n^o 1 (janvier 1991) : 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199101000-00002.

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Høyvik, Ann Catrin, Tiril Willumsen, Birgit Lie et Per Kristian Hilden. « The torture victim and the dentist : The social and material dynamics of trauma re-experiencing triggered by dental visits ». Torture Journal 31, n^o 3 (29 décembre 2021) : 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i3.125290.

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Introduction: The flow of refugees towards Europe over the past decade has placed increased demands on the health care services. A significant proportion of refugees have been subjected to torture involving their mouth or teeth, still the importance of oral health challenges is often overlooked or underestimated in the rehabilitation of torture victims. In this qualitative study, we set out to explore the processes that complicate torture victims’ ability to engage in and tolerate dental procedures. Methods: Ten resettled refugees with experience of torture were recruited among patients affiliated with specialized clinics for oral health rehabilitation in Norway. Data were collected through semi-structured exploratory interviews, and analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach. Results and discussion: We present an exploration of what we have called the social and material anatomy of the triggering event; the process through which trauma-related reactions are produced in torture victims in the course of undergoing dental treatment. All professionals who work with torture survivors should be aware that these individuals often suffer from oral health problems that may affect both their physical and their psychological quality of life. However, although dental treatment is essential, it may still represent a major challenge. Our data suggest, we propose, that dental treatment often involves an experience being suspended, albeit temporarily, in an objectified position, acted on by subjects capable of producing deeply undesirable mental, emotional or bodily states. Three main categories emerged as the most prominent factors with such an agentic capacity: 1) pain, 2) traumatic memories and 3) the dentist. Submitting to dental treatment hence requires the patient’s willingness to give in to the actions of these factors, and avoiding treatment may therefore, in this situation, represent a means of retaining control.

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Van den Bergh, Brenda, Marie Brasholt, Praxeda James Swai, Primus Saidia, Moses Kidew, Naomi Lipsius Hincheli, Maha Aon et Jens Modvig. « Torture and torture practices in Tanzania : Knowledge, attitudes and practice among medical professionals ». Torture Journal 29, n^o 2 (30 octobre 2019) : 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i2.112246.

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Introduction: Medical professionals have a key role in addressing torture and need an awareness and knowledge of torture in relation to rehabilitation approaches, prevention and international standards. This study was undertaken with the aim of assessing the current knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical professionals in Tanzania, creating a baseline for possible future interventions. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using an intervieweradministrated structured questionnaire with 31 questions. Five focus group discussions were held. 386 medical professionals participated in the study representing primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health care in five regions of mainland Tanzania: Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Kigoma, Mara and Mbeya.Results: Around 95% of all professionals acknowledged the existence of torture in Tanzania, but only 7% could correctly identify six different acts as being actual acts of torture according to the definition of the UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Less than 15% were aware of relevant international standards like the Istanbul Protocol and the Mandela Rules. Up to 57% perceived that torture could be acceptable under certain circumstances. About 68% of all professionals reported to have encountered torture victims. The majority (82.9%) saw themselves as competent in the management of torture victims, but only 22% had received training specifically focusing on torture and its consequences. Most were interested in learning more on the subject. Conclusion: While medical professionals may be aware of theexistence of torture in the country and report encountering torture victims in their daily work, both the professionals’ skills and attitudes with regards to torture require development to intensify the workagainst torture in Tanzania. Intervention strategies should target training in medical schools and in-service training for medical professionals at all levels within the healthcare system.

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Macmaster, Neil. « Torture : from Algiers to Abu Ghraib ». Race & ; Class 46, n^o 2 (octobre 2004) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396804047722.

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The treatment of detainees at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq focused worldwide media attention on the US practice of torture. Underlying such a practice was not only a self-serving debate in US political circles, academia and entertainment media on how a liberal democracy could justify such methods but also a history of counter-insurgency techniques which owed much to French warfare in Algeria. Yet while the lessons of the torturer have been assiduously learnt, what has been ignored is the recent open debate in France on the profound damage done by such institutionalised barbarity both to the victims and to the individuals and regimes that deploy it.

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Lira, Elizabeth. « Commentary by Elizabeth Lira : ». Torture Journal 30, n^o 2 (9 novembre 2020) : 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i2.121416.

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The questions at the heart of the text of the article arise in the professional work of evalu- ating victims of torture in a centre (NGO). The victims come from various countries, where torture practices exist or have existed, and request international protection. Dilemmas arise from the possibility of pro- fessionals finding themselves in front of clients who, during assessment, have doubts about the client's status as victim, and who develop suspicions that they may be a perpetrator. The centre may decide to exclude them from treatment at some point to prevent international protection from contributing to impu- nity for any crimes they may have committed. However, the decision to exclude them makes it necessary to examine and review the admissibility criteria in trying to control the risks of committing injustices. Resolving the dilemmas identified in the article involves a process of discernment that guarantees the clients’ rights, the safety and certainty of professional proce- dures and their outcomes, and finally the effective protection of victims.

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Moreno, Alejandro. « Torture and Its Definition in International Law—An Interdisciplinary Approach, by Metin Başoğlu ». Torture Journal 29, n^o 1 (22 mai 2019) : 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i1.111733.

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Torture and Its Definition in International Law—An Interdisciplinary Approach was edited by Metin Başoğlu, and written by him and another sixteen experts in the medicolegal aspects of torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDT/P). The book has 506 pages and 16 chapters, which are organised into four parts: “Behavioral Science Perspectives”; “International Law Perspectives”; “Enhanced Interrogation Techniques: Definitional Issues”; and “Discussion and Conclusions”. The book is for health, legal and human rights professionals, beyond just those just working with victims of torture and CIDT/P, and is of interest to those who work with victims of other violent crimes, such as child abuse, interpersonal abuse, and forced displacement. The book raises many important questions.

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Weiss, William M., Ana M. Uguento, Zayan Mahmooth, Laura K. Murray, Brian J. Hall, Maya Nadison, Andrew Rasmussen et al. « Mental health interventions and priorities for research for adult survivors of torture and systematic violence : a review of the literature ». Torture Journal 26, n^o 1 (6 septembre 2018) : 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v26i1.108061.

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This research describes the development and findings of a literature review and analysis meant to inform the international torture and trauma treatment community. The review focuses on interventions that have been used among populations affected by torture, based on a review of journals indexed in commonly used search engines. Work on the review began in September 2008 and continued to be updated until March 2014. In total, 88 studies of interventions for torture victims were identified. Studies ranged from randomized controlled trials utilizing evidence-based treatments to case studies employing non-structured, supportive therapies. Based on the results of the analysis, we have included recommendations for interventions that demonstrate effectiveness in treating survivors of torture and other systematic violence who suffer from PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Priorities for mental health research for survivors of torture and other systematic violence are also recommended.

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Akhtyrska, N. M. « Rights of victims in criminal proceedings : challenges and state strategy for improving legal status ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law 2, n^o 80 (20 janvier 2024) : 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.2.17.

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The article is devoted to issues of procedural regulation of the rights of victims in criminal proceedings. Based on the generalization of UN data on the increase in the number of victims of murder, statistical data of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine and the Office of the Prosecutor General, the relevance of legislative initiatives to improve the provision and realization of victims’ rights is substantiated. The directions of state policy regarding ensuring the safety of victims, preventing and countering torture are revealed. It emphasized the “lack of remedies for victims of criminal offenses involving torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” Recommendations are given to eliminate these gaps by creating, taking into account international standards and the practice of the European Court, an effective system of rehabilitation, legal protection of victims of criminal offenses related to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, including introduction of an effective mechanism for compensation for damage caused to such persons. In the conditions of martial law, Ukraine concentrates its efforts on protecting the rights of victims, which requires coordination with the Rules and Procedures of Evidence and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. The full-scale invasion of the aggressor country created new challenges in the field of protection of the rights of victims in criminal proceedings. In order to implement new tasks, a Strategic Plan for the implementation of the powers of the prosecutor’s office in the field of criminal prosecution of international crimes for 2023-2025 was developed, approved by the Prosecutor General on September 15, 2023. Improving the system of ensuring the rights of participants in criminal proceedings in accordance with international standards will significantly reduce the number of victims of torture, observing reasonable deadlines for the investigation of criminal proceedings will contribute to increasing the trust of victims in law enforcement agencies, preventing delays in the consideration of criminal proceedings by the court will ensure adequate terms of satisfaction (execution of the court decision in part compensation for physical, moral and material damage). A significant number of victims of war crimes should be aware of their rights in accordance with the procedure of trial by the International Criminal Court, for which it is advisable to make appropriate additions to Chapter 19 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.

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Melzer, Nils. « Migration-related torture : One of the greatest tragedies of our time ». Torture Journal 29, n^o 1 (22 mai 2019) : 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i1.114047.

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Without any doubt, the torture and abuse suffered by millions of migrants in all parts of the world is one of the greatest tragedies of our time. The undeniable links between irregular migration and torture are manifold and deeply troubling. Not only is the risk of torture and violence one of the most important “push-factors” causing countless people to flee their country of origin, it is also a frightening and pervasive reality of most irregular migration routes and, most shockingly, even of the treatment they receive by the very countries to which they turn for protection. My mandate as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture is to seek, receive, examine and act upon information regarding torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. My sources of information are governments, international and civil society organizations, but also journalists, individual victims and their lawyers, doctors, relatives, and friends.

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Frey, Conrad, et Ladislav Valach. « Treatment of Torture and War Victims from Former Yugoslavia in Switzerland ». European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997) : 123s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80308-2.

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Hearns, Aisling, Philip Hyland, Carin Benninger-Budel et Frederique Vallières. « ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD : Implications for the rehabilitation of survivors of torture seeking international protection ». Torture Journal 31, n^o 3 (29 décembre 2021) : 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i3.125780.

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Introduction: Rates of torture are especially high among those seeking asylum, with global estimates of forced migrants having experienced torture exceeding 50%. Torture is the strongest predictor of PTSD amongst refugee populations. This study assesses the construct validity and diagnostic rate of the ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) within a population of torture survivors seeking asylum in Ireland. It further explores whether this population were more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for CPTSD than PTSD, and whether any sex differences existed in probable rates of PTSD and CPTSD. Methods: A secondary data analysis of 264 treatment-seeking asylum seekers and refugees who experienced torture or ill-treatment was conducted. Rates of PTSD and CPTSD were assessed using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Findings: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a a six-factor correlated model consisting of re-experiencing (Re), avoidance (Av), threat (Th), affective dysregulation (AD), negative self-concept (NSC), and disturbed relationships (DR), consistent with ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. High rates of PTSD (32.4%) and CPTSD (39.6%) were found, with the experience of torture significantly associated to the development of PTSD. No significant difference was found between the sexes. Discussion: This is the first study to investigate the validity of ICD 11 PTSD and CPTSD among torture survivors actively seeking international protection in Europe. Given the high rates of PTSD and CPTSD found among torture survivors, rehabilitation centres for victims of torture should consider CPTSD as part of their assessment and treatment programmes.

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Pérez-Sales, Pau. « COVID-19 and torture ». Torture Journal 30, n^o 1 (8 juin 2020) : 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i1.120859.

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Over the past few weeks, and with the Editorial already at completion, the COVID-19 pandemic has invaded our lives. Its systemic impact has affected, and continues to affect in equal measure the provision of rehabilitation to victims of torture. Amongst the many areas in which COVID-19 has impacted the field of prevention and rehabilitation of torture survivors, at least 8 areas of concern can be highlighted. 1. Attacks on basic fundamental rights and unnecessary increase in social control measures (Human Rights Watch, 2020a) 2. Increases in cases of ill-treatment or torture linked to the pandemic itself. For instance, various media sources have reported cases related to the dissemination of information in countries where this was considered to be against the interest of the State (Wang, 2020; Human Rights Watch, 2020b; Amnesty International, 2020a) 3. Respect for the rights of detainees and COVID preventive measures in detention settings that are compliant with human rights (Council of Europe, 2020; OHCHR, 2020; Council of Europe, 2010) and especially amnesty processes for political prisoners or the use non-custodial measures (Comninos, 2020; Amnesty International, 2020b). 4. Increases in cases of gender-based violence (Ford, 2020; UNFPA, 2020; UN Women, 2020) and assaults on homeless populations (Phasuk, 2020; Hartley, 2019), both related to fear and isolation. 5. Relapse of symptoms, especially night mares, flashbacks and somatic symptoms, in survivors that were ill-treated or tortured while in custody, due to COVID- related self-confinement or measures of medical isolation. 6. The reshaping of society: Will there be a change in values towards more egalitarian, empathetic and supportive societies? Or an evolution towards a more fearful society with an increasing lack of solidarity as fear instils? 7. The use of warlike metaphors (the “war” on the Coronavirus) as a prelude to restrictions in freedoms, censorship or authoritarianism in the name of the collective good (Human Rights Watch, 2020a). 8. Cutting budget allocations for the most disadvantaged, vulnerable groups in general and survivors of torture specifically, in favour of security policies or market-based post-COVID decisions (UNDP, 2020; European Council, 2020). These are some of the many areas of reflection on COVID-19 as a global crisis in the field of human rights and the prevention of torture and rehabilitation of torture victims. Torture Journal invites our readers to share your experiences, reflections, research and data in the form of a Letter to the Editor, News or Research Report for inclusion in future issues of the Journal. This is a global crisis which may, in turn, foster a shared learning opportunity for all.

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Stefanovska, Vesna. « Reassessment of the Ireland v. the United Kingdom ECtHR case : A lost opportunity to clarify the distinction between torture and ill-treatment ». Torture Journal 29, n^o 1 (22 mai 2019) : 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i1.110000.

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Introduction: In the 1978 Ireland v. the United Kingdom case, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) did not consider that the so called "five techniques" caused enough severity to be considered torture. The intentionality criterion, outlined in the Convention against Torture’s definition of torture, was also not fully considered. The Istanbul Protocol, which is critical for evidencing torture, did not exist at that time. Although a re-opening of the case was requested in 2014 by Ireland, forensic documentation using the Istanbul Protocol was not used; in 2018, the ECtHR decided against re-opening the case. Objective: By using the Ireland v. The United Kingdom case, this paper aims to map the origins of the five techniques, review whether applying them constitutes torture, analyze the information about the claimants available 30 years later, and explore the ramifications of the ECtHR decision not to revise its judgment. Methodology: Relevant texts were gathered from the HUDOC database, Cambridge University Press, Wiley Online Library, SCOPUS and MEDLINE /PubMed, and the Library of the ECtHR in Strasbourg. Discussion/conclusions: The five techniques, elaborated upon in the case of Ireland v. the United Kingdom, were used well before the incidents in Northern Ireland in 1971 and there is evidence that United Kingdom officials have, subsequently, used the techniques. Furthermore, there is clear evidence that the “Hooded Men” had cognitive, psychological and neurovegetative symptoms as a result of the five techniques, which had long-term effects. The ECtHR did not take this into consideration when it decided not to re-open the case and the full implications of this decision for future cases and victims remain to be seen.

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Kastrup, M., A. Aadamsoo, L. Subilia, S. Gluzman et T. Wenzel. « Factors of Significance in the Treatment of Victims of Persecution and Torture ». European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997) : 138s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80368-9.

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Bothne, Nancy, et Christopher B. Keys. « Creating community life among immigrant survivors of torture and their allies ». Torture Journal 26, n^o 2 (10 septembre 2018) : 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v26i2.108115.

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This qualitative study describes how immigrant survivors of torture in the United States built relationships among each other to form a psychological sense of community. Eight men and seven women from 11 different countries were recruited through a torture treatment center and a survivor-led advocacy and support coalition. This qualitative study explored how participants described their experiences of community life. An advisory group that included torture survivors, torture treatment practitioners, abolition advocates, and academic experts guided the study. Data was analyzed using inductive and phenomenological theories. The construct of psychological sense of community articulated by McMillan and Chavis1 provided the conceptual framework for the evaluation of how a psychological sense of community was developed. Torture survivors with their allies formed community boundaries based on a deep understanding of the impact of torture. The safety afforded through the community boundaries was reinforced by shared condemnation of torture in all circumstances. Within the security of the community’s boundaries, members shared their experiences to enable their own and others’ recovery from torture. As community members exchanged advice and support, survivors met one another’s needs, providing physical and emotional relief from the effects of their torture. As individuals and a community, they influenced each other’s identities as survivors rather than victims. Advocating for those who remained vulnerable to torture was important to their identification as survivors. Through these exchanges, community members influenced one another and developed trusting relationships and emotional bonds. This study illuminates how community life enabled survivors to contribute to and benefit from, each other’s journeys.

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G. Arenas, Julio. « THE WORK FIELD OF TORTURE AND NGOs – THE REALITY AND IMPACT ». Psyke & ; Logos 30, n^o 1 (31 juillet 2009) : 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v30i1.8711.

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Accumulated evidence that torture and other related human rights violation produce health-related consequences that requires health professional assistance, has been the point of departure for the development of a global association of rehabilitation centres specialised in rehabilitation of torture survivors. The majority of these survivors lives in third world countries where locally funded rehabilitation services are minimal or non-existent, and most of the specialised rehabilitation centres for torture victims are non-governmental organisations (NGOs) who are totally dependent on foreign donors After a quarter of a century and impressive expansion of rehabilitation efforts worldwide, there is still no consensus about the efficacy of treatment interventions for torture survivors. There is little literature about treatment outcome, design models and structure of rehabilitation services, cost-effectiveness, or sustainability of services. General principles of assessment and treatment remain unchanged and controversies over Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) applicability for torture survivors persist. Since systematic knowledge and scientific evidence is lacking in many areas within the work field, it has not been possible to recommend or reach consensus on »best practice guidelines « and on the organisation and functioning of rehabilitation services they offer in different socio-cultural contexts. The current paper is intended as a critical overview of NGOs – viewed from the perspective of the reality and impact of what they achieve at the work field of torture.

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Ramsay, Rosalind. « Worldwide help for survivors of torture ». Psychiatric Bulletin 16, n^o 6 (juin 1992) : 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.6.351.

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Developments on the world political scene over the last year have had far-reaching effects on the lives of ordinary people in areas such as the Middle East and Eastern Europe. For the International Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) in Copenhagen these changes have led to a huge increase in calls on its service. In 1991, the continuing opening up of Eastern Europe made it possible to reach out to new countries where support is needed to establish centres offering training in RCT's treatment methods and information about torture, while the Gulf War created more urgent demands on its resources.

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Novakovic, Filip. « Beyond cruelty : Analyzing sexual and gender-based violence as torture and inhuman treatment ». Temida 27, n^o 1 (2024) : 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2401111n.

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This article delves into the critical intersection of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and the international legal frameworks governing torture and inhuman treatment. SGBV represents one of the most pervasive and devastating violations of human rights worldwide, with women and girls disproportionately affected. It aims to analyze how categorizing SGBV as acts of torture and inhuman treatment under international law can provide a more robust legal framework for addressing these violations, acknowledging the prevalent majority of victims being women and girls. By elucidating the multifaceted nature of SGBV and its impact, and examining legal precedents and jurisprudential developments, the article contributes to the evolving conceptualization of SGBV within the context of torture and inhuman treatment, with a focus on women?s suffering. Moreover, it highlights the practical and symbolic benefits of this categorization, including enhanced legal accountability and increased protection for survivors. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for a unified approach by international stakeholders and policymakers to address SGBV as a distinct and pervasive form of torture and inhuman treatment, contributing to the ongoing discourse on sexual and gender-based violence and offering insights for advancing the protection of vulnerable individuals and marginalized communities on a global scale.

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Kim, Dongmi, Ashley Taneja, John W. Schiemann et Anam Nawab. « Efficacy of pharmacotherapy for psychiatric sequelae of torture ». Torture Journal 31, n^o 2 (20 octobre 2021) : 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v31i2.121778.

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Introduction: The large numbers of torture survivors suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological trauma in the United States suggests pharmacists should be aware of, and attentive to possible drug therapies for this population. Method: To this end, we systematically review the literature on pharmacotherapy for survivors of torture. Published literature that assessed use of pharmacotherapy in torture victims were searched from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Search terms “torture,” “pharmacotherapy,” “depression OR PTSD,” “refugee OR asylum seekers” and “treatment or rehabilitation” were utilized. Results: Review of controlled and uncontrolled studies reveal that antidepressants are the most widely studied medications, particularly sertraline, a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the torture survivor population expanding to refugees and asylum seekers. Anti-adrenergic medications were used as adjunctive treatment in some uncontrolled studies. In randomized controlled trials, pharmacotherapy did not differentiate from placebo in reducing symptoms. Uncontrolled trials had yielded variable outcomes from pharmacotherapy. Discussion: There is lack of strong evidence in supporting the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Heterogeneity in the study design, patient ethnicity and the social and political status at the time of the study may have contributed in the variable clinical responses to pharmacotherapy.

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Kelly, Tobias. « The Struggle Against Torture : Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions ». Journal of Human Rights Practice 11, n^o 2 (1 juillet 2019) : 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz019.

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Abstract This short essay offers a broad and necessarily incomplete review of the current state of the human rights struggle against torture and ill-treatment. It sketches four widespread assumptions in that struggle: 1) that torture is an issue of detention and interrogation; 2) that political or security detainees are archetypal victims of torture; 3) that legal reform is one of the best ways to fight torture; and 4) that human rights monitoring helps to stamp out violence. These four assumptions have all played an important role in the history of the human rights fight against torture, but also resulted in limitations in terms of the interventions that are used, the forms of violence that human rights practitioners respond to, and the types of survivors they seek to protect. Taken together, these four assumptions have created challenges for the human rights community in confronting the multiple forms of torture rooted in the deep and widespread inequality experienced by many poor and marginalized groups. The essay ends by pointing to some emerging themes in the fight against torture, such as a focus on inequality, extra-custodial violence, and the role of corruption.

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Tiara, Mafi Sri Wahyu, et Novi Diah Haryanti. « PSIKOLOGI TOKOH KORBAN KOMUNIS DALAM CERPEN SURAT UNDANGAN, KERBAU BERTANDUK EMAS KARYA PUTU OKA SUKANTA, DAN TANAH AIR KARYA MARTIN ALEIDA ». MEDAN MAKNA : Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 22, n^o 2 (8 janvier 2024) : 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v22i2.6688.

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G30S is one of the great tragedies recorded in Indonesian history because it led an unreasonable number of casualties. It started with the emergence of a rebellion movement carried out by the communist party, triggering resistance that demanded the lives of many innocent victims. Several resistance and unfair treatment in several areas then occurred as an effort to wipe out descendants and people suspected of being communists in Indonesia. Apart from cruel detention and torture which resulted in physical injuries and bloodshed, this dark incident little by little eroded the mental condition of the victims and did not hesitate to kill them slowly. This research examines the psychology of communist victim characters in the short stories Surat Undangan, Kerbau Bertanduk Emas by Putu Oka Sukanta, and Tanah Air by Martin Aleida. The stories studied are equally themed about the suffering of the 1965 tragedy that was felt by the victims of the communists. This study uses a literary psychology approach according to Sigmund Freud's theory. The data in this study were found through comparative literature and qualitative descriptive methods using reading and note-taking techniques. The results of the research show that there are three psychological elements found in the victim character, namely Id, Ego, and Super ego. As a result of the victim's trauma, the form of ID shown in some of the data in the text occurs consciously, semi-consciously, or in a state that is not truly conscious. The form of the ego is photographed through the actions of victims that occur in reality or general reality. While the Super ego is the action of the victim character in the text which is motivated by the dominance of moral attitudes and politeness.

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Haq, Inamul. « Kashmir Conflict and the Advent of Torture : An Overview ». Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, n^o 1 (25 avril 2020) : 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i1.9.

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Modern states have built burgeoning detention facilities like immigration centers, prisons and police cells that engage in torture and other cruel, inhuman treatments. The law enforcement agencies engage in torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment in the name of counter- terrorism, security threats and soon. The state uses torture and makes it clear that enhanced interrogation techniques makes a person from kidnapping to extra-ordinary rendition, from citizen to unlawful enemy combatant and from human to terrorist. The valley of Kashmir faces torture and other cruel inhuman treatments since insurgency began in 1990’s, with violent uprising and have elicited terrorism. Methods like torture is used as a tool of counter- insurgency by Indian security forces. The government of India used all efforts to crush the movement of self- determination of Kashmir. The strong response from India violates the human rights and international humanitarian laws. The law enforcement agencies, army and para- military forces have engaged in reprisal attacks against civilians resulting in indiscriminate firing, search operations, gang-rapes and burning of houses in the valley. After 1990, the situation in the Kashmir valley deteriorated and Kashmir was declared a disturbed area and laws like Disturbed Area Act (DAA) 1990, Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) 1990 and Public Safety Act (PSA) 1978 were imposed. The purpose of the paper is to examine the concept of Torture in Kashmir valley and bring to light the plight of the victims in the valley.

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Den Otter, Joost. « Preface ». Torture Journal 24, n^o 2 (19 décembre 2018) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v24i2.111615.

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This special issue of TORTURE is meant to coincide with the twentieth anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Annemiek Richters, Grace Kagoyire and their colleagues present a sample of stories of torture and ill-treatment, but also of rehabilitation as experienced and shared by a small group of women who survived the atrocities of this dark period of history, in which over 800,000 people were massacred. This Supplementum offers us opportunities for gaining insight on the socio-therapy approach, as well as discovering common themes that may require further research using a variety of methods. The voice of actual victims of torture has its place in a journal such as ours, and we hope this issue serves its intended purposes. Joost den Otter, phD, MD, MSc Wditor-in-Chief

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Morales-Toledo, Guadalupe del Carmen. « La prohibición de la tortura : derecho humano ». Tequio 4, n^o 10 (30 septembre 2020) : 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53331/teq.v4i10.6818.

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Torture is a crime linked to serious human rights violations. To prevent, investigate, sanction and eradicate it, represents one of the biggest challenges when it comes to justice and human rights within our country, which currently holds high levels of impunity, and requires new and better investigation techniques, methods and strategies, that will allow meeting the demands for access to justice requested by the victims of these crimes. People deprived of their liberty (PDL) are demanding that all acts of torture itself become the subject of an investigation conducted by a multidisciplinary team in which lawyers, doctors and psychologists participate, based on the guidelines constituted in the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, commonly known as the Istanbul Protocol.

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Sveaass, Nora, et Felice Gaer. « The Committee Against Torture tackles violence against women : A conceptual and political journey ». Torture Journal 32, n^o 1-2 (13 juin 2022) : 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.132081.

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In this article, we will examine how the official treaty monitoring body, the Committee against Torture, demonstrated that violenceagainst women was indeed a serious human rights problem that fell squarely within the preview of the Convention against Torture.Because States parties to the Convention are required to report about their compliance with the Convention routinely, the Committee developed a substantial database on national practices and policies. In the course of examining these periodic reports of States parties, and then consolidating findings and conclusionsinto two general comments, the UN Committee Against Torture integrated violence against women in its jurisprudence ontorture and ill-treatment by showing that existing provisions could and did incorporate the obligation to protect against and provideredress for torture and ill-treatment directed against women. Initiatives to raise these issues show how the Committee “placed the range of gender violence—from public to private – squarely within the frame of the Torture Convention” (Copelon, 2008, 242). The article will recall how the adoption of two general commentsto the Convention firmly integrated gender-based violence as a subject of concern under the Convention: General comment no2 (2008) addressed Article 2 on the State obligation to prevent torture and ill-treatment and General comment no 3 (2012) focusedon Article 14 which concerns the obligation to provide redress to victims of torture. Both authors have been members of the Committee during these important years, and it is our aim to provide an overview of the significant processes and decisions taken by the CAT that resulted in the strengthening of the Committee’s inclusiveness and comprehensiveness in the struggle to prevent torture. Finally, we will reflect on some future challengesfaced by main anti-torture body/ies as part of global efforts to fight violence against women.

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Stippel, Jörg Alfred, Rodrigo Sanhueza et Luis Vergara Cisternas. « Ill-treatment in the Chilean prison system – an analysis of reports presented by the National Institute of Human Rights (INDH) and their handling by the legal actors ». Torture Journal 34, n^o 1 (28 mai 2024) : 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v34i1.141671.

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Prisons in Latin America are often described as violent and lawless places. In this context, we analyse the Chilean case. We want to find out how complaints of torture and ill-treatment are investigated if the victim is a person deprived of liberty? Our hypothesis is that the response to the phenomenon, both in the prosecution of the perpetrators and in the protection of its victims, does not take into consideration the guidelines established in international standards, especially those contained in the Istanbul Protocol. To this end, we analyse a total of 124 complaints of torture or ill-treatment filed by the Chilean National Human Rights Institute (INDH). This information was then used to research the processing of these cases in the virtual portal of the Chilean Judiciary. In a next step we created a database that contains different information extracted from the electronic case files. This is the source for the quantitative analysis. For the qualitative part of our study, we describe the facts contained in the complaints and document the way they were handled. The findings confirm our hypothesis. An excessive amount of time elapses between the alleged torture or mistreatment, the filing of complaints, the use of protective measures and the termination of the cases. There are serious deficiencies in the investigations carried out by the Public Prosecutor's Office. Therefore, most of the complaints are not clarified and end up being shelved sooner or later. We conclude that, both the actions of the judges and the prosecutors in the processing of the complaints, make it clear that when it comes to investigating acts of torture or ill-treatment inside Chilean prisons, the standards of the Istanbul Protocol are not met.

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Mcgorry, Patrick. « Broken Spirits : The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, War and Torture Victims ». Australian & ; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, n^o 10 (octobre 2005) : 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01709_1.x.

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Gueron, Laura Janet Pizer, et MaryAnn De Ruiter. « International survey of the utilisation in treatment centers for survivors of torture ». Torture Journal 30, n^o 3 (10 février 2021) : 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i3.122775.

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Introduction: Literature about treatment of survivors of torture tends to focus on counseling and primary medical care. There are fewer published articles about the utilization of physiotherapy at treatment centers for survivors of torture and other forms of trauma. Methods: Lists were compiled of about 169 treatment centers receiving funding from the United National Voluntary Fund, 150 from the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, and another 40 treatment centers in the United States through the National Capacity Building Project. A survey about utilization of physiotherapy at treatment centers for survivors was created which included questions about the utilization of physiotherapy, treatment modalities provided by physiotherapists, other professionals working at the centers, perceived barriers to providing physiotherapy and interest in collaboration as a global physiotherapy community. Surveys were emailed to centers in French, Spanish and/or English. Results: 87 responses were received, for a response rate of 43% (87 of 200 emails sent). Approximately 30% of centers report that their clients have no access to physiotherapy, with one third of the centers having physiotherapy on staff (in contrast with 85% of survey respondents having psychotherapy/counseling on staff, 73% having social work on staff and 55% primary medicine). About one third of responding torture treatment programs reported being able to refer to physiotherapists outside of their centers. Therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, massage, and group activities and exercises were the most commonly reported treatment modalities provided by physiotherapists. Lack of funds or resources and shortage of physiotherapy personnel were perceived as being the biggest challenges limiting clients’ access to physiotherapy. Twenty-nine of the respondents (33%) were physiotherapists, and of these, 90% reported being interested in collaborative activities with other physiotherapists working with survivor of torture.

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Saccucci, Andrea. « Divieto di tortura ed esigenze di sicurezza nel contesto della war on terror : verso una flessione "al ribasso" degli obblighi internazionali ? » DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, n^o 1 (avril 2009) : 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-001001.

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- The mounting fear brought up by international terrorism and the need to counter effectively threats to national security have re-ignited the legal debate over the absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment in situations of extreme danger of massive catastrophes (so called ticking bomb scenario), around the question "Can a suspect terrorist be ever tortured or subject to coercive techniques of interrogations?". After a brief overview of the different answers given by the recent doctrine, an attempt is made to assess whether the post-2001 States' practice concerning anti-terrorism measures has had (or is capable of having) an impact on the nature and scope of the international norms prohibiting torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. While the absolute and inderogable character of the prohibition continues to be generally recognized at least as a matter of principle, notwithstanding the growing number of reported abuses committed against suspected terrorists, the recent practice shows that States seek to lower the degree of protection afforded by customary and treaty obligations in the name of the war on terror. In this respect, three aspects are examined: a) the general trend to ‘relativize' the requirement of gravity by means of subjective factors (such as the dangerousness of the person concerned) for the purpose of determining whether certain acts fall within the scope of the prohibition and whether they should be classified as torture or as inhuman or degrading treatment; b) the attempt by many States to challenge the absolute nature of the prohibition of refoulement in case of transfer of the suspect terrorist to a country where there are substantial grounds to believe that he runs a real risk of being subject to prohibited treatment, notably relying on diplomatic assurances; c) a more general tendency to lower the degree of due diligence required of States in the implementation of positive obligations related to the prohibition of torture (such as the obligation to prosecute the perpetrators and to provide adequate reparation to the victims), by broadening the margin of appreciation of national authorities with respect to the aims pursued in the framework of the prevention and repression of terrorism.

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Mishalov, Volodymyr, Kostiantyn Voroshilov, Oleksandr Petrochak, Volodymyr Khyzhniak et Andriy Morgun. « CASES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF THE KYIV REGION IN 2022 – CRIMINAL CONSEQUENCES OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION ». Forensic-medical examination, n^o 2 (28 février 2024) : 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2023.14.

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An analysis of cases of sexual violence in the temporarily occupied territories of the Kyiv region in 2022 is given, an assessment of the criminal consequences of russian aggression is made, and the role of forensic medical examination in the investigation of such cases is determined. Aim of the work. An analysis of cases of sexual violence, including rape, that took place in the temporarily occupied territory of the Kyiv region in 2022 and the determination of the role of forensic medical examination during the investigation of these crimes. Materials and methods. The material of the research was 6 archival "Conclusions of expert research" of the Kyiv Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination), which related to cases of sexual violence in the temporarily occupied territories of the Kyiv Region in 2022. For statistical processing of quantitative data, standard methods of variational statistics were used. Results. In all cases of sexual violence in the temporarily occupied territories of the Kyiv region during February-March 2022, the victims were women, including minors. They were subjected to sexual torture, including rape, with the use of physical violence and threats by Russian servicemen who, according to the victims, were in an intoxicated state, threatened with firearms, fired shots into the ceiling and floor of the living space, and forced the victim to perform actions contrary to her will. The forms of sexual violence were – verbal violation of a person's dignity, sexual intercourse in a natural (vaginal) and unnatural way (oral, anal) without the use of contraceptives. The violent sexual acts lasted about one hour. Immediately or in the shortest possible time after the indicated violent acts, the victims did not go to medical institutions for medical help and examination. After the deoccupation in June 2022, the victims turned to law enforcement agencies for facts of sexual violence and were examined in medical and diagnostic institutions of the city of Kyiv and in the Kyiv Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination. During their examination, no visible injuries were found on the skin in the areas of the genitals and anus or on the mucous membranes that could be examined. At the time of the inspection, the victims did not make any complaints. In connection with the considerable time that passed from the events in February-March 2022 to the performance of forensic medical examinations in June 2022, the selection of the contents of the vagina, oral cavity and rectum for forensic immunological examination for the presence of spermatozoa – was inappropriate. Conclusions. In all cases, the victims were women, including minors, who were subjected to sexual torture, including rape with the use of physical violence and threats. These criminal actions correspond to both the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the "Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment", the "Istanbul Convention", the "Istanbul Protocol" and the "Rome Statute". Since the facts of sexual violence against women by Russian servicemen during the occupation took place in March-April 2022, and the forensic medical examination of the victims - in June 2022, due to the large time gap between these events and the absence of physical manifestations of sexual torture, including rape, it was possible to establish only the fact of past sexual acts and the circumstances of their commission. Therefore, establishing the fact of rape belongs to law enforcement agencies. An important condition for the performance of a forensic medical examination in cases of rape as the basis of the evidence base in criminal proceedings is its timeliness, taking into account physical evidence and materials documenting bodily injuries.

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Pokhariyal, Ganesh P., Ruthie Rono et Samson Munywoki. « Analysis of treatment methods for victims of torture in Kenya and East Africa Region. » Traumatology 19, n^o 2 (2013) : 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534765612451341.

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WAUGAMAN, RICHARD M., et ADELE WAUGAMAN. « Broken Spirits : The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and War and Torture Victims ». American Journal of Psychiatry 162, n^o 9 (septembre 2005) : 1768–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1768.

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Kaysen, Debra, Kristen Lindgren, Goran A. Sabir Zangana, Laura Murray, Judy Bass et Paul Bolton. « Adaptation of cognitive processing therapy for treatment of torture victims : Experience in Kurdistan, Iraq. » Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5, n^o 2 (mars 2013) : 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026053.

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Pérez-Sales, Pau, et Chris Dominey. « Introduction to Volume 29, Issue 3 ». Torture Journal 29, n^o 3 (20 janvier 2020) : 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i3.117774.

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We close Volume 29 with an issue of Torture Journal focused on measuring processes and results, a subject that has always been considered a priority for the sector. There is a dearth of studies on long-term follow-up to assess rehabilitation success. The paper by Martin Hill and Mary Lynn Everson, “Indicators likely to contribute to clinical and functional improvement among survivors of politically-sanctioned torture” is unique in the length of post-treatment follow-up, and provides an innovative approach in the measurement of rehabilitation outcomes through a structured measure of functional aspects with an instrument designed at the Kovler Center in Chicago. In addition, in the framework of the interminable debate over whether clinical categories of psychiatric classifications respond effectively to the experience of torture victims, Marie Louison Vang and colleagues present in their paper “Testing the validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among refugees in treatment using latent class analysis,” a validation study through multivariate models to distinguish between the classic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and the new Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in refugee and torture survivor populations. The results show that this new diagnosis not only complements the previous one but both approaches represent an improved nosological classification and definition of the experiences of torture survivors. Kim Baranowski and collaborators, in their paper, “Experiences of gender-violence in women asylum seekers from Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala” propose, supported by the evidence gathered, that types of violence experienced by these women are multi-intersectional, and that restricted categorisation of the concept of torture can ignore the experiences of asylum-seeking women, whose lives, both in their countries of origin, in transit and in the host country, are persistently affected by structural, psychological and physical violence perpetrated by state and nonstate actors alike. Finally, Kristi Rendahland Pamela Kriege Santoso offer in their contribution “Organizational development with torture rehabilitation programs: An applied perspective,” a personal, non-data-driven text representing their experience in supporting the creation of torture victim centres in different countries within the framework of the CVT’s Partners in Trauma Healing (PATH) Project.In this last issue of the journal we would like to thank all the authors that have chosen Torture Journal as the platform to share their research. In particular, we extend our thanks to those anonymous reviewers who have devoted hours and effort to the indispensable task of giving us their critical and constructive view of the journal’s articles. Without them the publication would not be possible.We believe that this issue of the Torture Journal will undoubtedly provide many elements of reflection for our readers. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we enjoyed preparing it.Torture Journal Editorial Team

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Hárdi, Lilla, Benito Morentin, Agirre Inmaculada, Albi Inmaculada, Oihana Andueza, Arana Miren, Arnoso Maitane et al. « Incommunicado detention and torture in Spain, Part I : The Istanbul Protocol Project in the Basque Country ». Torture Journal 26, n^o 3 (19 septembre 2018) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v26i3.109329.

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There is increasing evidence to show that torture is a serious problem in the Basque Country. Whilst such evidence can be found in reports of international human rights monitoring bodies, sentences of Spanish and international courts, and empirical studies, they are limited in not having followed the Istanbul Protocol (IP) in order to evaluate the reliability of torture. A working group composed of professional associations of psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians, and lawyers, in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country, conducted a four-year study on the medical and psychological consequences of torture in incommunicado detainees, including an assessment of credibility in line with the IP. The methodological design included a multi-level peer-reviewed blind assessment and input by an external expert (from the Independent Forensic Expert Group facilitated by the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT)). A sample of 45 Basque people held in short-term incommunicado detention under anti-terrorist legislation (between 1980 and 2012) in Spain who had reported ill-treatment or torture was selected. The findings are divided into four papers: the present introductory paper; the second analyses the credibility of the allegations of torture and introduces an innovative methodology that enhances the IP, the Standardized Evaluation Form (SEC); the third provides an analysis of the methods of torture and introduces the concept of Torturing Environments; and, in the last paper, the psychological and psychiatric consequences of incommunicado detention are analyzed. The collection of papers are intended to be useful not only in the documentation of torture in the Basque Country and Spain but also as an innovative example of how the IP can be used for research purposes.

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Blakeley, Ruth, et Sam Raphael. « Accountability, denial and the future-proofing of British torture ». International Affairs 96, n^o 3 (1 mai 2020) : 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa017.

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Abstract When powerful liberal democratic states are found to be complicit in extreme violations of human rights, how do they respond and why do they respond as they do? Drawing on the example of the United Kingdom's complicity in torture since 9/11, this article demonstrates how reluctant the UK has been to permit a full reckoning with its torturous past. We demonstrate that successive UK governments engaged in various forms of denial, obfuscation and attempts to obstruct investigation and avoid accountability. The net effect of their responses has been to deny the victims redress, through adequate judicial processes, and to deny the public adequate state accountability. These responses are not simply aimed at shielding from prosecution the perpetrators and those who have oversight of them, nor preventing political embarrassment. The various forms of denial and obstruction are also designed to ensure that collusion can continue uninterrupted. A core concern of intelligence officials and ministers has been to prevent any process that would lead to a comprehensive prohibition on involvement in operations where torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment are a real possibility. The door remains wide open, and deliberately so, for British involvement in torture.

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Perez-Sales, Pau, Bernard Duhaime et Juan Méndez. « Current debates, developments and challenges regarding torture, enforced disappearances and human rights ». Torture Journal 31, n^o 2 (20 octobre 2021) : 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v31i2.128890.

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There are, thus, three essential distinguishing features: intentionality, purpose and severity of suffering. Torture can be broadly defined as the intentional infliction of severe pain or suffering, by agents of the State, for a specific purpose, such as the extraction of information, a confession, intimidation or punishment or discrimination[1]. Other relevant elements not provided in the legal definition include the suppression of the will of the victim, powerlessness and the moral injury suffered, and the attack on dignity as an essential human value. Similarly, enforced disappearance (ED) is, also broadly defined, the deprivation of liberty by agents of the State followed by the refusal to acknowledge the fate or whereabouts of the detainee, this putting the person outside the protection of the law[2]. ED is a composite human rights violation that involves two kinds of victims: first, the direct victim, who suffered the violence of abduction, the anguish of being held defenceless in an unknown place and who, in most cases, suffered physical or psychological torture, and, on the other hand, the relatives of the disappeared[3]. The level of anguish and suffering inflicted on family members has been repeatedly considered by the medical and psychological community to be of sufficient severity to meet the threshold of the definition of torture (Citroni, 2017; Hollander, 2016; Kordon, D., Edelman, L., Lagos, D., & Kersner, 1998; Pérez-Sales, 2000; Robins, 2010; Shaery-Yazdi, 2020; Smid et al., 2020; Zarrugh, 2018). There are strong arguments to consider that ED is a form of torture. Indeed, EDs always imply, towards the person disappeared, intentionality, purpose, suffering, powerlessness, absolute deprivation of will and attacks to dignity. At the same time, some of these elements may be more complex to prove in the case of relatives. One should recall, for example, that the German High Command, while implementing the sadly famous Night and Fog Decree, which instituted a program to enforcedly disappear victims in the occupied territories during World War II, expressly indicated that "[e]fficient and enduring intimidation can only be achieved either by capital punishment or by measures by which the relatives of the criminal and the population do not know the fate of the criminal. This aim is achieved when the criminal is transferred to Germany" (Finucane, 2010). This paper explores these links (see also Nowack, 2012) and puts forward some proposals and challenges for the future. [1] In accordance with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, “the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions” (article 1.1). [2] Enforced disappearances are defined as “the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law”. See International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, article 2. [3]Indeed, the ED Convention, provides that the term ’victim’ means the disappeared person and any individual who has suffered harm as the direct result of an enforced disappearance”. In this sense, and as victims often recall, there are (a) the rights of the disappeared, including the right to due process, to liberty, security and integrity of the person, to be searched, reparation, etc. (b) the rights of the relatives to truth and justice, to measures of psycho-social assistance and other forms of reparation, etc.

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Pérez-Sales, Pau, et Maggie Zraly. « From sexualized torture and gender-based torture to genderized torture : The urgent need for a conceptual evolution ». Torture Journal 28, n^o 3 (27 novembre 2018) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111179.

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Classical perspectives on sexualized torture are being increasingly challenged by contemporary debates informed by emerging claims (Mendez, 2016; Sáez, 2016; Sifris, 2014). Gender-based analysis based on feminist and other theoretical approaches is needed to adequately address these. Arriving at a general framework for the reconceptualization of torture, and progressively widening the analytical scope of gender and torture, are priorities. Gender analyses of torture needs to encompass a broader range of phenomena, from rape and attacks on sexual integrity to any suffering inflicted on human beings that is intricately intertwined with gender (Jakobsen, 2014), including and not limited to discrimination against LGTBI persons,1 genital mutilation, and the restriction of any of the broad range of issues under the frame of reproductive freedom, such as abortion and involuntary sterilization.2 The push for a gender transformative rethinking of conceptual and analytical approaches to torture is accompanied by the need to develop specific tools to detect and assess sexual and gender-based torture (including the necessity for a reconsideration of gender perspectives on the Istanbul Protocol), to incorporate a feminist perspective in the rehabilitation of victims. This requires specific treatment approaches as well as holistic survivor-centered rehabilitation models that include access to high quality and comprehensive services. Services that support stigma reduction are particularly important. Our own desk review on all papers published in Torture Journal since 2006 until 2018 showed a clear gender analysis gap: only 32% of papers included the word ‘gender’ and 38% the word ‘female’ in any part of the text. In 84% of the cases, these mentions simply indexed the presentation of data disaggregated by sex. Only 4% of all the papers published in the Journal attempted a gender analysis. To help address this gap, the Journal circulated a call for papers on gender and torture that aligned with research priorities identified in our Delphi study (Pérez-Sales, Witcombe, & Otero, 2017). The response to this call has been encouraging. This issue features a collection of texts that highlight important aspects of sexualized and gender-based torture and provide reflections that contribute to framing the theoretical debate on the nature and scope of gender-based and genderized forms of torture. The Journal believes that even more research and reflection is necessary to adequately clarify and raise the terms of this debate and additional texts relevant to the topic are planned to appear in forthcoming issues. This current issue draws out key concepts that are important to making an impact, both on the debate and in practice.

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Kastrup, M., A. Aadamsoo, L. Subilia, S. Gluzman et T. Wenzel. « The Victims of Persecution and Torture : The Tactics of the Treatment in Western and Eastern Europe ». European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997) : 139s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80372-0.

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Arai-Yokoi, Yutaka. « Grading Scale of Degradation : Identifying the Threshold of Degrading Treatment or Punishment under Article 3 ECHR ». Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 21, n^o 3 (septembre 2003) : 385–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934410302100303.

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Among international human rights instruments, the rich jurisprudence on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has yielded meaningful and workable principles for defining the normative parameter of freedom from torture and other forms of maltreatment. While identification of torture has been limited to a small number of straightforward cases of assault giving rise to physical and mental anguish of an especially aggravated character, the overwhelming majority of cases raised under Article 3 have related to degrading or inhuman treatment or punishment. By focusing upon threshold cases involving freedom from degrading treatment or punishment, the least serious absolute right under Article 3, this article seeks to delineate the boundaries of the effective guarantee provided by this absolute right in the Strasbourg organs judicial policy. The examination suggests an encouraging sign that the Strasbourg organs have funnelled considerable vigour and creativity into their law-making policy, elaborating on the most succinct provision in the ECHR. They have capitalised on the graduating scale of degrading treatment so as to diversify the protective scope of Article 3, in a continued search for progressive European public order. They have supplied to individual victims a horizon of possible arguments, which can unfold along lines conducive to the shaping and restructuring of the emerging European constitutional system.

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