Pour voir les autres types de publications sur ce sujet consultez le lien suivant : Top ma.
Articles de revues sur le sujet « Top ma »
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleurs articles de revues pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Top ma ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les articles de revues sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
1
Barreau, Jean-Jacques. « Si ma constitution le supporte ». Topique 103, no 2 (2008) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/top.103.0013.
Texte intégral
2
Haugen, Kjetil K. « Who are the real top scorers : Algorithmically resorting a top scorer list by a limited set of preference assumptions ». Mathematics for Application 9, no 1 (28 juin 2020) : 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/ma.2020.02.
Texte intégral
3
Veit, Camille. « « Ma petite entreprise ne connaît pas la crise » ». Topique 148, no 1 (2020) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/top.148.0103.
Texte intégral
4
Mintarningsih, H. Y. « SPIRIT “MA TOP MA FIT” DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN LEMBAGA KURSUS DAN PELATIHAN OTOMOTIF RODA DUA ». JIV 13, no 1 (28 juin 2018) : 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jiv.1301.8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
North Central Timor District has two courses and training institutions run by the community. This amount has not changed from since 2007. Whereas according to Central Bureau of Statistics of East Nusa Tenggara, North Central Timor District Regency until 2015 has 22,450 units of motorcycles. That means North Central Timor District requires more than two courses and training institutions to overcome the problem of motor. In addition, from the observation, the existing condition of courses and training institutions also does not qualify as an educational institution. Though the district is famous for the spirit of “Togetherness” which put together, in the same lightweight principle carried, the same weight be borne in various activities. However in reality, the business activities of the community die. What exactly is the designation of “Togetherness” spirit in North Central District of Timor? To answer that question, in May 2017 was conducted research using an open questionnaire data-collection tool. Questionnaires were distributed to 25 respondents. From the results of the analysis of respondents’ answers found the answer that, open a new business, only a priority to six after the needs of marriage, education, garden cleaning, harvest, and death. The reason, opening a business can take advantage of government facilities. In addition, opening new business direct profits is limited to certain people only. Results not necessarily can be enjoyed together. Moreover, the priority tendency above it is an important priority. Although not all of them, for the community. Despite some objections to the issue, in fact, opening a new business is not a priority to the “Ma Top Ma Fit” spirit, in the district of North Central Timor.
5
Hohenegger, Johann, Stjepan Ćorić et Michael Wagreich. « Timing of the Middle Miocene Badenian Stage of the Central Paratethys ». Geologica Carpathica 65, no 1 (1 février 2014) : 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract A new and precisely defined chronometric subdivision of the Badenian (Middle Miocene, regional stage of Central Paratethys) is proposed. This uses global events, mainly geomagnetic polarity reversals as correlated chronometric boundaries, supported by climatic and sea-level changes in addition to isotope events and biostratigraphic data. The Karpatian/ Badenian boundary lies at 16.303 Ma, at the top of Chron C5Cn.2n, which is near the base of the Praeorbulina sicana Lowest-occurrence Zone (LOZ). The Badenian/Sarmatian boundary is placed at the top of polarity Chron C5Ar.2n, thus at 12.829 Ma. In relation to three sea level cycles TB 2.3, TB 2.4 and TB 2.5 and astronomically confirmed data, the Badenian can be divided into three parts of nearly equivalent duration. The Early Badenian as newly defined here ranges from 16.303 to 15.032 Ma (top of polarity Chron C5Bn.2n). The younger boundary correlates roughly to the base of the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina suturalis LOZ at 15.10 Ma, the HO (Highest Occurrence) of the nannofossil Helicosphaera ampliaperta at 14.91 Ma (NN4/NN5 boundary) and the Lan2/Ser1 sequence boundary at 14.80 Ma. The subsequent Mid Badenian ranges from 15.032 Ma to 13.82 Ma; the latter datum correlates with the base of the Serravallian, characterized by a strong global cooling event reflected in the oxygen isotope event Mi3b. The main part of cycle TB 2.4 falls into the Mid Badenian, which can be subdivided by a short cooling event at 14.24 Ma during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (14.70 to 13.82 Ma). The HCO (Highest common occurrence) of the nannofossil Helicosphaera waltrans at 14.357 Ma supports this division, also seen in the tropical plankton Zones M6 Orbulina suturalis LOZ and M7 Fohsella peripheroacuta LOZ that correspond roughly to the lower and upper Lagenidae zones in the Vienna Basin, respectively. The Late Badenian is delimited in time at the base to 13.82 Ma by the Langhian/Serravallian boundary and at the top by the top of polarity Chron C5Ar.2n at 12.829 Ma. The Mediterranean Langhian/Serravallian boundary can be equated with the Mid/Late Badenian boundary at 13.82 Ma. However, the Karpatian/Badenian boundary at 16.303 Ma, a significant event easily recognizable in biostratigraphy, paleoclimate evolution and sequence stratigraphy, cannot be equated with the proposed global Burdigalian/Langhian, and thus Early/Middle Miocene boundary, at 15.974 Ma
6
Baadsgaard, H., J. F. Lerbekmo, J. R. Wijbrans, C. C. Swisher III et M. Fanning. « Multimethod radiometric age for a bentonite near the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone of southwestern Saskatchewan (Campanian–Maastrichtian stage boundary?) ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no 4 (1 avril 1993) : 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-063.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A 15 cm thick bentonite at the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone in Cruikshank Coulee north of Herbert in southwestern Saskatchewan yielded biotite, sanidine, plagioclase, and zircon. Rb–Sr analyses give a mineral isochron with an age of 72.5 ± 0.2 Ma (± 2σ). U–Pb analyses of zircon produced concordant 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/235U ages of 72.4 ± 0.4 Ma (± 2σ) and 72.6 ± 0.4 Ma (± 2σ), respectively. Laser 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite revealed ages of 72.5 ± 0.2 Ma (± SE) and 72.6 ± 0.2 Ma (± SE), respectively. If the Campanian–Maastrichtian stage boundary is near the top of the Baculites reesidei Zone, then the overall average age of 72.5 ± 0.4 Ma dates the stage boundary.
7
Bumby, Adam, Geoffrey H. Grantham et Neo Geogracious Moabi. « The structural evolution of the Straumsnutane and western Sverdrupfjella areas, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica : implications for the amalgamation of Gondwana ». Geological Magazine 157, no 9 (10 février 2020) : 1428–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819001523.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe study area is located across the Kalahari Craton – Maud Belt boundary in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. The ∼1100 Ma Maud Belt in the east is situated where the ∼900–600 Ma East African and ∼530–500 Ma Kuunga orogenies overlap. The Kalahari Craton cover in the west of the study area comprises ∼1100 Ma Straumsnutane Formation lavas in Straumsnutane. In Straumsnutane, early ∼1100 Ma low-grade structures suggest top-to-the-NW deformation. Younger ∼525 Ma structures suggest conjugate top-to-ESE and -WNW transport under low-grade conditions. Western Straumsnutane and Ahlmannryggen do not show the same complex deformation, the intense deformation being restricted to NE Straumsnutane along the eastern margin of the Kalahari Craton. In Sverdrupfjella, in the east, the Maud Belt is underlain by medium-grade, deformed ∼1140 Ma supracrustal gneisses and younger intrusions. Four deformation phases in the gneisses comprise D1 + D2 with top-to-the-N and -NW folds, D3 top-to-the-S and -SE folding and D4 brittle faulting. Syn-D3 emplacement of granitoid veins is inferred at ∼490 Ma. Comparison of the deformation vergence of NE Straumsnutane with western Sverdrupfjella suggests D1 in Straumsnutane is correlatable with D1 + D2 Mesoproterozoic structures in western Sverdrupfjella. D2 deformation in Straumsnutane can be correlated with D3 structures and Cambrian-age granites in Sverdrupfjella. D2 deformation in eastern Straumsnutane and D3 in western Sverdrupfjella are inferred to have occurred in a mega-nappe footwall, implying the Ritscherflya Supergroup cratonic cover in eastern Straumsnutane was partially submerged in the footwall, the mega-nappe formed during Gondwana amalgamation, involving collision between N and S Gondwana in the Kuunga Orogeny, ∼530–500 Ma ago.
8
Leitch, Craig H. B., C. T. Hood, Xiao-Lin Cheng et A. J. Sinclair. « Tip Top Hill volcanics : Late Cretaceous Kasalka Group rocks hosting Eocene epithermal base- and precious-metal veins at Owen Lake, west-central British Columbia ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no 5 (1 mai 1992) : 854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-073.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Rocks hosting the Silver Queen epithermal Au–Ag–Zn–Pb–Cu vein deposit near Owen Lake, British Columbia, belong to the Tip Top Hill volcanics. They are lithologically similar to the informally named Upper Cretaceous Kasalka Group rocks exposed in the type area at Tahtsa Lake, 75 km southwest of the deposit, and at Mount Cronin, 100 km northwest of the deposit. The Kasalka Group rocks in the Tahtsa Lake area give questionable dates of 105 ± 5 Ma by K–Ar on whole rock but are cut by intrusions dated at 83.8 ± 2.8 Ma by K–Ar on biotite. The sequence at the Silver Queen deposit includes a polymictic conglomerate, followed upward by felsic fragmental rocks and a thick porphyritic andesite flow and sill unit, cut by microdiorite and quartz–feldspar porphyry intrusions. The porphyritic andesite and the microdiorite have been dated as Late Cretaceous (78.3 ± 2.7 and 78.7 ± 2.7 Ma, respectively, by K–Ar on whole rock), close to previous dates for these rocks (77.1 ± 2.7 and 75.3 ± 2.0 Ma, respectively). The quartz–feldspar porphyry intrudes the porphyritic andesites but has an older U–Pb zircon date of 84.6 ± 0.2 Ma, probably due to underestimation of the true age of the host rocks by the K–Ar whole-rock method. Later dykes correlate with younger volcanic rocks belonging to the Ootsa Lake and Endako groups. Eocene pre- and postmineral plagioclase-rich dykes (51.9 ± 1.8 to 51.3 ± 1.8 Ma) and late diabase dykes (50.4 ± 1.8 Ma; all by K–Ar on whole rock) may be correlative with trachyandesite volcanics of the Goosly Lake Formation, part of the Eocene Endako Group. These volcanics have been dated elsewhere at 55.6 ± 2.5 to 48.8 ± 1.8 Ma by K–Ar on whole rock and biotite, respectively. Mineralization at Silver Queen is therefore similar in age to, but slightly younger than, the producing Equity mine located 30 km to the northeast, which is estimated at 58.5 ± 2.0 Ma by K–Ar on whole rock.
9
Drossart, Francis. « « Ce meurtre est tout ce qui me reste de ma vertu. » (Lorenzaccio) ». Topique 138, no 1 (2017) : 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/top.138.0081.
Texte intégral
10
Degaspari, John. « Look, Ma, No Pilot ! » Mechanical Engineering 125, no 11 (1 novembre 2003) : 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-nov-3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper reviews history of unmanned aircraft that are making news today. A team led by the inventor Charles Kettering had developed the airborne contraption, conceived as a top-secret weapon to deliver explosives against enemy troops. The craft was the first practical unmanned airplane. Unmanned aerial vehicles such as this circa 1946 target drone were built by the Radioplane Co. to train antiaircraft gunners during World War II. Weary bombers, such as the radio-controlled B-17G Flying Fortress, were used with small success as flying bombs during the World War II. World War II era target drones preceding unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance in the coming decades. In 1999, Northrop Grumman boosted its presence in target aircraft further by acquiring Ryan Aeronautical, the company that built the Spirit of St. Louis for Charles Lindbergh in 1927.
11
Law, Richard D., J. Ryan Thigpen, Sarah E. Mazza, Calvin A. Mako, Maarten Krabbendam, Brandon M. Spencer, Kyle T. Ashley, Robin A. Strachan et Ella F. Davis. « Tectonic Transport Directions, Shear Senses and Deformation Temperatures Indicated by Quartz c-Axis Fabrics and Microstructures in a NW-SE Transect across the Moine and Sgurr Beag Thrust Sheets, Caledonian Orogen of Northern Scotland ». Geosciences 11, no 10 (30 septembre 2021) : 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100411.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Moine metasedimentary rocks of northern Scotland are characterized by arcuate map patterns of mineral lineations that swing progressively clockwise from orogen-perpendicular E-trending lineations in greenschist facies mylonites above the Moine thrust on the foreland edge of the Caledonian Orogen, to S-trending lineations at higher structural levels and metamorphic grades in the hinterland. Quartz c-axis fabrics measured on a west to east coast transect demonstrate that the lineations developed parallel to the maximum principal extension direction and therefore track the local tectonic transport direction. Microstructures and c-axis fabrics document a progressive change from top to the N shearing in the hinterland to top to the W shearing on the foreland edge. Field relationships indicate that the domain of top to the N shearing was at least 55 km wide before later horizontal shortening on km-scale W-vergent folds that detach on the underlying Moine thrust. Previously published data from the Moine thrust mylonites demonstrate that top to the W shearing had largely ceased by 430 Ma, while preliminary isotopic age data suggest top to the N shearing occurred at ~470–450 Ma. In addition, data from the east coast end of our transect indicate normal-sense top down-SE shearing at close to peak temperatures at ~420 Ma that may be related to the closing stages of Scandian deformation, metamorphism and cooling/exhumation.
12
REISCHMANN, T., D. K. KOSTOPOULOS, S. LOOS, B. ANDERS, A. AVGERINAS et S. A. SKLAVOUNOS. « Late palaeozoic magmatism in the basement rocks Southwest of Mt. Olympos, Central Pelagonian zone, Greece : Remnants of a permo-carboniferous magmatic arc ». Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no 3 (1 janvier 2001) : 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17134.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We dated basement rocks from several localities southwest of Mt. Olympos, as well as from a locality near the top of the mountain using the single zircon Pb/Pb evaporation technique. For the samples southwest of the mountain, the ages obtained range from ca. 280 to 290 Ma, with only a few zircon grains being around 300 Ma. By contrast, the sample from near the top of the mountain appears to be slightly younger, with ca. 270 Ma. These ages imply that the granitoids crystallized during Late Carboniferous - Early Permian times, and are therefore younger than the basement gneisses of other regions of the Pelagonian zone, which yielded zircon ages of around 300 Ma (e.g. Yarwood & Aftalion 1976, Mountrakis 1983, De Bono 1998, Engel & Reischmann 2001). However, the ages obtained in the present study are identical, within error, to the muscovite Ar-Ar cooling ages from Mt. Ossa (Lips 1998). Our geochronological data show that the magmatic evolution for this part of the basement of the Pelagonian Zone lasted at least 30 Ma.
13
Lee, Y. H., B. Tell, K. Brown-Goebeler, J. L. Jewell, R. E. Leibenguth, M. T. Asom, G. Livescu, L. Luther et V. D. Mattera. « High efficiency (1.2 mW/mA) top-surface-emitting GaAs quantum well lasers ». Electronics Letters 26, no 16 (1990) : 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900841.
Texte intégral
14
Zartman, Robert E., Suzanne W. Nicholson, William F. Cannon et G. B. Morey. « U – Th – Pb zircon ages of some Keweenawan Supergroup rocks from the south shore of Lake Superior ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no 4 (1 avril 1997) : 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
New single-crystal zircon U–Th–Pb ages for plutonic and rhyolitic Keweenawan Supergroup rocks from the south shore of Lake Superior provide geochronological constraints on magmatic evolution associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift. Analyses of a granophyric phase of the Mineral Lake intrusion and the Mellen granite, both parts of the Mellen Intrusive Complex, and a laterally extensive rhyolite from the top of the Kallander Creek Volcanics have weighted average 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1102.0 ± 2.8 Ma (N = 2), 1100.9 ± 1.4 Ma (N = 5), and 1098.8 ± 1.9 Ma (N = 4), respectively. Analyses of a pyroclastic rhyolite flow at the top of the Porcupine Volcanics result in variable 207Pb/206Pb ages that range from 1080 to 1137 Ma. This rhyolite exhibits a continuum between morphologically complex and simpler prismatic zircon crystals, the latter yielding concordant analyses having a weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 1093.6 ± 1.8 Ma (N = 2). Four prismatic zircons from an aphyric rhyolite of the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline form a linear array intersecting concordia at 1094.6 ± 2.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.3). Another presumed Chengwatana rhyolite recovered from drill core intersecting the Hudson–Afton horst in southeast Minnesota yielded only ~20 morphologically indistinguishable zircons. Six analyses give 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 1112 to 1136 Ma, including one analysis with a virtually concordant age of 1130 Ma. This age, however, is considerably older than that obtained for the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline or any other precisely dated rock from the Midcontinent rift.
15
Cheng, Jiaqi, Pu Liu, Ting Peng, Qinglei Liu, Wenshu Chen, Bowen Liu, Yang Yuan et al. « Mechanically alloyed NiTiO3/transition metal heterostructures : introducing oxygen vacancies for exceptionally enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity ». Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no 30 (2020) : 14908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05030j.
Texte intégral
16
Li, Hong Tao, Xiu Hong Xu et Jia Liu. « Effect of Microbiological Additive on the Diversity of Microbial Community and the Dynamic Distribution during High-Temperature Composting Process ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (novembre 2012) : 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.366.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objectives of this study were to analysis the differences of microbial community diversity between the microbial additives (MA) compost and natural compost and the distribution (spatial and temporal) of MA during high-temperature composting by PCR-DGGE technology. The results showed that the MA started temperature rapidly; prolonged the time of maintained high-temperature process and increased the diversity of microbial than natural compost. Sequence comparison revealed that the microorganisms most belonged to uncultivable, thermophilic bacteria. Bacillus became the dominant microorganisms after mixed with MA. MA were found in the top and middle portions of the compost throughout nearly the entire composting process,but absent in the natural compost. Our finding represents an important step towards the understanding of MA and its function in the degradation process of compost.
17
Krauss, Michael, Thorsten Pötter, Chris Iatrou, Leon Urbas et Christian Klettner. « 100% Wireless on Top ». atp edition 58 (1 juin 2016) : 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v58i06.569.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article discusses an architecture approach and roadmap to developing an infrastructure based on wireless technologies as a strategic component to unlock the potential of fast developing Information and communication technology such as the Internet of Things and mobility in production plants. This proposal implements an add-on philosophy, which means that all the industrial communications with a high demand on reliability continue to be conducted with the traditional installations, while everything additional not related to core process control task such as asset monitoring runs over a second technology path. The proposed architecture provides an industrial communication infrastructure that delivers enough bandwidth for implementing innovative applications while utilizing the installed base of the robust and reliable 4-20 mA technology, which still excels in terms of simple planning, straightforward construction and robustness against electromagnetic interference. Key requirement is a coexistence between the two approaches and a clear definition of boundaries throughout the lifecycle to prevent misuse of the wireless infrastructure for tasks that are process control or even safety related. A clear separation of the wireless infrastructure from the conventional installation needs to be implemented in order to prevent uncontrolled feedback on the process control part. In the long term, 100% wireless on top is considered as an intermediate solution which might be replaced by wired Ethernet technologies.
18
Krauss, Michael, Thorsten PÖtter et Chris Iatrou. « 100% Wireless on Top ». atp magazin 58, no 06 (2 juin 2016) : 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v58i06.2304.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article discusses an architecture approach and roadmap to developing an infrastructure based on wireless technologies as a strategic component to unlock the potential of fast developing Information and communication technology such as the Internet of Things and mobility in production plants. This proposal implements an add-on philosophy, which means that all the industrial communications with a high demand on reliability continue to be conducted with the traditional installations, while everything additional not related to core process control task such as asset monitoring runs over a second technology path. The proposed architecture provides an industrial communication infrastructure that delivers enough bandwidth for implementing innovative applications while utilizing the installed base of the robust and reliable 4-20 mA technology, which still excels in terms of simple planning, straightforward construction and robustness against electromagnetic interference. Key requirement is a coexistence between the two approaches and a clear definition of boundaries throughout the lifecycle to prevent misuse of the wireless infrastructure for tasks that are process control or even safety related. A clear separation of the wireless infrastructure from the conventional installation needs to be implemented in order to prevent uncontrolled feedback on the process control part. In the long term, 100% wireless on top is considered as an intermediate solution which might be replaced by wired Ethernet technologies.
19
Islam, Mohammad Aminul, Mhd Deb Abou Hashish, S. F. W. Muhammad Hatta, Norhayati Binti Soin, Sobayel Khan et Nowshad Amin. « Device Optimization of a Pb-Free All Perovskite Tandem Solar Cell with 29.59% Power Conversion Efficiency ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1278, no 1 (1 février 2023) : 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1278/1/012005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This study has focused on simulating a highly efficient lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell using the SCAPS 1D device simulation tool. In the tandem structure, the top cell used Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 (Eg = 1.80 eV), and the bottom cell used FAMASnGeI3 (Eg = 1.40 eV) as the absorber material. Also, ZnO and NiOx were used as the electron transport layer (ETL) and the hole transport layer (HTL), respectively. Primarily the individual top cell and bottom cell have been optimized. The highest efficiency of the top cell was found to be 17.13% with performance parameters VOC = 1.23V, JSC = 15.57 mA/cm2 and FF = 89.39%, whereas the optimized efficiency of the bottom cell was found to be 17.58% with performance parameters VOC = 0.85V, JSC= 27.38 mA/cm2 and FF = 75.34%. The thickness of the absorber of the top cell and bottom cell shows a significant impact on the device performance and the optimum thickness for the Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 absorber layer was found to be 400 nm, whereas for the FAMASnGeI3 layer was found to be 200 nm. Careful optimization of the tandem device has resulted in an improvement of the performance and obtained an efficiency of 29.59 %, with JSC of 17.50 mA/cm2, VOC of 2.09 V, and FF of 80.87%. The final simulated device sums up tremendous potential for the fabrication of a highly efficient PSC device using lead-free perovskite materials towards excelling commercialization.
20
Zhang, Taiyang, Yuetian Chen, Miao Kan, Shumao Xu, Yanfeng Miao, Xingtao Wang, Meng Ren, Haoran Chen, Xiaomin Liu et Yixin Zhao. « MA Cation-Induced Diffusional Growth of Low-Bandgap FA-Cs Perovskites Driven by Natural Gradient Annealing ». Research 2021 (18 août 2021) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9765106.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Low-bandgap formamidinium-cesium (FA-Cs) perovskites of FA1-xCsxPbI3 (x<0.1) are promising candidates for efficient and robust perovskite solar cells, but their black-phase crystallization is very sensitive to annealing temperature. Unfortunately, the low heat conductivity of the glass substrate builds up a temperature gradient within from bottom to top and makes the initial annealing temperature of the perovskite film lower than the black-phase crystallization point (~150°C). Herein, we take advantage of such temperature gradient for the diffusional growth of high-quality FA-Cs perovskites by introducing a thermally unstable MA+ cation, which would firstly form α-phase FA-MA-Cs mixed perovskites with low formation energy at the hot bottom of the perovskite films in the early annealing stage. The natural gradient annealing temperature and the thermally unstable MA+ cation then lead to the bottom-to-top diffusional growth of highly orientated α-phase FA-Cs perovskite, which exhibits 10-fold of enhanced crystallinity and reduced trap density (~3.85×1015 cm−3). Eventually, such FA-Cs perovskite films were fabricated into stable solar cell devices with champion efficiency up to 23.11%, among the highest efficiency of MA-free perovskite solar cells.
21
Evenchick, Carol A., Vicki J. McNicoll et Lori D. Snyder. « Stratigraphy, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Georgie River area, northwest British Columbia, and implications for mineral exploration ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no 2 (1 février 2004) : 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Georgie River area is underlain by greenschist facies volcanic, clastic, and plutonic rock. High precision UPb isotopic ages on zircon enable regional stratigraphic correlation by constraining the Lower to lower Middle Jurassic depositional history. A sample from pyroxene-phyric tholeiitic basalt is Upper Triassic and (or) Lower Jurassic in age; its upper age limit is constrained by a crosscutting intrusion dated at 189.8 ± 0.3 Ma. The Bulldog Creek pluton, at 193.0 ± 0.3 Ma, is significantly older than the previously reported KAr age. Hazelton Group strata include a coarse-grained volcaniclastic and volcanic unit overlain by a fine-grained clastic and bimodal volcanic flow unit. The coarse volaniclastic unit is coeval and probably cogenetic with the Outram Lake porphyry intrusion (189.7 ± 0.3 Ma) and near the top includes andesitic tuff (189.8 ± 0.6 Ma). These data constrain the age of deposition of the unit and support correlation with the Lower Jurassic Hazelton Group and members of the Texas Creek plutonic suite. Age of the fine clastic and bimodal volcanic unit is no older than the youngest detrital zircons (ca. 185 Ma) near its base. That age and the age of a rhyolite unit (176.6 ± 1.1 Ma) at the top support correlation with the Middle Jurassic Salmon River Formation of the Hazelton Group. Resolution of the litho- and chronostratigraphy of the area reveal close similarities in age, rock types, succession, and composition with strata that host the base- and precious metal-rich stratiform Eskay Creek deposit, revealing the potential for Eskay-type volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits in the Georgie River area.
22
Fedorenko, Anastasiia, Mohadeseh A. Baboli, Parsian K. Mohseni et Seth M. Hubbard. « Design and Simulation of the Bifacial III-V-Nanowire-on-Si Solar Cell ». MRS Advances 4, no 16 (2019) : 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.127.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACTRigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulation was used to model the absorption in periodic arrays of GaAs0.73P0.27 nanowires (NWs) on Si substrates dependent upon the diameter (D), length (L), and spacing (center-to-center distance, or pitch, P) of the NWs. Based on this study, two resonant arrangements for a top NW array sub-cell having the highest limiting short-circuit current densities (Jsc) were found to be close to D = 150 nm, P = 250 nm and D = 300 nm, P = 500 nm, both featuring the same packing density of 0.28. Even though a configuration with thinner NWs exhibited the highest Jsc = 19.46 mA/cm2, the array with D = 350 nm and P = 500 nm provided current matching with the underlying Si sub-cell with Jsc = 18.59 mA/cm2. Addition of a rear-side In0.81Ga0.19As nanowire array with D = 800 nm and P = 1000 nm was found to be suitable for current matching with the front NW sub-cell and middle Si. However, with thinner and sparser In0.81Ga0.19As NWs with D = 700 nm and P = 1000 nm, the Jsc of the bottom sub-cell was increased from 17.35 mA/cm2 to 18.76 mA/cm2 using a planar metallic back surface reflector, thus achieving a current matching with the top and middle cells.
23
Salem, Marwa S., Omar M. Saif, Ahmed Shaker, Mohamed Abouelatta, Abdullah J. Alzahrani, Adwan Alanazi, M. K. Elsaid et Rabie A. Ramadan. « Performance Optimization of the InGaP/GaAs Dual-Junction Solar Cell Using SILVACO TCAD ». International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (18 février 2021) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8842975.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this work, an optimization of the InGaP/GaAs dual-junction (DJ) solar cell performance is presented. Firstly, a design for the DJ solar cell based on the GaAs tunnel diode is provided. Secondly, the used device simulator is calibrated with recent experimental results of an InGaP/GaAs DJ solar cell. After that, the optimization of the DJ solar cell performance is carried out for two different materials of the top window layer, AlGaAs and AlGaInP. For AlGaAs, the optimization is carried out for the following: aluminum (Al) mole fraction, top window thickness, top base thickness, and bottom BSF doping and thickness. The electrical performance parameters of the optimized cell are extracted: J SC = 18.23 mA / c m 2 , V OC = 2.33 V , FF = 86.42 % , and the conversion efficiency ( η c ) equals 36.71%. By using AlGaInP as a top cell window, the electrical performance parameters for the optimized cell are J SC = 19.84 mA / c m 2 , V OC = 2.32 V , FF = 83.9 % , and η c = 38.53 % . So, AlGaInP is found to be the optimum material for the InGaP/GaAs DJ cell top window layer as it gives 4% higher conversion efficiency under 1 sun of the standard AM1.5G solar spectrum at 300 K in comparison with recent literature results. All optimization steps and simulation results are carried out using the SLVACO TCAD tool.
24
Budiman, Achmad Arief. « PENEMUAN HUKUM DALAM PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN HUKUM ISLAM INDONESIA ». Al-Ahkam 24, no 1 (23 avril 2014) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2014.24.1.129.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This qualitative research aimed to criticize the form of legal invention by the Supreme Court (MA) and its relevance to the development of Islamic law on Indonesia. This study also aims to find a model of the development of Islamic law through the dicovery made by the judge when adjudicating the case. The samples of this study were selected verdicts of MA based on the presence or absence of legal invention parameters in it. The result of this study is that the two verdits of MA, precisely describe the form of the legal invention by showing courage and creativity at the same time in deciding the case. The legal invention of MA has significant contribution to the development of Islamic law in Indonesia. Because of the standing points of MA as the top judiciary, it’s verdits would be as jurisprudence for the other judges, especially at the lower level court.
25
Gautier, Pierre, Valérie Bosse, Zlatka Cherneva, Amélie Didier, Ianko Gerdjikov et Massimo Tiepolo. « Polycyclic alpine orogeny in the Rhodope metamorphic complex : the record in migmatites from the Nestos shear zone (N. Greece) ». Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no 6 (2017) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017195.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Rhodope Metamorphic Complex (RMC) is a high-grade crystalline massif located at the northern margin of the Aegean region. Numerous scenarios have been proposed for the evolution of the RMC during Alpine times. A debated issue is whether there has been a single protracted orogenic cycle since around the mid-Mesozoic or whether Alpine orogeny involved distinct episodes of subduction and crustal accretion. We describe a key outcrop located on the Nestos Shear Zone (NSZ), a major NNE-dipping top-to-SW shear zone characterized by an inverted metamorphic sequence. Structural and petrological data document the existence of two anatectic events. The first event, best preserved in decametric structural lenses, is pre-kinematic with respect to top-to-SW shearing and involved high-temperature “dry” melting. Zircon and monazite LA-ICPMS U-Th-Pb data indicate that this event occurred at ∼140 Ma. The second event is syn-kinematic with respect to top-to-SW shearing and involved lower-temperature water-assisted melting. Zircon and rutile LA-ICPMS U-Pb data indicate that this second event occurred at ∼40 Ma. During ongoing top-to-SW shearing and as late as ∼36 Ma, the rocks from the outcrop were at higher temperatures than the peak temperatures experienced by lower levels of the NSZ. This confirms the existence of the inverted metamorphic sequence and demonstrates that the NSZ was a major thrust at 36–40 Ma. The ∼100 Myr time laps between the two anatectic events encompasses the period from ∼115 to ∼70 Ma characterized by a gap in the geochronological record on the scale of the RMC (the Eastern Rhodope excluded). This ∼45 Myr gap likely reflects a period of tectonic quiescence between the mid-Mesozoic orogen and the Cenozoic one, attesting for polycyclic Alpine orogeny in the RMC. Unlike assumed in several geodynamic scenarios, the Alpine evolution of the RMC did not consist of a single orogenic cycle of Mesozoic age followed by Cenozoic crustal-scale extension triggered by mantle delamination. Polycyclic orogeny has resulted in a two-loop P-T-t path for the hangingwall unit of the NSZ. The Cenozoic P-T paths of this unit and the footwall unit merged while both units were being exhumed, a feature attributed to syn-thrusting extensional spreading of the main mass of the hangingwall unit above the NSZ.
26
Aumar, Cyril, Olivier Merle, Valérie Bosse et Patrick Monié. « Syn-rift Cretaceous deformation in the Agly Variscan Massif (Eastern Pyrenees, France) ». BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 193 (2022) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A petro-structural and geochronological study has been conducted in the Agly Variscan Massif located in the Northern Pyrenean Zone (France). The Lower Gneiss Unit (LGU) displays highly ductile deformation with a NNE-SSW oriented stretching lineation and opposite senses of shear in the directions top-to-the-NNE and top-to-the-SSW. Field observations and thin section analysis show that these two senses of shear are coeval with bulk coaxial vertical shortening and horizontal lengthening. Focusing on syntectonic minerals located within shear bands, Th-U/Pb monazite and 40Ar/39Ar mica dating yield a 94–127 Ma age bracket for the mylonitic deformation. The principal conclusion from these results is that the main ductile strain (i.e., stretching lineations and kinematic indicators) in the LGU should be ascribed to the Cretaceous rifting. A PTt path for the LGU is proposed showing the diachronism between the Cretaceous metamorphic evolution in the Agly Massif (peak temperature at 127 Ma) and the sedimentary basins (peak temperature at 95 Ma) bordering it to the north and south. Finally, a north-south crustal scale evolution of the whole area is put forward to explain this diachronism.
27
Yang, Wentao, Te Fang, Yanpeng Wang et Hao Sha. « Late Paleozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt : Constraints of Detrital Zircon U-Pb Ages from the Southern Margin of North China Block ». Minerals 12, no 7 (7 juillet 2022) : 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070864.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt in the Late Paleozoic has long been controversial, especially due to the limitation of the Mianlue Ocean subduction time. Basin formation and sedimentary development in the southern North China Block are closely related to the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, which is an effective entry point to study basin–mountain interaction. We present new detrital zircon U–Pb data from the Shihezi Formation in the Luonan area in the southern margin of the North China Block. The results show that the bottom sample has two major peaks at 288 Ma and 448 Ma, with weak peaks at 908, 1912 Ma and 2420 Ma. The top sample has one major peak at 297 Ma, with weak peaks at 1933 Ma and 2522 Ma. Combined with the published paleocurrent data and lithofacies paleogeography, the sediments of the bottom sample were sourced from the North Qinling Belt, Inner Mongolia Palaeo-Uplift and the basement of the North China Block. The top sample originated mainly from the Inner Mongolia Palaeo-Uplift and the basement of the North China Block. Comparing the obtained zircon U-Pb ages with the published relevant data in the North China Block, it is found that the provenance area shifted from the Qinling Orogenic Belt to the Inner Mongolia Paleo-Uplift in the Late Carboniferous–Permian, and the Qinling Orogenic Belt could hardly provide provenance for the southern North China Block in the Middle Permian. The uplift of the Qinling Orogenic Belt in the Late Carboniferous may be the continuation of Caledonian orogeny in the Early Paleozoic, whereas the uplift of the Inner Mongolia Palaeo-Uplift is related to the tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt during the Late Paleozoic. This tectonic transformation occurred when the Qinling Orogenic Belt no longer supplied sediments to the southern North China Block in the Middle Permian, and the Mianlue Ocean subduction did not occur until at least the Late Permian.
28
Bolton, Joel F., et Frank C. Butler. « Top Management Teams and Corporate Citizenship : Re-examining the Place of Worldviews, Governance Conditions, and Incentives ». Journal of Corporate Citizenship 2017, no 65 (1 mars 2017) : 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.4700.2017.ma.00007.
Texte intégral
29
Symons, David T. A., et Kazuo Kawasaki. « Eocene rotation of the Coast Plutonic Complex and Intermontane Belt : paleomagnetism of Eocene plutons along the Klondike Highway ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no 3 (mars 2011) : 645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-093.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Paleomagnetic results are reported for the ∼59 Ma Skagway, ∼54 Ma Fraser, ∼53 Ma Summit Lake, and ∼48 Ma Clifton felsic plutons of the eastern Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC) that outcrop along the south Klondike Highway in Alaska and British Columbia. Thermal and alternating field step demagnetizing methods yielded stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions for all 29 sites of normal, reversed, and mixed polarity. The ChRM resides in single or pseudosingle domain magnetite and (or) pyrrhotite that is shown to be primary by contact tests with the ∼47 Ma vertical White Pass mafic dikes. Paleopoles from six 56 to 50 Ma (mean 52 ± 2 Ma) Intermontane Belt – Yukon–Tanana terrane (IMB–YTT) units that cannot be explained by tectonic tilt are compared with nine clustered 59 to 46 Ma (mean 52 ± 4 Ma) eastern CPC paleopoles. Both paleopole populations show nonsignificant poleward (northward) translation relative to North America (IMB–YTT, 3.7° ± 5.3°N; CPC, 4.3° ± 6.4°S; overall, 1.2° ± 4.9°S), indicating that northward translation of the accreted terranes ended by ∼58 Ma. Conversely, both populations show clockwise (CW) rotation that is either highly significant or substantial (IMB–YTT, 19.3° ± 10.5 °CW; CPC, 7.1° ± 16.1 °CW; overall 12.8° ± 10.9 °CW). The results are best explained by tectonic rotation from ∼50 to ∼45 Ma of the IMB–YTT as a thin-skin on top of North America during emplacement and co-incident rotation of the massive Eocene plutons of the eastern CPC along the North American margin.
30
Malone, David, John Craddock, Jessica Welch et Brady Foreman. « Detrital Zircon U-Pb geochronology and provenance of the Eocene Willwood Formation, Northern Absaroka Basin, Wyoming ». Mountain Geologist 54, no 2 (avril 2017) : 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.54.2.104.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We report the results of U-Pb ages from detrital zircon populations in the lower Eocene synorogenic Willwood Formation in the northern Absaroka Basin, Wyoming. Zircons (n=229) were extracted from three sandstone beds and one ash layer in the Willwood Formation at the base of Jim Mountain in the North Fork Shoshone River Valley. K-S statistical analysis indicates that the three sandstones, which were sampled from the base, middle, and top of the formation, have identical age spectra, indicating that the sandstone provenance remained the same during the duration of Willwood deposition. The zircon age spectra are dominated by Archean zircons (61%), with peak ages at 3270 and 2770 Ma. These sandstones also have very early Paleoproterozoic zircons (∼2450 Ma), which likely were derived from the Tobacco Root Mountains. The final significant age peak is ∼70 Ma, which is likely associated with the Cretaceous Tobacco Root batholith. The Jim Mountain ash, which occurs at the top of the succession, just beneath the allocthonous volcanic rocks of the Heart Mountain slide, has a maximum depositional age of ∼50 Ma. Between 49–50 Ma, as Eocene volcanism in the northern Absaroka Range became more prominent, stratovolcanoes grew and disrupted sediment transport into the Absaroka basin. Lower Wapiti sandstones to the southwest show a mix of Eocene, recycled Proterozoic and Archean grains. The coeval Crandall Conglomerate, which was dismembered by the emplacement of the Heart Mountain slide in the northern Absaroka Range, has a distinct detrital zircon age spectrum. Thus these stream systems that deposited the Crandall did not share the headwaters with the streams that supplied sediment to the Absaroka basin.
31
Pehrsson, Sally, Simon Hanmer et Otto van Breemen. « U–Pb geochronology of the Raglan gabbro belt, Central Metasedimentary Belt, Ontario : implications for an ensialic marginal basin in the Grenville Orogen ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no 5 (1 mai 1996) : 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Raglan gabbro belt of the Ontario Grenville Orogen is coincident with the top of the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone, a major mid-crustal shear zone separating the Central Gneiss Belt in the footwall from the Central Metasedimentary Belt in the hanging wall. It has been suggested that the gabbros making up the belt are coeval, that they formed in a marginal basin within the Central Metasedimentary Belt, and that they formed a horizon of Theologically stiff material that controlled the localization of the top of the boundary thrust zone during its initiation as the marginal basin closed at ca. 1190 Ma. U–Pb zircon dating of plutons within the Raglan gabbro belt was undertaken to test the coeval nature of intrusions in the belt. Magmatic crystallization ages for three of the gabbros fall in the range 1246–1227 Ma, and a fourth yields a minimum age of ca. 1175 Ma. The results are permissive of a common origin for the gabbros and allow that the Raglan gabbro belt may have been related to the marginal basin, at least with respect to the later stages of its evolution. Inherited 1440–1301 Ma zircons in the gabbros suggest interaction with underlying Central Gneiss Belt crust during magmatism and support an ensialic marginal-basin model, as opposed to an island-arc model, for the evolution of the northwestern part of the Central Metasedimentary Belt.
32
Hsueh, Hsu-Hung, Sin-Liang Ou, Chiao-Yang Cheng, Dong-Sing Wuu et Ray-Hua Horng. « Performance of InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated on Patterned Sapphire Substrates with Modified Top-Tip Cone Shapes ». International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796253.
Texte intégralRésumé :
InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated on cone-shaped patterned sapphire substrates (PSSs) by using low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. To enhance the crystal quality of the GaN epilayer and the optoelectronic performance of the LED device, the top-tip cone shapes of the PSSs were further modified using wet etching. Through the wet etching treatment, some dry-etched induced damage on the substrate surface formed in the PSS fabrication process can be removed to achieve a high epilayer quality. In comparison to the LEDs prepared on the conventional sapphire substrate (CSS) and cone-shaped PSS without wet etching, the LED grown on the cone-shaped PSS by performing wet etching for 3 min exhibited 55% and 10% improvements in the light output power (at 350 mA), respectively. This implies that the modification of cone-shaped PSSs possesses high potential for LED applications.
33
MAJKA, JAROSŁAW, YARON BE’ERI-SHLEVIN, DAVID G. GEE, JERZY CZERNY, DIRK FREI et ANNA LADENBERGER. « Torellian (c. 640 Ma) metamorphic overprint of Tonian (c. 950 Ma) basement in the Caledonides of southwestern Svalbard ». Geological Magazine 151, no 4 (13 novembre 2013) : 732–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000794.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIon microprobe dating in Wedel Jarlsberg Land, southwestern Spitsbergen, provides new evidence of early Neoproterozoic (c. 950 Ma) meta-igneous rocks, the Berzeliuseggene Igneous Suite, and late Neoproterozoic (c. 640 Ma) amphibolite-facies metamorphism. The older ages are similar to those obtained previously in northwestern Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet where they are related to the Tonian age Nordaustlandet Orogeny. The younger ages complement those obtained recently from elsewhere in Wedel Jarlsberg Land of Torellian deformation and metamorphism at 640 Ma. The Berzeliuseggene Igneous Suite occurs in gently N-dipping, top-to-the-S-directed thrust sheets on the eastern and western sides of Antoniabreen where it is tectonically intercalated with younger Neoproterozoic sedimentary formations, suggesting that it provided a lower Tonian basement on which upper Tonian to Cryogenian sediments (Deilegga Group) were deposited. They were deformed together during the Torellian Orogeny, prior to deposition of Ediacaran successions (Sofiebogen Group) and overlying Cambro-Ordovician shelf carbonates, and subsequent Caledonian and Cenozoic deformation. The regional importance of the late Neoproterozoic Torellian Orogeny in Svalbard's Southwestern Province and its correlation in time with the Timanian Orogeny in the northern Urals as well as tectonostratigraphic similarities between the Timanides and Pearya (northwestern Ellesmere Island) favour connection of these terranes prior to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean and Caledonian Orogeny.
34
Turek, A., R. Keller et W. R. Van Schmus. « U–Pb zircon ages of volcanism and plutonism in the Mishibishu greenstone belt near Wawa, Ontario ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no 5 (1 mai 1990) : 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-062.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Mishibishu greenstone belt, located 40 km west of Wawa, is a typical Archean greenstone belt and is probably an extension of the Michipicoten belt. This belt is composed of basic to felsic metavolcanic rocks of tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity and of metasedimentary rocks ranging from conglomerate to argillite. Granitoids, diorites, and gabbros intrude and embay supracrustal rocks as internal and external plutons.Six U–Pb zircon ages have been obtained on rocks in this area. The oldest is 2721 ± 4 Ma for the Jostle Lake tonalite. The bulk of the volcanic rocks formed by 2696 ± 17 Ma, which is the age of the Chimney Point porphyry at the top of the volcanic pile. The Pilot Harbour granite has a similar age of 2693 ± 7 Ma. The age of the Tee Lake tonalite is 2673 ± 12 Ma, and the age of the Iron. Lake gabbro is 2671 ± 4 Ma. The youngest age for volcanics in this part of the Superior Province is 2677 ± 7 Ma, obtained from, the David Lakes pyroclastic breccia. these ages agree with those reported for the adjacent Michipicoten and Gamitagama belts.
35
Niddam, David M., Kuan-Lin Lai, Jong-Ling Fuh, Chih-Ying Naomi Chuang, Wei-Ta Chen et Shuu-Jiun Wang. « Reduced functional connectivity between salience and visual networks in migraine with aura ». Cephalalgia 36, no 1 (17 avril 2015) : 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102415583144.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background Migraine with visual aura (MA) is associated with distinct visual disturbances preceding migraine attacks, but shares other visual deficits in between attacks with migraine without aura (MO). Here, we seek to determine if abnormalities specific to interictal MA patients exist in functional brain connectivity of intrinsic cognitive networks. In particular, these networks are involved in top-down modulation of visual processing. Methods Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, whole-brain functional connectivity maps were derived from seeds placed in the anterior insula and the middle frontal gyrus, key nodes of the salience and dorsal attention networks, respectively. Twenty-six interictal MA patients were compared with 26 matched MO patients and 26 healthy matched controls. Results The major findings were: connectivity between the anterior insula and occipital areas, including area V3A, was reduced in MA but not in MO. Connectivity changes between the anterior insula and occipital areas further correlated with the headache severity in MA only. Conclusions The unique pattern of connectivity changes found in interictal MA patients involved area V3A, an area previously implicated in aura generation. Hypoconnectivity to this and other occipital regions may either represent a compensatory response to occipital dysfunctions or predispose MA patients to the development of aura.
36
Duff, B. A., N. G. Groilman, D. J. Mason, J. M. Questiaux, D. S. Ormerod et P. Lays. « TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH-EAST GIPPSLAND BASIN ». APPEA Journal 31, no 1 (1991) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Evolution of the south-east Gippsland Basin since ca. 96 Ma has been governed by the interaction of three distinct processes:re-organisation of regional plate boundaries at 96, 80 and 50 Ma, registered as major angular unconformities or megasequence boundaries;intra-basin response of cover to basement-controlled deformational phases, registered as the sequence boundaries within these megasequences; andthe more subtle balance between regressive sedimentation associated with these phases and the transgressive deposition associated with longer-term eustatic sea level rises.The Golden Beach Megasequence (seismic sequences UK1 and UK2) accumulated syntectonically in an extensional setting characterised by an orthogonal array of north-northeast trending transfer faults and associated normal faults. Major compressional tectonism at ca. 80 Ma terminated this regime, initiating a modified mosaic of stratotectonic domains which controlled deposition of the Latrobe Megasequence.The seismic sequences within this megasequence display two types of cyclicity distinguishing intra-Campanian to Top Maastrichtian sequences (UK3-UK5) from early Tertiary sequences (PL1, PL2 and EO1). The sequence boundaries are considered to be the expression of recurrent compressive deformational phases. They are demonstrable as angular unconformities in transpressional and pull-apart structures in domains within which deformation was focused over the older extensional grain.The ca. 50 Ma Top Latrobe megasequence boundary appears to mark the transition from a basement-coupled deformational style characteristic of the Latrobe Megasequence, to a basement-decoupled inversion style of deformation during deposition of the Seaspray Megasequence (post-50 Ma).Seismic sequence boundaries, at least within basins such as the Gippsland, are therefore the stratigraphic expression of deformational phases rather than signatures of global sea-level changes. Eustacy is not invariably a shorter-term process than basin tectonism, nor is it the sole or main determinant of depositional style.
37
Payenberg, Tobias HD, Dennis R. Braman, Donald W. Davis et Andrew D. Miall. « Litho- and chronostratigraphic relationships of the SantonianCampanian Milk River Formation in southern Alberta and Eagle Formation in Montana utilising stratigraphy, UPb geochronology, and palynology ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no 10 (1 octobre 2002) : 1553–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-050.
Texte intégralRésumé :
UPb geochronology, palynology, and lithostratigraphy were employed on the Late Cretaceous rocks in southern Alberta and Montana to solve litho- and chronostratigraphic correlation problems. In the outcrop area around Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park, southern Alberta, the Milk River Formation has a Santonian to possibly very earliest Campanian age and was deposited between ~84.5 Ma and 83.5 Ma. In southern Montana, the Eagle Formation was deposited from ~83.5 Ma to 81.2 Ma, and contains different lithologies and depositional environments as opposed to southern Alberta. In north-central Montana, the Telegraph Creek Formation and Virgelle and Deadhorse Coulee members are equivalent in depositional environments and time to those of the Milk River Formation in southern Alberta. The upper Eagle member, however, has no time- or facies-equivalent rocks around Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park, but is time equivalent to the Alderson Member of the Lea Park Formation in southeastern Alberta. A hiatus of ~2.5 Ma is present between the top of the Milk River Formation in the outcrop area and the basal beds of the Pakowki Formation. The Pakowki transgression occurred at around 81.0 Ma based on a UPb zircon age of 80.7 ± 0.2 Ma from bentonite beds just above the bottom of the Pakowki Formation in southern Alberta. This age agrees with previous ages of 80.7 ± 0.6 Ma for the Ardmore Bentonite Beds and ~81.0 Ma for the Claggett transgression in southern Montana.
38
Head, Martin J., et Hildegard Westphal. « Palynology and paleoenvironments of a Pliocene carbonate platform : the Clino core, Bahamas ». Journal of Paleontology 73, no 1 (janvier 1999) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000027505.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Neritic dinoflagellates from periplatform (slope) carbonates of the Clino borehole, located on the western, leeward margin of the Great Bahama Bank, record environmental fluctuations on the platform top. A lower Pliocene interval (3.6–4.2 Ma) contains platform-top sediments shed onto the lower slope when the platform was open and ramplike. Despite this open topography, abundantPolysphaeridium zoharyiindicate the presence of restricted marine environments on the platform top. Terrestrial palynomorphs are rare throughout this interval and imply a mostly or fully submergent platform top.By late Pliocene times (about 2.1–2.3 Ma) the platform had become flat-topped and steep-sided, with the Clino site located on its upper slope. Samples characteristic of sea-level highstands and lowstands were selected for analysis.Polysphaeridium zoharyiis abundant only in lowstand samples and may have thrived in proximity to terrestrial vegetation. In highstand samplesLingulodinium machaerophorumreplacesP. zoharyi, perhaps in response to less restricted marine environments on the platform top. This change in assemblages, along with apparent variations in cyst influx, reflects a fluctuating history of currents and salinities over the platform top in the late Pliocene. Upper Pliocene lowstand samples contain anomalously high proportions of terrestrial palynomorphs, allowing the identification of two phases of emergence and vegetation of the platform top. Palynology therefore appears to be a sensitive indicator of short-term (4th-order) sea-level change on carbonate platforms.Dinoflagellate concentrations correlate positively with carbonate compaction, and infer that compacted layers have undergone dissolution of their metastable constituents. Dinoflagellate concentrations therefore can be useful in the often difficult task of assessing compaction and dissolution in fine-grained limestones where other indicators are absent.The following dinoflagellate species are formally proposed:Operculodinium bahamenseHead new species,Operculodinium?megagranumHead new species, andSpiniferites rhizophorusHead new species.
39
SCHERER, A., J. O’BRIEN, G. ALMOGY, W. H. XU, A. YARIV, J. L. JEWELL, K. UOMI, B. J. YOO et R. J. BHAT. « VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASERS WITH DIELECTRIC MIRRORS ». International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 05, no 04 (décembre 1994) : 543–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649400022x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We have developed new low threshold surface emitting laser designs with dielectric high reflectivity top mirrors. Here, we describe the characteristics of these surface emitting vertical cavity lasers (VCSELs) which exhibit stable mode patterns and low threshold currents. The new device fabrication sequence which we employ is able to adjust the emission wavelength of the lasers during the final fabrication step and allow the development of stable multi-wavelength laser arrays. These quantum-well based laser diodes are demonstrated at 0.72 μm with threshold currents of 20 mA, at 0.85 μm with threshold currents of 3 mA, at 0.98 μm with threshold currents of 4 mA, and at 1.55 μm with threshold currents of 17 mA. Our VCSELs also display remarkably low threshold voltages, thus minimizing the laser power dissipation and improving the wallplug efficiency. The flexibility resulting from depositing one or both of the mirrors after the fabrication of the laser diodes opens the way to the development of new and more versatile laser structures.
40
Head, Martin J., et Geoffrey Norris. « New species of dinoflagellate cysts and other palynomorphs from the latest Miocene and Pliocene of DSDP Hole 603C, western north Atlantic ». Journal of Paleontology 77, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043377.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Detailed investigation of the essentially complete uppermost Miocene through Lower Pleistocene sequence in Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 603C, western North Atlantic, has revealed the presence of the new dinoflagellate cyst speciesLejeunecysta hatterasensis, Lejeunecysta interrupta, Corrudinium devernaliae, andPyxidinopsis vesiculata, as well as the acritarchsLeiosphaeridia rockhallensisHead new species andLeffingwellia costatanew genus and species. Independent magnetobiostratigraphic control of DSDP Hole 603C constrains the ranges of these new species.Lejeunecysta interruptan. sp. appears to range no higher than lowermost Pliocene at 5.2 Ma,Pyxidinopsis vesiculatan. sp. has a range top at about 4.5 Ma in the Lower Pliocene,Corrudinium devernaliaen. sp. has a well-defined range of 4.7–4.1 Ma within the Lower Pliocene, andLeiosphaeridia rockhallensisn. sp. has a similarly well-defined range of 4.4–3.9 Ma within the Lower Pliocene. The presence ofLeiosphaeridia rockhallensisn. sp. in the Ramsholt Member of the Coralline Crag Formation, eastern England, supports an Early Pliocene age for this member.
41
Shyu, Yow-Chyun, Tsai Shin Chieh, Wei Min Su, Chien-Cheng Lu, Cheng-Yuan Weng, Lee Yu Shan, Hong Chen Hao et al. « ZnO Nanoflakes on Pb Plates with Antibacterial Effects by Electrochemical and Hydrothermal Deposition ». Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, no 4 (6 juin 2017) : 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v19i4.276.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ZnO nanoflakes were grown on the lead (Pb) plates using the electro- hydrothermal deposition methods. To investigate the influence of electrodeposition current, the ZnO seed layer was electrodeposited on the lead plates at a larger current of 160 mA (current density of 40 mA/cm2) and a smaller current of 12 mA (current density of 3mA/cm2), respectively. Then, ZnO nanoflakes were grown on top of the seed layer. Multiple analyses including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) were performed on the ZnO nanostructures/Pb plates. Furthermore, surface con-tact angle measurements were conducted to study the hydrophobic properties and OD 600 antibacterial tests were used to investigate the antiseptic effects. Results indicate that the ZnO nanoflakes with the seed layer grown at a lower current of 12 mA exhibited good hydrop-hobic properties and strong antibacterial effects. ZnO nanoflakes/Pb plates show promising for future anti-radiation, antibacterial, and waterproof lead clothing applications.
42
Tong Wooi, Chow. « Leader versus manager : Lessons from top business executives ». Annals of Management and Organization Research 2, no 1 (25 août 2020) : 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/amor.v2i1.630.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Purpose: This article discusses the key differences between leadership and management. It also examines the business organizational executive’s leadership styles of seven selected top executives: Donald Trump, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, Jack Ma, and Tony Fernandez. Research methodology: The methodological approach of the study focuses on the review of published literature postulating on the differences in the characteristics and functions of leadership and management. Results: Findings from the literature review indicate evidence that shows the differences and similarities between these two concepts of leaders and managers or leadership and management. The study also reveals that these top business executives demonstrated the contemporary leadership paradigms of transformational, charismatic, and servant leadership. Limitations: One limitation is the review approach of the paper. The other is the analysis of leadership styles based on those top executives from the business sector. Contributions: The article provides insights into the understanding of the evolvement of organizational management and the preferred leadership styles of top business executives. The findings on the leadership styles of the top business leaders add to the significance of the study.
43
Song, Haijun, Paul B. Wignall et Alexander M. Dunhill. « Decoupled taxonomic and ecological recoveries from the Permo-Triassic extinction ». Science Advances 4, no 10 (octobre 2018) : eaat5091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Permian-Triassic mass extinction was the worst crisis faced by life; it killed >90% of marine species in less than 0.1 million years (Ma). However, knowledge of its macroecological impact over prolonged time scales is limited. We show that marine ecosystems dominated by non-motile animals shifted to ones dominated by nektonic groups after the extinction. In Triassic oceans, animals at high trophic levels recovered faster than those at lower levels. The top-down rebuilding of marine ecosystems was still underway in the latest Triassic, ~50 Ma after the extinction, and contrasts with the ~5-Ma recovery required for taxonomic diversity. The decoupling between taxonomic and ecological recoveries suggests that a process of vacant niche filling before reaching the maximum environmental carrying capacity is independent of ecosystem structure building.
44
Glombick, P., R. I. Thompson, P. Erdmer, L. Heaman, R. M. Friedman, M. Villeneuve et K. L. Daughtry. « UPb constraints on the thermotectonic evolution of the Vernon antiform and the age of the Aberdeen gneiss complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no 2 (1 février 2006) : 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-096.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Aberdeen gneiss complex is composed of complexly deformed migmatitic orthogneiss and paragneiss situated within the core of the Vernon antiform, a structure defined by a series of subparallel reflectors visible at upper to middle crustal depths (618 km) in seismic reflection data from the Vernon area of the Shuswap metamorphic complex. The Vernon antiform and the Aberdeen gneiss complex lie within the footwall of the gently west dipping (top to the west) Kalamalka Lake shear zone. Migmatitic gneiss exposed within the antiform records evidence (recorded as age domains in complexly zoned zircon grains) of three metamorphic events, occurring at 155150, 90, and 6651 Ma. The timing of magmatic events within the antiform includes emplacement of diorite at ~232 Ma, tonalite at ~151 Ma, granodiorite at 102 Ma, and monzonite at 52 Ma. Middle to Late Jurassic metamorphism resulted in widespread migmatization. Early Tertiary metamorphism (6651 Ma) was coeval with the emplacement of granitic rocks and exhumation typical of other areas of the Shuswap metamorphic complex. Highly deformed orthogneiss situated within the hanging wall of the Kalamalka Lake shear zone, comprising the superstructure, was emplaced at ~171 Ma. Ductile deformation had ceased by 162 Ma. The complex metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Vernon antiform, which is similar to other areas of the southern Canadian Cordillera including the Nicola horst, Mount Lytton Eagle plutonic complex, Cariboo Mountains, and Mica Creek area, may reflect episodic tectonic activity at the plate margin.
45
Triantaphyllou, M. V., A. Antonarakou, H. Drinia, M. D. Dimiza, G. Kontakiotis, E. Tsolakis et G. Theodorou. « HIGH RESOLUTION BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE EARLY PLIOCENE SUCCESSION OF PISSOURI BASIN (CYPRUS ISLAND) ». Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no 2 (23 janvier 2017) : 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11242.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Pissouri basin (Cyprus Island) corresponds to a small tectonically controlled depression elongated NNW-SSE and widening southward in the direction of the deep Mediterranean domain. In the centre of the basin, the section Pissouri South, about 100 m thick, consists of well-preserved cyclic marine sediments including laminated brownish layers alternating with grey homogeneous marls. Plankton biostratigraphy (calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifera) revealed a remarkable number of biovents bracketing the Zanclean-Piacenzian boundary. In particular the Highest Occurrence (HO) of Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus suggests the presence of NN14/15-NN16 nannofossil biozone boundary, dated at 3.84 Ma. Additionally the defined planktonic foraminiferal MPL3-MPL4a and MPL4a-MPL4b zone boundaries point to ages between 3.81 and 3.57 Ma, in Pissouri North section. Zanclean/Piacenzian boundary (3.6 Ma) is placed at 75.8 m from the base of the section, considering Discoaster pentaradiatus top paracme (3.61 Ma) and Globorotalia crassaformis first influx (3.6 Ma) bioevents. The cyclically developed sapropelic layers around the Zanclean – Piacenzian boundary suggest a climate characterized by a period of warm temperate conditions and a highly stratified water column that occurred at times of precession minima.
46
Melleton, Jérémie, Michel Faure et Alain Cocherie. « Monazite U-Th/Pb chemical dating of the Early Carboniferous syn-kinematic MP/MT metamorphism in the Variscan French Massif Central ». Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180, no 3 (1 mai 2009) : 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.3.283.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn situ U-Th-Pb geochronology on monazite using Electron Probe Micro Analyser, constrained by structural and textural observations, has been performed on four samples from the Limousin area (northwest part of the French Massif Central) in order to date the syn-kinematic MP/MT metamorphism related to the top-to-the-NW shearing that deformed the stack of nappes in this zone of the Variscan belt. All the analyzed samples lead to a mean age at 360 ± 4 Ma. The close range of ages obtained during this study (360 Ma) and with the previous 40Ar-39Ar ones (360–350 Ma) suggests fast processes of cooling and exhumation during the Early Carboniferous in internal zones of the Variscan belt. The geodynamic significance of this Early Carboniferous event is discussed at the scale of the Ibero-Armorican orocline.
47
SEARLE, M. P., S. R. NOBLE, A. J. HURFORD et D. C. REX. « Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya ». Geological Magazine 136, no 5 (septembre 1999) : 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756899002885.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We report a U–Pb monazite age of 23.0±0.2 Ma for the Shivling leucogranite, a tourmaline+muscovite±biotite leucogranite at the top of the High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya, north India. The Shivling–Bhagirathi leucogranite is a viscous near-minimum melt, emplaced as a foliation parallel laccolith via a dyke network not far from its source region. Prograde heating occurred soon after the India–Asia collision at c. 50 Ma up to melting at 23 Ma and high temperatures (>550 °C) were maintained for at least 15 Ma after garnet growth. The leucogranite was emplaced at mid-crustal depths along the footwall of the Jhala fault, a large-scale low-angle normal fault, part of the South Tibetan Detachment system, above kyanite and sillimanite grade gneisses. The geometry of the leucogranite laccolith shows biaxial extension and boudinage both perpendicular (north-northeast–south-southwest) and parallel to the strike (west-northwest–east-southeast) of the mountain range. Unroofing occurred by underthrusting beneath the High Himalayan slab along the Main Central Thrust zone, progressively ‘jacking up’ the leucogranites, removal of material above by low-angle normal faulting, and erosion. Very rapid cooling at rates of 200–350 °C/Ma between 23–21 Ma immediately followed crystallization, as tectonic unroofing and erosion removed 24–28 km of overburden during this time. K–Ar muscovite ages are 22±1.0 Ma and fission track ages of zircons from >5000 m on the North Ridge of Shivling are 14.2±2.1 and 8.8±1.2 Ma and apatites are 3.5±0.79 and 2.61±0.23 Ma. Slow steady state cooling at rates of 20–30 °C/Ma from 20–1 Ma shows that maximum erosion rates and unroofing of the leucogranite occurred during the early Miocene. This timing coincides with initiation of low-angle, north-dipping normal faulting along the South Tibetan Detachment system.
48
Keller, J. R., et T. L. Bergman. « Prediction of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Solid–Liquid System : Inclusion of Buoyancy and Surface Tension Forces in the Liquid Phase ». Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no 3 (1 août 1989) : 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250738.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Numerical predictions have been obtained for steady-state conjugate heat transfer in an open rectangular cavity. For the geometry considered, fluid motion is driven by augmenting buoyancy and surface tension forces. Predictions of the steady-state solid volume fraction and various solid thicknesses were obtained for a high Prandtl number fluid characterized by various Rayleigh and Marangoni (Ma) numbers. Due to numerical difficulties associated with large surface tension effects, a limited range of Ma was investigated (Ma≤250). The predictions show that surface tension induced flow can affect the solid geometry and, ultimately, freezing or melting rates. Specifically, the solid–liquid interface shape is altered, the steady-state solid volume fraction is decreased, and the solid thickness at the top surface is smaller, compared to the pure buoyancy-driven case. The dimensionless solid volume fraction and solid thicknesses are related to the governing dimensionless parameters of the problem. Finally, predictions are made for high Marangoni number flows (Ma>>250) to demonstrate the potential governing influence of surface tension effects in phase-change systems.
49
Gao, Hongshan, Zongmeng Li, Yapeng Ji, Baotian Pan et Xiaofeng Liu. « Climatic and tectonic controls on strath terraces along the upper Weihe River in central China ». Quaternary Research 86, no 3 (novembre 2016) : 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2016.08.004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe Weihe River in central China is the largest tributary of the Yellow River and contains a well-developed strath terrace system. A new chronology for the past 1.11 Ma for a spectacular flight of strath terraces along the upper Weihe River near Longxi is defined based on field investigations of loess—paleosol sequences and magnetostratigraphy. All the strath terraces are strikingly similar, having several meters of paleosols that have developed directly on top of fluvial deposits located on the terrace treads. This suggests that the abandonment of each strath terrace by river incision occurred during the transition from glacial to interglacial climates. The average fluvial incision rates during 1.11—0.71 Ma and since 0.13 Ma are 0.35 and 0.32 m/ka, respectively. These incision rates are considerably higher than the average incision rate of 0.16 m/km for the intervening period between 0.71 and 0.13 Ma. Over all our results suggest that cyclic Quaternary climate change has been the main driving factor for strath terrace formation with enhanced episodic uplift.
50
DE SCHEPPER, STIJN, MARTIN J. HEAD et STEPHEN LOUWYE. « Pliocene dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy, palaeoecology and sequence stratigraphy of the Tunnel-Canal Dock, Belgium ». Geological Magazine 146, no 1 (30 septembre 2008) : 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005438.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractDinoflagellate cysts and sequence stratigraphy are used to date accurately the Tunnel-Canal Dock section, which contains the most complete record of marine Pliocene deposits in the Antwerp harbour area. The Zanclean Kattendijk Formation was deposited between 5.0 and 4.4 Ma during warm-temperate conditions on a shelf influenced by open-marine waters. The overlying Lillo Formation is divided into four members. The lowest is the Luchtbal Sands Member, estimated to have been deposited between 3.71 and 3.21 Ma, under cooler conditions but with an open-water influence. The Oorderen Sands, Kruisschans Sands and Merksem Sands members of the Lillo Formation are considered a single depositional sequence, and biostratigraphically dated between 3.71 andc. 2.6 Ma, with the Oorderen Sands Member no younger than 2.72–2.74 Ma. Warm-temperate conditions had returned, but a cooling event is noted within the Oorderen Sands Member. Shoaling of the depositional environment is also evidenced, with the transgressive Oorderen Sands Member passing upwards into (near-)coastal high-stand deposits of the Kruisschans Sands and Merksem Sands members, as accommodation space decreased. Applying sequence stratigraphy to our section implies that the Kattendijk/Lillo Formation boundary corresponds to the sequence boundary (SB) Za2 (4.04 Ma), the Luchtbal/Oorderen sands boundary to SB Pia1 (3.21 Ma), and the top of the Merksem Sands to SB Pia2 (2.76 Ma). Finally, the Belgian deposits are compared with marine Pliocene deposits of eastern England.