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Livres sur le sujet « Theory, falsification »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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1

Private truths, public lies : The social consequences of preference falsification. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, 1995.

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2

Ceapa, A. C. V. Physical grounds of Einstein's theory of relativity : Roots of the falsification of 20th century physics. 2^e éd. Bucharest, Rumania : A.C.V. Ceapa, 1997.

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3

Ceapa, A. C. V. Physical grounds of Einstein's theory of relativity : Roots of the falsification of 20th century physics. 3^e éd. Bucharest : A.C.V. Ceapa, 1998.

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4

Gordon, Ḥayim. Sophistry and twentieth-century art. Amsterdam : Rodopi, 2002.

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5

Karabuschenko, Pavel, et Arushan Vartumyan. Anglo-Saxons : falsification of political history (experience of historical hermeneutics). ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1877339.

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The monograph is the result of a long-term study of the problem of falsification of Anglo-Saxon history, which was conducted by its political elites as part of their professional activities. Falsification plays the role of an informational "UFO" in the field of historical knowledge — many people talk about it, while little understanding the real nature of its essence. There are fakes in all national histories, and the largest number of them are found in those countries whose elites claim world domination, since it is simply impossible to exercise such domination without lies. Falsification is a symbol of the decline of the political system that cannot tell the truth about itself. Using the example of the history of the Anglo—Saxons, we see this phenomenon as a kind of constant - they cannot tell the truth about themselves (due to the gravity of the crime committed), and it does not always work out beautifully (due to the limited imagination of a particular forger). In general, we have the right to talk about a whole school of historical falsifiers of the political history of Great Britain. Where there are crimes, there is also falsification as a desire to present what happened in a favorable light for the authorities (the ruling elite). It is intended for everyone who is interested in the issues of combating authenticity with falsification in political history.

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6

Raimund, Popper Karl. The two fundamental problems of the theory of knowledge. New York : Routledge, 2008.

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7

Private Truths, Public Lies : The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Harvard University Press, 1997.

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8

Kuran, Timur. Private Truths, Public Lies : The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Harvard University Press, 1998.

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9

Kuran, Timur. Private Truths, Public Lies : The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Harvard University Press, 1998.

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10

Tennant, Neil. A Logical Theory of Truth-Makers and Falsity-Makers. Sous la direction de Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.16.

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We explicate the different ways that a first-order sentence can be true (resp., false) in a model M, as formal objects, called (M-relative) truth-makers (resp., falsity-makers). M-relative truth-makers and falsity-makers are co-inductively definable, by appeal to the “atomic facts” in M, and to certain rules of verification and of falsification, collectively called rules of evaluation. Each logical operator has a rule of verification, much like an introduction rule; and a rule of falsification, much like an elimination rule. Applications of the rules (∀) and (∃) involve infinite furcation when the domain of M is infinite. But even in the infinite case, truth-makers and falsity-makers are tree-like objects whose branches are at most finitely long. A sentence φ is true (resp., false) in a model M (in the sense of Tarski) if and only if there existsπ such that π is an M-relative truth-maker (resp., falsity-maker) for φ. With “ways of being true” explicated as these logical truthmakers, one can re-conceive logical consequence between given premises and a conclusion. It obtains just in case there is a suitable method for transforming M-relative truthmakers for the premises into an M-relative truthmaker for the conclusion, whatever the model M may be.

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11

Theories On The Scrap Heap : Scientists and Philosophers on the Falsification, Rejection, and Replacement of Theories (Fields Institute Communications, V. 45). University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.

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12

Anjum, Rani Lill, et Stephen Mumford. Learning from Causal Failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0026.

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There is a diminishing return to repeated confirmations, since each new instance adds less to the case for a causal theory. In such a situation, experimental failure, unexpected findings, and negative results can be what make for the bigger theoretical breakthroughs. Such results should contribute to theory development and not, as Popper urged, their outright falsification. The failure can show where a theory is to be improved or refined: it is an opportunity for the growth or new knowledge in response to a discrepancy experience. Such a norm is reflected in the non-monotonic reasoning that is useful in thinking about causation.

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13

Tennant, Neil. The Logic of Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777892.003.0003.

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Sentences of propositional logic may be verified or falsified with respect to an atomic basis. Verifications and falsifications are co-inductively defined. The rules generating them justify the truth tables row by row, left to right. Model-relative rules verifying universals or falsifying existentials can generate ‘infinite sideways branchings’ within evaluations. If a sentence has both a verification and a falsification, then a particular atom occurs with its negation in the basis. This presages how any ‘failure’ of transitivity with any two core proofs is offset by proof that their combined premises are inconsistent. More general atomic bases allow for conceptual inclusions and contrarieties. The resulting rules of verification and falsification determine the Logic of Evaluation. These morph into the rules of Core Logic by allowing for complex premises; having sentences replace ⊥ in conclusion-positions; and voiding the basis, so that deducibility becomes a model-invariant matter of form, not of content.

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14

Golan, Amos. Modeling and Theories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0010.

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In this chapter I concentrate on model and theory building, including model-based hypotheses, based on limited information. I show that the info-metrics framework provides a coherent perspective that helps to identify the elements that are needed for building a logically sound model. The examples given in this chapter show how the info-metrics framework can guide the construction of both theories and models. I start the chapter by introducing conceptual building blocks and providing very simple toy examples. Then a more detailed example, taken from the social sciences, is introduced. A detailed discussion of the falsification and validation of models is also provided.

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15

Sophistry and Twentieth-Century Art (Value Inquiry Book Series 123) (Value Inquiry Book). Editions Rodopi B.V., 2002.

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16

Griswold, Charles L. Being and Appearing : Self-falsification, Exchange and Freedom in Rousseau and Adam Smith. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0010.

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We are familiar with the charge that commercial society reduces exchange (social and economic) to a sort of play-acting characterized by bad faith, false consciousness, and estrangement. Rousseau famously insists that the phenomenon of not appearing as who or what one really is, of living “outside” as opposed to “within” oneself, constitutes a pervasive defect of modern society especially. Remarkably, Smith’s review of the Second Discourse included translations of relevant passages. This chapter explores what Rousseau means by I will call “self-falsification.” Passages from Smith are deployed as a way of fleshing out both the strongest version of Rousseau’s claims and the tenability of Smith’s response. The debate turns in part on how one understands freedom or agency and their connection to spectatorship, role-playing, and delusion. With the help of work by Langton and others, I reflect on Smith’s notion of agential freedom in view of Rousseau’s claims.

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Tennant, Neil. From the Logic of Evaluation to the Logic of Deduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777892.003.0004.

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We deliver the details on the smooth morphing from the verification and falsification rules of the model-relative Logic of Evaluation to the model-invariant, deductive rules of Core Logic. There are good reasons for preferring the parallelized forms of certain elimination rules in natural deduction (the ones for conjunction, the conditional, and the universal quantifier) to their more conventional serial forms. We explain how ⊥ can make its way into proofs as a conclusion, as required for applications of ¬-Introduction. We discuss the notion of harmony between introduction and elimination rules, in preparation for the full treatment of reduction procedures for the logical operators that will be provided in Chapter 6.

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18

Valentina, Cadelo, et Peterson Trudy Huskamp. Part II The Right to Know, C Preservation of and Access to Archives Bearing Witness to Violations, Principle 14 Measures for the Preservation of Archives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0018.

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Principle 14 outlines measures for the preservation of archives, a fundamental corollary to the right to know the truth. In order to preserve governmental and nongovernmental archives, their destruction must be prevented and active steps need to be taken to prolong the life of the materials. Technical measures and penalties must prevent any removal, destruction, concealment or falsification of archives to ensure that there will be no impunity for perpetrators of violations of human rights and/or humanitarian law. Preserving archives is particularly important during periods of governmental transition and regime change. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 14, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as state practice on public records and archives.

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19

Miksza, Peter, et Kenneth Elpus. Characteristics of Scientific Inquiry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0002.

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This chapter introduces the reader to basic characteristics of science and situates the design and analysis considerations presented throughout the book within the context of scientific inquiry. A brief description of key historical developments regarding the philosophy of science is provided. An overview of the fundamental aspects of inductive and deductive scientific reasoning and the importance of falsification to scientific progress is presented. In addition, the values of objectivity and transparency as well as the importance of scientific community are stressed. The usefulness of statistical tools for helping researchers clarify their questions, establish criteria for their judgments, and communicate evidence for their claims is also discussed.

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20

Zimmerman, Marc. Cuban–Puerto Rican Relations and Final Projections. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036460.003.0006.

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This concluding chapter traces the portrayal of Puerto Ricans and Puerto Rican–Cuban relations. It studies Miguel Barnet's La vida real (1986) to reflect on the negative treatment of Puerto Ricans in Cuban American and other Latino writing. In spite of the many positive qualities of La vida real, its negative portrayal of Puerto Ricans in no way contradicts the Cuban American model, even as Barnet's text purports to be sympathetic to Puerto Rican problems and the falsification of their reality. This is a negativity that prevents a truer, deeper portrayal of U.S. Puerto Rican cultural realities such as may be found in the work of Juan Flores, Edna Acosta-Belén, Frances Aparicio, Arlene Dávila, and Agustín Laó-Montes—indeed, two successive generations of U.S. Puerto Rican specialists.

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21

Cervin, Georgia. Degrees of Difficulty. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043772.001.0001.

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This book chronicles the history of Women’s Artistic Gymnastics against the backdrop of the Cold War. Accepted into the Olympic program in 1952 because it was considered uniquely appropriate for women, the sport has always been defined by the performance of femininity. Eastern bloc governments harnessed the nonthreatening nature of gymnasts to advance their political ambitions through citizen diplomacy. Yet at the same time, they were accused of flouting the amateur rule. But this was not the only rule being broken. Some also cheated by score fixing and later, age falsification. The sport became notorious for its young athletes. Their youth contributed to a power imbalance with their coaches, creating the conditions for abuse. Gymnastics was once at the forefront of women’s sport. But can a sport facing these issues, designed to promote a narrow view of gender, really be feminist? In exploring these topics, this book shows how gymnastics became a part of the cultural battlefield for Cold War supremacy. But gymnastics was not only a space for challenge. It also provided moments of international collaboration: between the international gymnastics federation and the International Olympic Committee, between gymnasts, coaches, officials, fans, and even politicians. This book argues that these global interactions charged the transformation of the sport throughout the twentieth century. It offers new insights into how sport transmits and perpetuates social ideals and the role sports, and their governing bodies, play in international relations. And with this knowledge, it suggests how women’s gymnastics might once again become the empowering, feminist experience it once was.

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22

Roach, Levi. Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181660.001.0001.

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This book takes a fresh look at documentary forgery and historical memory in the Middle Ages. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, religious houses across Europe began falsifying texts to improve local documentary records on an unprecedented scale. As the book illustrates, the resulting wave of forgery signaled major shifts in society and political culture, shifts which would lay the foundations for the European ancien régime. Spanning documentary traditions across France, England, Germany and northern Italy, the book examines five sets of falsified texts to demonstrate how forged records produced in this period gave voice to new collective identities within and beyond the Church. Above all, the book indicates how this fad for falsification points to new attitudes toward past and present — a developing fascination with the signs of antiquity. These conclusions revise traditional master narratives about the development of antiquarianism in the modern era, showing that medieval forgers were every bit as sophisticated as their Renaissance successors. Medieval forgers were simply interested in different subjects — the history of the Church and their local realms, rather than the literary world of classical antiquity. As a comparative history of falsified records at a crucial turning point in the Middle Ages, the book offers valuable insights into how institutions and individuals rewrote and reimagined the past.

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23

Easterling, Joshua S. Angels and Anchoritic Culture in Late Medieval England. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865414.001.0001.

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This book examines vernacular and Latin anchoritic writings in England (c.1170–1400) as these participated within late medieval negotiations between the distinct, and at times divergent, cultures of religious reform and spiritual charisma. It argues that admonitory (or regulatory), devotional, and hagiographic works composed for anchorites transmit, together with their intertexts, the urgent need within orthodox culture to manage the various and potentially unruly spiritualities so often associated with late medieval charismatics, including anchorites. So too, this study traces through the images of embodiment and angelic mediation a set of religious and cultural tensions around the efforts by religious (esp. clerical, monastic, and mendicant) elites to align individual and charismatic gifts (1 Cor. 12:8–11) with the widespread calls for obedience and submission to church authorities. This masculine suspicion of spiritual gifts was strategically framed within a discourse about (and in defence of) the clerical, Eucharistic, and ecclesial body, often in reaction against the increasingly acute threat of religious dissent. Related to these developments were the dominant narratives of corporate unity that marshaled images of angels—at once the messengers of charismatic power and the celestial associates of orthodox culture—as well as the Pauline text on angelic transfiguration (2 Cor. 11:14) to articulate major challenges at the level of institutional authority and spiritual power. Underwriting the fragile boundary between heresy and orthodoxy, mainstream figurations of charisma and the angelic image worked on behalf of a culture of reform and/as transformation in its efforts to secure the clerical and ecclesial body from corruption and falsification.

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