Bibliographies thématiques / The construction phase of buildings

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « The construction phase of buildings »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Beheiry, Salwa Mamoun. « Benchmarking Sustainable Construction Technology ». Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (octobre 2011) : 2913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2913.

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The objective of this research was to measure the use of recognized technology that promotes and supports sustainable development in building construction projects. This research hinged on the use of the Sustainable Construction Technology Index (SCTI) developed by Beheiry and Abu-Lebdeh in 2009 [1]. The SCTI was created in 2009 to investigate the use of technology in all phases of the building process from planning to occupancy. The index consists of four main sections that address the major phases of a typical construction project. These phases include the planning phase, the design phase, the construction phase and the occupancy phase. In the first stage of the research the SCTI was validated using expert feedback and weighted using trial data samples of close to 100 projects. In this stage of the research the SCTI was used to collect data from 208 building construction projects executed between 2005 and 2010 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study brings to light that low and renewable energy use systems are spearheading the change process to more sustainable technologies in building construction projects in the UAE, followed by water preservation and reuse systems. The study also shows that the use of sustainable technology is still relatively low in residential buildings, compared to newer commercial buildings. The data show a clear trend upwards in the use of the technology albeit the total use is still low. This research provided a benchmark for current sustainable technology use in UAE project and a platform for further sustainable construction planning.

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Cao, Yu, Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman et Nur Mardhiyah Aziz. « Green Building Construction : A Systematic Review of BIM Utilization ». Buildings 12, n^o 8 (10 août 2022) : 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081205.

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As a multi-function method, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can assist construction organizations in improving their project’s quality, optimize collaboration efficiency, and reduce construction periods and expenditure. Given the distinguished contributions of BIM utilization, there is a trend that BIM has significant potential to be utilized in the construction phase of green buildings. Compared with traditional buildings, green buildings have more stringent requirements, including environmental protection, saving energy, and residents’ comfort. Although BIM is deemed an effective method to achieve the abovementioned requirements in the construction process of green buildings, there are few systematic reviews that explore the capabilities of BIM in the construction phase of green buildings. This has hindered the utilization of BIM in the construction of green buildings. To bridge this research gap and review the latest BIM capabilities, this study was developed to perform a systematic review of the BIM capabilities in the construction phase of green buildings. In this systematic review, the PRISMA protocol has been used as the primary procedure for article screening and review. The entire systematic review was performed from January 2022 to April 2022. In this process, 165 articles were included, reviewed, and discussed. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were adopted as the databases. Through this systematic review, it can be identified that BIM capabilities have significant advantages in project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management, collaboration optimization, planning, and schedule management optimization in the construction phase of green buildings. Through the discussion, it can be concluded that BIM utilization can be adopted from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction stage in the green building construction process. Besides these, the barriers to BIM utilization in the green building construction phase are also revealed in the discussion section, including the non-uniform data format, insufficient interactivity, ambiguous ownership, insufficient BIM training, and hesitation toward BIM adoption. Moreover, the challenges and future directions of BIM utilization in green building construction are identified. The findings of this study can facilitate construction personnel to be acquainted with BIM capabilities in the construction of green buildings to promote the utilization and optimization of BIM capabilities in the green building construction process.

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Myneni, Kranti kumar, et Rajan D. « IMPACT OF CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION ON DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ». International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 8, n^o 1 (1 février 2021) : 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v8.i1.2021.846.

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In recent times due to the Indian economic growth, there is a surge in construction activities. This surge has led to an excess amount of demolition waste that is produced. According to the Building Material Promotion Council, India generates an estimated 150 million tons of C and D waste every year. Some existing initiatives and the significant stakeholders' involvement have created the demolition waste management systems essential in the building’s demolition phase. The research in the C and D and Awareness program for C and D waste that initiated has led to the implementation of some waste management systems in the building's demolition phase. In India, the amount of demolition waste produced is higher than the construction waste produced while constructing buildings. So, it is essential for the demolition waste mitigation plan in the building's demolition phase. The study aims to know circular construction and current demolition waste management performance in the Indian construction industry. Through literature review, demolition waste management systems that are carried out all around the world are collected. The current practices carried out by diﬀerent stakeholders practicing in India are known through a questionnaire survey. Data interpretation is made using the data collected in the literature review and the questionnaire survey. This research identified the signiﬁcant beneﬁts, barriers, and motivation factors to implement the waste management system, and proposing any necessary changes. Designer innovation and BIM deconstruction is considered as one of the barrier-breaking innovation in adopting the circular construction.

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Cha, Gi Wook, Won Hwa Hong et Jin Ho Kim. « A Study on CO₂ Emissions in End-of-Life Phase of Residential Buildings in Korea : Demolition, Transportation and Disposal of Building Materials ». Key Engineering Materials 730 (février 2017) : 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.457.

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Architecture and building industry have been made diversified efforts to create a construction environment that promotes resource recycling. Many studies have been done to better understand and reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions throughout a building’s lifecycle. However, to promote sustainable development and a construction environment that facilitates resource recycling, more understanding and research is needed on energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the stage of dismantling a building. Noting that, this research investigates CO2 emissions in a building’s End-Of-Life (EOL) phase that includes dismantling of a building, transport and disposal of the waste generated in the course of dismantling residential buildings in Korea. According to the results of this study, CO2 emissions in a building’s EOL phase was 3,561kg CO2/100m2 for apartments, 3,184 kgCO2/100m2 for brick houses and 1,137 kg CO2/100m2 for wooden houses. The results showed that transport and disposal process of demolition waste accounts for 90% of all CO2 emissions in a building’s EOL phase. From this finding, it is necessary to have a proper, effective strategy for transport and disposal of demolition waste from dismantled buildings’ in order to reduce CO2 emissions during a building’s EOL phase.

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Li, Junjie, Shuai Lu, Wanlin Wang, Jie Huang, Xinxing Chen et Jiayi Wang. « Design and Climate-Responsiveness Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Envelope for Modular Prefabricated Buildings ». Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (7 août 2018) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8082368.

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Modular prefabricated buildings effectively improve the efficiency and quality of building design and construction and represent an important trend in the development of building industrialization. However, there are still many deficiencies in the design and technology of existing systems, especially in terms of the integration of architectural performance defects that cannot respond to occupants’ comfort, flexibility, and energy-saving requirements throughout the building’s life cycle. This research takes modular prefabricated steel structural systems as its research object and sets the detailed design of an integrated modular envelope system as the core content. First, the researcher chose two types of thermal insulation materials, high insulation panels and aerogel blankets, in order to study the construction details of integrated building envelopes for modular prefabricated buildings. Focusing on the weakest heat point, the thermal bridge at the modular connection point, this work used construction design and research to build an experimental building and full-scale model; the goal was to explore and verify the feasibility of the climate-responsive construction technique called “reverse install.” Second, as a response to climate change, building facades were dynamically adjusted by employing different modular building envelope units such as sunshades, preheaters, ventilation, air filtration, pest control, and other functional requirements in order to improve the building’s climate adaptability. Finally, based on the above structural design and research, this study verified the actual measurements and simulation, as well as the sustainability performance of the structure during the operational phase, and provided feedback on the design. The results highlight the environmental performance of each construction detail and optimized possibilities for an integrated envelope design for modular prefabricated buildings during both the design and renovation phases.

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Wu, Rui, Huan Du et Qi Wu. « Research on Value-Engineering-Based Construction Costs of Energy-Saving Buildings ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (mars 2015) : 2310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2310.

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With the energy crisis being ever increasingly serious, energy-saving buildings have become a breakthrough for the development of the construction industry. Firstly, this article analyzes the current status of building energy saving in mainland China, and elaborates the necessity of building energy saving in the viewpoint of the entire lifecycle cost by using the value engineering principle. Secondly, this article analyzes the incremental cost of energy-saving buildings and describes the components of the incremental cost. Thirdly, this article analyzes in detail the impact of the incremental cost in the construction phase of buildings by illustrating examples. Finally, this article lists measures and suggestions for cost management to achieve the optimal economic benefits for the entire lifecycle with a minimum incremental cost in the construction phase, resulting in smooth development of energy saving buildings.

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Roswag-Klinge, E., E. Neumann et A. Klinge. « Climate impacts of wood/ timber as a building material – investigated on three urban quarters in Germany (CIW) ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1078, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2022) : 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012029.

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Abstract Due to the current discussion about the shortage of resources and the excess of greenhouse gas emissions, timber construction is experiencing a renaissance in Germany. As a renewable resource, wood can replace emission-intensive building materials and, if left long-term in the construction, lead to negative balances, i.e. carbon sinks at the construction phase (LCA phase A1-A3). This means that more carbon could be stored in the construction than is emitted during production. This study analyses different buildings ranging from row houses to high-rise buildings that are envisioned as envisioned as envisioned as envisioned as envisioned as timber construction of three so called timber-quarters (Holzbauquartiere). For all buildings, the current design/ construction, a conventional as well as a timber+ construction (maximum possible timber use in construction) variant have been evaluated. The calculations were conducted with eLCA the LCA tool of the Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen (BNB) (German Green Building System) and the data sets of the German ÖKOBAUDAT[11]. The results are given per m2 gross floor area per user, per building and per neighbourhood. The investigations show the importance of the material choice regarding the climate gas emissions of the buildings and how large the proportion of wood must be in order to design the building envelope (KG 300 (cost group for architectural elements) in a climate gas neutral way. Planning parameters for a climate gas neutral design and construction of buildings are derived from the analysis.

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Bragança, Luís, Sergio Russo Ermolli et Heli Koukkari. « Phase Changing Materials in Buildings ». International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 2, n^o 1 (mars 2011) : 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5390/susb.2011.2.1.043.

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Nikolić Topalović, Marina, Milenko Stanković, Goran Ćirović et Dragan Pamučar. « Comparison of the Applied Measures on the Simulated Scenarios for the Sustainable Building Construction through Carbon Footprint Emissions—Case Study of Building Construction in Serbia ». Sustainability 10, n^o 12 (10 décembre 2018) : 4688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124688.

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Research was conducted to indicate the impact of the increased flow of thermal insulation materials on the environment due to the implementation of the new regulations on energy efficiency of buildings. The regulations on energy efficiency of buildings in Serbia came into force on 30 September 2012 for all new buildings as well as for buildings in the process of rehabilitation and reconstruction. For that purpose, the carbon footprint was analyzed in three scenarios (BS, S1 and S2) for which the quantities of construction materials and processes were calculated. The life cycle analysis (LCA), which is the basis for analyzing the carbon life cycle (LCACO2), was used in this study. Carbon Calculator was used for measuring carbon footprint, and URSA program to calculate the operational energy. This study was done in two phases. In Phase 1, the embodied carbon was measured to evaluate short-term effects of the implementation of the new regulations. Phase 2 included the first 10 years of building exploitation to evaluate the long-term effects of the new regulations. The analysis was done for the period of 10 years, further adjustments to the regulations regarding energy efficiency of the buildings in Serbia are expected in accordance with EU directives. The study shows that, in the short-run, Scenario BS has the lowest embodied carbon. In the long-run, after 3.66 years, Scenario S2 becomes a better option regarding the impact on the environment. The study reveals the necessity to include embodied carbon together with the whole life carbon to estimation the impact of a building on the environment.

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Calì, Alfredo, Poliana Dias de Moraes et Ângela Do Valle. « UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS THROUGH ITS CONSTRUCTIVE PHASE EVOLUTION USING H-BIM WORKFLOW ». JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, n^o 5 (15 mai 2020) : 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.12612.

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Knowledge is fundamental to understand the key characteristics of a heritage building. Furthermore, constructive analysis of a historical construction is central to research into its structural behavior. This work aims to increase the knowledge level of a historical construction by the understanding of the constructive evolution through Historical-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) workflow. The research proposes a multidisciplinary approach applicable to the field of historical constructions, which is resumed in the followings steps: historical-critical analysis, material and soil characterization, data organization through H-BIM, qualitative static and dynamic structural analysis, validation of the results. The building of Quartel da Tropa – located in Florianópolis, Brazil – is used as a practical case study to show how the proposed research can be adapted to historical buildings. Such an impressive eighteen-century masonry construction is the largest troop barracks among Brazilian fortifications. The proposed approach allows the creation of a structural model from the architectural model with fewer uncertainties and less simplification, improving the knowledge path of historical constructions and its structural assessment. The historical-critical analysis and the H-BIM allow managing and presenting of the information useful to the understanding of the constructive phase evolution of a historical building.

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Thèses sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Darle, Maria, Saga Lindqvist et Bezawit Tsegai. « The climate impact of different building systems : A study regarding materials in residential buildings and their environmental impact ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390024.

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This report was done on behalf of Uppsala municipality with the aim to investigate how much the CO2-equivalent emissions differ between different building systems during the construction phase, considering the different choice of material used in the frames. Several multi-family houses with different building systems were therefore studied and compared by using previous LCA from collected climate reports regarding each construction project. Different scenarios of the residential development in Uppsala until year 2050, including multi- and single-family houses, were further on brought forward. The impact that the choice of material had on the climate was then studied by comparing the scenarios with the climate goals set up by Uppsala municipality regarding the construction sector. This was discussed in order to investigate whether Uppsala municipality would reach the climate goals or not. The conclusion of the study is that the building systems with wooden frames in general release less CO2-equivalent emissions than the ones with concrete frames. One of the reasons for this is that the production of the materials has different amounts of waste and the fact that concrete consists of cement, which causes a lot of emissions during the production of the material. Another part of the report was to investigate if climate improved concrete could decrease the CO2-equivalent emissions from building systems with concrete frames. This was done by doing a case-study, where parts of the concrete frame for one of the building systems were replaced, which resulted in a small decrease of the emissions. It is however, in a larger perspective, important to reduce the emissions as much as possible and there is still room to continue the improvement of concrete.

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Borg, Mathias. « Environmental Assessment of Materials, Components and Buildings Building Specific Considerations, Open-loop Recycling, Variations in Assessment Results and the Usage Phase of Buildings ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3232.

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Di, Palma Debora. « Progressive collapse of concrete structures during construction phase : analysis and measures for risk reduction ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Shoring systems are used as temporary support for structures under construction and their primary function is to support and transmit various types of loads. To optimize this phase it has been developed a technique known as Clearing or partial Striking; it consists in removing a percentage of shores few days after the casting such that the load is redistributed between the slab and the remaining shores. In this way the shores removed in one floor can be used to start building the upper one. It is thus really important to conceive the process in a proper way assuring that the whole system is able to support the loads acting on it. This is the reason for which there is a prudent need to understand which conditions lead to the collapse of shoring systems and what measures can impounded in the design process to mitigate the risk of failure. The aim of this thesis is to perform a progressive collapse analysis, during the construction phase of the building, by instantly removing one or several primary load bearing elements and analyzing the structure’s remaining capability to absorb the damage. The analysis have been performed varying load conditions and slab thicknesses and, once the results from standard shores cases have been obtained, calculations with load limiters have been performed. The entire study has been developed with finite elements by means of ANSYS APDL starting from a FE model developed by Alvarado (2010). The important aspect of this investigation has been the risk reduction of progressive collapse, in particular it has been analyzed the behavior performed by the structure when enhanced support systems are used. Along with the finite element study it has been taken part in a experimental study aimed at analyze the load transmission in enhanced shoring system.

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Shao, Jingjing. « Development of a novel energy efficient phase change emulsion for air conditioning systems ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30426/.

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Buildings represent more than 40% of final global energy consumption, among which 50%-60% of energy consumption is attributed to Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The application of phase change material emulsions (PCMEs) in air conditioning systems is considered to be a potential way of saving energy because with their relatively higher energy storage capacity, they are able to reduce flow rate whilst delivering the same amount of cooling energy. PCMEs can also simultaneously act as cold energy storage to shift peak-load to off-peak time and improve coefficient of performance of systems. However, one of the main barriers affecting the application of PCME is the difficulty in maintaining stability in the emulsions without experiencing any temperature stratification during phase change process. To this end, an innovative energy efficient phase change emulsion has been developed and evaluated. The emulsion (PCE-10) which consists of an organic PCM (RT10) and water has a phase change temperature range of 4-12°C with heat capacity of twice as much as that of water thus making it a good candidate for cooling applications. Particular attention was also paid to the selection of the surfactant blends of Tween60 and Brij52 since they are capable of minimizing the effect of sub-cooling as well as ensuring stability of the emulsion. For the purpose of testing the performance of developed PCE-10 in fin-and-tube heat exchangers, series of theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to understand the rheological behaviour and heat transfer characteristics of the developed PCE-10 in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger. Both experimental and theoretical results were fairly close and showed that the PCE-10 did enhance the overall heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger. In order to evaluate the potential of the integrated system, whole building energy simulation was carried out with a building simulation code TRNSYS. It was found out that the required volumetric flow rate of PCE-10 was 50% less than that of water which is equivalent to 7% reduction in total energy consumption when providing the same amount of cooling power. Despite its potential in cooling systems, the viscosity of the developed sample was found to be much higher than water which could contribute to high pressure drop in a pumping system. Its thermal conductivity was also found to be about 30% lower than the value for water which could influence heat transfer process. There is therefore the need to enhance these thermophysical properties in any future investigations.

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Erdurmus, Salih Bugra. « Benefit-cost Analysis For Retrofitting Of Selected Residential Buildings In Istanbul ». Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606817/index.pdf.

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During the evaluation of the seismic retrofitting option for risk reduction/mitigation measures to be applied over buildings, Benefit Cost Analysis is an often-used method. During this study of Benefit Cost Analysis, the condition that the earthquake can happen just after or sometime after retrofitting will be taken into consideration rather than some approaches that focus on the benefits and costs regarding the annual probability of the occurrence for possible earthquakes. The analysis will use conditional probability such that the earthquake will be assumed to occur at different periods of time (5, 10, 20 years etc.) after the mitigation measures are taken so that benefit-cost ratios and net social benefits can be observed over time using the results at these periods. Also during this study the indirect effects of earthquake such as business disruption, social disturbance will also be taken into consideration. As a final step, it is aimed to conclude with convincing financial results regarding the direct and indirect effects of the earthquake in terms of benefits and costs to encourage people and the public officials to reduce the potential vulnerability of the housing units people live by taking the necessary precautions against the earthquake.

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Simey, Oscar. « Improving Production Phase Performance in Bridge Construction Through the Use of 3D BIM ». Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125347.

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The effectiveness of Building Information Modelling, or BIM, in the construction industry has become a hot topic of debate. Used in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry for over a decade now, its effectiveness to certain aspects and sectors of the industry is under constant review. Its implementation into the Swedish bridge construction sector is relatively new, especially when used during the production phase of a projects delivery. This paper aims to investigate how using a 3D BIM during the production phase can improve the performance of production, whilst exploring ways in which to improve the handling of 3D BIM for future projects. This is achieved by following the production phase of the Roforsbron project in Arboga, Sweden. The first of its kind to utilise 3D BIM tools throughout its entire production phase. The theoretical framework focuses on the concepts of constructability, lean construction and productivity as well as reviewing a variety of literature on the benefits and drawbacks of BIM. The empirical data has been gathered through personal involvement of the Röforsbron project, where structured and semi-structured interviews with the workforce make up the bulk of the findings. Empirical observation and practical participation of activities on-site complement the opinions of the personnel. The interviews focus on individuals’ experiences using 3D BIM and their opinions on its effect of the production of the Röforsbron. The problems affecting current production performance often stem from a lack of detailed design and planning that affect constructability. Designing with a larger consideration on how to build and addressing constructability issues early is the means in which production can improve. The Röforsbron project was successful where no rework was performed and attributed many of its savings to the use of 3D BIM. Extra resources and experienced personnel were also a factor in the success of the project. 3D BIM is shown to have the most beneficial effect on the reinforcement works, but also offers a broad range of tangible and intangible benefits to widespread aspects of a bridge project. It is concluded that 3D BIM provides an effective tool in which to improve constructability through facilitating a more detailed design and effective means of understanding through visualisation and communication.

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Boozula, Aravind Reddy. « Use of Bio-Product/Phase Change Material Composites in the Building Envelope for Building Thermal Control and Energy Savings ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248391/.

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This research investigates the bio-products/phase change material (PCM) composites for the building envelope application. Bio-products, such as wood and herb, are porous medium, which can be applied in the building envelope for thermal insulation purpose. PCM is infiltrated into the bio-product (porous medium) to form a composite material. The PCM can absorb/release large amount of latent heat of fusion from/to the building environment during the melting/solidification process. Hence, the PCM-based composite material in the building envelope can efficiently adjust the building interior temperature by utilizing the phase change process, which improves the thermal insulation, and therefore, reduces the load on the HVAC system. Paraffin wax was considered as the PCM in the current studies. The building energy savings were investigated by comparing the composite building envelope material with the conventional material in a unique Zero-Energy (ZØE) Research Lab building at University of North Texas (UNT) through building energy simulation programs (i.e., eQUEST and EnergyPlus). The exact climatic conditions of the local area (Denton, Texas) were used as the input values in the simulations. It was found that the EnergyPlus building simulation program was more suitable for the PCM based building envelope using the latent heat property. Therefore, based on the EnergyPlus simulations, when the conventional structure insulated panel (SIP) in the roof and wall structures were replaced by the herb panel or herb/PCM composite, it was found that around 16.0% of energy savings in heating load and 11.0% in cooling load were obtained by using PCM in the bio-product porous medium.

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Boozula, Aravind Reddy. « Use of Bio-Product/Phase Change Material Composite in the Building Envelope for Building Thermal Control and Energy Savings ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248391/.

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Schade, Jutta. « Energy simulation and life cycle costs : estimation of a building's performance in the early design phase ». Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/2785427.

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Sulaiman, Noor Fauziah. « The development of a dual phase approach to embracing a total quality culture in the Malaysian construction industry ». Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251242.

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Livres sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Blom, Inge. Environmental impacts during the operational phase of residential buildings. Amsterdam : IOS Press, 2010.

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Washington State University. Dept. of Facilities Planning. et Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, dir. Phase II academic buildings : Engineering/life sciences building, multimedia/electronic communications building : predesign study. [Pullman, WA] : Washington State University, 1996.

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Methodology for commissioning : The three-phase approach. [Norwich, N.Y.] : Knovel, 2012.

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Peter, Alexander, et Knutson Darrel, dir. Der Sandtorkai : Der erste bauabschnitt der HafenCity = Sandtorkai : the first phase of HafenCity construction. Hamburg : Elbe&Flut Edition, 2007.

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Water, Illinois Bureau of. NPDES Phase II Storm Water Program. Springfield, Ill : Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water, 2002.

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Luciana, Ravanel, Ante prima consultants et Jacques Ferrier architecte (Firm), dir. Making of Phare & Hypergreen towers. [Brussels] : AAM Éditions, 2006.

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Luciana, Ravanel, Ante prima consultants et Jacques Ferrier architecte (Firm), dir. Making of Phare & Hypergreen towers. [Brussels] : AAM Éditions, 2006.

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Riccardo, Zandonini, dir. Composite construction : Buildings. Barking : Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.

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1953-, Klinger Marilyn, Susong Marianne et American Bar Association. Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section., dir. The construction project : Phases, people, terms, paperwork, processes. Chicago, Ill : ABA Tort Trial & Insurance Practice, 2006.

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Barry, R. The construction of buildings. London : Grafton, 1986.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Griffith, Alan, et Tony Sidwell. « Constructability in the Construction Phase ». Dans Constructability in Building and Engineering Projects, 106–37. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13137-2_5.

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Kayaçetin, Nuri Cihan, Stijn Verdoodt, Lode Lefevre et Alexis Versele. « Evaluation of Circular Construction Works During Design Phase : An Overview of Valuation Tools ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021, 89–100. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6269-0_8.

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Porto, T. N., J. M. P. Q. Delgado, A. S. Guimarães, A. G. Barbosa de Lima, T. F. Andrade, H. L. F. Magalhães, G. Moreira et B. B. Correia. « Phase Change Materials : From Fundamentals and Melting Process to Thermal Energy Storage System for Buildings Application ». Dans Efficient and Suitable Construction, 1–46. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62829-1_1.

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Chen, Wanqing, Qili Gan, Wei Wang et Yu Wang. « Application of BIM Technology in the Construction Phase of Prefabricated Buildings ». Dans Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 333–39. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74814-2_47.

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Kayaçetin, Nuri Cihan, Stijn Verdoodt, Lode Lefevre et Alexis Versele. « Correction to : Evaluation of Circular Construction Works During Design Phase : An Overview of Valuation Tools ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021, C1. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6269-0_47.

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Suresh Vidyasagar, C. H., E. Rajasekar et P. S. Chani. « On-Site Construction Phase Carbon Footprint of Different Multi-Storied Buildings in India ». Dans Design Science and Innovation, 401–11. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7361-0_36.

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Schau, Erwin M., Eva Prelovšek Niemelä, Aarne Johannes Niemelä, Tatiana Abaurre Alencar Gavric et Iztok Šušteršič. « Life Cycle Assessment Benchmark for Wooden Buildings in Europe ». Dans Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 143–54. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_13.

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AbstractClimate change and other environmental problems from the production of raw materials, construction, and end of life of buildings are serious concerns that need to be solved urgently. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and the EU-recommended Environmental Footprint (EF) are well-known and accepted tools to measure a comprehensive set of environmental impacts throughout a product’s life cycle. But to assess how good (or bad) a wooden building performs environmentally is still a challenge. In the EU Environmental Footprint [11] pilot phase from 2013 to 2018, an average benchmark for the different product groups was found to be very useful. Based upon the recommendations for a benchmark of all kinds of European dwellings, we developed a scenario of a typical European wooden building. The EU Environmental Footprint method covers 16 recommended impact categories and can be normalized and weighted into one single point for easy and quick comparisons. The results are presented as the average impact per one square meter (m2) of floor area over 1 year. The developed benchmark for wooden buildings is a suitable comparison point for new wooden building designs. The benchmark can be used by architects and designers early in the planning stages when changes can still be made to improve the environmental performance of wooden buildings or the communication and interpretation of LCA results for customers and other stakeholders.

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Pavan, Alberto, Vittorio Caffi, Alessandro Valra, Davide Madeddu, Diego Farina, Jacopo Chiappetti et Claudio Mirarchi. « Development of BIM Management System ». Dans Innovative Tools and Methods Using BIM for an Efficient Renovation in Buildings, 29–49. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04670-4_3.

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AbstractWith BS 1192:2007 and even more so with BS PAS 1199-2:2013 and 1192-3:2014, the concept of Common Data Environment (CDE) of the order (project, construction or management that is). Originating from a standard dedicated to design (BS 1192:2007) and although its concept has been extended to information management in general: Capex (strategy, project, construction: PAS 1192-2) and Opex (exercise: PAS 1192-3), the CDE, as it is understood today in common practice, is still very much affected by the original link with the design and the design phase (and in particular the design in the new building). All this according to an information flow that is still very linear and sequential: client, designer, builder, manager, user; more than circular, as the so-called BIM methodology would like. The risk, therefore, is that the commercial software market is affected by this CDE approach, which is also useful for the very rich real estate market of the emerging economies, neglecting the construction market of the more consolidated economies (Europe for before), very built up, and aimed more at housing quality, sustainability, reuse, and renewal of the existing heritage rather than the new one. It is consequently necessary to define new information flows and a new type of information management environment (CDE) for the phases of use, conservation, and renovation of buildings for the European market. The need arises for a specific BIM Management System (BIMMS, overcoming the classic CDE) for asset management and their enhancement that collects information from the buildings themselves and its users (Digital Twins, IoT, sensors, etc.). A new CDE / BIMMS that uses semantics and open dialogue, via API, with multiple Tools rather than acting as a repository of files and models. BIMMS is a new concept of CDE created for the operation/renovation phases in mature real estate markets (such as the European one).

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Švajlenka, Jozef, et Mária Kozlovská. « Perception of the Efficiency and Sustainability of Wooden Buildings in the Use Phase of the Building ». Dans Efficient and Sustainable Wood-based Constructions, 35–57. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87575-6_4.

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Pungercar, Vesna, Martino Hutz et Florian Musso. « 3D Print with Salt ». Dans 3D Printing for Construction with Alternative Materials, 91–125. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09319-7_5.

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AbstractSustainable materials and additive manufacturing have the potential to increase material efficiency and minimize waste in the building process. One of the most promising materials is salt (sodium chloride). It is highly available as a residue of desalination and potash production processes and attracts attention due to its material properties (storage of humidity and heat). This research presents an investigation and evaluation of using salt as an alternative material in additive manufacturing. Thus, the focus of the study was on small-scale 3D printing with paste extrusion. Experimental studies of different salt mixtures with different binders, printing properties and other parameters were analyzed in three stages. In the first phase (P1) the mixing ratio of salt and potential binders (clay, gypsum, cement and starch) was defined; in the phase two (P2) the most promising mixture was selected, modified by additives and investigated by 3D image scan measurements; and in the last third phase (P3) the potential applications of salt in additive manufacturing were presented. As the research shows, the salt in material extrusion processes can substitute the main material by up to 70%, is successfully manipulated with different additives (to improve the workability of the printing mortar) and is highly dependent on the printer`s settings. For future full-scale 3D printing with salt many steps still have to be taken. However, incorporating salt in additive manufacturing showed a potential of saving material resources, addressing environmental issues and initiating new construction processes.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Rahn, Keith, et Kelli A. Polzin. « Potential impact of phase change materials on energy reduction in army buildings ». Dans Creative Construction Conference 2018. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ccc2018-025.

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Mitra, Debrudra, et Kristen Cetin. « Optimum Properties and Distribution of Phase Change Materials for High-Performance Concrete Buildings ». Dans Construction Research Congress 2020. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.107.

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Zeng, Ruochen, et Abdol Chini. « Integrating Embodied Impacts and Costs during Early Design Phase of Buildings : A Case Study ». Dans Construction Research Congress 2020. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.098.

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Rajithan, M., D. Soorige et S. D. I. A. Amarasinghe. « ANALYSING THE GAP BETWEEN PREDICTED AND ACTUAL OPERATIONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS : A REVIEW ». Dans The 9th World Construction Symposium 2021. The Ceylon Institute of Builders - Sri Lanka, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2021.6.

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Operational energy consumption in buildings has a crucial impact on global energy consumption. Nevertheless, significant energy savings can be achieved in buildings if properly designed, constructed, and operated. Building Energy Simulation (BES) plays a vital role in the design and optimisation of buildings. BES is used to compare the cost-effectiveness of energy-conservation measures in the design stage and assess various performance optimisation measures during the operational phase. However, there is a significant ‘performance gap’ between the predicted and the actual energy performance of buildings. This gap has reduced the trust and application of the BES. This article focused on investigating BES, reasons that lead to a performance gap between predicted and actual operational energy consumption of buildings, and the ways of minimising the gap. The article employed a comprehensive literature review as the research methodology. Findings revealed that reasons such as limited understanding of the building design, the complexity of the building design, poor commissioning, occupants’ behaviour, etc., influence the energy performance gap. After that, the strategies have been identified to minimise the energy performance gap such as proper commissioning, creating general models to observe occupants’ behaviour in buildings, and using the general models for energy simulation, ensuring better construction and quality through training and education, etc. Further, the findings of this study could be implemented by practitioners in the construction industry to effectively use energy simulation applications in designing energy-efficient and sustainable buildings.

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Naimaster, Edward J., et Ahmad K. Sleiti. « Potential of Phase Change Material-Enhanced Constructions in Commercial Buildings ». Dans ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87927.

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Buildings account for a significant portion of the total energy consumption in the US, especially the energy-inefficient commercial building sector. As part of the future path towards realizing net zero energy buildings, innovative energy-efficient technologies must be developed. In this study, the potential of phase change material (PCM)-enhanced constructions to lower HVAC energy consumption in a commercial building was investigated. A commercially available fatty acid-based PCM product was selected due promising thermal and chemical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used in isothermal step mode to accurately measure the latent heat energy storage of the PCM. A US DOE commercial reference building model with a PCM-enhanced ceiling was simulated using a finite-difference conduction heat transfer algorithm in EnergyPlus to determine the effects of the PCM on the building energy performance. It was found that, although the PCM-enhanced ceiling had a beneficial stabilizing effect on the interior surface temperature of the ceiling, the zone mean air temperatures were not significantly altered. As such, minimal HVAC energy savings were seen. Future work should focus on the potential of active PCM constructions, which could successfully remove stored thermal energy from the PCM without increasing the space cooling energy consumption.

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Kuehn, Ingo, Jean-Jacques Cordier, Christophe Baylard, Miikka Kotamaki, Laurent Patisson, Jens Reich et William Ring. « Management of the ITER buildings configuration for the construction and installation phase ». Dans 2015 IEEE 26th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (SOFE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sofe.2015.7482280.

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Li, Xiaodong, Shu Su et Zhihui Zhang. « A Hybrid Environment and Health Impacts Assessment Model for the Pre-Use Phase of Buildings ». Dans 2014 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413777.026.

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Castello´n, C., M. Medrano, J. Roca, G. Fontanals et L. F. Cabeza. « Improve Thermal Comfort in Concrete Buildings by Using Phase Change Material ». Dans ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36073.

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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have been considered for thermal storage in buildings since 1980’s. With the advent of PCM implemented in gypsum board, plaster, concrete or other wall covering material, thermal storage can be part of the building structure even for light weight buildings. The new techniques of microencapsulation opened many possibilities in buildings applications. An innovative concrete with PCM was developed using a commercial microencapsulated PCM, with a melting point of 26°C and a phase change enthalpy of 110 kJ/kg. The first experiment was the inclusion of a microencapsulated PCM in concrete and the construction of a small room-sized cubicle with this new PCM-concrete. A second cubicle with the exact same characteristics and orientation, but built with standard concrete, was located next to the first one as the reference case. In 2005 and 2006 the behaviour of such cubicles was tested. Later on, a Trombe wall was added to the cubicles to investigate its influence during autumn and winter. The increase of the numbers of hours at which the cubicle with PCM is within the comfort zone defined by ASHRAE with respect to the cubicle without PCM is given.

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Kamal, Athar, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi et Muammer Koc. « Building Stock Inertia and Impacts on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Qatar ». Dans ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3854.

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Abstract Greenhouse gas emission reduction and the consequent decrease in the environmental impacts of fossil fuel can be achieved by cutting back on energy consumption in the building sector that consumes around 30% of total final energy around the globe. The building sector is a complex component of the modern economy and life and includes diverse types of structures, uses, and energy patterns. Such variability is a result of the way that buildings are designed, built, and used in addition to the variations of their materials, equipment, and users. From the start of the construction phase until their demolition, buildings involve energy consumption. A single building’s energy consumption pattern can be called its energy inertia, that is the way it consumes energy throughout its lifetime. Energy consumption also varies according to the age of the buildings. As a building gets older, its structure and equipment start losing their efficiency and often lead to increasing energy consumption over time. At any given time, the building sector is composed of structures of various ages. Some are under construction, others are recently built, some have lived to be mature and some quite old enough to be demolished. This complexity in the building sector creates a momentum against implementation of policies that reduce energy consumption. In this study, a system dynamic model is developed to perceive the temporal evolution of energy consumption and efficiency measures for the villa-type building stock in Qatar. This model tests energy efficiency policy measures such as renovation rates of 15 and 30 years, for buildings that are considered old, and also examines implementation of technology and building codes for new buildings. Results reveal savings of between 157 GWh and 1,275 GWh of electricity and reduction in CO2 emissions ranging from 77,000 tonnes to 602,000 tonnes.

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Khalil, Ahmed, et Spyridon Stravoravdis. « HERITAGE BUILDINGS REPRESENTATION AND EXTENDED REALITIES ». Dans ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia : Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12109.

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Architectural visualisation has been developing over the year to improve the representation buildings and their contexts to the public. It achieved a long journey from manual drawings to photography to digital 2D and 3D representation, until it reached the era of extended realities (XR), which allowed unprecedented immersive and interactive engagement. Extended reality applications represent a unique opportunity for the visualisation of heritage buildings on many stages; from the early design phase, through the construction and facility management phases, to the education and cultural tourism applications. This paper aims to explore the wide range of state of the art XR applications, investigate their aspects and variations, and study their potentials, challenges and limitations for the built heritage sector.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "The construction phase of buildings"

Garvin, L. J. Canister storage building (CSB) safety analysis report phase 3 : Safety analysis documentation supporting CSB construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16912.

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Kamberg, L. D. Radioactive air emissions notice of construction for phase 2 Spent Nuclear Fuel Canister Storage Building -- Project W-379. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148916.

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson et Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program : Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson et Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program : Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson et Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program : Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/vsjs5869.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measures and documents seismic performance of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Three primary tasks support the earthquake loss-modeling effort. They are: (1) the development of ground motions and loading protocols that accurately represent the diversity of seismic hazard in California; (2) the execution of a suite of quasi-static cyclic experiments to measure and document the performance of cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies to develop and populate loss models; and (3) nonlinear response history analysis on cripple wall-supported buildings and their components. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This present report focuses on non-stucco or “dry” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present report involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction–specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction–are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses all eight specimens in the second phase of testing and three of the six specimens in the fourth phase of testing. Although conducted in different testing phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of all dry finished specimens. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto eleven cripple walls. Each specimen was 12 ft in length and 2-ft or 6-ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls. Parameters addressed in this report include: dry exterior finish type (shiplap horizontal lumber siding, shiplap horizontal lumber siding over diagonal lumber sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels), cripple wall height, vertical load, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol (including instrumentation), and measured as well as physical observations are summarized. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100 Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.

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Maxwell, S., D. Berger et M. Zuluaga. Evaluation of Ventilation Strategies in New Construction Multifamily Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1148619.

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Maxwell, Sean, David Berger et Marc Zuluaga. Evaluation of Passive Vents in New Construction Multifamily Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), février 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1239768.

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Sean Maxwell, David Berger et Marc Zuluaga. Evaluation of Passive Vents in New Construction Multifamily Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), février 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1240493.

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Blum, S., M. Holtz et R. Tavino. Post-construction activities ; Passive and hybrid solar low energy buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5653695.

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